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Noninterest Income
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
Noninterest Income Noninterest Income
All of the Company's revenue from contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, is recognized within noninterest income. Included below is a summary of noninterest income for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
 Year ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions)202220212020
Noninterest income:
(Losses) gains on investment securities, net$(285)$761 $421 
Gains on equity warrant assets, net148 560 237 
Client investment fees386 75 132 
Wealth management and trust fees
83 44 — 
Foreign exchange fees285 262 179 
Credit card fees150 131 98 
Deposit service charges126 112 90 
Lending related fees94 76 57 
Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees57 51 47 
Investment banking revenue420 459 414 
Commissions98 79 67 
Other166 128 98 
Total noninterest income$1,728 $2,738 $1,840 
Gains (losses) on investment securities, net
Net gains (losses) on investment securities include both gains and losses from our non-marketable and other equity securities, which include public equity securities held as a result of exercised equity warrant assets, gains and losses from sales of our AFS debt securities portfolio, when applicable, and carried interest.
Our non-marketable and other equity securities portfolio primarily represents investments in venture capital and private equity funds, SPD-SVB, debt and credit funds, private and public portfolio companies, which include public equity securities held as a result of exercised equity warrant assets, and qualified affordable housing projects. We experience variability in the performance of our non-marketable and other equity securities from period to period, which results in net
gains or losses on investment securities (both realized and unrealized). This variability is due to a number of factors, including unrealized changes in the values of our investments, changes in the amount of realized gains from distributions, changes in liquidity events and general economic and market conditions. Unrealized gains and losses from non-marketable and other equity securities for any single period are typically driven by valuation changes.
The extent to which any unrealized gains or losses will become realized is subject to a variety of factors, including, among other things, the expiration of certain sales restrictions to which these equity securities may be subject to (e.g., lock-up agreements), changes in prevailing market prices, market conditions, the actual sales or distributions of securities and the timing of such actual sales or distributions, which, to the extent such securities are managed by our managed funds, are subject to our funds' separate discretionary sales/distributions and governance processes.
Carried interest is comprised of preferential allocations of profits recognizable when the return on assets of our individual managed fund of funds and direct venture funds exceeds certain performance targets and is payable to us, as the general partners of the managed funds. The carried interest we earn is often shared with employees, who are also members of the general partner entities. We record carried interest on a quarterly basis by measuring fund performance to date versus the performance target. For our unconsolidated managed funds, carried interest is recorded as gains on investment securities, net. For our consolidated managed funds, it is recorded as a component of net income attributable to NCI. Carried interest allocated to others is recorded as a component of net income attributable to NCI. Any carried interest paid to us (or our employees) may be subject to reversal to the extent fund performance declines to a level where inception to date carried interest is lower than actual payments made by the funds. The limited partnership agreements for our funds provide that carried interest is generally not paid to the general partners until the funds have provided a full return of contributed capital to the limited partners. Accrued, but unpaid carried interest may be subject to reversal to the extent that the fund performance declines to a level where inception-to-date carried interest is less than prior amounts recognized. Carried interest income is accounted for under an ownership model based on ASC 323, Equity Method of Accounting and ASC 810, Consolidation.
Our AFS securities portfolio is a fixed income investment portfolio that is managed with the objective of earning an appropriate portfolio yield over the long-term while maintaining sufficient liquidity and credit diversification as well as addressing our asset/liability management objectives. Though infrequent, sales of debt securities in our AFS securities portfolio may result in net gains or losses and are conducted pursuant to the guidelines of our investment policy related to the management of our liquidity position and interest rate risk.
Gains and losses on investment securities are recognized outside of the scope of ASC 606, as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our investment-related activities. A summary of gains and losses on investment securities for 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions)202220212020
Gains (losses) on non-marketable and other equity securities, net$(306)$730 $360 
Gains (losses) on sales of AFS debt securities, net21 31 61 
Total gains (losses) on investment securities, net$(285)$761 $421 
Gains on equity warrant assets, net
In connection with negotiating credit facilities and certain other services, we often obtain rights to acquire stock in the form of equity warrant assets in primarily private, venture-backed companies in the technology and life science/healthcare industries. Any changes in fair value from the grant date fair value of equity warrant assets will be recognized as increases or decreases to other assets on our balance sheet and as net gains or losses on equity warrant assets, in noninterest income, a component of consolidated net income.
Gains on equity warrant assets, net are recognized outside of the scope of ASC 606, as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our derivative-related activities. A summary of net gains on equity warrant assets for 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
  Year ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions)202220212020
Equity warrant assets:
Gains on exercises, net$45 $446 $179 
Terminations(4)(2)(2)
Changes in fair value, net107 116 60 
Total net gains on equity warrant assets $148 $560 $237 
Client investment fees
Client investment fees include fees earned from discretionary investment management services for managing clients’ portfolios based on their investment policies, strategies and objectives. Revenue is recognized on a monthly basis upon completion of our performance obligation, and consideration is typically received in the subsequent month. Included in our sweep money market fees are Rule 12(b)-1 fees, revenue sharing and customer transactional-based fees. Rule 12(b)-1 fees and revenue sharing are recognized as earned based on client funds that are invested in the period, typically monthly. Transactional based fees are earned and recognized on fixed income securities and repurchase agreements when the transaction is executed on the clients' behalf. Amounts paid to third-party service providers are predominantly expensed, such that client investment fees are recorded gross of payments made to third parties. A summary of client investment fees by instrument type for 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
 Year ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions)202220212020
Client investment fees by type:
Sweep money market fees$215 $43 $74 
Asset management fees (1)57 31 43 
Repurchase agreement fees114 1 15 
Total client investment fees (2)$386 $75 $132 
(1)Represents fees earned from investments in third-party money market mutual funds and fixed-income securities managed by SVB Asset Management.
(2)Represents fees earned on client investment funds that are maintained at third-party financial institutions and are not recorded on our balance sheet.
Wealth management and trust fees
Wealth management fees are earned for providing wealth management, retirement plan advisory, family office, financial planning and other financial advisory services to clients. The Company’s performance obligation under these contracts is satisfied over time as the services are provided. Fees are recognized monthly based on the average monthly, beginning-of-quarter, or, for a small number of clients, end-of-quarter market value of the Private Bank AUM and the applicable fee rate, depending on the terms of the contracts. Fees are also recognized monthly based either on a fixed fee amount or the quarter-end (in arrears) market value of the Private Bank AUM and the applicable fee rate, depending on the terms of the contracts. No performance-based incentives are earned under wealth management contracts. Receivables are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets in the "Accrued interest receivable and other assets" line item.
Trust fees are earned when the Company is appointed as trustee for clients. As trustee, the Company administers the client’s trust and manages the assets of the trust, including investments and property. The Company’s performance obligation under these agreements is satisfied over time as the administration and management services are provided. Fees are recognized monthly or, in certain circumstances, quarterly based on a percentage of the market value of the account as outlined in the agreement. Payment frequency is defined in the individual contracts, which primarily stipulate monthly in arrears. No performance-based incentives are earned on trust fee contracts. Receivables are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets in the "Accrued interest receivable and other assets" line item. A summary of wealth management and trust fees for 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
 Year ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions)202220212020
Wealth management and trust fees by type:
Wealth management fees$75 $40 $— 
Trust fees8 4 — 
Total wealth management and trust fees$83 $44 $— 
Foreign exchange fees
Foreign exchange fees represent the income differential between purchases and sales of foreign currency on behalf of our clients, primarily from spot contracts. Foreign exchange spot contract fees recognized upon the completion of a single performance obligation are recognized within the scope of ASC 606.
Foreign exchange contracts and option premium fees are recognized outside of the scope of ASC 606, as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our derivative-related activities.
A summary of foreign exchange fee income by instrument type for 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
 Year ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions)202220212020
Foreign exchange fees by instrument type:
Foreign exchange contract commissions$282 $260 $178 
Option premium fees3 2 1 
Total foreign exchange fees$285 $262 $179 
Credit card fees
Credit card fees include interchange income from credit and debit cards and fees earned from processing transactions for merchants. Interchange income is earned after satisfying our performance obligation of providing nightly settlement services to a payment network. Costs related to rewards programs are recorded when the rewards are earned by the customer and presented as a reduction to interchange fee income. Rewards programs continue to be accounted for under ASC 310, Receivables. Our performance obligations for merchant service fees are to transmit data and funds between the merchant and the payment network. Credit card interchange and merchant service fees are earned daily upon completion of transaction settlement services.
Annual card service fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over a 12-month period and continue to be accounted for under ASC 310, Receivables.

A summary of credit card fees by instrument type for 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
 Year ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions)202220212020
Credit card fees by instrument type:
Card interchange fees, net $117 $108 $76 
Merchant service fees26 18 18 
Card service fees7 5 4 
Total credit card fees$150 $131 $98 
Deposit service charges
Deposit service charges include fees earned from performing cash management activities and other deposit account services. Deposit services include, but are not limited to, the following: receivables services, which include merchant services, remote capture, lockbox, electronic deposit capture and fraud control services. Payment and cash management products and services include wire transfer and automated clearing house payment services to enable clients to transfer funds more quickly, as well as business bill pay, business credit and debit cards, account analysis and disbursement services. Deposit service charges are recognized over the period in which the related performance obligation is provided, generally on a monthly basis.
Lending related fees
Unused commitment fees, minimum finance fees and unused line fees are recognized as earned on a monthly basis. Fees that qualify for syndication treatment are recognized at the completion of the syndicated loan deal for which the fees were received.
Lending related fees are recognized outside of the scope of ASC 606, as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our lending-related activities. A summary of lending related fees by instrument type for 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
 Year ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions)202220212020
Lending related fees by instrument type:
Unused commitment fees$70 $59 $42 
Other 24 17 15 
Total lending related fees$94 $76 $57 
Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees
Standby letters of credit represent conditional commitments issued by us on behalf of a client to guarantee the performance of the client to a third party when certain specified future events have occurred. Fees generated from letters of credit and standby letters of credit are deferred as a component of other liabilities and recognized in noninterest income over the commitment period using the straight-line method, based on the likelihood that the commitment being drawn down will be remote. Letters of credit and standby letters of credit fees are recognized outside of the scope of ASC 606, as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our lending related activities.
Investment banking revenue
We earn investment banking revenue from clients for providing services related to securities underwriting, private placements and advisory services on strategic matters such as mergers and acquisitions. Underwriting fees are attributable to public and private offerings of equity and debt securities and are recognized at the point in time when the offering has been deemed to be completed by the lead manager of the underwriting group. Once the offering is completed, the performance obligation has been satisfied and we recognize the applicable management fee as well as the underwriting fee, net of consideration payable to customers. Private placement fees are recognized at the point in time when the private placement is completed, which is generally when the client accepts capital from the fund raise. Advisory fees from mergers and acquisitions engagements are generally recognized at the point in time when the related transaction is completed. Expenses are deferred only to the extent they are explicitly reimbursable by the client, and the related revenue is recognized at a point in time. All other deal-related expenses are expensed as incurred. We have determined that we act as principal in the majority of these transactions and therefore present expenses gross within other operating expenses.
A summary of investment banking revenue by instrument type for 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
  Year ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions)202220212020
Investment banking revenue:
Underwriting fees$163 $304 $353 
Advisory fees214 90 40 
Private placements and other 43 65 21 
Total investment banking revenue $420 $459 $414 
Commissions
Commissions include commissions received from customers for the execution of agency-based brokerage transactions in listed and over-the-counter equities. The execution of each trade order represents a distinct performance obligation, and the transaction price is fixed at the point in time or trade order execution. Trade execution is satisfied at the point in time that the customer has control of the asset and as such, fees are recorded on a trade date basis. The Company also earns subscription fees for market intelligence services that are recognized over the period in which they are delivered. Fees received before the subscription period ends are initially recorded as deferred revenue (a contract liability) in other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet.
Other
Other noninterest income primarily includes income from fund management fees, gains from conversion of convertible debt options and service revenue. Fund management fees are comprised of fees charged directly to our managed funds of funds and direct venture funds. Fund management fees are based upon the contractual terms of the limited partnership agreements and are generally recognized as earned over the specified contract period, which is generally equal to the life of the individual fund. Fund management fees are calculated as a percentage of committed capital and collected quarterly in advance and recognized over the quarter. Fund management fees for certain of our limited partnership agreements are calculated as a percentage of distributions made by the funds, and revenue is recorded only at the time of a distribution
event. As distribution events are not predetermined for these certain funds, management fees are considered variable and constrained under ASC 606.
Gains from conversion of convertible debt options represent unrealized valuation gains on loan conversion derivative assets, and realized gains from the conversion of debt instruments, convertible into a third party’s common stock upon a triggering event such as an IPO. Gains from conversion of convertible debt options are recognized outside of the scope of ASC 606, as it explicitly excludes noninterest income earned from our derivative-related activities.
Other service revenue primarily consists of gains or losses from changes in fair value of total return swaps, dividend income on FHLB/FRB stock, correspondent bank rebate income, incentive fees, or performance fees related to carried interest and other fee income. We recognize revenue when our performance obligations are met and record revenues on a daily/monthly, quarterly, semi-annual or annual basis. For event driven revenue sources, we recognize revenue when: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) we have performed the service, provided we have no other remaining obligations to the customer, (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability is probable.
A summary of other noninterest income by instrument type for 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
 Year ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions)202220212020
Other noninterest income by instrument type:
Fund management fees$59 $67 $39 
Net gains (losses) on revaluation of foreign currency instruments, net of foreign exchange forward contracts (1)3 — (1)
Gains from conversion of convertible debt options— — 30 
Gains on total return swaps40 — — 
Other service revenue64 61 30 
Total other noninterest income$166 $128 $98 
(1)Represents the net revaluation of client and internal foreign currency denominated financial instruments. We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure related to client and internal foreign currency denominated financial instruments.

Disaggregation of Revenue from Contracts with Customers
The following tables present our revenues from contracts with customers disaggregated by revenue source and segment for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
Year ended December 31, 2022Silicon Valley Bank (3)SVB PrivateSVB Capital (3)SVB Securities (3)Other ItemsTotal
(Dollars in millions)
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Client investment fees$384 $— $— $— $2 $386 
Wealth management and trust fees
— 83 — — — 83 
Card interchange fees, gross223 1 — — 3 227 
Merchant service fees25 1 — — — 26 
Deposit service charges124 1 — — 1 126 
Investment banking revenue— — — 420 — 420 
Commissions— — — 98 — 98 
Fund management fees2 — 52 5 — 59 
Other (1)71 1 6 — — 78 
Total revenue from contracts with customers$829 $87 $58 $523 $6 $1,503 
Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (2)278 9 (168)(18)124 225 
Total noninterest income$1,107 $96 $(110)$505 $130 $1,728 
(1)Includes certain spot contract commissions, performance fees and correspondent bank rebates.
(2)Amounts are accounted for under separate guidance than ASC 606.
(3)Silicon Valley Bank’s, SVB Capital’s and SVB Securities' components of noninterest income are shown net of NCI. NCI is included within “Other Items."
Year ended December 31, 2021Silicon Valley Bank (3)SVB PrivateSVB Capital (3)SVB Securities (3)Other ItemsTotal
(Dollars in millions)
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Client investment fees$73 $2 $— $— $— $75 
Wealth management and trust fees— 44 — — — 44 
Card interchange fees, gross198 1 — — 2 201 
Merchant service fees17 1 — — — 18 
Deposit service charges109 1 — — 2 112 
Investment banking revenue— — — 459 — 459 
Commissions— — — 79 — 79 
Fund management fees— — 62 5 — 67 
Other (1)243 2 13 — 1 259 
Total revenue from contracts with customers$640 $51 $75 $543 $5 $1,314 
Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (2)66 7 412 65 874 1,424 
Total noninterest income$706 $58 $487 $608 $879 $2,738 
(1)Includes certain spot contract commissions, performance fees and correspondent bank rebates.
(2)Amounts are accounted for under separate guidance than ASC 606.
(3)Silicon Valley Bank’s, SVB Capital’s and SVB Securities' components of noninterest income are shown net of NCI. NCI is included within “Other Items."
Year ended December 31, 2020Silicon Valley Bank (3)SVB PrivateSVB Capital (3)SVB Securities (3)Other ItemsTotal
(Dollars in millions)
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Client investment fees$129 $3 $— $— $— $132 
Card interchange fees, gross127 1 — — 2 130 
Merchant service fees17 1 — — — 18 
Deposit service charges90 — — — — 90 
Investment banking revenue— — — 414 — 414 
Commissions— — — 67 — 67 
Fund management fees— — 32 7 — 39 
Other (1)162 — 4 — 1 167 
Total revenue from contracts with customers$525 $5 $36 $488 $3 $1,057 
Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (2)79 — 190 9 505 783 
Total noninterest income$604 $5 $226 $497 $508 $1,840 
(1)Includes certain spot contract commissions, performance fees and correspondent bank rebates.
(2)Amounts are accounted for under separate guidance than ASC 606.
(3)Silicon Valley Bank’s and SVB Capital’s components of noninterest income are shown net of NCI. NCI is included within “Other Items."