Variable Interest Entities

Our involvement with VIEs includes our investments in venture capital and private equity funds, debt funds, private and public portfolio companies and our investments in qualified affordable housing projects.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and classification of significant variable interests in consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:



(Dollars in thousands)	Consolidated VIEs		Unconsolidated VIEs		Maximum Exposure to Loss in Unconsolidated VIEs
December 31, 2017:
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	6,674	$	—	$	—
Non-marketable and other securities (1)	190,562		346,097		346,097
Accrued interest receivable and other assets	365		—		—
Total assets	$	197,601	$	346,097	$	346,097
Liabilities:
Other liabilities (1)	990		100,891		—
Total liabilities	$	990	$	100,891	$	—
December 31, 2016:
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	11,469	$	—	$	—
Non-marketable and other securities (1)	196,140		314,810		314,810
Accrued interest receivable and other assets	294		—		—
Total assets	$	207,903	$	314,810	$	314,810
Liabilities:
Other liabilities (1)	517		58,095		—
Total liabilities	$	517	$	58,095	$	—


(1)	Included in our unconsolidated non-marketable and other securities portfolio at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are investments in qualified affordable housing projects of $174.2 million and $112.4 million, respectively, and related other liabilities consisting of unfunded credit commitments of $100.9 million and $58.1 million, respectively.

Non-marketable and other securities

Our non-marketable and other securities portfolio primarily represents investments in venture capital and private equity funds, SPD Silicon Valley Bank Co., Ltd. (the Bank's joint venture in China ("SPD-SVB")), debt funds, private and public portfolio companies and investments in qualified affordable housing projects. A majority of these investments are through third party funds held by SVB Financial in which we do not have controlling or significant variable interests. These investments represent our unconsolidated VIEs in the table above. Our non-marketable and other securities portfolio also includes investments from SVB Capital. SVB Capital is the funds management business of SVB Financial Group, which focuses primarily on venture capital investments. The SVB Capital family of funds is comprised of direct venture funds that invest in companies and funds of funds that invest in other venture capital funds. We have a controlling and significant variable interest in four of these SVB Capital funds and consolidate these funds for financial reporting purposes.

All investments are generally non-redeemable and distributions are expected to be received through the liquidation of the underlying investments throughout the life of the investment fund. Investments may only be sold or transferred subject to the notice and approval provisions of the underlying investment agreement. Subject to applicable regulatory requirements, including the Volcker Rule, we also make commitments to invest in venture capital and private equity funds. For additional details, see Note 19—“Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Guarantees and Other Commitments” of the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” under Part II, Item 8 of this report.

The Bank also has variable interests in qualified affordable housing projects tax credit funds, in connection with fulfilling its responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA"), that are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits. These investments are typically limited partnerships in which the general partner, other than the Bank, holds the power over significant activities of the VIE; therefore, these investments are not consolidated. For additional information on our investments in qualified affordable housing projects see Note 8—“Investment Securities" of the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” under Part II, Item 8 of this report.

As of December 31, 2017, our exposure to loss with respect to the consolidated VIEs is limited to our net assets of $196.6 million and our exposure to loss for our unconsolidated VIEs is equal to our investment in these assets of $346.1 million.