15. Share-Based Compensation

We maintain stock incentive plans (collectively, the “Plans”) for the benefit of certain of our officers, directors and employees.

The following table provides total share-based compensation expense by type of award:



	Three Months Ended September 30,
(in millions)	2017			2016
Restricted share unit expense	$	18		$	17
Employee stock option expense	5			5
Performance share unit expense	(6		)	1
Total share-based compensation	$	17		$	23

The total tax benefit related to share-based compensation was $6 million and $8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of July 1, 2017, under ASU 2016-09, excess tax benefits, which are immaterial for the three months ended September 30, 2017, are prospectively recognized within the provision for income taxes on our condensed consolidated statements of earnings and prospectively recognized as operating activity on our condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

Restricted Share Units

Restricted share units granted under the Plans generally vest in equal annual installments over three years. Restricted share units accrue cash dividend equivalents that are payable upon vesting of the awards.

The following table summarizes all transactions related to restricted share units under the Plans:



(in millions, except per share amounts)	Restricted Share Units		Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Nonvested at June 30, 2017	2		$	76.72
Granted	1		66.44
Vested	(1	)	79.53
Canceled and forfeited	—		—
Nonvested at September 30, 2017	2		$	71.60

At September 30, 2017, the total pre-tax compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to nonvested restricted share units not yet recognized was $117 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of two years.

Stock Options

Employee stock options granted under the Plans generally vest in equal annual installments over three years and are exercisable for ten years from the grant date. All stock options are exercisable at a price equal to the market value of the common shares underlying the option on the grant date.

The following table summarizes all stock option transactions under the Plans:



(in millions, except per share amounts)	Stock Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Common Share
Outstanding at June 30, 2017	6	$	63.44
Granted	2	66.44
Exercised	—	—
Canceled and forfeited	—	—
Outstanding at September 30, 2017	8	$	64.30
Exercisable at September 30, 2017	5	$	59.19

At September 30, 2017, the total pre-tax compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to nonvested stock options not yet recognized was $35 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of two years.

The following tables provide additional detail related to stock options:



(in millions)	September 30, 2017		June 30, 2017
Aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding options at period end	$	65	$	109
Aggregate intrinsic value of exercisable options at period end	65		106



(in years)	September 30, 2017	June 30, 2017
Weighted-average remaining contractual life of outstanding options	7	7
Weighted-average remaining contractual life of exercisable options	6	6

Performance Share Units

Performance share units vest over a three-year performance period based on achievement of specific performance goals. Based on the extent to which the targets are achieved, vested shares may range from zero to 200 percent of the target award amount. Performance share units accrue cash dividend equivalents that are payable upon vesting of the awards.

The following table summarizes all transactions related to performance share units under the Plans (based on target award amounts):



(in millions, except per share amounts)	Performance Share Units		Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Nonvested at June 30, 2017	0.6		$	77.83
Granted	0.2		66.43
Vested (1)	(0.2	)	71.57
Canceled and forfeited	—		—
Nonvested at September 30, 2017	0.6		$	75.39

(1) Vested based on achievement of 133 percent of the target performance goal.

At September 30, 2017, the total pre-tax compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to nonvested performance share units not yet recognized was $18 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of two years if the performance goals are achieved.