Allowance for Credit Losses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

We maintain an ACL at a level determined to be adequate to absorb estimated expected credit losses within the loan portfolio over the contractual life of an instrument that considers our historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions as of the balance sheet date. We develop and document a systematic ACL methodology based on the following portfolio segments: 1) CRE, 2) C&I, 3) Commercial Construction, 4) Business Banking, 5) Consumer Real Estate and 6) Other Consumer.

The following are key risks within each portfolio segment:

CRE—Loans secured by commercial purpose real estate, including both owner-occupied properties and investment properties for various purposes such as hotels, retail, multifamily and health care. The primary sources of repayment for these loans are the operations of the individual projects and global cash flows of the debtors. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the collateral type and the business prospects of the lessee, if the project is not owner-occupied.

C&I—Loans made to operating companies or manufacturers for the purpose of production, operating capacity, accounts receivable, inventory or equipment financing. The primary source of repayment for these loans is cash flow from the operations of the company. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the industry of the company. Collateral for these types of loans often does not have sufficient value in a distressed or liquidation scenario to satisfy the outstanding debt.

Commercial Construction—Loans made to finance construction of buildings or other structures, as well as to finance the acquisition and development of raw land for various purposes. While the risk of these loans is generally confined to the construction period, if there are problems, the project may not be completed, and as such, may not provide sufficient cash flow on its own to service the debt or have sufficient value in a liquidation to cover the outstanding principal. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the type of project and the experience and resources of the developer.

Business Banking—Commercial loans made to small businesses that are standard, non-complex products evaluated through a streamlined credit approval process that has been designed to maximize efficiency while maintaining high credit quality standards that meet small business market customers’ needs. The business banking portfolio is monitored by utilizing a standard and closely managed process focusing on behavioral and performance criteria. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the collateral type and business.

Consumer Real Estate—Loans secured by first and second liens such as home equity loans, home equity lines of credit and 1-4 family residential mortgages. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The state of the local housing market can also have a significant impact on this segment because low demand and/or declining home values can limit the ability of borrowers to sell a property and satisfy the debt.

Other Consumer—Loans made to individuals that may be secured by assets other than 1-4 family residences, as well as unsecured loans. This segment includes auto loans, unsecured loans and lines and credit cards. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The value of the collateral, if there is any, is less likely to be a source of repayment due to less certain collateral values.

Management monitors various credit quality indicators for the commercial, business banking and consumer loan portfolios, including changes in risk ratings, nonperforming status and delinquency on a monthly basis.

We monitor the commercial loan portfolio through an internal risk rating system. Loan risk ratings are assigned based upon the creditworthiness of the borrower and are reviewed on an ongoing basis according to our internal policies. Loans within the pass rating generally have a lower risk of loss than loans risk rated as special mention or substandard.

Our risk ratings are consistent with regulatory guidance and are as follows:

Pass—The loan is currently performing and is of high quality.

Special Mention—A special mention loan has potential weaknesses that warrant management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or in the strength of our credit position at some future date.

Substandard—A substandard loan is not adequately protected by the net worth and/or paying capacity of the borrower or by the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that we will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful—Loans classified doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently known facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

The following tables present loan balances by year of origination and internally assigned risk rating for our portfolio segments as of the dates presented:


	December 31, 2021
	Risk Rating
(dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		2016 and Prior		Revolving		Revolving-Term		Total

Commercial Real Estate
Pass	$	385,347	$	316,003	$	412,191	$	314,303	$	213,019	$	698,992	$	35,448	—		$	2,375,303
Special Mention	—		—		37,786		6,401		40,445		75,938		—		—		160,570
Substandard	—		1,356		18,743		14,039		12,555		106,461		1,500		—		154,654
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Real Estate	385,347		317,359		468,720		334,743		266,019		881,391		36,948		—		2,690,528

Commercial and Industrial
Pass	437,483		126,371		115,359		83,030		37,176		132,182		536,554		—		1,468,155
Special Mention	46		—		3,060		2,546		72		832		8,887		—		15,443
Substandard	—		—		14,221		1,336		4,174		3,456		4,961		—		28,148
Doubtful	—		—		1,777		—		—		—		—		—		1,777
Total Commercial and Industrial	437,529		126,371		134,417		86,912		41,422		136,470		550,402		—		1,513,523

Commercial Construction
Pass	142,321		108,405		111,512		16,838		989		3,539		30,036		—		413,640
Special Mention	—		—		—		—		—		4,458		—		—		4,458
Substandard	—		2,157		2,020		—		—		2,480		—		—		6,657
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Construction	142,321		110,562		113,532		16,838		989		10,477		30,036		—		424,755

Business Banking
Pass	257,264		107,791		141,411		110,586		79,187		293,215		107,093		443		1,096,990
Special Mention	104		151		1,986		1,365		1,057		5,929		160		111		10,863
Substandard	41		106		1,579		3,277		1,645		19,591		977		625		27,841
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Business Banking	257,409		108,048		144,976		115,228		81,889		318,735		108,230		1,179		1,135,693

Consumer Real Estate
Pass	137,465		100,995		91,981		48,531		39,029		231,861		442,530		23,391		1,115,783
Special Mention	—		—		—		—		—		937		—		—		937
Substandard	—		—		184		1,625		1,355		5,664		876		1,161		10,865
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Consumer Real Estate	137,465		100,995		92,165		50,156		40,384		238,462		443,406		24,552		1,127,585

Other consumer
Pass	19,976		9,396		7,120		2,878		613		2,037		57,702		1,130		100,852
Special Mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard	83		52		141		215		408		4,407		201		1,547		7,054
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Other Consumer	20,059		9,448		7,261		3,093		1,021		6,444		57,903		2,677		107,906






Total Loan Balance	$	1,380,130	$	772,783	$	961,071	$	606,970	$	431,724	$	1,591,979	$	1,226,925	$	28,408	$	6,999,990


	December 31, 2020
	Risk Rating
(dollars in thousands)	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		2015 and Prior		Revolving		Revolving-Term		Total

Commercial Real Estate
Pass	$	334,086	$	422,800	$	394,963	$	277,724	$	307,321	$	615,217	$	46,330	—		$	2,398,441
Special Mention	—		35,499		10,200		22,502		55,174		75,022		—		—		198,397
Substandard	—		17,259		12,781		19,914		50,700		83,792		1,500		—		185,946
Doubtful	—		645		—		—		1,989		6,529		—		—		9,163
Total Commercial Real Estate	334,086		476,203		417,944		320,140		415,184		780,560		47,830		—		2,791,947

Commercial and Industrial
Pass	454,131		199,453		140,049		68,607		27,645		206,782		383,082		—		1,479,749
Special Mention	3,697		8,211		2,628		697		768		1,046		23,527		—		40,574
Substandard	—		7,793		2,613		8,544		75		13,781		2,022		—		34,828
Doubtful	—		—		—		4,401		—		—		—		—		4,401
Total Commercial and Industrial	457,828		215,457		145,290		82,249		28,488		221,609		408,631		—		1,559,552

Commercial Construction
Pass	131,235		224,794		59,649		2,420		6,346		4,555		12,778		—		441,777
Special Mention	1,578		2,533		3,886		—		—		8,593		—		—		16,590
Substandard	—		3,580		—		501		—		3,629		—		—		7,710
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Construction	132,813		230,907		63,535		2,921		6,346		16,777		12,778		—		466,077

Business Banking
Pass	296,254		154,335		123,207		86,552		77,238		266,042		103,571		291		1,107,490
Special Mention	—		1,060		1,147		1,602		1,084		6,866		637		123		12,519
Substandard	103		1,078		3,896		3,209		3,880		25,871		1,341		680		40,058
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Business Banking	296,357		156,473		128,250		91,363		82,202		298,779		105,549		1,094		1,160,067

Consumer Real Estate
Pass	120,736		122,171		67,700		63,653		73,805		243,939		438,888		22,667		1,153,559
Special Mention	—		—		1,489		—		—		150		132		—		1,771
Substandard	—		373		742		1,480		2,449		6,958		—		—		12,002
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Consumer Real Estate	120,736		122,544		69,931		65,133		76,254		251,047		439,020		22,667		1,167,332

Other consumer
Pass	18,849		13,162		6,784		3,395		2,082		687		26,647		2,767		74,373
Special Mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard	15		—		—		—		—		3,367		744		2,386		6,512
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Other Consumer	18,864		13,162		6,784		3,395		2,082		4,054		27,391		5,153		80,885






Total Loan Balance	$	1,360,684	$	1,214,746	$	831,734	$	565,201	$	610,556	$	1,572,826	$	1,041,199	$	28,914	$	7,225,860

We monitor the delinquent status of the commercial and consumer portfolios on a monthly basis. Loans are considered nonperforming when interest and principal are 90 days or more past due or management has determined that a material deterioration in the borrower’s financial condition exists. The risk of loss is generally highest for nonperforming loans.

The following tables present loan balances by year of origination and performing and nonperforming status for our portfolio segments as of the dates presented:


	December 31, 2021
(dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		2016 and Prior		Revolving		Revolving-Term		Total

Commercial Real Estate
Performing	$	385,347	$	317,359	$	461,613	$	332,482	$	259,723	$	865,567	$	36,948	$	—	$	2,659,039
Nonperforming	—				7,107		2,261		6,296		15,824		—		—		31,488
Total Commercial Real Estate	385,347		317,359		468,720		334,743		266,019		881,391		36,948		—		2,690,528

Commercial and Industrial
Performing	437,529		126,371		123,944		86,852		38,540		136,427		548,622		—		1,498,285
Nonperforming	—		—		10,473		60		2,882		43		1,780		—		15,239
Total Commercial and Industrial	437,529		126,371		134,417		86,912		41,422		136,470		550,402		—		1,513,523

Commercial Construction
Performing	142,321		110,562		111,445		16,838		989		10,093		30,036		—		422,284
Nonperforming	—		—		2,087		—		—		384		—		—		2,471
Total Commercial Construction	142,321		110,562		113,532		16,838		989		10,477		30,036		—		424,755

Business Banking
Performing	257,368		107,984		144,689		113,820		81,195		311,673		108,202		1,122		1,126,052
Nonperforming	41		64		287		1,408		694		7,062		28		57		9,641
Total Business Banking	257,409		108,048		144,976		115,228		81,889		318,735		108,230		1,179		1,135,693

Consumer Real Estate
Performing	137,465		100,253		91,689		49,853		39,657		234,297		443,238		23,839		1,120,291
Nonperforming	—		742		476		303		727		4,165		168		713		7,294
Total Consumer Real Estate	137,465		100,995		92,165		50,156		40,384		238,462		443,406		24,552		1,127,585

Other Consumer
Performing	20,059		9,290		7,261		3,093		1,021		6,444		57,903		2,677		107,748
Nonperforming	—		158		—		—		—		—		—		—		158
Total Other Consumer	20,059		9,448		7,261		3,093		1,021		6,444		57,903		2,677		107,906

Performing	1,380,089		771,819		940,641		602,938		421,125		1,564,501		1,224,949		27,638		6,933,699
Nonperforming	41		964		20,430		4,032		10,599		27,478		1,976		770		66,291
Total Loan Balance	$	1,380,130	$	772,783	$	961,071	$	606,970	$	431,724	$	1,591,979	$	1,226,925	$	28,408	$	6,999,990


	December 31, 2020
(dollars in thousands)	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		2015 and Prior		Revolving		Revolving-Term		Total

Commercial Real Estate
Performing	$	334,086	$	459,799	$	417,944	$	313,465	$	394,972	$	722,782	$	47,830	$	—	$	2,690,879
Nonperforming	—		16,404		—		6,675		20,212		57,778		—		—		101,070
Total Commercial Real Estate	334,086		476,203		417,944		320,140		415,184		780,560		47,830		—		2,791,947

Commercial and Industrial
Performing	457,828		214,144		143,706		69,411		28,426		220,701		408,350		—		1,542,566
Nonperforming	—		1,313		1,584		12,838		62		908		281		—		16,985
Total Commercial and Industrial	457,828		215,457		145,290		82,249		28,488		221,609		408,631		—		1,559,552

Commercial Construction
Performing	132,813		230,907		63,535		2,921		6,346		16,393		12,778		—		465,692
Nonperforming	—		—		—		—		—		384		—		—		384
Total Commercial Construction	132,813		230,907		63,535		2,921		6,346		16,777		12,778		—		466,077

Business Banking
Performing	296,327		156,164		126,432		90,414		80,106		286,970		105,494		1,037		1,142,944
Nonperforming	30		309		1,818		949		2,096		11,809		55		57		17,123
Total Business Banking	296,357		156,473		128,250		91,363		82,202		298,779		105,549		1,094		1,160,067

Consumer Real Estate
Performing	120,736		122,315		69,225		63,647		74,690		245,331		438,702		21,572		1,156,216
Nonperforming	—		229		706		1,486		1,564		5,716		318		1,096		11,116
Total Consumer Real Estate	120,736		122,544		69,931		65,133		76,254		251,047		439,020		22,667		1,167,332

Other Consumer
Performing	18,864		13,162		6,784		3,395		2,082		3,958		27,391		5,153		80,789
Nonperforming	—		—		—		—		—		96		—		—		96
Total Other Consumer	18,864		13,162		6,784		3,395		2,082		4,054		27,391		5,153		80,885

Performing	1,360,654		1,196,491		827,625		543,253		586,622		1,496,135		1,040,544		27,762		7,079,086
Nonperforming	30		18,254		4,108		21,948		23,934		76,691		654		1,153		146,774
Total Loan Balance	$	1,360,684	$	1,214,746	$	831,734	$	565,201	$	610,556	$	1,572,826	$	1,041,199	$	28,914	$	7,225,860

The following tables present the age analysis of past due loans segregated by class of loans as of the dates presented:


	December 31, 2021(1)
(dollars in thousands)	Current		30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		Non- performing		Total Past Due Loans		Total Loans
Commercial real estate	$	2,659,040	$	—	$	—	$	31,488	$	31,488	$	2,690,528
Commercial and industrial	1,497,755		529		—		15,239		15,768		1,513,523
Commercial construction	421,834		450		—		2,471		2,921		424,755
Business banking	1,124,748		813		491		9,641		10,945		1,135,693
Consumer real estate	1,117,073		1,087		2,130		7,294		10,512		1,127,585
Other consumer	107,492		206		50		158		414		107,906
Total	$	6,927,943	$	3,085	$	2,672	$	66,291	$	72,048	$	6,999,990

(1) We had 8 loans that were modified totaling $28.8 million under the CARES Act at December 31, 2021 compared to 52 loans that were modified totaling $195.6 million at December 31, 2020. These customers were not considered past due as a result of their delayed payments. Upon exiting the loan modification deferral program, the measurement of loan delinquency will resume where it left off upon entry into the program. Due to the modification program, this delinquency table may not accurately reflect the credit risk associated with these loans.


	December 31, 2020(2)
(dollars in thousands)	Current		30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days + Past Due(1)		Non- performing		Total Past Due Loans		Total Loans
Commercial real estate	$	2,690,877	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	101,070	$	101,070	$	2,791,947
Commercial and industrial	1,542,567		—		—		—		16,985		16,985		1,559,552
Commercial construction	462,094		19		3,580		—		384		3,983		466,077
Business banking	1,140,581		1,614		379		371		17,122		19,486		1,160,067
Consumer real estate	1,153,028		1,087		1,968		132		11,117		14,304		1,167,332
Other consumer	80,583		168		37		—		96		302		80,885
Total	$	7,069,730	$	2,888	$	5,965	$	503	$	146,774	$	156,130	$	7,225,860

(1) Represents acquired loans that were recorded at fair value at the acquisition date and remain performing at December 31, 2020.

(2) We had 52 loans that were modified totaling $195.6 million at December 31, 2020. These customers were not considered past due as a result of their delayed payments. Upon exiting the loan modification deferral program, the measurement of loan delinquency will resume where it left off upon entry into the program. Due to the modification program, this delinquency table may not accurately reflect the credit risk associated with these loans.

The following tables present loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing by class of loan:


								December 31, 2021
	December 31, 2021						For the twelve months ended
(dollars in thousands)	Beginning of Period Nonaccrual		End of Period Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual With No Related Allowance			Interest Income Recognized on Nonaccrual(1)
Commercial real estate	$	101,070	$	31,488	$	28,046		$	158
Commercial and industrial	16,985		15,239		5,707			74
Commercial construction	384		2,471		2,020			(28)
Business banking	17,122		9,641		1,696			427
Consumer real estate	11,117		7,294		—			496
Other consumer	96		158		—			1
Total	$	146,774	$	66,291	$	37,469		$	1,128

(1) Represents only cash payments received and applied to interest on nonaccrual loans.


									December 31, 2020
	December 31, 2020								For the twelve months ended
(dollars in thousands)	Beginning of Period Nonaccrual		End of Period Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual With No Related Allowance		Past Due 90+ Days Still Accruing		Interest Income Recognized on Nonaccrual(1)
Commercial real estate	$	25,356	$	101,070	$	60,401	$	—	$	22
Commercial and industrial	10,911		16,985		6,436		—		101
Commercial construction	737		384		285		—		—
Business banking	9,863		17,122		3,890		371		275
Consumer real estate	6,063		11,117		398		132		423
Other consumer	1,127		96		—		—		4
Total	$	54,057	$	146,774	$	71,410	$	503	$	826

(1) Represents only cash payments received and applied to interest on nonaccrual loans.

The following tables present collateral-dependent loans by class of loan:


	December 31, 2021
	Type of Collateral
(dollars in thousands)	Real Estate		Blanket Lien		Investment/Cash		Other
Commercial real estate	$	28,046	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial and industrial	259		4,905		—		10,473
Commercial construction	4,210		—		—		—
Business banking	910		1,636		—		—
Consumer real estate	1,031		—		—		—

Total	$	34,456	$	6,541	$	—	$	10,473


	December 31, 2020
	Type of Collateral
(dollars in thousands)	Real Estate		Blanket Lien		Investment/Cash		Other
Commercial real estate	$	100,450	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial and industrial	1,040		15,080		—		—
Commercial construction	3,552		—		—		—
Business banking	3,085		1,619		—		689
Consumer real estate	398		—		—		—

Total	$	108,525	$	16,699	$	—	$	689

The following tables present activity in the ACL for years ended:


	Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2021
(dollars in thousands)	Commercial Real Estate		Commercial and Industrial		Commercial Construction		Business Banking		Consumer Real Estate		Other Consumer		Total Loans
Allowance for credit losses on loans:
Balance at beginning of period	$	65,656	$	16,100	$	7,239	$	15,917	$	10,014	$	2,686	$	117,612

Provision for credit losses on loans(2)	(2,569)		23,746		(1,842)		(3,159)		(1,020)		338		15,494
Charge-offs	(13,444)		(20,923)		(56)		(1,580)		(569)		(952)		(37,524)
Recoveries	1,057		804		14		160		308		651		2,994
Net (Charge-offs)/Recoveries	(12,387)		(20,119)		(42)		(1,420)		(261)		(301)		(34,530)
Balance at End of Period	$	50,700	$	19,727	$	5,355	$	11,338	$	8,733	$	2,723	$	98,576


	Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2020
(dollars in thousands)	Commercial Real Estate		Commercial and Industrial (1)		Commercial Construction		Business Banking		Consumer Real Estate		Other Consumer		Total Loans
Allowance for credit losses on loans:
Balance at beginning of period	$	30,577	$	15,681	$	7,900	$	—	$	6,337	$	1,729	$	62,224
Impact of CECL adoption	4,810		7,853		(3,376)		12,898		4,525		636		27,346
Provision for credit losses on loans(2)	56,489		65,288		2,986		5,303		(368)		1,723		131,421
Charge-offs	(26,460)		(74,282)		(454)		(2,612)		(667)		(1,890)		(106,365)
Recoveries	240		1,560		183		328		187		488		2,986
Net (Charge-offs)/Recoveries	(26,220)		(72,722)		(271)		(2,284)		(480)		(1,402)		(103,379)
Balance at End of Period	$	65,656	$	16,100	$	7,239	$	15,917	$	10,014	$	2,686	$	117,612

(1)During the three months ended June 30, 2020, we experienced a pre-tax loss of $58.7 million related to a customer fraud resulting from a check kiting scheme.

(2)Excludes the provision for credit losses for unfunded commitments.

The provision for credit losses, which includes a provision for losses on loans and on unfunded loan commitments, is a charge to earnings to maintain the ACL at a level consistent with management's assessment of expected losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The provision for credit losses decreased $115.9 million to $15.5 million for 2021 compared to $131.4 million for 2020. The significant decrease in the provision for credit losses during 2021 was mainly due to the customer fraud in 2020 and an improved outlook for the economy and our loan portfolio.

The C&I portfolio included $88.3 million of loans originated under the PPP at December 31, 2021 compared to $465.0 million at December 31, 2020. The loans are 100 percent guaranteed by the SBA, therefore, we have not assigned any ACL to these loans at December 31, 2021.