Restructuring

In 2014, the Company committed to various strategic initiatives to identify best practices and drive efficiency throughout its organization, by reducing headcount, improving processes and consolidating functions (the “T15 restructuring”). In first quarter 2016, the Company expanded the T15 restructuring to take advantage of additional efficiency opportunities. The expanded T15 restructuring fits within the initiative’s focus areas to identify best practices and drive efficiency throughout the organization, including the consolidation of rental locations. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, as part of this process, the Company formally communicated the termination of employment to approximately 420 employees, and as of June 30, 2016, the Company had terminated approximately 350 of these employees. The costs associated with this initiative primarily represent severance, outplacement services and other costs associated with employee terminations, the majority of which have been or are expected to be settled in cash. The Company expects further restructuring expense of approximately $7 million related to this initiative to be incurred in 2016.

In conjunction with previous acquisitions, the Company identified opportunities to integrate and streamline its operations, primarily in Europe (the “Acquisition integration”). During the six months ended June 30, 2016, as part of this process, the Company formally communicated the termination of employment to approximately 105 employees, and as of June 30, 2016, the Company had terminated approximately 90 of these employees. The Company expects further restructuring expense of approximately $3 million related to this initiative to be incurred in 2016.

The following tables summarize the activity related to our restructuring liabilities:



					Americas			International			Total
Balance as of January 1, 2016					$	1		$	10		$	11
	T15 restructuring expense				8			7			15
	Acquisition integration expense				—			6			6
	Avis Europe restructuring expense				—			(1		)	(1		)
	T15 restructuring payment/utilization				(7		)	(2		)	(9		)
	Acquisition integration payment				(1		)	(11		)	(12		)
	Avis Europe restructuring payment				—			(1		)	(1		)
Balance as of June 30, 2016					$	1		$	8		$	9

		Personnel Related			Facility Related			Other ^(a)			Total
Balance as of January 1, 2016		$	10		$	1		$	—		$	11
	T15 restructuring expense	11			1			3			15
	Acquisition integration expense	6			—			—			6
	Avis Europe restructuring expense	—			(1		)	—			(1		)
	T15 restructuring payment/utilization	(6		)	—			(3		)	(9		)
	Acquisition integration payment	(12		)	—			—			(12		)
	Avis Europe restructuring payment	(1		)	—			—			(1		)
Balance as of June 30, 2016		$	8		$	1		$	—		$	9

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^(a)	Includes expense related primarily to the write-down of certain vehicle assets.