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Restructuring
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]  
Restructuring Activities
Restructuring and Other Related Charges

Restructuring

During first quarter 2017, the Company initiated a strategic restructuring initiative to drive operational efficiency throughout the organization by reducing headcount, improving processes and consolidating functions, closing certain rental locations and decreasing the size of its fleet (the “T17”). During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, as part of this initiative, the Company formally communicated the termination of employment to approximately 620 employees, and as of September 30, 2017, the Company had terminated the employment of approximately 595 of these employees. The costs associated with this initiative primarily represent severance, outplacement services and other costs associated with employee terminations, the majority of which have been or are expected to be settled in cash. The Company expects further restructuring expense of approximately $4 million related to this initiative to be incurred in fourth quarter 2017.

In conjunction with previous acquisitions, the Company identified opportunities to integrate and streamline its operations, primarily in Europe (the “Acquisition integration”). This initiative is substantially complete, and the Company does not anticipate any further restructuring expense related to this initiative.

In 2014, the Company committed to various strategic initiatives to identify best practices and drive efficiency throughout its organization, by reducing headcount, improving processes and consolidating functions (the “T15”). The Company does not anticipate any further restructuring expense related to this initiative.

The following tables summarize the changes to our restructuring-related liabilities and identify the amounts recorded within the Company’s reporting segments for restructuring charges and corresponding payments and utilizations:
 
 
 
 
Americas
 
International
 
Total
Balance as of January 1, 2017
 
 
$
1

 
$
5

 
$
6

 
Restructuring expense:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
T17
 
 
24

 
7

 
31

 
Restructuring payment/utilization:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
T17
 
 
(23
)
 
(7
)
 
(30
)
 
T15
 
 
(1
)
 
(2
)
 
(3
)
 
Acquisition integration
 
 
—

 
(1
)
 
(1
)
Balance as of September 30, 2017
 
 
$
1

 
$
2

 
$
3

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Personnel
Related
 
Facility
Related
 
Other (a)
 
Total
Balance as of January 1, 2017
$
5

 
$
1

 
$
—

 
$
6

 
Restructuring expense:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
T17
17

 
—

 
14

 
31

 
Restructuring payment/utilization:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
T17
(15
)
 
(1
)
 
(14
)
 
(30
)
 
T15
(3
)
 
—

 
—

 
(3
)
 
Acquisition integration
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
Balance as of September 30, 2017
$
3

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
3


__________
(a) 
Includes expenses primarily related to the disposition of vehicles.

Other Related Charges

Officer Separation Costs

On May 12, 2017, the Company announced the resignation of David B. Wyshner as the Company’s President and Chief Financial Officer. In connection with Mr. Wyshner’s departure, the Company recorded other related charges of $7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, inclusive of accelerated stock-based compensation expense of $2 million.

Limited Voluntary Opportunity Plan (“LVOP”)

During second quarter 2017, the Company decided to offer a voluntary termination program to certain employees in the Americas’ field operations, shared services, and general and administrative functions for a limited time. These employees, if qualified, can elect resignation from employment in return for enhanced severance benefits to be settled in cash. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded other related charges of $14 million in connection with the LVOP. Approximately 325 qualified employees elected to participate in the plan, and as of September 30, 2017, the Company had terminated the employment of approximately 255 of these participants.