Note 15 — Stock-based compensation

During the 2013 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, our shareholders approved the 2012 Stock Incentive and Award Plan (the “2012 Plan”). The 2012 Plan provides for the granting of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, performance shares, stock purchase rights, stock equivalent units, cash awards and other stock or performance-based incentives. A maximum of 2,900 common shares is available for grant under the Plan.

Stock options — Nonqualified or incentive stock options may be granted to our employees and directors. Generally, options granted to employees may be exercised beginning one year from the date of grant at a rate not exceeding 25 percent per year and expire 10 years from the date of grant. For grants made prior to November 2012, vesting ceases upon retirement, death and disability, and unvested shares are forfeited. For grants made during or after November 2012, in the event of termination of employment due to early retirement or normal retirement at age 65, options granted within 12 months prior to termination are forfeited, and vesting continues post retirement for all other unvested options granted. In the event of disability or death, all unvested stock options fully vest. Termination for any other reason results in forfeiture of unvested options and vested options in certain circumstances. The amortized cost of options is accelerated if the retirement eligibility date occurs before the normal vesting date. Option exercises are satisfied through the issuance of treasury shares on a first-in, first-out basis. We recognized compensation expense related to stock options of $7,874, $8,772 and $10,251 for 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increase in the 2014 expense was primarily related to accelerated amortization of the cost of options.

The following table summarizes activity related to stock options during 2016:

	Number of Options			Weighted˗Average Exercise Price Per Share		Aggregate Intrinsic Value		Weighted˗Average Remaining Term
Outstanding at October 31, 2015		1,759		$	50.74
Granted		490		$	70.91
Exercised		(333	)	$	35.12
Forfeited or expired		(35	)	$	69.23
Outstanding at October 31, 2016		1,881		$	58.41	$	78,461	6.4 years
Vested at October 31, 2016 or expected to vest		1,861		$	58.27	$	77,925	6.4 years
Exercisable at October 31, 2016		996		$	45.90	$	54,031	4.7 years

Summarized information on currently outstanding options follows:

	Range of Exercise Price
	$14 - $28		$29 - $44		$45 - $81
Number outstanding		236		434		1,211
Weighted-average remaining contractual life, in years		2.4		4.4		7.9
Weighted-average exercise price	$	22.68	$	41.49	$	71.44
Number exercisable		236		434		326
Weighted-average exercise price	$	22.68	$	41.49	$	68.53

As of October 31, 2016, there was $5,498 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options. That cost is expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.6 years.

The Black-Scholes option valuation model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options that have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. Option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the expected stock price volatility. The fair value of each option grant was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

		2016		2015		2014
Expected volatility	29.1%-30.4%		30.3%-39.5%		40.1%˗44.7%
Expected dividend yield		1.54%	1.06%-1.10%		0.98%˗1.03%
Risk-free interest rate	1.78%-1.90%		1.57%˗1.85%		1.51%˗1.79%
Expected life of the option (in years)	5.4-6.2		5.4˗6.1		5.4˗6.1

The weighted-average expected volatility used to value options granted in 2016, 2015 and 2014 was 29.6 percent, 34.3 percent and 44.5 percent, respectively.

Historical information was the primary basis for the selection of the expected volatility, expected dividend yield and the expected lives of the options. The risk-free interest rate was selected based upon yields of United States Treasury issues with terms equal to the expected life of the option being valued.

The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted during 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $18.23, $24.63 and $27.92, respectively.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $17,271, $10,406 and $17,223, respectively.

Cash received from the exercise of stock options for 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $11,476, $5,372 and $7,013, respectively. The tax benefit realized from tax deductions from exercises for 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $3,476, $3,661 and $6,385, respectively.

Restricted shares and restricted share units — We may grant restricted shares and/or restricted share units to our employees and directors. These shares or units may not be transferred for a designated period of time (generally one to three years) defined at the date of grant.

For employee recipients, in the event of termination of employment due to early retirement, restricted shares granted within 12 months prior to termination are forfeited, and other restricted shares vest on a pro-rata basis. In the event of termination of employment due to normal retirement at age 65, restricted shares granted within 12 months prior to termination are forfeited, and, for other restricted shares, the restriction period will lapse and the shares will vest and be transferable. Restrictions lapse in the event of a recipient’s disability or death. Termination for any other reason prior to the lapse of any restrictions results in forfeiture of the shares.

For non-employee directors, all restrictions lapse in the event of disability or death. Termination of service as a director for any other reason within one year of date of grant results in a pro-rata vesting of shares or units.

As shares or units are issued, deferred stock-based compensation equivalent to the fair market value on the date of grant is expensed over the vesting period. Tax benefits arising from the lapse of restrictions are recognized when realized and credited to capital in excess of stated value.

The following table summarizes activity related to restricted shares during 2016:

	Number of Shares			Weighted˗Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Restricted at October 31, 2015		53		$	73.23
Granted		30		$	70.80
Vested		(23	)	$	69.17
Restricted at October 31, 2016		60		$	73.56

As of October 31, 2016, there was $2,115 of unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted shares. The cost is expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years. The amount charged to expense related to restricted shares was $1,963, $1,840 and $1,784 in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. These amounts included common share dividends of $60, $51, and $52 in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The following table summarizes activity related to restricted share units in 2016:

	Number of Units			Weighted˗Average Grant Date Fair Value
Restricted share units at October 31, 2015		0		$	—
Granted		13		$	72.01
Vested		(13	)	$	72.01
Restricted share units at October 31, 2016		0		$	—

As of October 31, 2016, there was no remaining expense to be recognized related to outstanding restricted share units. The amount charged to expense related to restricted share units during 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $974, $972 and $890, respectively.

Deferred directors’ compensation — Non-employee directors may defer all or part of their cash and equity-based compensation until retirement. Cash compensation may be deferred as cash or as share equivalent units. Deferred cash amounts are recorded as liabilities, and share equivalent units are recorded as equity. Additional share equivalent units are earned when common share dividends are declared.

The following table summarizes activity related to director deferred compensation share equivalent units during 2016:

	Number of Shares			Weighted˗Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Outstanding at October 31, 2015		100		$	36.76
Deferrals		1		$	78.59
Restricted stock units vested		8		$	72.09
Dividend equivalents		1		$	77.95
Distributions		(11	)	$	26.33
Outstanding at October 31, 2016		99		$	41.72

The amount charged to expense related to director deferred compensation was $158, $91 and $101 in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Performance share incentive awards — Executive officers and selected other key employees are eligible to receive common share-based incentive awards. Payouts, in the form of unrestricted common shares, vary based on the degree to which corporate financial performance exceeds predetermined threshold, target and maximum performance levels over three-year performance periods. No payout will occur unless certain threshold performance measures are exceeded.

The amount of compensation expense is based upon current performance projections for each three-year period and the percentage of the requisite service that has been rendered. The calculations are also based upon the grant date fair value determined using the closing market price of our common shares at the grant date, reduced by the implied value of dividends not to be paid. This value was $67.69 per share for 2016, $76.48 per share for 2015 and $69.25 per share for 2014. The amounts charged to expense for executive officers and selected other key employees in 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $7,083, $3,459 and $4,304, respectively. The cumulative amount recorded in shareholders’ equity at October 31, 2016, and 2015 was $10,951 and $7,561, respectively.

Deferred compensation — Our executive officers and other highly compensated employees may elect to defer up to 100 percent of their base pay and cash incentive compensation and, for executive officers, up to 90 percent of their performance share incentive award payout each year. Additional share units are credited for quarterly dividends paid on our common shares. Expense related to dividends paid under this plan was $219, $179 and $129 for 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Shares reserved for future issuance — At October 31, 2016, there were 2,664 of common shares reserved for future issuance through the exercise of outstanding options or rights.