2.	Recently issued accounting standards

New accounting guidance adopted:

In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued a new standard which simplifies the accounting for share-based payment transactions. This guidance requires that excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the statements of income rather than additional paid-in capital. Additionally, the excess tax benefits will be classified along with other income tax cash flows as an operating activity, rather than a financing activity, in the statements of cash flows. Further, the update allows an entity to make a policy election to recognize forfeitures as they occur or estimate the number of awards expected to be forfeited. We adopted this new standard during the first quarter of 2018. As a result, net excess tax benefits of $7,494 were recognized as a reduction of income tax expense during the nine months ended July 31, 2018. The cash flow classification requirements of this new standard were applied retrospectively. As a result, excess tax benefits of $7,494 are reported as Net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and $5,600 of excess tax benefits were reclassified from Net cash used in financing activities to Net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended July 31, 2017. This new standard also requires that employee taxes paid when an employer withholds shares for tax-withholding purposes be reported as financing activities in the statements of cash flows on a retrospective basis. Previously, this activity was included in operating activities. The impact of this change was immaterial to the statements of cash flows. Additionally, we elected to continue to estimate forfeitures rather than account for them as they occur.

New accounting guidance issued and not yet adopted:

In May 2014, the FASB issued a new standard regarding revenue recognition. Under this standard, a company recognizes revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The standard implements a five-step process for customer contract revenue recognition that focuses on transfer of control. In August 2015, the FASB issued a standard to delay the effective date by one year. The new standard is effective for us beginning November 1, 2018. The new standard is required to be applied retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying it recognized at the date of initial application (modified retrospective method). We have not yet selected a transition method; however, we are currently anticipating using the modified retrospective method, but will base the final decision on the results of our assessment once complete. Our initial analysis of identifying revenue streams and evaluating a representative sample of contracts and other agreements with our customers is complete. We are in the process of assessing the impact of the new standard, if any, on our business processes, systems and controls. We will finalize our evaluation of potential differences that may result from applying the new standard to our contracts with customers in 2018 and provide updates on our progress in future filings.

In February 2016, the FASB issued a new standard which requires a lessee to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases with a lease term of more than twelve months. Leases will continue to be classified as either financing or operating, with classification affecting the recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease. It will be effective for us beginning November 1, 2019. We are currently assessing the impact this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2017, the FASB issued a new standard which requires the presentation of the service cost component of the net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line item as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period. All other components of net periodic benefit cost will be presented below operating income. Additionally, only the service cost component will be eligible for capitalization in assets. It will be effective for us beginning November 1, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued a new standard which gives entities the option to reclassify tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Act”) into retained earnings. The guidance allows entities to reclassify from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings stranded tax effects resulting from the Act's new federal corporate income tax rate. The guidance also allows entities to elect to reclassify other stranded tax effects that relate to the Act but do not directly relate to the change in the federal tax rate (e.g., state taxes, changing from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system). Tax effects that are stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income for other reasons (e.g., prior changes in tax law, a change in valuation allowance) may not be reclassified. It will be effective for us beginning November 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2018, the FASB issued a new standard which adds various Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) paragraphs pursuant to the issuance of the December 2017 SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act , which was effective immediately. The SEC issued SAB 118 to address concerns about reporting entities’ ability to timely comply with the accounting requirements to recognize all of the effects of the Act in the period of enactment. SAB 118 allows disclosure that timely determination of some or all of the income tax effects from the Act are incomplete by the due date of the financial statements and if possible to provide a reasonable estimate. We have accounted for the tax effects of the Act under the guidance of SAB 118, on a provisional basis. Our accounting for certain income tax effects is incomplete, but we have determined reasonable estimates for those effects and have recorded provisional amounts in our consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 7 for additional information.