UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2023

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 0-12507

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New York	22-2448962
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

250 Glen Street	Glens Falls	New York	12801
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:			518	745-1000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, Par Value $1.00 per share	AROW	NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes    ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☑ Yes     ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☑
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standard provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. __			☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐  Yes   ☑ No

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class	Outstanding as of August 4, 2023
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share	16,553,058

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements	3
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	48
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	77
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	77
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	79
Item 1.A. Risk Factors	79
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	79
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	79
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	79
Item 5. Other Information	79
Item 6. Exhibits	80
SIGNATURES	81

2

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)

(Unaudited)

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		June 30, 2022
ASSETS
Cash and Due From Banks	$	33,803	$	31,886	$	51,549
Interest-Bearing Deposits at Banks	139,798		32,774		165,705
Investment Securities:
Available-for-Sale at Fair Value	543,708		573,495		582,741
Held-to-Maturity (Fair Value of $139,143 at June 30, 2023; $171,623 at December 31, 2022; and $180,511 at June 30, 2022)	143,460		175,364		182,096
Equity Securities	1,889		2,174		2,031
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank Stock	4,932		6,064		4,718
Loans	3,069,897		2,983,207		2,844,802
Allowance for Credit Losses	(31,170)		(29,952)		(28,090)
Net Loans	3,038,727		2,953,255		2,816,712
Premises and Equipment, Net	59,773		56,491		50,141
Goodwill	21,873		21,873		21,873
Other Intangible Assets, Net	1,302		1,500		1,710
Other Assets	114,388		114,633		111,929
Total Assets	$	4,103,653	$	3,969,509	$	3,991,205
LIABILITIES
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits	$	759,495	$	836,871	$	824,842
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	856,016		997,694		1,046,570
Savings Deposits	1,517,937		1,454,364		1,504,791
Time Deposits over $250,000	140,694		76,224		40,021
Other Time Deposits	228,082		133,211		129,436
Total Deposits	3,502,224		3,498,364		3,545,660
Borrowings	171,800		54,800		25,000
Finance Leases	5,093		5,119		5,144
Other Liabilities	43,093		37,688		38,903
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts	20,000		20,000		20,000
Total Liabilities	3,742,210		3,615,971		3,634,707
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred Stock, $1 Par Value and 1,000,000 Shares Authorized at June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022	—		—		—
Common Stock, $1 Par Value; 30,000,000 Shares Authorized (21,423,992 Shares Issued at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and 20,800,144 at June 30, 2022)	21,424		21,424		20,800
Additional Paid-in Capital	401,069		400,270		379,423
Retained Earnings	71,076		65,401		69,980
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	(47,613)		(49,655)		(29,564)
Treasury Stock, at Cost (4,870,934 Shares at June 30, 2023; 4,872,355 Shares at December 31, 2022 and 4,777,605 Shares at June 30, 2022)	(84,513)		(83,902)		(84,141)
Total Stockholders’ Equity	361,443		353,538		356,498
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	$	4,103,653	$	3,969,509	$	3,991,205

    See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME
Interest and Fees on Loans	$	34,618	$	26,906	$	66,504	$	52,645
Interest on Deposits at Banks	1,674		427		2,153		625
Interest and Dividends on Investment Securities:
Fully Taxable	2,951		2,444		5,899		4,633
Exempt from Federal Taxes	770		816		1,567		1,637
Total Interest and Dividend Income	40,013		30,593		76,123		59,540
INTEREST EXPENSE
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	820		199		1,190		362
Savings Deposits	8,514		892		14,101		1,309
Time Deposits over $250,000	1,119		26		1,693		54
Other Time Deposits	1,196		111		1,670		220
Borrowings	2,373		108		3,166		295
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to   Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts	171		171		340		340
Interest on Financing Leases	48		48		97		97
Total Interest Expense	14,241		1,555		22,257		2,677
NET INTEREST INCOME	25,772		29,038		53,866		56,863
Provision for Credit Losses	948		905		2,502		1,674
NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES	24,824		28,133		51,364		55,189
NON-INTEREST INCOME
Income From Fiduciary Activities	2,428		2,517		4,703		5,113
Fees for Other Services to Customers	2,717		3,050		5,312		5,845
Insurance Commissions	1,560		1,622		3,080		3,133
Net (Loss) Gain on Securities	(181)		154		(285)		284
Net Gain on Sales of Loans	—		10		4		62
Other Operating Income	382		391		769		1,469
Total Non-Interest Income	6,906		7,744		13,583		15,906
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Salaries and Employee Benefits	12,039		11,687		23,986		22,973
Occupancy Expenses, Net	1,583		1,602		3,211		3,200
Technology and Equipment Expense	4,362		3,974		8,779		7,753
FDIC Assessments	484		291		963		598
Other Operating Expense	5,615		2,791		9,440		4,766
Total Non-Interest Expense	24,083		20,345		46,379		39,290
INCOME BEFORE PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES	7,647		15,532		18,568		31,805
Provision for Income Taxes	1,600		3,558		3,959		7,256
NET INCOME	$	6,047	$	11,974	$	14,609	$	24,549
Average Shares Outstanding 1:
Basic	16,553		16,494		16,552		16,503
Diluted	16,553		16,535		16,552		16,551
Per Common Share:
Basic Earnings	$	0.36	$	0.72	$	0.88	$	1.48
Diluted Earnings	0.36		0.72		0.88		1.48

    1 2022 Share and Per Share Amounts have been restated for the September 23, 2022 3% stock dividend.

See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(In Thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30:				Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net Income	$	6,047	$	11,974	$	14,609	$	24,549
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax:
Net Unrealized Securities Holding (Loss) Gain   Arising During the Period	(3,849)		(9,711)		2,250		(32,007)
Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedge   Agreements	59		878		(534)		2,003
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Loss on   Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	163		8		310		(13)
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Actuarial (Gain)   Loss	(42)		(21)		(60)		21
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Prior Service Cost	39		79		76		85
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income	(3,630)		(8,767)		2,042		(29,911)
Comprehensive Income (Loss)	$	2,417	$	3,207	$	16,651	$	(5,362)

    See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Six Month Period Ended June 30, 2023
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumu-lated Other Com- prehensive Income (Loss)		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	21,424	$	400,270	$	65,401	$	(49,655)	$	(83,902)	$	353,538
Net Income	—		—		14,609		—		—		14,609
Other Comprehensive Income	—		—		—		2,042		—		2,042
Cash Dividends Paid, $.54 per Share 1	—		—		(8,934)		—		—		(8,934)
Stock Options Exercised, Net  (3,772 Shares)	—		50		—		—		33		83
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock   Plan  (3,418 Shares)	—		85		—		—		29		114
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock   Purchase Plan  (3,872 Shares)	—		87		—		—		33		120
Shares Issued for Dividend   Reinvestment Plans (17,753 Shares)	—		330		—		—		142		472
Stock-Based Compensation Expense	—		247		—		—		—		247
Purchase of Treasury Stock   (27,395 Shares)	—		—		—		—		(848)		(848)
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	21,424	$	401,069	$	71,076	$	(47,613)	$	(84,513)	$	361,443
	Three Month Period Ended June 30, 2023
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumu-lated Other Com- prehensive Loss		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	21,424	$	400,944	$	69,499	$	(43,983)	$	(84,513)	$	363,371
Net Income	—		—		6,047		—		—		6,047
Other Comprehensive Loss	—		—		—		(3,630)		—		(3,630)
Cash Dividends Paid, $.27 per Share	—		—		(4,470)		—		—		(4,470)
Stock-Based Compensation Expense	—		125		—		—		—		125
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	21,424	$	401,069	$	71,076	$	(47,613)	$	(84,513)	$	361,443

6

	Six Month Period Ended June 30, 2022
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumu-lated Other Com- prehensive Loss		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	20,800	377,996		54,078		$	347	$	(82,035)	$	371,186
Net Income	—		—		24,549		—		—		24,549
Other Comprehensive Loss	—		—		—		(29,911)		—		(29,911)
Cash Dividends Paid, $.524 per Share 1	—		—		(8,647)		—		—		(8,647)
Stock Options Exercised, Net (15,878 Shares)	—		188		—		—		138		326
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock   Plan  (5,770 Shares)	—		143		—		—		50		193
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock   Purchase Plan  (7,561 Shares)	—		176		—		—		66		242
Shares Issued for Dividend   Reinvestment Plans (29,152 Shares)	—		696		—		—		253		949
Stock-Based Compensation Expense	—		224		—		—		—		224
Purchase of Treasury Stock  (76,552 Shares)	—		—		—		—		(2,613)		(2,613)
Balance at June 30, 2022	$	20,800	$	379,423	$	69,980	$	(29,564)	$	(84,141)	$	356,498
	Three Month Period Ended June 30, 2022
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumu-lated Other Com- prehensive Loss		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at March 31, 2022	$	20,800	$	378,758	$	62,328	$	(20,797)	$	(83,846)	$	357,243
Net Income	—		—		11,974		—		—		11,974
Other Comprehensive Income	—		—		—		(8,767)		—		(8,767)
Cash Dividends Paid, $.262 per Share 1	—		—		(4,322)		—		—		(4,322)
Stock Options Exercised, Net (3,733 Shares)	—		53		—		—		32		85
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock   Plan  (2,986 Shares)	—		68		—		—		26		94
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock   Purchase Plan  (3,935 Shares)	—		87		—		—		35		122
Shares Issued for Dividend   Reinvestment Plans (15,235 Shares)	—		343		—		—		132		475
Stock-Based Compensation Expense	—		114		—		—		—		114
Purchase of Treasury Stock  (16,311 Shares)	—		—		—		—		(520)		(520)
Balance at June 30, 2022	$	20,800	$	379,423	$	69,980	$	(29,564)	$	(84,141)	$	356,498

1 Cash dividends paid per share have been adjusted for the September 23, 2022 3% stock dividend.

See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:	2023		2022
Net Income	$	14,609	$	24,549
Provision for Credit Losses	2,502		1,674
Depreciation and Amortization	3,432		3,835
Net Loss (Gain) on Securities Transactions	285		(284)
Loans Originated and Held-for-Sale	344		(1,002)
Proceeds from the Sale of Loans Held-for-Sale	4		1,359
Net Gain on the Sale of Loans	(4)		(62)
Net Loss on the Sale of Premises and Equipment, Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets	86		120
Contributions to Retirement Benefit Plans	(273)		(319)
Deferred Income Tax Benefit	(71)		(328)
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock Plan	114		193
Stock-Based Compensation Expense	247		224
Tax Benefit from Exercise of Stock Options	11		22
Net Decrease in Other Assets	1,023		173
Net Decrease in Other Liabilities	3,390		530
Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities	25,699		30,684
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Proceeds from the Maturities and Calls of Securities Available-for-Sale	32,134		42,660
Purchases of Securities Available-for-Sale	—		(110,049)
Proceeds from the Maturities and Calls of Securities Held-to-Maturity	34,198		19,656
Purchases of Securities Held-to-Maturity	(2,552)		(5,491)
Net Increase in Loans	(89,638)		(178,740)
Proceeds from the Sales of Premises and Equipment, Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets	1,305		860
Purchase of Premises and Equipment	(5,064)		(6,079)
Net Decrease in FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank Stock	1,132		662
Net Cash Used By Investing Activities	(28,485)		(236,521)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Net Increase (Decrease) in Deposits	3,860		(4,837)
Finance Lease Payments	(26)		(25)
Other Borrowings - Advances	250,000		—
Other Borrowings - Paydowns	(133,000)		(20,000)
Purchase of Treasury Stock	(848)		(2,613)
Stock Options Exercised, Net	83		326
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan	120		242
Shares Issued for Dividend Reinvestment Plans	472		949
Cash Dividends Paid	(8,934)		(8,647)
Net Cash Provided (Used) By Financing Activities	111,727		(34,605)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents	108,941		(240,442)
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period	64,660		457,696
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period	$	173,601	$	217,254
Supplemental Disclosures to Statements of Cash Flow Information:
Interest on Deposits and Borrowings	$	19,179	$	2,703
Income Taxes	3,269		5,918
Transfer of Loans to Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets	1,320		719

See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1.RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES

Nature of Operations - Arrow Financial Corporation, a New York corporation ("Arrow," the "Company," "we," or "us"), was incorporated on March 21, 1983 and is registered as a bank holding company within the meaning of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956.  The banking subsidiaries are Glens Falls National Bank and Trust Company ("GFNB") whose main office is located in Glens Falls, New York, and Saratoga National Bank and Trust Company ("SNB") whose main office is located in Saratoga Springs, New York. The two subsidiary banks provide a full range of services to individuals and small to mid-size businesses in northeastern New York State from Albany, the State's capitol, to the Canadian border. Both banks have wealth management departments which provide investment management and administrative services. An active subsidiary of GFNB is Upstate Agency LLC, offering insurance services including property, and casualty insurance, group health insurance and individual life insurance products. North Country Investment Advisers, Inc., a registered investment adviser that provides investment advice to our proprietary mutual fund, and Arrow Properties, Inc., a real estate investment trust (REIT), are subsidiaries of GFNB. Arrow also owns directly two subsidiary business trusts, organized in 2003 and 2004 to issue trust preferred securities (TRUPs), which are still outstanding.

Concentrations of Credit - With the exception of some indirect auto lending, Arrow's loans are primarily with borrowers in upstate New York.  Although the loan portfolios of the subsidiary banks are well diversified, tourism has a substantial impact on the northeastern New York economy. The commitments to extend credit are fairly consistent with the distribution of loans presented in Note 5, "Loans," generally have the same credit risk and are subject to normal credit policies.  Generally, the loans are secured by assets and are expected to be repaid from cash flow or the sale of selected assets of the borrowers.  Arrow evaluates each customer's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by Arrow upon extension of credit, is based upon Management's credit evaluation of the counterparty.  The nature of the collateral varies with the type of loan and may include: residential real estate, cash and securities, inventory, accounts receivable, property, plant and equipment, income producing commercial properties and automobiles.

Liquidity - The objective of effective liquidity management is to ensure that Arrow has the ability to raise cash when needed at a reasonable cost.  This includes the capability of meeting expected and unexpected obligations to Arrow's customers at any time. Given the uncertain nature of customer demands and the need to maximize earnings, Arrow must have available reasonably priced sources of funds, both on- and off-balance sheet, that can be accessed quickly in times of need. Arrow’s liquidity position should provide the Company with the necessary flexibility to address any unexpected near-term disruptions such as reduced cash flows from the investment and loan portfolio, unexpected deposit runoff, or increased loan originations.

Arrow's primary sources of available liquidity are overnight investments in federal funds sold, interest-bearing bank balances at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, advances from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP") and cash flow from investment securities and loans.

Note 2.     ACCOUNTING POLICIES

In the opinion of the management of Arrow, the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements contain all of the adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position as of June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022; the results of operations for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022; the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022; the changes in stockholders' equity for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022; and the cash flows for the six month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited annual consolidated financial statements of Arrow for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in Arrow's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the "2022 Form 10-K").

Management’s Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period.  Management utilized estimates and assumptions in its evaluation of potential impairment of Arrow's right-of-use lease assets, goodwill and intangible assets. Our most significant estimate is the allowance for credit losses. Other estimates include the fair value of financial instruments, evaluation of pension and other post-retirement liabilities, an analysis of a need for a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets and a reserve for unfunded loan commitments recorded as an other liability. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

A material estimate that is particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term is the allowance for credit losses.  In connection with the determination of the allowance for credit losses management obtains economic forecasts from reliable sources and appraisals for properties.  The allowance for credit losses is management’s best estimate of the life of loan losses as of the balance sheet date.  While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future adjustments to the allowance for credit losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans - Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (CECL) approach requires an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of a loan (or pool of loans). It replaces the incurred loss approach’s threshold that required the recognition of a

9

credit loss when it was probable that a loss event was incurred. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from, or added to, the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net lifetime amount expected to be collected on the loans. Credit losses are charged off against the allowance when management believes a loan balance is confirmed to be uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged off and expected to be charged off.

Management estimates the allowance using relevant available information from internal and external sources related to past events, current conditions, and a reasonable and supportable single economic forecast. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Arrow's historical loss experience was supplemented with peer information when there was insufficient loss data for Arrow. Peer selection was based on a review of institutions with comparable loss experience as well as loan yield, bank size, portfolio concentration and geography. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in credit concentrations, delinquency level, collateral values and underwriting standards as well as changes in economic conditions or other relevant factors. Management judgment is required at each point in the measurement process.

Portfolio segment is defined as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic methodology to determine its allowance for credit losses. Upon adoption of CECL, management revised the manner in which loans were pooled for similar risk characteristics. Management developed portfolio segments for estimating loss based on type of borrower and collateral as follows:

Commercial Loans

Commercial Real Estate Loans

Consumer Loans

Residential Loans

Further details related to loan portfolio segments is included in Note 5 Loans.

Historical credit loss experience for both Arrow and segment-specific peers provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Arrow utilized regression analyses of peer data, of which Arrow is included, where observed credit losses and selected economic factors were utilized to determine suitable loss drivers for modeling lifetime probability of default (PD) rates. Arrow uses the discounted cash flow (DCF) method to estimate expected credit losses for the commercial, commercial real estate, and residential segments. For each of these loan segments, Arrow generates cash flow projections at the instrument level wherein payment expectations are adjusted for estimated prepayment speed, curtailments, time to recovery, PD, and segment-specific loss given default (LGD) risk factors. The modeling of expected prepayment speeds, curtailment rates, and time to recovery are based on historical internal data and adjusted, if necessary, based on the reasonable and supportable forecast of economic conditions.

For the loan segments utilizing the DCF method, (commercial, commercial real estate, and residential) management utilizes externally developed economic forecast of the following economic factors as loss drivers: national unemployment, gross domestic product and home price index (HPI). The economic forecast is applied over a reasonable and supportable forecast period. Arrow utilizes a six quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period with an eight quarter reversion to the historic mean on a straight-line basis.

The combination of adjustments for credit expectations (default and loss) and timing expectations (prepayment, curtailment, and time to recovery) produces an expected cash flow stream at the instrument level. Instrument effective yield is calculated, net of the impacts of prepayment assumptions, and the instrument expected cash flows are then discounted at that effective yield to produce an instrument-level net present value (NPV) of expected cash flows. An allowance for credit loss is established for the difference between the instrument’s NPV and amortized cost basis. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) will be executed with an individual borrower or the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by Arrow.

Arrow uses the vintage analysis method to estimate expected credit losses for the consumer loan segment. The vintage method was selected since the loans within the consumer loan segment are homogeneous, not just by risk characteristic, but by loan structure. Under the vintage analysis method, a loss rate is calculated based on the quarterly net charge-offs to the outstanding loan balance for each vintage year over the lookback period. Once this periodic loss rate is calculated for each quarter in the lookback period, the periodic rates are averaged into the loss rate. The loss rate is then applied to the outstanding loan balances based on the loan's vintage year. Arrow maintains, over the life of the loan, the loss curve by vintage year. If estimated losses computed by the vintage method need to be adjusted based on current conditions and the reasonable and supportable economic forecast, these adjustments would be incorporated over a six quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period, reverting to historical losses using a straight-line method over an eight quarter period. Based on current conditions and the reasonable and supportable economic forecast, no adjustment to the loss rate for each vintage is currently required.

The vintage and DCF models also consider the need to qualitatively adjust expected loss estimates for information not already captured in the quantitative loss estimation process. Qualitative considerations include limitations inherent in the quantitative model; trends experienced in nonperforming and delinquent loans; changes in value of underlying collateral; changes in lending policies and procedures; nature and composition of loans; portfolio concentrations that may affect loss experience across one or more components or the portfolio; the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff; Arrow's credit review system; and the effect of external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements. These qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease Arrow's estimate of expected credit losses so that the allowance for credit loss is reflective of the estimate of lifetime losses that exist in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date.

All loans not included in the vintage analysis method that exceed $250,000 which are on nonaccrual, are evaluated on an individual basis. For collateral dependent financial assets where Arrow has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and Arrow expects repayment of the financial asset to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, Arrow has elected a practical expedient to measure the allowance for credit loss as the difference

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between the fair value of the collateral less cost to sell, and the amortized cost basis of the asset as of the measurement date. In the event the repayment of a collateral dependent financial asset is expected to be provided substantially through the operating of the collateral, Arrow will use fair value of the collateral at the reporting date when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the allowance for credit losses. When repayment is expected to be from the sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the financial asset exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated cost to sell. The allowance for credit losses may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of the financial asset.

ASU No. 2022-02, “Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures” (“ASU 2022-02”), was issued in March 2022 to provide updates on the accounting treatment for TDRs and related disclosures requirements, as well as modifying the disclosure requirement associated with the existing credit quality indicators “vintage” disclosure. With respect to TDRs, ASU 2022-02 eliminates the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs under current GAAP and instead requires that Arrow evaluate whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan, consistent with the current GAAP treatment for other loan modifications. In addition, ASU 2022-02 eliminates existing disclosure requirements on TDRs and replaces with enhanced disclosure requirements related to certain loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. ASU 2022-02 also provides an update to the existing credit quality indicators “vintage” tabular disclosure requiring current period gross write-offs to be disclosed by year of origination for each loan segment. The provisions of ASU 2022-02 were effective January 1, 2023 and Arrow adopted the provisions on a prospective basis. Historical disclosures on TDRs were removed from this report in accordance with the provisions of this ASU. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Estimated Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures Recognized as Other Liabilities - Arrow estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which Arrow has exposure to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by Arrow. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures recognized in other liabilities, is adjusted as an expense in other non-interest expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over their estimated lives. Estimating credit losses on unfunded commitments requires Arrow to consider the following categories of off-balance sheet credit exposure: unfunded commitments to extend credit, unfunded lines of credit, and standby letters of credit. Each of these unfunded commitments is then analyzed for a probability of funding to calculate a probable funding amount. The life of loan loss factor by related portfolio segment from the loan allowance for credit loss calculation is then applied to the probable funding amount to calculate the estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures recognized as other liabilities.

Accrued Interest Receivable - Upon adoption of CECL on January 1, 2021, Arrow made the following elections regarding accrued interest receivable: (1) presented accrued interest receivable balances separately within the other assets balance sheet line item; (2) excluded interest receivable that is included in amortized cost of financing receivables from related disclosures requirements and (3) continued its policy to write off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income. For loans, write off typically occurs upon becoming over 90 to 120 days past due and therefore the amount of such write offs are immaterial. Historically, Arrow has not experienced uncollectible accrued interest receivable on investment securities.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Held-to-Maturity (HTM) Debt Securities - Arrow's HTM debt securities are also required to utilize the CECL approach to estimate expected credit losses. Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security types that share similar risk characteristics, such as financial asset type and collateral type adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Management classifies the HTM portfolio into the following major security types: U.S. government agency or U.S. government sponsored mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage obligations securities, and state and municipal debt securities.

The mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage obligations HTM securities are issued by U.S. government entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government as to timely repayment of principal and interest, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses. Therefore, Arrow did not record a credit loss for these securities.

State and municipal bonds carry an investment grade from an accredited ratings agency, primarily with an investment grade rating. In addition, Arrow has a limited amount of New York state local municipal bonds that are not rated. The estimate of expected credit losses on the HTM portfolio is based on the expected cash flows of each individual CUSIP over its contractual life and utilized a municipal loss forecast model for determining PD and LGD rates. Management may exercise discretion to make adjustments based on environmental factors. A calculated expected credit loss for individual securities was determined using the PD and LGD rates. Arrow determined that the expected credit loss on its municipal bond portfolio was de minimis, and therefore, an allowance for credit losses was not recorded.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Available-for-Sale (AFS) Debt Securities - The impairment model for AFS debt securities differs from the CECL approach utilized by HTM debt securities since AFS debt securities are measured at fair value rather than amortized cost. For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, Arrow first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For AFS debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, in making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, adverse conditions specifically related to the security, failure of the issuer of the debt security to make scheduled interest or principal payments, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. The cash flows are estimated using information relevant to the collectability of the security, including information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the

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credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Investments in Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB") and Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") stock are required for membership in those organizations and are carried at cost since there is no market value available. The FHLB New York ("FHLBNY") continues to pay dividends and repurchase stock. As such, the Company has not recognized any impairment on its holdings of FRB and FHLB stock.

Note 3. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (In Thousands)

The following table is the schedule of Cash and Cash Equivalents at June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022:
	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		June 30, 2022
Cash and Due From Banks	$	33,803	$	31,886	$	51,549
Interest-bearing Deposits at Banks	139,798		32,774		165,705
Total Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	173,601	64,660		217,254

The increase in cash from December 31, 2022 to June 30, 2023 reflects the strategic enhancement of the Company's liquidity position in light of recent industry events. The decline in cash from June 30, 2022 to December 31, 2022 was primarily the result of record loan growth in 2022 and a decrease in deposits in the fourth quarter of 2022.

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Note 4.    INVESTMENT SECURITIES (In Thousands)

The following table is the schedule of Available-For-Sale Securities at June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022:

Available-For-Sale Securities
	U.S. Government & Agency Obligations		State and Municipal Obligations		Mortgage- Backed Securities		Corporate and Other Debt Securities		Total Available- For-Sale Securities
June 30, 2023
Available-For-Sale Securities,   at Amortized Cost	$	190,000	$	280	$	414,995	$	1,000	$	606,275
Gross Unrealized Gains	—		—		3		—		3
Gross Unrealized Losses	(13,984)		—		(48,386)		(200)		(62,570)
Available-For-Sale Securities,   at Fair Value	176,016		280		366,612		800		543,708
Available-For-Sale Securities,   Pledged as Collateral, at Fair   Value									362,707
Maturities of Debt Securities,   at Amortized Cost:
Within One Year	$	15,000	$	—	$	730	$	—	$	15,730
From 1 - 5 Years	175,000		—		227,541		—		402,541
From 5 - 10 Years	—		280		186,724		1,000		188,004
Over 10 Years	—		—		—		—		—
Maturities of Debt Securities,   at Fair Value:
Within One Year	$	14,660	$	—	$	706	$	—	$	15,366
From 1 - 5 Years	161,356		—		207,528		—		368,884
From 5 - 10 Years	—		280		158,378		800		159,458
Over 10 Years	—		—		—		—		—
Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position, at Fair Value:
Less than 12 Months	$	29,509	$	—	$	24,851	$	—	$	54,360
12 Months or Longer	146,505		—		341,648		800		488,953
Total	$	176,014	$	—	$	366,499	$	800	$	543,313
Number of Securities in a   Continuous Loss Position	25		—		154		1		180
Unrealized Losses on   Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position:
Less than 12 Months	$	490	$	—	$	551	$	—	$	1,041
12 Months or Longer	13,494		—		47,835		200		61,529
Total	$	13,984	$	—	$	48,386	$	200	$	62,570

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Available-For-Sale Securities
	U.S. Government & Agency Obligations		State and Municipal Obligations		Mortgage- Backed Securities		Corporate and Other Debt Securities		Total Available- For-Sale Securities
Disaggregated Details:
US Agency Obligations,   at Amortized Cost	$	190,000
US Agency Obligations,   at Fair Value	176,016
US Government Agency   Securities, at Amortized Cost					$	7,573
US Government Agency   Securities, at Fair Value					7,048
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Amortized Cost					407,422
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Fair Value					359,564
December 31, 2022
Available-For-Sale Securities,   at Amortized Cost	$	190,000	$	340	$	447,755	$	1,000	$	639,095
Gross Unrealized Gains	15		—		65		—		80
Gross Unrealized Losses	(14,816)		—		(50,664)		(200)		(65,680)
Available-For-Sale Securities,   at Fair Value	175,199		340		397,156		800		573,495
Available-For-Sale Securities,   Pledged as Collateral,   at Fair Value									308,266
Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position, at Fair Value:
Less than 12 Months	$	66,690	$	—	$	183,868	$	—	$	250,558
12 Months or Longer	93,493		—		199,262		800		293,555
Total	$	160,183	$	—	$	383,130	$	800	$	544,113
Number of Securities in a   Continuous Loss Position	23		—		150		1		174
Unrealized Losses on   Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position:
Less than 12 Months	$	3,310	$	—	$	18,756	$	—	$	22,066
12 Months or Longer	11,506		—		31,908		200		43,614
Total	$	14,816	$	—	$	50,664	$	200	$	65,680
Disaggregated Details:
US Agency Obligations,   at Amortized Cost	$	190,000
US Agency Obligations,   at Fair Value	175,199
US Government Agency   Securities, at Amortized Cost					$	7,934
US Government Agency   Securities, at Fair Value					7,433
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Amortized Cost					439,821
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Fair Value					389,723
June 30, 2022
Available-For-Sale Securities,   at Amortized Cost	$	165,000	$	340	$	460,227	$	1,000	$	626,567

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Available-For-Sale Securities
	U.S. Government & Agency Obligations		State and Municipal Obligations		Mortgage- Backed Securities		Corporate and Other Debt Securities		Total Available- For-Sale Securities
Gross Unrealized Gains	—		—		43		—		43
Gross Unrealized Losses	(9,525)		—		(34,144)		(200)		(43,869)
Available-For-Sale Securities,   at Fair Value	155,475		340		426,126		800		582,741
Available-For-Sale Securities,   Pledged as Collateral, at Fair   Value									329,371
Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position, at Fair Value:
Less than 12 Months	$	72,817	$	—	$	350,994	$	—	$	423,811
12 Months or Longer	82,657		—		68,992		800		152,449
Total	$	155,474	$	—	$	419,986	$	800	$	576,260
Number of Securities in a   Continuous Loss Position	22		—		137		1		160
Unrealized Losses on Securities   in a Continuous Loss Position:
Less than 12 Months	$	2,183	$	—	$	24,539	$	—	$	26,722
12 Months or Longer	7,342		—		9,605		200		17,147
Total	$	9,525	$	—	$	34,144	$	200	$	43,869
Disaggregated Details:
US Agency Obligations,   at Amortized Cost	$	165,000
US Agency Obligations,   at Fair Value	155,475
US Government Agency   Securities, at Amortized Cost					$	8,533
US Government Agency   Securities, at Fair Value					8,292
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Amortized Cost					451,694
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Fair Value					417,834

At June 30, 2023, there was no allowance for credit losses for the AFS debt securities portfolio.

The following table is the schedule of Held-To-Maturity Securities at June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022:

Held-To-Maturity Securities
	State and Municipal Obligations		Mortgage- Backed Securities		Total Held-To Maturity Securities
June 30, 2023
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   at Amortized Cost	$	133,176	$	10,284	$	143,460
Gross Unrealized Gains	—		—		—
Gross Unrealized Losses	(3,717)		(600)		(4,317)
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   at Fair Value	129,459		9,684		139,143
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value					115,674
Maturities of Debt Securities,   at Amortized Cost:
Within One Year	$	58,665	$	—	$	58,665

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Held-To-Maturity Securities
	State and Municipal Obligations		Mortgage- Backed Securities		Total Held-To Maturity Securities
From 1 - 5 Years	72,172		10,284		82,456
From 5 - 10 Years	2,309		—		2,309
Over 10 Years	30		—		30
Maturities of Debt Securities,   at Fair Value:
Within One Year	$	57,955	$	—	$	57,955
From 1 - 5 Years	69,197		9,684		78,881
From 5 - 10 Years	2,277		—		2,277
Over 10 Years	30		—		30
Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position, at Fair Value:
Less than 12 Months	$	19,210	$	—	$	19,210
12 Months or Longer	94,163		9,684		103,847
Total	$	113,373	$	9,684	$	123,057
Number of Securities in a   Continuous Loss Position	343		16		359
Unrealized Losses on Securities    in a Continuous Loss Position:
Less than 12 Months	$	292	$	—	$	292
12 Months or Longer	3,425		600		4,025
Total	$	3,717	$	600	$	4,317
Disaggregated Details:
US Government Agency   Securities, at Amortized Cost			$	3,516
US Government Agency   Securities, at Fair Value			3,295
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Amortized Cost			6,768
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Fair Value			6,389

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Held-To-Maturity Securities
	State and Municipal Obligations		Mortgage- Backed Securities		Total Held-To Maturity Securities
December 31, 2022
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   at Amortized Cost	$	163,600	$	11,764	$	175,364
Gross Unrealized Gains	1		—		1
Gross Unrealized Losses	(3,131)		(611)		(3,742)
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   at Fair Value	160,470		11,153		171,623
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value					142,982
Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position, at Fair Value:
Less than 12 Months	$	137,773	$	11,153	$	148,926
12 Months or Longer	—		—		—
Total	$	137,773	$	11,153	$	148,926
Number of Securities in a   Continuous Loss Position	397		16		413
Unrealized Losses on   Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position:
Less than 12 Months	$	3,131	$	611	$	3,742
12 Months or Longer	—		—		—
Total	$	3,131	$	611	$	3,742
Disaggregated Details:
US Government Agency   Securities, at Amortized Cost			$	3,898
US Government Agency   Securities, at Fair Value			3,687
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Amortized Cost			7,866
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Fair Value			7,466

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Held-To-Maturity Securities
	State and Municipal Obligations		Mortgage- Backed Securities		Total Held-To Maturity Securities
June 30, 2022
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   at Amortized Cost	$	168,599	$	13,497	$	182,096
Gross Unrealized Gains	56		—		56
Gross Unrealized Losses	(1,449)		(192)		(1,641)
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   at Fair Value	167,206		13,305		180,511
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value					153,020
Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position, at Fair Value:
Less than 12 Months	$	116,075	$	13,305	$	129,380
12 Months or Longer	—		—		—
Total	$	116,075	$	13,305	$	129,380
Number of Securities in a   Continuous Loss Position	327		17		344
Unrealized Losses on   Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position:
Less than 12 Months	$	1,449	$	192	$	1,641
12 Months or Longer	—		—		—
Total	$	1,449	$	192	$	1,641
June 30, 2022
Disaggregated Details:
US Government Agency   Securities, at Amortized Cost			$	4,401
US Government Agency   Securities, at Fair Value			4,328
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Amortized Cost			9,096
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Fair Value			8,977

In the tables above, maturities of mortgage-backed securities are included based on their contractual average lives. Actual maturities will differ because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

Arrow's investment policy requires that investments held in our portfolio be investment grade or better at the time of purchase. Arrow performs an analysis of the creditworthiness of municipal obligations to determine if a security is of investment grade. The analysis may include but may not solely rely upon credit analysis conducted by external credit rating agencies.

Arrow evaluates AFS debt securities in unrealized loss positions at each measurement date to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or non-credit-related factors. Any impairment that is not credit related is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized within the allowance for credit losses on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings via credit loss expense. Arrow determined that at June 30, 2023, gross unrealized losses were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. Arrow does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that Arrow will be required to sell any securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. Therefore, Arrow carried no allowance for credit loss at June 30, 2023 and there was no credit loss expense recognized by Arrow with respect to the securities portfolio during the three months ended June 30, 2023.  

Arrow's HTM debt securities are comprised of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) or state and municipal obligations. GSE securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Arrow determined that the expected credit loss on its HTM debt portfolio was immaterial and therefore no allowance for credit loss was recorded as of June 30, 2023.

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The following table is the schedule of Equity Securities at June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022:

Equity Securities
	June 30, 2023	December 31, 2022	June 30, 2022
Equity Securities, at Fair Value	$1,889	$2,174	$2,031

The following is a summary of realized and unrealized gains and losses recognized in net income on equity securities during the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net (Loss) Gain on Equity Securities	$	(181)	$	154	$	(285)	$	284
Less: Net gain recognized during the reporting period on equity securities sold during the period	—		—		—		—
Unrealized net (loss) gain recognized during the reporting period on equity securities still held at the reporting date	$	(181)	$	154	$	(285)	$	284

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Note 5.    LOANS (In Thousands)

Loan Categories and Past Due Loans

The following two tables present loan balances outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and an analysis of the recorded investment in loans that are past due at these dates. Generally, Arrow considers a loan past due 30 or more days when the borrower is two payments past due. Loans held-for-sale of $312, $656 and $860 as of June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022, respectively, are included in the residential real estate balances for current loans.

Schedule of Past Due Loans by Loan Category
			Commercial
	Commercial		Real Estate		Consumer		Residential		Total
June 30, 2023
Loans Past Due 30-59 Days	$	192	$	—	$	10,275	$	494	$	10,961
Loans Past Due 60-89 Days	287		—		5,302		2,326		7,915
Loans Past Due 90 or more Days	59		—		1,776		2,828		4,663
Total Loans Past Due	538		—		17,353		5,648		23,539
Current Loans	146,980		723,948		1,070,412		1,105,018		3,046,358
Total Loans	$	147,518	$	723,948	$	1,087,765	$	1,110,666	$	3,069,897
December 31, 2022
Loans Past Due 30-59 Days	$	48	$	370	$	13,657	$	1,833	$	15,908
Loans Past Due 60-89 Days	33		—		4,517		112		4,662
Loans Past Due 90 or more Days	44		—		3,503		4,790		8,337
Total Loans Past Due	125		370		21,677		6,735		28,907
Current Loans	140,168		706,652		1,043,458		1,064,022		2,954,300
Total Loans	$	140,293	$	707,022	$	1,065,135	$	1,070,757	$	2,983,207
June 30, 2022
Loans Past Due 30-59 Days	$	283	$	—	$	7,183	$	327	$	7,793
Loans Past Due 60-89 Days	150		—		3,851		1,189		5,190
Loans Past Due 90 or more Days	2		236		2,009		2,875		5,122
Total Loans Past Due	435		236		13,043		4,391		18,105
Current Loans	138,240		662,998		1,018,068		1,007,391		2,826,697
Total Loans	$	138,675	$	663,234	$	1,031,111	$	1,011,782	$	2,844,802

Schedule of Non Accrual Loans by Category
			Commercial
June 30, 2023	Commercial		Real Estate		Consumer		Residential		Total
Loans 90 or More Days Past Due   and Still Accruing Interest	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	467	$	467
Nonaccrual Loans	89		—		1,897		4,011		5,997
Nonaccrual With No Allowance for Credit Loss	89		—		1,897		4,011		5,997
Interest Income on Nonaccrual Loans	—		—		—		—		—
December 31, 2022
Loans 90 or More Days Past Due   and Still Accruing Interest	$	44	$	—	$	—	$	1,113	$	1,157
Nonaccrual Loans	8		3,110		3,503		4,136		10,757
June 30, 2022
Loans 90 or More Days Past Due   and Still Accruing Interest	$	—	$	—	$	499	$	1,142	$	1,641
Nonaccrual Loans	70		3,458		1,648		2,823		7,999

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Arrow disaggregates its loan portfolio into the following four categories:

Commercial - Arrow offers a variety of loan options to meet the specific needs of our commercial customers including term loans, time notes and lines of credit. Such loans are made available to businesses for working capital needs such as inventory and receivables, business expansion and equipment purchases. Generally, a collateral lien is placed on equipment or other assets owned by the borrower. Generally, these loans carry a higher risk than commercial real estate loans due to the nature of the underlying collateral, which can be business assets such as equipment and accounts receivable and generally have a lower liquidation value than real estate. In the event of default by the borrower, Arrow may be required to liquidate collateral at deeply discounted values. To reduce the risk, management usually obtains personal guarantees to support the borrowing, as permitted by applicable law.

Commercial Real Estate - Arrow offers commercial real estate loans to finance real estate purchases, refinancings, expansions and improvements to commercial properties. Commercial real estate loans are made to finance the purchases of real property which generally consists of real estate with completed structures. These commercial real estate loans are typically secured by first liens on the real estate, which may include apartments, commercial structures, housing businesses, healthcare facilities, and both owner- and non-owner-occupied facilities. These loans are typically less risky than commercial loans, since they are secured by real estate and buildings, and are generally originated in amounts of no more than 80% of the appraised value of the property. However, Arrow also offers commercial construction and land development loans to finance projects. Many projects will ultimately be used by the borrowers' businesses, while others are developed for resale. These real estate loans are also typically secured by first liens on the real estate, which may include apartments, commercial structures, housing businesses, healthcare facilities and both owner-occupied and non-owner-occupied facilities. There is enhanced risk during the construction period, since the loan is secured by an incomplete project.

Consumer Loans - This category is primarily comprised of automobile loans. Arrow primarily finances the purchases of automobiles indirectly through dealer relationships located throughout upstate New York and Vermont. Most automobile loans carry a fixed rate of interest with principal repayment terms typically ranging from three to seven years. Automobile loans are underwritten on a secured basis using the underlying collateral being financed. Arrow also offers a variety of consumer installment loans to finance personal expenditures. Most of these loans carry a fixed rate of interest with principal repayment terms typically ranging from one to five years, based upon the nature of the collateral and the size of the loan. In addition to installment loans, Arrow also offers personal lines of credit and overdraft protection. Several of these consumer loans are unsecured, which carry a higher risk of loss.

Residential - Residential real estate loans consist primarily of loans secured by first or second mortgages on primary residences. Arrow originates fixed-rate and adjustable-rate one-to-four-family residential real estate loans for the construction, purchase of real estate or refinancing of an existing mortgage. These loans are collateralized primarily by owner-occupied properties generally located in Arrow's market area. Loans on one-to-four-family residential real estate are generally originated in amounts of no more than 80% of the purchase price or appraised value (whichever is lower), or have private mortgage insurance. Arrow’s underwriting analysis for residential mortgage loans typically includes credit verification, independent appraisals, and a review of the borrower’s financial condition. Mortgage title insurance and hazard insurance are normally required. It is Arrow's general practice to underwrite residential real estate loans to secondary market standards. Construction loans have a unique risk, because they are secured by an incomplete dwelling. This risk is reduced through periodic site inspections, including one at each loan draw period. In addition, Arrow offers fixed home equity loans, as well as home equity lines of credit to consumers to finance home improvements, debt consolidation, education and other uses.  Arrow's policy allows for a maximum loan to value ratio of 80%, although periodically higher advances are allowed.  Arrow originates home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans (loans secured by a second junior lien position on one-to-four-family residential real estate).  Risk is generally reduced through underwriting criteria, which include credit verification, appraisals, a review of the borrower's financial condition, and personal cash flows.  A security interest, with title insurance when necessary, is taken in the underlying real estate.

Allowance for Credit Losses

Loan segments were selected by class code and application code to ensure each segment is comprised of loans with homogenous loan characteristics and similar risk profiles. The resulting loan segments are commercial, commercial real estate, consumer and residential real estate loans. The consumer segment is mainly comprised of automobile loans, and since they are relatively short-term in nature, with similar dollar amounts and collateral, the vintage analysis method was selected to determine the credit loss reserve. The vintage method utilizes Arrow loan data exclusively as the method calculates a loss rate based on the total origination balance of the loans by year and the charge-off and recovery rate of the same origination year. Arrow maintains, over the life of the loan, the loss curve by vintage year. The discounted cash flow method (DCF) is used to calculate the reserve for credit losses for the commercial, commercial real estate and residential real estate segments.

The June 30, 2023 allowance for credit losses calculation incorporated a reasonable and supportable forecast period to account for economic conditions utilized in the measurement. The quantitative model utilized an economic forecast sourced from reputable third-parties that reflects the economic conditions with a slight improvement in the national unemployment rate of approximately 0.08% during the six-quarter forecast period, while forecasted gross domestic product projected a deterioration of approximately 0.17%. The home price index (HPI) forecast declined approximately 2.02% from the previous quarter level. Key assumptions utilized in the CECL calculation include loan segmentation, loan loss regression analysis, reasonable and supportable forecast period, reversion period, discounted cash flow inputs including economic forecast data and prepayment and curtailment speeds and qualitative factors. Key assumptions are reviewed and approved on a quarterly basis. There were no assumption changes for the second quarter calculation. Driven by current economic forecasts, loan growth and net charge offs during the quarter, the second quarter provision for credit losses

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was $948 thousand. The provision is directionally consistent with both the latest economic forecasts as well as second quarter activity. Management's evaluation considers the allowance for credit losses for loans to be appropriate as of June 30, 2023.

The following table details activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022:

Allowance for Credit Losses
Rollforward of the Allowance for Credit Losses for the Quarterly Period:	Commercial		Commercial Real Estate		Consumer		Residential		Total
Rollforward of the Allowance for Credit Losses for the Quarterly Period:
March 31, 2023	$	1,737	$	15,502	$	2,863	$	10,682	$	30,784
Charge-offs	—		—		(1,274)		(6)		(1,280)
Recoveries	—		—		718		—		718
Provision	235		195		339		179		948
June 30, 2023	$	1,972	$	15,697	$	2,646	$	10,855	$	31,170
December 31, 2022	$	1,961	$	15,213	$	2,585	$	10,193	$	29,952
Charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	(2,602)	$	(6)	$	(2,608)
Recoveries	$	—	$	—	$	1,324	$	—	$	1,324
Provision	$	11	$	484	$	1,339	$	668	$	2,502
June 30, 2023	$	1,972	$	15,697	$	2,646	$	10,855	$	31,170
March 31, 2022	$	2,515	$	13,542	$	2,510	$	9,094	$	27,661
Charge-offs	(4)		—		(903)		—		$	(907)
Recoveries	18		—		413		—		$	431
Provision	(64)		394		338		237		$	905
June 30, 2022	$	2,465	$	13,936	$	2,358	$	9,331	$	28,090
December 31, 2021	$	2,298	$	13,136	$	2,402	$	9,445	$	27,281
Charge-offs	(4)		—		(1,702)		(30)		(1,736)
Recoveries	26		—		845		—		871
Provision	145		800		813		(84)		1,674
June 30, 2022	$	2,465	$	13,936	$	2,358	$	9,331	$	28,090

Estimated Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures Recognized as Other Liabilities

Financial instrument credit losses apply to off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded loan commitments and standby letters of credit. A liability for expected credit losses for off-balance sheet exposures is recognized if the entity has a present contractual obligation to extend the credit and the obligation is not unconditionally cancellable by the entity. Changes in this allowance are reflected in other operating expenses within the non-interest expense category. As of June 30, 2023, the total unfunded commitment off-balance sheet credit exposure was $1.9 million.

Individually Evaluated Loans

All loans not included in the vintage analysis method that exceed $250,000, which are on nonaccrual status, are evaluated on an individual basis. Arrow made the policy election to apply a practical expedient for collateral dependent financial assets when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the repayment is expected through the sale of the collateral. This allows Arrow to use fair value of the collateral at the reporting date adjusted for estimated cost to sell when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the allowance for credit losses for a financial asset. In the event where the repayment of a collateral dependent financial asset is expected to be provided substantially through the operating of the collateral, Arrow will use fair value of the collateral at the reporting date when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the allowance for credit losses. As of June 30, 2023, there were four total relationships identified to be evaluated for loss on an individual basis which had an amortized cost basis of $2.0 million and none had an allowance for credit loss.

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The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loans as of June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022:

June 30, 2023	Collateral Type -Residential Real Estate		Collateral Type - Commercial Real Estate		Total Loans
Commercial	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Real Estate	—		—		—
Consumer	—		—		—
Residential	1,963		—		1,963
Total	$	1,963	$	—	$	1,963

December 31, 2022	Collateral Type -Residential Real Estate		Collateral Type - Commercial Real Estate		Total Loans
Commercial	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Real Estate	—		3,110		3,110
Consumer	—		—		—
Residential	1,963		—		1,963
Total	$	1,963	$	3,110	$	5,073

June 30, 2022	Collateral Type -Residential Real Estate		Collateral Type - Commercial Real Estate		Total Loans
Commercial	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Real Estate	—		3,222		3,222
Consumer	—		—		—
Residential	1,116		—		1,116
Total	$	1,116	$	3,222	$	4,338

Allowance for Credit Losses - Collectively and Individually Evaluated
	Commercial		Commercial Real Estate		Consumer		Residential		Total
June 30, 2023
Ending Loan Balance - Collectively Evaluated	$	147,518	$	723,948	$	1,087,765	$	1,108,703	$	3,067,934
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Collectively Evaluated	1,972		15,697		2,646		10,855		31,170
Ending Loan Balance - Individually Evaluated	—		—		—		1,963		1,963
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Individually Evaluated	—		—		—		—		—
December 31, 2022
Ending Loan Balance - Collectively Evaluated	$	140,293	$	703,912	$	1,065,135	$	1,068,794	$	2,978,134
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Collectively Evaluated	1,961		15,213		2,585		10,193		$	29,952
Ending Loan Balance - Individually Evaluated	—		3,110		—		1,963		5,073
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Individually Evaluated	—		—		—		—		—
June 30, 2022
Ending Loan Balance - Collectively Evaluated	$	138,675	$	660,012	$	1,031,111	$	1,010,666	$	2,840,464
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Collectively Evaluated	2,465		13,936		2,358		9,331		28,090
Ending Loan Balance - Individually Evaluated	—		3,222		—		1,116		4,338
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Individually Evaluated	—		—		—		—		—

Through the provision for credit losses, an allowance for credit losses is maintained that reflects the best estimate of the calculated expected credit losses in Arrow's loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Additions are made to the allowance for credit losses through a periodic provision for credit losses. Actual credit losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when loans are deemed uncollectible and recoveries of amounts previously charged off are recorded as credits to the allowance for credit losses.

Arrow's loan officers and risk managers meet at least quarterly to discuss and review the conditions and risks associated with certain criticized and classified commercial-related relationships. In addition, the independent internal loan review department performs periodic reviews of the credit quality indicators on individual loans in the commercial loan portfolio.

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Arrow considers the need to qualitatively adjust expected credit loss estimates for information not already captured in the loss estimation process. These qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease management’s estimate of expected credit losses. Adjustments are not made for information that has already been considered and included in the loss estimation process.

Arrow considers the qualitative factors that are relevant as of the reporting date, which may include, but are not limited to the following factors:

•The nature and volume of Arrow's financial assets;

•The existence, growth, and effect of any concentrations of credit;

•The volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of nonaccrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans;

•The value of the underlying collateral for loans that are not collateral-dependent;

•Arrow's lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and practices for collections, write-offs, and recoveries;

•The quality of Arrow's loan review function;

•The experience, ability, and depth of Arrow's lending, investment, collection, and other relevant management/staff;

•The effect of other external factors such as the regulatory, legal and technological environments; competition; and events such as natural disasters;

•Actual and expected changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments in which the institution operates that affect the collectability of financial assets; and,

•Other qualitative factors not reflected in quantitative loss rate calculations.

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Loan Credit Quality Indicators and Modification

The Company adopted ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326)" ("ASU 2022-02") effective January 1, 2023. ASU 2022-02 requires that entities disclose current-period gross charge-offs by year of origination for loans and leases, which has been incorporated in the credit quality table below. There was only one new immaterial TDR in the first quarter of 2022.

In the first half of 2023, approximately $1.3 million of residential real estate loans were modified The modifications were in the form of short-term forbearance of interest payments. The financial impact of the forbearance is less than ten thousand dollars per month of forgone interest income

The following tables present credit quality indicators by total loans amortized cost basis by origination year as of June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022:

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loan Converted to Term		Total
June 30, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
Commercial:
Risk rating
Satisfactory	$	15,063	$	38,012	$	25,715	$	11,653	$	5,763	$	35,571	$	9,487	$	—	$	141,264
Special mention	—		—		—		139		—		—		—		—		139
Substandard	—		—		—		—		60		3,290		2,765		—		6,115
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Loans	$	15,063	$	38,012	$	25,715	$	11,792	$	5,823	$	38,861	$	12,252	$	—	$	147,518
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—					$	—
Commercial Real Estate:
Risk rating
Satisfactory	$	32,681	$	162,581	$	105,800	$	123,336	$	42,397	$	191,641	$	2,971	$	—	$	661,407
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		4,987		—		—		4,987
Substandard	—		9,427		1,685		2,394		802		43,221		25		—		57,554
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans	$	32,681	$	172,008	$	107,485	$	125,730	$	43,199	$	239,849	$	2,996	$	—	$	723,948
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—					$	—
Consumer:
Risk rating
Performing	$	217,691	$	414,437	$	238,016	$	122,156	$	64,295	$	28,740	$	—	$	—	$	1,085,335
Nonperforming	30		666		766		229		146		120		473		—		2,430
Total Consumer Loans	$	217,721	$	415,103	$	238,782	$	122,385	$	64,441	$	28,860	$	473	$	—	$	1,087,765
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	95	$	705	$	1,034	$	324	$	246	$	198					$	2,602
Residential:
Risk rating
Performing	$	62,554	$	231,714	$	195,831	$	120,506	$	78,455	$	316,683	$	99,788	$	—	$	1,105,531
Nonperforming	—		115		417		939		949		2,289		426		—		5,135
Total Residential Loans	$	62,554	$	231,829	$	196,248	$	121,445	$	79,404	$	318,972	$	100,214	$	—	$	1,110,666
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6					$	6
Total Loans	$	328,019	$	856,952	$	568,230	$	381,352	$	192,867	$	626,542	$	115,935	$	—	$	3,069,897

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	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loan Converted to Term		Total
December 31, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior
Commercial:
Risk rating
Satisfactory	$	42,038	$	28,718	$	16,870	$	7,857	$	8,129	$	20,379	$	8,909	$	—	$	132,900
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		30		30		—		60
Substandard	—		—		255		478		—		3,464		3,136		—		7,333
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Loans	$	42,038	$	28,718	$	17,125	$	8,335	$	8,129	$	23,873	$	12,075	$	—	$	140,293
Commercial Real Estate:
Risk rating
Satisfactory	$	152,858	$	115,111	$	121,811	$	43,647	$	63,913	$	159,876	$	1,603	$	—	$	658,819
Special mention	9,678		—		—		—		789		241		—		—		10,708
Substandard	607		—		5,807		812		4,371		25,677		221		—		37,495
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans	$	163,143	$	115,111	$	127,618	$	44,459	$	69,073	$	185,794	$	1,824	$	—	$	707,022
Consumer:
Risk rating
Performing	$	482,530	$	284,831	$	154,819	$	88,165	$	38,852	$	12,032	$	504	$	—	$	1,061,733
Nonperforming	758		1,468		607		325		157		87		—		—		3,402
Total Consumer Loans	$	483,288	$	286,299	$	155,426	$	88,490	$	39,009	$	12,119	$	504	$	—	$	1,065,135
Residential:
Risk rating
Performing	$	210,565	$	198,195	$	128,372	$	82,965	$	74,281	$	259,787	$	111,563	$	—	$	1,065,728
Nonperforming	—		255		939		597		520		2,311		407		—		5,029
Total Residential Loans	$	210,565	$	198,450	$	129,311	$	83,562	$	74,801	$	262,098	$	111,970	$	—	$	1,070,757
Total Loans	$	899,034	$	628,578	$	429,480	$	224,846	$	191,012	$	483,884	$	126,373	$	—	$	2,983,207

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	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loan Converted to Term		Total
June 30, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior
Commercial:
Risk rating
Satisfactory	$	26,461	$	31,578	$	25,469	$	8,527	$	9,473	$	15,179	$	8,674	$	—	$	125,361
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		50		—		—		50
Substandard	—		3,349		3,511		477		—		6		5,921		—		13,264
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Loans	$	26,461	$	34,927	$	28,980	$	9,004	$	9,473	$	15,235	$	14,595	$	—	$	138,675
Commercial Real Estate:
Risk rating
Satisfactory	$	72,102	$	134,785	$	260,080	$	40,965	$	36,546	$	73,592	$	3,269	$	—	$	621,339
Special mention	—		—		5,445		1,176		—		76		—		—		6,697
Substandard	2,839		4,788		15,780		3,841		94		7,832		24		—		35,198
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans	$	74,941	$	139,573	$	281,305	$	45,982	$	36,640	$	81,500	$	3,293	$	—	$	663,234
Consumer:
Risk rating
Performing	$	301,351	$	337,325	$	192,857	$	116,855	$	58,065	$	22,057	$	453	$	—	$	1,028,963
Nonperforming	278		944		415		285		143		82		1		—		2,148
Total Consumer Loans	$	301,629	$	338,269	$	193,272	$	117,140	$	58,208	$	22,139	$	454	$	—	$	1,031,111
Residential:
Risk rating
Performing	$	119,530	$	194,360	$	139,857	$	85,977	$	80,850	$	276,354	$	111,080	$	—	$	1,008,008
Nonperforming	—		—		941		28		110		2,441		254		—		3,774
Total Residential Loans	$	119,530	$	194,360	$	140,798	$	86,005	$	80,960	$	278,795	$	111,334	$	—	$	1,011,782
Total Loans	$	522,561	$	707,129	$	644,355	$	258,131	$	185,281	$	397,669	$	129,676	$	—	$	2,844,802

For the purposes of the table above, nonperforming consumer and residential loans were those loans on nonaccrual status or were 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest.

As of June 30, 2023, the recorded investment of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process is $3.0 million.

For the allowance calculation, an internally developed system of five credit quality indicators is used to rate the credit worthiness of each commercial loan defined as follows:

1) Satisfactory - "Satisfactory" borrowers have acceptable financial condition with satisfactory record of earnings and sufficient historical and projected cash flow to service the debt.  Borrowers have satisfactory repayment histories and primary and secondary sources of repayment can be clearly identified;

2) Special Mention - Loans in this category have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention.  If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the institution’s credit position at some future date.  "Special mention" assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.  Loans which might be assigned this credit quality indicator include loans to borrowers with deteriorating financial strength and/or earnings record and loans with potential for problems due to weakening economic or market conditions;

3) Substandard - Loans classified as “substandard” are inadequately protected by the current sound net worth or paying capacity of the borrower or the collateral pledged, if any.  Loans in this category have well defined weaknesses that jeopardize the repayment. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that Arrow will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. “Substandard” loans may include loans which are likely to require liquidation of collateral to effect repayment, and other loans where character or ability to repay has become suspect. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate amount of substandard assets, does not have to exist in individual assets classified substandard;

4) Doubtful - Loans classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified as “substandard” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of current existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.  Although possibility of loss is extremely high, classification of these loans as “loss” has been

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deferred due to specific pending factors or events which may strengthen the value (e.g. possibility of additional collateral, injection of capital, collateral liquidation, debt restructure, economic recovery, etc).  Loans classified as “doubtful” need to be placed on non-accrual; and

5) Loss - Loans classified as “loss” are considered uncollectible with collateral of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted.  As of the date of the balance sheet, all loans in this category have been charged-off to the allowance for loan losses.  

Commercial loans are generally evaluated on an annual basis depending on the size and complexity of the loan relationship, unless the credit related quality indicator falls to a level of "special mention" or below, when the loan is evaluated quarterly.  The credit quality indicator is one of the factors used in assessing the level of incurred risk of loss in our commercial related loan portfolios.

Note 6. DEBT (Dollars in Thousands)

Schedule of Borrowings:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		June 30, 2022
Balance:
BTFP Advances	150,000		—		—
FHLBNY Overnight Advances	14,000		27,000		—
FHLBNY Term Advances	7,800		27,800		25,000
Total Borrowings	$	171,800	$	54,800	$	25,000
Maximum Borrowing Capacity:
Federal Funds Purchased	$	52,000	$	52,000	$	52,000
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York	634,989		663,259		686,222
Federal Reserve Bank of New York	708,373		649,112		637,140
Available Borrowing Capacity:
Federal Funds Purchased	$	52,000	$	52,000	$	52,000
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York	529,189		608,458		661,222
Federal Reserve Bank of New York	708,373		649,112		637,140

Arrow's subsidiary banks have in place unsecured federal funds lines of credit with two correspondent banks. As a member of the FHLBNY, Arrow participates in the advance program which allows for overnight and term advances up to the limit of pledged collateral, including FHLBNY stock and any loans secured by real estate such as commercial real estate, residential real estate and home equity loans (see Notes 4: Investment Securities, and 5: Loans to the Consolidated Financial Statements). The maximum borrowing capacities at the FHLBNY and FRB are determined based on the fair value of the collateral pledged, subject to discounts determined by the respective lenders. As of June 30, 2023, the carrying cost for the FHLBNY collateral was approximately $872 million and approximately $1.1 billion for the FRB. As of June 30, 2023, the fair value for the FHLBNY collateral was approximately $763 million and approximately $1 billion for the FRB.  The investment in FHLBNY stock is proportional to the total of Arrow's overnight and term advances (see the Schedule of Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank Stock in Note 4, Investment Securities, to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Arrow's bank subsidiaries have also established borrowing facilities with the FRB of New York for potential “discount window” advances, pledging certain consumer loans as collateral (see Note 5, Loans, to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Debt Maturities

BTFP Advances - The BTFP was created to support American businesses and households by making additional funding available to eligible depository institutions to help assure banks have the ability to meet the needs of all their depositors. In the second quarter of 2023, Arrow borrowed $150 million as part of the BTFP primarily replacing FHLB Advances.The BTFP Advances mature in less than 12 months and have a weighted average interest rate of 4.83%.

Maturity Schedule of FHLBNY Term Advances:

	Balances						Weighted Average Rate
Final Maturity	6/30/2023		12/31/2022		6/30/2022		6/30/2023		12/31/2022		6/30/2022
First Year	$	7,800	$	27,800	$	5,000	5.14	%	2.70	%	1.81	%
Second Year	—		—		20,000		—	%	—	%	1.75	%
Total	$	7,800	$	27,800	$	25,000	5.14	%	2.70	%	1.77	%

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Long Term Debt - Guaranteed Preferred Beneficial Interests in Corporation's Junior Subordinated Debentures

At June 30, 2023, there were outstanding two classes of financial instruments issued by two separate subsidiary business trusts of Arrow, Arrow Capital Statutory Trust II ("ACST II") and Arrow Capital Statutory Trust III ("ACST III" and, together with ACST II, the "Trusts"), identified as “Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The first of the two classes of trust-issued instruments outstanding at year-end was issued by ACST II, a Delaware business trust established on July 16, 2003, upon the filing of a certificate of trust with the Delaware Secretary of State.  In July 2003, ACST II issued all of its voting (common) stock to Arrow and issued and sold to an unaffiliated purchaser 30-year guaranteed preferred beneficial interests in the trust's assets ("ACST II TRUPS"). The rate on the securities is variable, adjusting quarterly to the 3-month LIBOR plus 3.15%. Arrow designated SOFR as the replacement index for financial instruments. The rate on the securities will be tied to the 3-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 3.15% post-conversion. ACST II used the proceeds of the sale of the ACST II TRUPS to purchase an identical amount of junior subordinated debentures issued by Arrow that bear an interest rate identical at all times to the rate payable on the ACST II TRUPS.  The ACST II TRUPS became redeemable after July 23, 2008 and mature on July 23, 2033.

The second of the two classes of trust-issued instruments outstanding at year-end was issued by ACST III, a Delaware business trust established on December 23, 2004, upon the filing of a certificate of trust with the Delaware Secretary of State. On December 28, 2004, the ACST III issued all of its voting (common) stock to Arrow and issued and sold to an unaffiliated purchaser 30-year guaranteed preferred beneficial interests in the trust's assets ("ACST III TRUPS").  The rate on the ACST III TRUPS is a variable rate, adjusted quarterly, equal to the 3-month LIBOR plus 2.00%.  The rate on the securities will be tied to the 3-month SOFR plus 2.00% post-conversion. ACST III used the proceeds of the sale of the ACST III TRUPS to purchase an identical amount of junior subordinated debentures issued by Arrow that bear an interest rate identical at all times to the rate payable on the ACST III TRUPS.  The ACST III TRUPS became redeemable on or after March 31, 2010 and mature on December 28, 2034.

Arrow has entered into interest rate swaps to synthetically fix the variable rate interest payments associated with $20 million in outstanding subordinated trust securities attributable to the Trusts. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges.

The primary assets of the Trusts are Arrow's junior subordinated debentures discussed above, and the sole revenues of the Trusts are payments received by them from Arrow with respect to the junior subordinated debentures.  The trust preferred securities issued by the Trusts are non-voting.  All common voting securities of the Trusts are owned by Arrow.  Arrow used the net proceeds from its sale of junior subordinated debentures to the Trusts, facilitated by the Trusts' sale of their trust preferred securities to the purchasers thereof, for general corporate purposes.  The trust preferred securities and underlying junior subordinated debentures, with associated expense that is tax deductible, qualify as Tier I capital under regulatory definitions.

Arrow's primary source of funds to pay interest on the debentures that are held by the Trusts are current dividends received by Arrow from its subsidiary banks.  Accordingly, Arrow's ability to make payments on the debentures, and the ability of the Trusts to make payments on their trust preferred securities, are dependent upon the continuing ability of Arrow's subsidiary banks to pay dividends to Arrow.  Since the trust preferred securities issued by the subsidiary trusts and the underlying junior subordinated debentures issued by Arrow at June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022, and June 30, 2022 are classified as debt for financial statement purposes, the expense associated with these securities is recorded as interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the three years.

Schedule of Guaranteed Preferred Beneficial Interests in Corporation's Junior Subordinated Debentures

	June 30, 2023			December 31, 2022			June 30, 2022
ACST II
Balance	$	10,000		$	10,000		$	10,000
Period End:
Variable Interest Rate	8.69		%	6.82		%	5.40		%
Fixed Interest Rate resulting from cash flow hedge agreement	4.00		%	4.00		%	4.00		%
ACST III
Balance	$	10,000		$	10,000		$	10,000
Period End:
Variable Interest Rate	7.54		%	5.67		%	4.25		%
Fixed Interest Rate resulting from cash flow hedge agreement	2.86		%	2.86		%	2.86		%

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Note 7.    COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (In Thousands)

The following table presents the notional amount and fair value of Arrow's off-balance sheet commitments to extend credit and commitments under standby letters of credit as of June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022:

Commitments to Extend Credit and Letters of Credit
	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		June 30, 2022
Notional Amount:
Commitments to Extend Credit	$	463,224	$	424,197	$	447,178
Standby Letters of Credit	4,114		3,627		3,745
Fair Value:
Commitments to Extend Credit	$	—	$	—	$	—
Standby Letters of Credit	11		2		18

Arrow is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers.  These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit.  Commitments to extend credit include home equity lines of credit, commitments for residential and commercial construction loans and other personal and commercial lines of credit.  Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets.  The contract or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of the involvement Arrow has in particular classes of financial instruments.

Arrow's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual notional amount of those instruments.  Arrow uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract.  Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee.  Since many of the commitments are not expected to be fully drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.  Arrow evaluates each customer's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis.  Home equity lines of credit are secured by residential real estate.  Construction lines of credit are secured by underlying real estate.  For other lines of credit, the amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by Arrow upon extension of credit, is based on management's credit evaluation of the counterparty.  Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and income-producing commercial properties.  Most of the commitments are variable rate instruments.

Arrow does not issue any guarantees that would require liability-recognition or disclosure, other than its standby letters of credit. Arrow has issued conditional commitments in the form of standby letters of credit to guarantee payment on behalf of a customer and guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party.  Standby letters of credit generally arise in connection with commercial lending relationships. The credit risk involved in issuing these instruments is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. Contingent obligations under standby letters of credit at June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022 represent the maximum potential future payments Arrow could be required to make.  Typically, these instruments have terms of 12 months or less and expire unused; therefore, the total amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.  Each customer is evaluated individually for creditworthiness under the same underwriting standards used for commitments to extend credit and on-balance sheet instruments. Arrow's policies governing loan collateral apply to standby letters of credit at the time of credit extension. Loan-to-value ratios will generally range from 50% for movable assets, such as inventory, to 100% for liquid assets, such as bank CD's. Fees for standby letters of credit range from 1% to 3% of the notional amount.  Fees are collected upfront and amortized over the life of the commitment. The carrying amount and fair value of Arrow's standby letters of credit at June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022, were insignificant.  The fair value of standby letters of credit is based on the fees currently charged for similar agreements or the cost to terminate the arrangement with the counterparties.

The fair value of commitments to extend credit is determined by estimating the fees to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms and present creditworthiness of the counterparties, and for fixed rate loan commitments, the difference between the current and committed interest rates.  Arrow provides several types of commercial lines of credit and standby letters of credit to its commercial customers.  The pricing of these services is not isolated as Arrow considers the customer's complete deposit and borrowing relationship in pricing individual products and services.  The commitments to extend credit also include commitments under home equity lines of credit, for which Arrow charges no fee.  The carrying value and fair value of commitments to extend credit are not material and Arrow does not expect to incur any material loss as a result of these commitments.

Arrow, including its subsidiary banks, is not currently the subject of any material pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation occurring in the normal course of their business. On an ongoing basis, Arrow is often the subject of, or a party to, various legal claims by other parties against Arrow, by Arrow against other parties, or involving Arrow, which arise in the normal course of business. Except as noted below, the various pending legal claims against Arrow will not, in the opinion of management based upon consultation with counsel, result in any material liability.

The Company became aware that on June 23, 2023, Robert C. Ashe filed a putative class action complaint against the Company in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. In addition to the Company, the complaint names as defendants Thomas J. Murphy, the Company’s former CEO and from September 30, 2022 to February 20, 2023, its interim CFO, Edward J. Campanella, the Company’s former CFO, and Penko Ivanov, the Company’s current CFO (the “Individual Defendants” and, together with the Company, the "Defendants"). The complaint alleges that the Defendants made materially false and misleading statements regarding the Company’s business, operations and compliance policies in the Company’s public filings between March 12, 2022 and

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May 12, 2023. The complaint further alleges that the Individual Defendants are liable for these materially false and misleading statements as "controlling persons" of the Company. Based on these allegations, the complaint brings two claims for violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder and of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. Mr. Ashe, on behalf of a purported class of shareholders, seeks compensatory damages as well as recovery of the costs and fees associated with the litigation. The Company believes the lawsuit to be without merit and expressly denies any wrongdoing in connection with the matters claimed in the complaint and intends to vigorously defend the lawsuit. As of the date of filing of this Form 10-Q, the Company has not been served with the complaint.

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Note 8.    COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (In Thousands)

The following table presents the components of other comprehensive income (loss) for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

Schedule of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30,
			Tax						Tax
	Before-Tax		Benefit		Net-of-Tax		Before-Tax		(Expense)		Net-of-Tax
	Amount		(Expense)		Amount		Amount		Benefit		Amount
2023
Net Unrealized Securities Holding (Loss) Gain on Securities Available-for-Sale Arising During the Period	$	(5,186)	$	1,337	$	(3,849)	$	3,033	$	(783)	$	2,250
Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Swap	79		(20)		59		(721)		187		(534)
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Loss on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	220		(57)		163		418		(108)		310
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Actuarial Gain	(56)		14		(42)		(81)		21		(60)
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Prior Service Cost	51		(12)		39		103		(27)		76
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income	$	(4,892)	$	1,262	$	(3,630)	$	2,752	$	(710)	$	2,042
2022
Net Unrealized Securities Holding Loss on Securities Available-for-Sale Arising During the Period	$	(13,045)	$	3,334	$	(9,711)	$	(43,000)	$	10,993	$	(32,007)
Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Swap	1,179		(301)		878		2,691		(688)		2,003
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	11		(3)		8		(18)		5		(13)
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Actuarial Loss	(29)		8		(21)		28		(7)		21
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Prior Service Cost	107		(28)		79		114		(29)		85
Other Comprehensive Loss	$	(11,777)	$	3,010	$	(8,767)	$	(40,185)	$	10,274	$	(29,911)

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The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income by component:

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income by Component (1)
	Unrealized Loss on Available-for-Sale Securities		Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Swap		Defined Benefit Plan Items				Total
					Net Actuarial Loss		Net Prior Service Cost
For the quarter-to-date periods ended:
March 31, 2023	$	(42,742)	$	3,608	$	(4,485)	$	(364)	$	(43,983)
Other comprehensive income or loss before reclassifications	(3,849)		59		—		—		(3,790)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss	—		163		(42)		39		160
Net current-period other comprehensive income or loss	(3,849)		222		(42)		39		(3,630)
June 30, 2023	$	(46,591)	$	3,830	$	(4,527)	$	(325)	$	(47,613)
March 31, 2022	$	(22,910)	$	2,424	$	681	$	(992)	$	(20,797)
Other comprehensive income or loss before reclassifications	(9,711)		878		—		—		(8,833)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss	—		8		(21)		79		66
Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) or income	(9,711)		886		(21)		79		(8,767)
June 30, 2022	$	(32,621)	$	3,310	$	660	$	(913)	$	(29,564)
For the Year-To-Date periods ended:
December 31, 2022	$	(48,841)	$	4,054	$	(4,467)	$	(401)	$	(49,655)
Other comprehensive income or loss before reclassifications	2,250		(534)		—		—		1,716
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss	—		310		(60)		76		326
Net current-period other comprehensive income or loss	2,250		(224)		(60)		76		2,042
June 30, 2023	$	(46,591)	$	3,830	$	(4,527)	$	(325)	$	(47,613)
December 31, 2021	$	(614)	$	1,320	$	639	$	(998)	$	347
Other comprehensive income or loss before reclassifications	(32,007)		2,003		—		—		(30,004)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	—		(13)		21		85		93
Net current-period other comprehensive income or loss	(32,007)		1,990		21		85		(29,911)
June 30, 2022	$	(32,621)	$	3,310	$	660	$	(913)	$	(29,564)

(1) All amounts are net of tax.

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The following table presents the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss:

Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss Components	Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss			Affected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Income Is Presented
For the quarter-to-date periods ended:
June 30, 2023
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	$	(220)		Interest expense
Amortization of defined benefit pension items:
Prior-service costs	(51)		(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
Actuarial loss	56		(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
	(215)			Total before Tax
	55			Provision for Income Taxes
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(160)		Net of Tax
June 30, 2022
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	$	(11)		Interest expense
Amortization of defined benefit pension items:
Prior-service costs	$	(107)	(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
Actuarial loss	29		(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
	(89)			Total before Tax
	23			Provision for Income Taxes
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(66)		Net of Tax
For the Year-to-date periods ended:
June 30, 2023
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	$	(418)		Interest expense
Amortization of defined benefit pension items:
Prior-service costs	(103)		(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
Actuarial loss	81		(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
	(440)			Total before Tax
	114			Provision for Income Taxes
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(326)		Net of Tax
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(326)		Net of Tax
June 30, 2022
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Loss on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	18			Interest expense
Amortization of defined benefit pension items:
Prior-service costs	$	(114)	(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
Actuarial gain	(28)		(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
	(124)			Total before Tax
	31			Provision for Income Taxes
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(93)		Net of Tax
(1) These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost.

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Note 9.    STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Dollars In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)

Arrow has established three stock-based compensation plans: a Long Term Incentive Plan, an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) and an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). All share and per share data have been adjusted for the September 23, 2022 3% stock dividend.

Long Term Incentive Plan

The Long Term Incentive Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and performance shares. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors administers the Long Term Incentive Plan.

Stock Options - Options may be granted at a price no less than the greater of the par value or fair market value of such shares on the date on which such option is granted, and generally expire ten years from the date of grant.  The options usually vest over a four-year period.

The following table summarizes information about stock option activity for the year to date period ended June 30, 2023:

	Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2023	279,050			$	29.41
Granted	56,000			32.41
Exercised	(3,772)			21.58
Forfeited	(6,580)			30.09
Outstanding at June 30, 2023	324,698			30.01
Vested at Period-End	201,567			28.64
Expected to Vest	123,131			32.25
Stock Options Granted
Weighted Average Grant Date Information:
Fair Value of Options Granted	$	8.02
Fair Value Assumptions:
Dividend Yield	3.30		%
Expected Volatility	28.38		%
Risk Free Interest Rate	3.57		%
Expected Lives (in years)	8.34

The following table presents information on the amounts expensed related to stock options for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Amount expensed	$	87	$	79	$	172	$	154

Restricted Stock Units - The Company grants restricted stock units which gives the recipient the right to receive shares of Company stock upon vesting. The fair value of each restricted stock unit is the market value of Company stock on the date of grant. 100% of the restricted stock unit awards vest three years from the grant date. Once vested, the restricted stock units become vested units and are no longer forfeitable. Vested units are not settled until the recipient's employment has terminated. Unvested restricted stock unit awards will generally be forfeited if the recipient ceases to be employed by the Company, with limited exceptions.

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The following table summarizes information about restricted stock unit activity for the periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Restricted Stock Units	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1, 2023	13,520	$	31.38
Granted	5,014	32.41
Vested	(4,182)	32.29
Non-vested at June 30, 2023	14,352	31.48
Non-vested at January 1, 2022	13,599	29.27
Granted	4,312	34.79
Vested	(4,391)	28.17
Non-vested at June 30, 2022	13,520	31.38

The following table presents information on the amounts expensed related to restricted stock units for the periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Amount expensed	$	38	$	35	$	75	$	70

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Arrow sponsors an ESPP under which employees may purchase Arrow's common stock at a discount below market price. The current amount of the discount is 5%. Under current accounting guidance, a stock purchase plan with a discount of 5% or less is not considered a compensatory plan. We have suspended the operation of the ESPP as a result of the now resolved delay in filing the 2022 Form 10-K and the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 and the related effects under applicable securities laws.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan

Arrow maintains an ESOP, pursuant to which substantially all employees of Arrow and its subsidiaries are eligible to participate upon satisfaction of applicable service requirements. The Company makes cash contributions to the ESOP each year.

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Note 10.    RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS (Dollars in Thousands)

Arrow sponsors qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans for its employees. Arrow maintains a non-contributory pension plan, which covers substantially all employees.  Effective December 1, 2002, all active participants in the qualified defined benefit pension plan were given a one-time irrevocable election to continue participating in the traditional plan design, for which benefits were based on years of service and the participant’s final compensation (as defined), or to begin participating in the new cash balance plan design.  All employees who first participate in the plan after December 1, 2002 automatically participate in the cash balance plan design.  The interest credits under the cash balance plan are based on the 30-year U.S. Treasury rate in effect for November of the prior year with a minimum interest credit of 3%.  The service credits under the cash balance plan are equal to 6.0% of eligible salaries for employees who become participants on or after January 1, 2003.  For employees in the plan prior to January 1, 2003, the service credits are scaled based on the age of the participant, and range from 6.0% to 12.0%. The funding policy is to contribute up to the maximum amount that can be deducted for federal income tax purposes and to make all payments required under The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA).  Arrow also maintains a supplemental non-qualified unfunded retirement plan to provide eligible employees of Arrow and its subsidiaries with benefits in excess of qualified plan limits imposed by federal tax law.

Arrow has multiple non-pension postretirement benefit plans.  The health care, dental and life insurance plans are contributory, with participants’ contributions adjusted annually.  Arrow’s policy is to fund the cost of postretirement benefits based on the current cost of the underlying policies.  However, the health care plan provision allows for grandfathered participants to receive automatic increases of Company contributions each year based on the increase in inflation, limited to a maximum of 5%.  

As of December 31, 2022, Arrow uses the sex-distinct amount-weighted Pri-2012 mortality tables for employees, healthy retirees and contingent survivors, with mortality improvements projected using Scale MP-2021 on a generational basis for the Pension Plan and the sex-distinct amount-weighted White Collar tables for employees, healthy retirees and contingent survivors, with mortality improvements projected using Scale MP-2021 on a generational basis for the Select Executive Retirement Plan.

Segment interest rates of 5.09%, 5.60%, 5.41% were used in determining the present value of a lump sum payment/annuitizing cash balance accounts as of December 31, 2022.

Effective January 1, 2021, GFNB amended the Arrow Financial Corporation Employees' Pension Plan (the "Plan"). The Plan change was adopted January 1, 2021 and the amendment was valued as of December 31, 2020. The Plan amendment was as follows:

Effective January 1, 2021, the benefit payable to or on behalf of each participant:

• whose employment with the Employer (or any predecessor Employer, except as noted below) terminated on or before
January 1, 2016;

• who satisfied the requirements for early, normal, or late retirement as of such termination;

• who never participated in the United Vermont Bancorporation Plan; and

• who is, or whose beneficiary is, receiving monthly benefit payments from the Plan as of January 1, 2021 (including a
participant or beneficiary who shall commence receiving benefits from the Plan as of January 1, 2021), shall be increased
by 3%.

The foregoing increase was applied to the monthly benefit actually payable to the participant, or to the participant's beneficiary, as of January 1, 2021, determined after all applicable adjustments, regardless of whether such benefit had been determined under the Company's plan or the plan of a predecessor employer that had been merged into the Plan.

The plan amendment caused a $351,638 increase in the projected benefit obligation creating a positive service cost which will be amortized over 9.70 years (the average expected future service of active plan participants.)

Effective January 1, 2021, GFNB amended the Arrow Financial Corporation Employees' Select Executive Retirement Plan. The plan change was adopted January 1, 2021 and the amendment was valued as of December 31, 2020. The plan amendment provides a special adjustment to the monthly benefit payment for certain retirees. The plan amendment caused a $122,797 increase in the projected benefit obligation creating a positive prior service cost which will be amortized over 12.5 years.

Settlement accounting is required when lump sum payments during a fiscal year exceed that fiscal year's Service Cost plus Interest Cost components of the Net Periodic Pension Cost. For 2022, the sum of the Service Cost and Interest Cost was $3.3 million and the 2022 total lump sum payments exceeded that amount by the end of the third quarter 2022. The Plan therefore recognized in the 2022 Net Periodic Pension Cost a portion of the Unamortized Net (Gain)/Loss equal to the ratio of the projected benefit obligation for the participants that received a lump sum to the total projected benefit obligation. As of December 31, 2022, the Unamortized Net Loss prior to reflecting settlement accounting was $7.2 million. The ratio of the projected benefit obligation for participants that received a lump sum to the total projected benefit obligation was 8.06%. The effect of the settlement that was recognized in the 2022 Net Periodic Pension Cost was $577 thousand, which was fully reflected in the 2022 Net Periodic Cost. Settlement accounting was not required for the six-month period ended June 30, 2023.

37

The following tables provide the components of net periodic benefit costs for the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Employees'		Select Executive		Postretirement
	Pension		Retirement		Benefit
	Plan		Plan		Plans
Net Periodic Cost
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023:
Service Cost 1	$	384	$	122	$	10
Interest Cost 2	519		97		80
Expected Return on Plan Assets 2	(851)		—		—
Amortization of Prior Service Cost 2	15		10		26
Amortization of Net Loss (Gain) 2	23		19		(98)
Net Periodic Cost	$	90	$	248	$	18
Plan Contributions During the Period	$	—	$	110	$	20
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2022:
Service Cost 1	$	451	$	271	$	18
Interest Cost 2	352		61		60
Expected Return on Plan Assets 2	(1,058)		—		—
Amortization of Prior Service Cost 2	20		11		26
Amortization of Net Loss (Gain) 2	—		67		(46)
Net Periodic (Benefit) Cost	$	(235)	$	410	$	58
Plan Contributions During the Period	$	—	$	115	$	33
Net Periodic Benefit Cost
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023:
Service Cost 1	$	797	$	285	$	28
Interest Cost 2	1,049		159		167
Expected Return on Plan Assets 2	(1,708)		—		—
Amortization of Prior Service Cost 2	31		20		52
Amortization of Net Loss (Gain) 2	59		37		(177)
Net Periodic Cost	$	228	$	501	$	70
Plan Contributions During the Period	$	—	$	226	$	47
Estimated Future Contributions in the Current Fiscal Year	$	—	$	226	$	47
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022:
Service Cost 1	$	939	$	418	$	45
Interest Cost 2	719		112		124
Expected Return on Plan Assets 2	(2,157)		—		—
Amortization of Prior Service Cost 2	39		22		53
Amortization of Net Loss (Gain) 2	—		106		(78)
Net Periodic (Benefit) Cost	$	(460)	$	658	$	144
Plan Contributions During the Period	$	—	$	231	$	88

Footnotes:

1. Included in Salaries and Employee Benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Income

2. Included in Other Operating Expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income

A contribution to the qualified pension plan was not required during the period ended June 30, 2023 and currently, additional contributions in 2023 are not expected. Arrow makes contributions to its other post-retirement benefit plans in an amount equal to benefit payments for the year.

38

Note 11.    EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE (In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

The following table presents a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share (EPS) for periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.  When applicable, share and per share amounts have been adjusted for the September 23, 2022, 3% stock dividend.

Earnings Per Share
	Three Months Ended				Year-to-Date Period Ended:
	June 30, 2023		June 30, 2022		June 30, 2023		June 30, 2022
Earnings Per Share - Basic:
Net Income	$	6,047	$	11,974	$	14,609	$	24,549
Weighted Average Shares - Basic	16,553		16,494		16,552		16,503
Earnings Per Share - Basic	$	0.36	$	0.72	$	0.88	$	1.48
Earnings Per Share - Diluted:
Net Income	$	6,047	$	11,974	$	14,609	$	24,549
Weighted Average Shares - Basic	16,553		16,494		16,552		16,503
Dilutive Average Shares Attributable to Stock Options	—		41		—		48
Weighted Average Shares - Diluted	16,553		16,535		16,552		16,551
Earnings Per Share - Diluted	$	0.36	$	0.72	$	0.88	$	1.48

39

Note 12.    FAIR VALUES (Dollars In Thousands)

Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Subtopic 820-10 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP and requires certain disclosures about fair value measurements. There are no nonfinancial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The only assets or liabilities that Arrow measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022 were AFS securities, equity securities and derivatives. Arrow held no securities or liabilities for trading on such dates.

The table below presents the financial instrument's fair value and the amounts within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis
			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis:
June 30, 2023
Assets:
Securities Available-for Sale:
U.S. Government & Agency Obligations	$	176,016	$	—	$	176,016	$	—
State and Municipal Obligations	280		—		280		—
Mortgage-Backed Securities	366,612		—		366,612		—
Corporate and Other Debt Securities	800		—		800		—
Total Securities Available-for-Sale	543,708		—		543,708		—
Equity Securities	1,889		—		1,889		—
Total Securities Measured on a Recurring Basis	545,597		—		545,597		—
Derivatives, included in other assets	7,457		—		7,457		—
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis	$	553,054	$	—	$	553,054	$	—
Liabilities:
Derivatives, included in other liabilities	7,457		—		7,457		—
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis	$	7,457	$	—	$	7,457	$	—
December 31, 2022
Assets:
Securities Available-for Sale:
U.S. Government & Agency Obligations	$	175,199	$	—	$	175,199	$	—
State and Municipal Obligations	340		—		340		—
Mortgage-Backed Securities	397,156		—		397,156		—
Corporate and Other Debt Securities	800		—		800		—
Total Securities Available-for-Sale	573,495		—		573,495		—
Equity Securities	2,174		—		2,174		—

40

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis
			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Total Securities Measured on a Recurring Basis	575,669		—		575,669		—
Derivatives, included in other liabilities	7,506		—		7,506		—
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis	$	583,175	$	—	$	583,175	$	—
Liabilities:
Derivatives, included in other liabilities	$	7,506	—		$	7,506	—
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis	$	7,506	$	—	$	7,506	$	—
June 30, 2022
Assets:
Securities Available-for Sale:
U.S. Government & Agency Obligations	$	155,475	$	—	$	155,475	$	—
State and Municipal Obligations	340		—		340		—
Mortgage-Backed Securities	426,126		—		426,126		—
Corporate and Other Debt Securities	800		—		800		—
Total Securities Available-for-Sale	582,741		—		582,741		—
Equity Securities	2,031		—		2,031		—
Total Securities Measured on a Recurring Basis	584,772		—		584,772		—
Derivatives, included in other assets	6,971		—		6,971		—
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis	$	591,743	$	—	$	591,743	$	—
Liabilities:
Derivatives, included in other liabilities	6,971		—		6,971		—
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis	$	6,971	$	—	$	6,971	$	—

	Fair Value		Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Gains (Losses) Recognized in Earnings
Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis:
June 30, 2023
Collateral Dependent Evaluated Loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets, Net	524		—		—		524		—
December 31, 2022
Collateral Dependent Impaired Loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets, Net	593		—		—		593		—
June 30, 2022
Collateral Dependent Impaired Loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets, Net	297		—		—		297		—

41

The fair value of financial instruments is determined under the following hierarchy:

•Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and,

•Level 3 - Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity).

Fair Value Methodology for Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis

The fair value of Level 1 AFS securities are based on unadjusted, quoted market prices from exchanges in active markets. The fair value of Level 2 AFS securities are based on an independent bond and equity pricing service for identical assets or significantly similar securities and an independent equity pricing service for equity securities not actively traded.  The pricing services use a variety of techniques to arrive at fair value including market maker bids, quotes and pricing models.  Inputs to the pricing models include recent trades, benchmark interest rates, spreads and actual and projected cash flows. The fair value of Level 2 equities are based on the last observable price in open markets. The fair value of Level 2 equities are based on the last observable price in open markets.  The fair value of Level 2 derivatives is determined using inputs that are observable in the market place obtained from third parties including yield curves, publicly available volatilities, and floating indexes.

Fair Value Methodology for Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis

The fair value of collateral dependent evaluated loans and other real estate owned was based on third-party appraisals less estimated cost to sell. The appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. Other assets which might have been included in this table include mortgage servicing rights, goodwill and other intangible assets. Arrow evaluates each of these assets for impairment at least annually, with no impairment recognized for these assets at June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022.

Fair Value Methodology for Financial Instruments Not Measured on a Recurring or Nonrecurring Basis

The fair value for HTM securities is determined utilizing an independent bond pricing service for identical assets or significantly similar securities.  The pricing service uses a variety of techniques to arrive at fair value including market maker bids, quotes and pricing models.  Inputs to the pricing models include recent trades, benchmark interest rates, spreads and actual and projected cash flows.

ASU 2016-01 "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities" requires that the fair value for loans must be disclosed using the "exit price" notion which is a reasonable estimate of what another party might pay in an orderly transaction. Fair values for loans are calculated for portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics.  Loans are segregated by type such as commercial, commercial real estate, residential mortgage, indirect auto and other consumer loans.  Each loan category is further segmented into fixed and adjustable interest rate terms and by performing and nonperforming categories.  The fair value of performing loans is calculated by determining the estimated future cash flow, which is the contractual cash flow adjusted for estimated prepayments. The discount rate is determined by starting with current market yields, and first adjusting for a liquidity premium. This premium is separately determined for each loan type. Then a credit loss component is determined utilizing the credit loss assumptions used in the allowance for credit loss model. Finally, a discount spread is applied separately for consumer loans vs. commercial loans based on market information and utilization of the swap curve. 

The fair value of time deposits is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows, except that the fair value is limited to the extent that the customer could redeem the certificate after imposition of a premature withdrawal penalty.  The discount rates are estimated using the FHLBNY yield curve, which is considered representative of Arrow’s time deposit rates. The fair value of all other deposits is equal to the carrying value.

Within borrowings, the fair value of FHLBNY term advances is calculated by the FHLBNY and the fair value of the BTFP advances was determined using a discounted cash flow against the FHLB funding curve. The carrying value of all other borrowings approximate their market value.

The carrying amount of FHLBNY and FRB stock approximates fair value. If the stock was redeemed, the Company will receive an amount equal to the par value of the stock.

The book value of the outstanding trust preferred securities (Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts) are considered to approximate fair value since the interest rates are variable (indexed to LIBOR and to be indexed to SOFR post-conversion) and Arrow is well-capitalized.

42

Fair Value by Balance Sheet Grouping

The following table presents a summary of the carrying amount, the fair value or an amount approximating fair value and the fair value hierarchy of Arrow’s financial instruments:

Schedule of Fair Values by Balance Sheet Grouping
					Fair Value Hierarchy
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
June 30, 2023
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	173,601	$	173,601	$	173,601	$	—	$	—
Securities Available-for-Sale	543,708		543,708		—		543,708		—
Securities Held-to-Maturity	143,460		139,143		—		139,143		—
Equity Securities	1,889		1,889		—		1,889		—
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal   Reserve Bank Stock	4,932		4,932		—		4,932		—
Net Loans	3,038,727		2,789,225		—		—		2,789,225
Accrued Interest Receivable	10,105		10,105		—		10,105		—
Derivatives, included in other assets	7,457		7,457				7,457
Deposits	3,502,224		3,496,188		—		3,496,188		—
Borrowings	171,800		170,636		—		170,636		—
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued   to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts	20,000		20,000		—		20,000		—
Accrued Interest Payable	3,465		3,465		—		3,465		—
Derivatives, included in other liabilities	7,457		7,457		—		7,457		—
December 31, 2022
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	64,660	$	64,660	$	64,660	$	—	$	—
Securities Available-for-Sale	573,495		573,495		—		573,495		—
Securities Held-to-Maturity	175,364		171,623		—		171,623		—
Equity Securities	2,174		2,174				2,174
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal   Reserve Bank Stock	6,064		6,064		—		6,064		—
Net Loans	2,953,255		2,742,721		—		—		2,742,721
Accrued Interest Receivable	9,890		9,890		—		9,890		—
Derivatives, included in other assets	7,506		7,506		—		7,506		—
Deposits	3,498,364		3,492,021		—		3,492,021		—
Federal Home Loan Bank Term Advances	27,800		27,757		—		27,757		—
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued   to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts	20,000		20,000		—		20,000		—
Accrued Interest Payable	357		357		—		357		—
Derivatives, included in other liabilities	7,506		7,506		—		7,506		—
June 30, 2022
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	217,254	$	217,254	$	217,254	$	—	$	—
Securities Available-for-Sale	582,741		582,741		—		582,741		—
Securities Held-to-Maturity	182,096		180,511		—		180,511		—
Equity Securities	2,031		2,031		—		2,031
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal   Reserve Bank Stock	4,718		4,718		—		4,718		—
Net Loans	2,816,712		2,668,973		—		—		2,668,973
Accrued Interest Receivable	8,077		8,077		—		8,077		—
Derivatives, included in other assets	6,971		6,971		—		6,971		—
Deposits	3,545,660		3,539,820		—		3,539,820		—
Federal Home Loan Bank Term Advances	25,000		24,838		—		24,838		—
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued   to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts	20,000		20,000		—		20,000		—
Accrued Interest Payable	107		107		—		107		—
Derivatives, included in other liabilities	6,971		6,971		—		6,971		—

43

Note 13.    LEASES (Dollars In Thousands)

Arrow is a lessee in its leases, which are mainly for financial services locations in addition to leases for corporate vehicles. These leases generally require Arrow to pay third-party expenses on behalf of the Lessor, which are referred to as variable payments. Under some leases, Arrow pays the variable payments to the lessor, and in other leases, Arrow pays the variable payments directly to the applicable third party. None of Arrow's current leases include any residual value guarantees or any subleases, and there are no significant rights and obligations of Arrow for leases that have not commenced as of the reporting date.

Arrow leases two of its branch offices, at market rates, from Stewart’s Shops Corp.  Mr. Gary C. Dake, President of Stewart’s Shops Corp., serves as a Director on the Board of Directors of Arrow and the two subsidiary banks. Arrow also leases one administrative office from an entity controlled by Elizabeth Miller, who also serves as a Director on the Board of Directors of Arrow and the two subsidiary banks.

The following includes quantitative data related to Arrow's leases as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022:

		Six Months Ended
Finance Lease Amounts:	Classification	June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022
Right-of-Use Assets	Premises and Equipment, Net	$	4,549		$	4,726
Lease Liabilities	Finance Leases	5,093			5,144
Operating Lease Amounts:
Right-of-Use Assets	Other Assets	$	5,134		$	6,413
Lease Liabilities	Other Liabilities	5,331			6,604
Other Information:
Cash Paid For Amounts Included In The Measurement Of Lease Liabilities:
Operating Outgoing Cash Flows From Finance Leases		$	97		$	97
Operating Outgoing Cash Flows From Operating Leases		510			611
Financing Outgoing Cash Flows From Finance Leases		26			25
Right-of-Use Assets Obtained In Exchange For New Finance Lease Liabilities		—			—
Right-of-Use Assets Obtained In Exchange For New Operating Lease Liabilities		19			—
Weighted-average Remaining Lease Term - Finance Leases (Yrs.)		26.78			27.70
Weighted-average Remaining Lease Term - Operating Leases (Yrs.)		11.56			11.20
Weighted-average Discount Rate—Finance Leases		3.75		%	3.75		%
Weighted-average Discount Rate—Operating Leases		3.01		%	2.85		%

Lease cost information for Arrow's leases is as follows:
	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2023		June 30, 2022		June 30, 2023		June 30, 2022
Lease Cost:
Finance Lease Cost:
Reduction of Right-of-Use Assets	$	44	$	45	$	88	$	89
Interest on Lease Liabilities	48		48		97		97
Operating Lease Cost	293		308		591		620
Short-term Lease Cost	21		13		35		23
Variable Lease Cost	48		72		121		167
Total Lease Cost	$	454	$	486	$	932	$	996

44

Future Lease Payments at June 30, 2023 are as follows:
	Operating Leases		Financing Leases
Twelve Months Ended:
6/30/2024	$	757	$	244
6/30/2025	667		257
6/30/2026	607		266
6/30/2027	555		268
6/30/2028	506		268
Thereafter	3,334		7,130
Total Undiscounted Cash Flows	$	6,426	$	8,433
Less: Net Present Value Adjustment	1,095		3,340
Lease Liability	$	5,331	$	5,093

Note 14.    DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES (In Thousands)

Arrow is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. Arrow principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. Arrow manages economic risks, including interest rate, primarily by managing the amount, sources and duration of its assets and liabilities and through the use of derivative instruments. Specifically, Arrow enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. Arrow's derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing and duration of known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to certain fixed rate borrowings. Arrow also has interest rate derivatives that result from a service provided to certain qualifying customers and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in Arrow's assets or liabilities. Arrow manages a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

Arrow enters into interest rate swap agreements with its commercial customers to provide them with a long-term fixed rate, while simultaneously entering into offsetting interest rate swap agreements with a counterparty to swap the fixed rate to a variable rate to manage interest rate exposure.

These interest rate swap agreements are not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes. As the interest rate swap agreements have substantially equivalent and offsetting terms, they do not present any material exposure to Arrow's consolidated statements of income. Arrow records its interest rate swap agreements at fair value and is presented on a gross basis within other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities arising from these derivatives are included, net, in other income in the consolidated statement of income.

The following table depicts the fair value adjustment recorded related to the notional amount of derivatives outstanding as well as the notional amount of the interest rate swap agreements:

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments - Interest Rate Swap Agreements
	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		June 30, 2022
Fair value adjustment included in other assets	$	7,457	$	7,506	$	6,971
Fair value adjustment included in other liabilities	7,457		7,506		6,971
Notional amount	125,503		127,763		169,688

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments

Arrow has entered into interest rate swaps to synthetically fix the variable rate interest payments associated with $20 million in outstanding subordinated trust securities. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges.

For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period during which the hedge transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in AOCI related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on Arrow's Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts borrowings.

The following table indicates the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on AOCI and on the unaudited interim consolidated statement of income:

45

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Cash Flow Hedge Agreements
	Six Months Ended		Twelve Months Ended		Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		June 30, 2022
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in AOCI	$	(721)	$	3,467	$	2,691
Amount of (loss) gain reclassified from AOCI to interest expense	(418)		(204)		18

Note 15.    RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A member of the GFNB Board of Directors, is the Chief Executive Officer of the general contractor leading the multi-year renovation project to enhance and improve the downtown Glens Falls Main Campus. The reconstruction will provide added energy efficiency and more collaborative work space. Through June 30, 2023, Arrow paid $2.2 million to this general contractor. GFNB is a subsidiary of Arrow Financial Corporation.

46

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

Arrow Financial Corporation:

Results of Review of Interim Financial Information

We have reviewed the consolidated balance sheets of Arrow Financial Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the three-month and six-month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated interim financial information). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the consolidated interim financial information for it to be in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein); and in our report dated July 17, 2023, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated balance sheet from which it has been derived.

Basis for Review Results

This consolidated interim financial information is the responsibility of the Company’s management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our reviews in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. A review of consolidated interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Albany, New York

August 8, 2023

47

Item 2.

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

June 30, 2023

NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY

In this Report, the terms "Arrow," "the registrant," "the Company," "we," "us," and "our" generally refer to Arrow Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries as a group, except where the context indicates otherwise. At certain points in this Report, Arrow's performance is compared with that of the Company's "peer group" of financial institutions. Unless otherwise specifically stated, the peer group for the purposes of this Report is comprised of the group of 176 domestic bank holding companies with $3 to $10 billion in total consolidated assets as identified in the Federal Reserve Board’s "Bank Holding Company Performance Report" for March 31, 2023 (the most recent such report currently available), and peer group data contained herein has been derived from such report.

THE COMPANY AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

Arrow is a two-bank holding company headquartered in Glens Falls, New York.  The banking subsidiaries are GFNB, whose main office is located in Glens Falls, New York, and SNB, whose main office is located in Saratoga Springs, New York.  Active subsidiaries of GFNB include Upstate Agency, LLC (an insurance agency that sells property and casualty insurance and also specializes in selling and servicing group health care policies and life insurance), North Country Investment Advisers, Inc. (a registered investment adviser that provides investment advice to Arrow's proprietary mutual funds) and Arrow Properties, Inc. (a real estate investment trust, or REIT). Arrow also owns directly two subsidiary business trusts, organized in 2003 and 2004, which issued trust preferred securities (TRUPs), which are still outstanding.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this "Report") contains statements that are not historical in nature but rather are based on Arrow's beliefs, assumptions, expectations, estimates and projections about the future. These statements are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and involve a degree of uncertainty and attendant risk. Words such as "may," "will," "expect," "believe," "anticipate," "estimate," "continue," and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include statements regarding Arrow's asset quality, the level of allowance for credit losses, the sufficiency of liquidity sources, interest rate change exposure, changes in accounting standards, and Arrow's tax plans and strategies. Some of these statements, such as those included in the interest rate sensitivity analysis in Part I, Item 3, entitled "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," are merely presentations of what future performance or changes in future performance would look like based on hypothetical assumptions and on simulation models. Other forward-looking statements are based on Arrow's general perceptions of market conditions and trends in business activity, both Arrow's and in the banking industry generally, as well as current management strategies for future operations and development.

These forward-looking statements may not be exhaustive, are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks and uncertainties that are difficult to quantify or, in some cases, to identify.  You should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. In the case of all forward-looking statements, our actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what the statements predict or forecast.  Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to the following:

•Market conditions could present significant challenges to the U.S. commercial banking industry and its core business of making and servicing loans and any substantial downturn in the regional markets in which Arrow operates or in the U.S. economy generally could adversely affect Arrow's ability to maintain steady growth in the loan portfolio and earnings.

•A continued period of high inflation could adversely impact our business and our customers.

•Arrow operates in a highly competitive industry and market areas that could negatively affect growth and profitability.

•Uncertainty relating to the discontinuance of LIBOR and other reference rates and their potential discontinuance may negatively impact our access to funding and the value of our financial instruments and commercial agreements.

•The financial services industry is faced with technological advances and changes on a continuing basis, and failure to adapt to these advances and changes could have a material adverse impact on Arrow's business.

•Problems encountered by other financial institutions could adversely affect Arrow.

•Any future economic or financial downturn, including any significant correction in the equity markets, may negatively affect the volume of income attributable to, and demand for, fee-based services of banks such as Arrow, including the Company's fiduciary business, which could negatively impact Arrow's financial condition and results of operations.

•Potential complications with the implementation of our new core banking system could adversely impact our business and operations.

•Arrow faces continuing and growing security risks to its information base including the information maintained relating to customers, and any breaches in the security systems implemented to protect this information could have a material negative effect on Arrow's business operations and financial condition.

•Business could suffer if Arrow loses key personnel unexpectedly or if employee wages increase significantly.

•COVID-19 or other health emergencies may adversely affect Arrow’s business activities, financial condition and results of operations.

•Arrow is subject to interest rate risk, which could adversely affect profitability.

•Arrow could recognize losses on securities held in our securities portfolio, particularly if interest rates increase or economic and market conditions deteriorate.

48

•Arrow's allowance for possible credit losses may be insufficient, and an increase in the allowance would reduce earnings.

•Arrow’s financial condition and the results of its operations could be negatively impacted by liquidity management.

•The increasing complexity of Arrow's operations presents varied risks that could affect earnings and financial condition.

•We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, result in a material misstatement of our financial statements.

•The Company relies on the operations of its banking subsidiaries to provide liquidity, which, if limited, could impact Arrow's ability to pay dividends to its shareholders or to repurchase its common stock.

•Capital and liquidity standards require banks and bank holding companies to maintain more and higher quality capital and greater liquidity than has historically been the case.

•Federal banking statutes and regulations could change in the future, which may adversely affect Arrow.

•Non-compliance with the Patriot Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other anti-money laundering laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions and restrictions on conducting acquisitions or establishing new branches.

•Arrow, through its banking subsidiaries, is subject to the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to material penalties.

•Disruption in the continuity, timing and effectiveness of the recent transition in executive management could adversely affect Arrow's business activities, financial conditional and results of operations.

Arrow is under no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this Report to conform such statements to actual results. All forward-looking statements, express or implied, included in this Report and the documents incorporated by reference and that are attributable to Arrow are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. This cautionary statement should also be considered in connection with any subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements that Arrow or any persons acting on its behalf may issue. This Report should be read in conjunction with the 2022 Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC.

49

USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

The SEC has adopted Regulation G, which applies to certain public disclosures, including earnings releases, made by registered companies that contain "non-GAAP financial measures."  GAAP is generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America.  Under Regulation G, companies making public disclosures containing non-GAAP financial measures must also disclose, along with each non-GAAP financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure and a statement of Arrow's reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure as part of its financial disclosures.  The SEC has exempted from the definition of "non-GAAP financial measures" certain commonly used financial measures that are not based on GAAP.  When these exempted measures are included in public disclosures, supplemental information is not required.  The following measures used in this Report, which are commonly utilized by financial institutions, have not been specifically exempted by the SEC and may constitute "non-GAAP financial measures" within the meaning of the SEC's rules, although Arrow is unable to state with certainty that the SEC would so regard them.

Tax-Equivalent Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin: Net interest income, as a component of the tabular presentation by financial institutions of Selected Financial Information regarding their recently completed operations, as well as disclosures based on that tabular presentation, is commonly presented on a tax-equivalent basis.  That is, to the extent that some component of the institution's net interest income, which is presented on a before-tax basis, is exempt from taxation (e.g., is received by the institution as a result of its holdings of state or municipal obligations), an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from that component is added to the actual before-tax net interest income total.  This adjustment is considered helpful in comparing one financial institution's net interest income to that of another institution or in analyzing any institution’s net interest income trend line over time, to correct any analytical distortion that might otherwise arise from the fact that financial institutions vary widely in the proportions of their portfolios that are invested in tax-exempt securities, and from the fact that even a single institution may significantly alter over time the proportion of its own portfolio that is invested in tax-exempt obligations.  Moreover, net interest income is itself a component of a second financial measure commonly used by financial institutions, net interest margin, which is the ratio of net interest income to average earning assets.  For purposes of this measure as well, tax-equivalent net interest income is generally used by financial institutions, again to provide a better basis of comparison from institution to institution and to better demonstrate a single institution’s performance over time. Arrow follows these practices.

The Efficiency Ratio: Financial institutions often use an "efficiency ratio" as a measure of expense control.  The efficiency ratio typically is defined as the ratio of non-interest expense to net interest income and non-interest income.  Net interest income as utilized in calculating the efficiency ratio is typically the same as the net interest income presented in Selected Financial Information table discussed in the preceding paragraph, i.e., it is expressed on a tax-equivalent basis.  Moreover, many financial institutions, in calculating the efficiency ratio, also adjust both non-interest expense and non-interest income to exclude from these items (as calculated under GAAP) certain recurring component elements of income and expense, such as intangible asset amortization (which is included in non-interest expense under GAAP but may be excluded therefrom for purposes of calculating the efficiency ratio) and securities gains or losses (which are reflected in the calculation of non-interest income under GAAP but may be excluded therefrom for purposes of calculating the efficiency ratio).  Arrow makes these adjustments.

Tangible Book Value per Share:  Tangible equity is total stockholders’ equity less intangible assets.  Tangible book value per share is tangible equity divided by total shares issued and outstanding.  Tangible book value per share is often regarded as a more meaningful comparative ratio than book value per share as calculated under GAAP, that is, total stockholders’ equity including intangible assets divided by total shares issued and outstanding.  Intangible assets include many items, but in Arrow's case, essentially represents goodwill.

Adjustments for Certain Items of Income or Expense:  In addition to our regular utilization in our public filings and disclosures of the various non-GAAP measures commonly utilized by financial institutions discussed above, Arrow may also elect from time to time, in connection with our presentation of various financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP, such as net income, EPS, return on average assets (ROA), and return on average equity (ROE), to provide as well certain comparative disclosures that adjust these GAAP financial measures, typically by removing them from the impact of certain transactions or other material items of income or expense that are unusual or unlikely to be repeated.  Arrow will do so only if it believes that provision of the resulting non-GAAP financial measures may improve the average investor's understanding of our results of operations by separating out items that have a disproportional positive or negative impact on the particular period in question or by otherwise permitting a better comparison from period-to-period in our results of operations with respect to our fundamental lines of business, including the commercial banking business.

Arrow believes that the non-GAAP financial measures disclosed from time-to-time are useful in evaluating our performance and that such information should be considered as supplemental in nature, and not as a substitute for, or superior to, the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.  Non-GAAP financial measures may differ from similar measures presented by other companies.

50

Arrow Financial Corporation

Selected Quarterly Information

(Dollars In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts - Unaudited)

Quarter Ended	6/30/2023			3/31/2023			12/31/2022			9/30/2022			6/30/2022
Net Income	$	6,047		$	8,562		$	12,087		$	12,163		$	11,974
Transactions in Net Income (Net of Tax):
Net Changes in Fair Value of Equity Investments	(133)			(76)			35			70			114
Share and Per Share Data:1
Period End Shares Outstanding	16,553			16,553			16,552			16,523			16,503
Basic Average Shares Outstanding	16,553			16,552			16,535			16,512			16,494
Diluted Average Shares Outstanding	16,553			16,564			16,589			16,558			16,535
Basic Earnings Per Share	$	0.36		$	0.52		$	0.73		$	0.74		$	0.72
Diluted Earnings Per Share	0.36			0.52			0.73			0.74			0.72
Cash Dividend Per Share	0.270			0.270			0.270			0.262			0.262
Selected Quarterly Average Balances:
Interest-bearing  Deposits at Banks	$	130,057		$	40,436		$	143,499		$	209,001		$	232,545
Investment Securities	787,175			813,461			845,859			821,052			822,112
Loans	3,036,410			2,991,928			2,951,547			2,872,066			2,804,180
Deposits	3,460,711			3,480,279			3,614,945			3,598,519			3,569,754
Other Borrowed Funds	220,616			100,596			63,304			50,125			50,140
Stockholders’ Equity	365,070			359,556			351,402			361,675			357,228
Total Assets	4,087,653			3,978,851			4,074,028			4,047,738			4,012,999
Return on Average Assets, annualized	0.59		%	0.87		%	1.18		%	1.19		%	1.20		%
Return on Average Equity, annualized	6.64		%	9.66		%	13.65		%	13.34		%	13.44		%
Return on Average Tangible Equity, annualized 2	7.10		%	10.33		%	14.62		%	14.27		%	14.40		%
Average Earning Assets	$	3,953,642		$	3,845,825		$	3,940,905		$	3,902,119		$	3,858,837
Average Paying Liabilities	2,924,743			2,782,299			2,891,092			2,781,985			2,808,287
Interest Income	40,013			36,110			35,904			34,207			30,593
Tax-Equivalent Adjustment 3	196			202			279			268			269
Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 3	40,209			36,312			36,183			34,475			30,862
Interest Expense	14,241			8,016			5,325			3,306			1,555
Net Interest Income	25,772			28,094			30,579			30,901			29,038
Net Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 3	25,968			28,296			30,858			31,169			29,307
Net Interest Margin, annualized	2.61		%	2.96		%	3.08		%	3.14		%	3.02		%
Net Interest Margin, Tax Equivalent, annualized 3	2.63		%	2.98		%	3.11		%	3.17		%	3.05		%
Efficiency Ratio Calculation: 4
Non-Interest Expense	$	24,083		$	22,296		$	20,792		$	21,448		$	20,345
Less: Intangible Asset Amortization	44			45			47			48			48
Net Non-Interest Expense	$	24,039		$	22,251		$	20,745		$	21,400		$	20,297
Net Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 3	$	25,968		$	28,296		$	30,858		$	31,169		$	29,307
Non-Interest Income	6,906			6,677			7,165			7,827			7,744
Less: Net Changes in Fair Value of Equity Invest.	(181)			(104)			48			95			154
Net Gross Income	$	33,055		$	35,077		$	37,975		$	38,901		$	36,897
Efficiency Ratio 4	72.72		%	63.43		%	54.63		%	55.01		%	55.01		%
Period-End Capital Information:
Total Stockholders’ Equity (i.e. Book Value)	$	361,443		$	363,371		$	353,538		$	345,550		$	356,498
Book Value per Share 1	21.84			21.95			21.36			20.91			21.60
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, net	23,175			23,273			23,373			23,477			23,583
Tangible Book Value per Share 1,2	20.44			20.55			19.95			19.49			20.17
Capital Ratios:5
Tier 1 Leverage Ratio	9.92		%	10.13		%	9.80		%	9.71		%	9.60		%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio	13.27		%	13.34		%	13.32		%	13.14		%	13.14		%
Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio	13.96		%	14.03		%	14.01		%	13.85		%	13.86		%
Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio	15.08		%	15.15		%	15.11		%	14.93		%	14.93		%
Assets Under Trust Admin. & Investment Mgmt.	$	1,711,460		$	1,672,117		$	1,606,132		$	1,515,994		$	1,589,178

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Arrow Financial Corporation

Selected Quarterly Information - Continued

(Dollars In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts - Unaudited)

Footnotes:
1.	Share and Per Share Data have been restated for the September 23, 2022, 3% stock dividend.
2.	Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation: Tangible Book Value, Tangible Equity and Return on Tangible Equity exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, net from total equity.  These are non-GAAP financial measures which Arrow believes provide investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 50.
		6/30/2023			3/31/2023			12/31/2022			9/30/2022			6/30/2022
	Total Stockholders' Equity (GAAP)	$	361,443		$	363,371		$	353,538		$	345,550		$	356,498
	Less: Goodwill and Other Intangible assets, net	23,175			23,273			23,373			23,477			23,583
	Tangible Equity (Non-GAAP)	$	338,268		$	340,098		$	330,165		$	322,073		$	332,915
	Period End Shares Outstanding	16,553			16,553			16,552			16,523			16,503
	Tangible Book Value per Share      (Non-GAAP)	$	20.44		$	20.55		$	19.95		$	19.49		$	20.17
	Net Income	6,047			8,562			12,087			12,163			11,974
	Return on Average Tangible Equity (Net Income/Tangible Equity - Annualized)	7.10		%	10.33		%	14.62		%	14.27		%	14.40		%
3.	Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation: Net Interest Margin, Tax-Equivalent is the ratio of our annualized tax-equivalent net interest income to average earning assets. This is also a non-GAAP financial measure which Arrow believes provides investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 50.
		6/30/2023			3/31/2023			12/31/2022			9/30/2022			6/30/2022
	Interest Income (GAAP)	$	40,013		$	36,110		$	35,904		$	34,207		$	30,593
	Add: Tax-Equivalent adjustment      (Non-GAAP)	196			202			279			268			269
	Interest Income - Tax Equivalent      (Non-GAAP)	$	40,209		$	36,312		$	36,183		$	34,475		$	30,862
	Net Interest Income (GAAP)	$	25,772		$	28,094		$	30,579		$	30,901		$	29,038
	Add: Tax-Equivalent adjustment      (Non-GAAP)	196			202			279			268			269
	Net Interest Income - Tax Equivalent      (Non-GAAP)	$	25,968		$	28,296		$	30,858		$	31,169		$	29,307
	Average Earning Assets	$	3,953,642		$	3,845,825		$	3,940,905		$	3,902,119		$	3,858,837
	Net Interest Margin (Non-GAAP)*	2.63		%	2.98		%	3.11		%	3.17		%	3.05		%
4.	Non-GAAP Financial Measures: Financial Institutions often use the "efficiency ratio", a non-GAAP ratio, as a measure of expense control. Arrow believes that the efficiency ratio provides investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. Arrow defines efficiency ratio as the ratio of our non-interest expense to our net gross income (which equals tax-equivalent net interest income plus non-interest income, as adjusted). There is no GAAP financial measure that is closely comparable to the efficiency ratio. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 50.
5.	For the current quarter, all of the regulatory capital ratios as well as the Total Risk-Weighted Assets are calculated in accordance with bank regulatory capital rules. The June 30, 2023 CET1 ratio listed in the tables (i.e., 13.27%) exceeds the sum of the required minimum CET1 ratio plus the fully phased-in Capital Conservation Buffer (i.e., 7.00%).
		6/30/2023			3/31/2023			12/31/2022			9/30/2022			6/30/2022
	Total Risk Weighted Assets	$	2,937,837		$	2,909,610		$	2,883,902		$	2,856,224		$	2,790,520
	Common Equity Tier 1 Capital	389,966			388,228			384,003			375,394			366,798
	Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio	13.27		%	13.34		%	13.32		%	13.14		%	13.14		%
* Quarterly ratios have been annualized.

52

Arrow Financial Corporation

Selected Year-to-Date Information

(Dollars In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts - Unaudited)

Six Months Ended	6/30/2023			6/30/2022
Net Income	$	14,609		$	24,549
Transactions Recorded in Net Income (Net of Tax):
Net Changes in Fair Value of Equity Investments	(209)			210
Share and Per Share Data: 1
Period End Shares Outstanding	16,553			16,503
Basic Average Shares Outstanding	16,552			16,503
Diluted Average Shares Outstanding	16,552			16,551
Basic Earnings Per Share	$	0.88		$	1.48
Diluted Earnings Per Share	0.88			1.48
Cash Dividend Per Share	0.54			0.52
Selected Year-to-Date Average Balances:
Interest-bearing  Deposits at Banks	$	85,494		$	321,103
Investment Securities	800,246			809,797
Loans	3,014,292			2,741,834
Deposits	3,470,441			3,575,970
Borrowings	155,842			59,317
Stockholders’ Equity	362,328			363,711
Total Assets	4,033,553			4,033,856
Return on Average Assets, annualized	0.73		%	1.23		%
Return on Average Equity, annualized	8.13		%	13.61		%
Return on Average Tangible Equity, annualized 2	8.69		%	14.56		%
Average Earning Assets	3,900,032			3,872,734
Average Paying Liabilities	2,853,914			2,831,953
Interest Income	76,123			59,540
Tax-Equivalent Adjustment 3	398			539
Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 3	76,521			60,079
Interest Expense	22,257			2,677
Net Interest Income	53,866			56,863
Net Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 3	54,264			57,402
Net Interest Margin, annualized	2.79		%	2.96		%
Net Interest Margin, Tax Equivalent, annualized 3	2.81		%	2.99		%
Efficiency Ratio Calculation: 4
Noninterest Expense	$	46,379		$	39,290
Less: Intangible Asset Amortization	89			97
Net Noninterest Expense	46,290			39,193
Net Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 3	54,264			57,402
Noninterest Income	13,583			15,906
Less: Net Changes in Fair Value of Equity Securities	(285)			284
Net Gross Income	68,132			73,024
Efficiency Ratio 4	67.94		%	53.67		%

53

Arrow Financial Corporation

Selected Year-to-Date Information - Continued

(Dollars In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts - Unaudited)

Footnotes:
1.	Share and Per Share Data have been restated for the September 23, 2022, 3% stock dividend.
2.	Tangible Book Value, Tangible Equity and Return on Tangible Equity exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, net from total equity.  These are non-GAAP financial measures which Arrow believes provide investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 50.
		6/30/2023			6/30/2022
	Total Stockholders' Equity (GAAP)	$	361,443		$	356,498
	Less: Goodwill and Other Intangible assets, net	23,175			23,583
	Tangible Equity (Non-GAAP)	$	338,268		$	332,915
	Period End Shares Outstanding	16,553			16,503
	Tangible Book Value per Share (Non-GAAP)	$	20.44		$	20.17
	Net Income	14,609			24,549
	Return on Average Tangible Equity (Net Income/Tangible Equity - Annualized)	8.69		%	14.56		%
3.	Net Interest Margin is the ratio of our annualized tax-equivalent net interest income to average earning assets. This is also a non-GAAP financial measure which Arrow believes provides investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 50.
		6/30/2023			6/30/2022
	Interest Income (GAAP)	$	76,123		$	59,540
	Add: Tax-Equivalent adjustment (Non-GAAP)	398			539
	Interest Income - Tax Equivalent (Non-GAAP)	$	76,521		$	60,079
	Net Interest Income (GAAP)	53,866			56,863
	Add: Tax-Equivalent adjustment (Non-GAAP)	398			539
	Net Interest Income - Tax Equivalent (Non-GAAP)	$	54,264		$	57,402
	Average Earning Assets	$	3,900,032		$	3,872,734
	Net Interest Margin (Non-GAAP)*	2.81		%	2.99		%
4.	Financial Institutions often use the "efficiency ratio", a non-GAAP ratio, as a measure of expense control. Arrow believes the efficiency ratio provides investors with information that is useful in understanding financial performance. The efficiency ratio is defined as the ratio of our non-interest expense to our net gross income (which equals our tax-equivalent net interest income plus non-interest income, as adjusted). See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 50.
* Year-to-date ratios have been annualized.

54

Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis
(Dollars In Thousands)
Quarter Ended June 30:	2023						2022
			Interest		Rate				Interest		Rate
	Average		Income/		Earned/		Average		Income/		Earned/
	Balance		Expense		Paid		Balance		Expense		Paid
Interest-Bearing Deposits at Banks	$	130,057	$	1,674	5.16	%	$	232,545	$	427	0.74
Investment Securities:
Fully Taxable	637,018		2,951		1.86		644,443		2,444		1.52
Exempt from Federal Taxes	150,157		770		2.06		177,669		816		1.84
Loans	3,036,410		34,618		4.57		2,804,180		26,906		3.85
Total Earning Assets	3,953,642		40,013		4.06		3,858,837		30,593		3.18
Allowance for Credit Losses	(30,577)						(27,558)
Cash and Due From Banks	28,742						40,105
Other Assets	135,846						141,615
Total Assets	$	4,087,653					$	4,012,999
Deposits:
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	$	863,892	820		0.38		$	1,048,752	199		0.08
Savings Deposits	1,504,412		8,514		2.27		1,541,616		892		0.23
Time Deposits of $250,000 or More	133,897		1,119		3.35		37,418		26		0.28
Other Time Deposits	201,926		1,196		2.38		130,361		111		0.34
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits	2,704,127		11,649		1.73		2,758,147		1,228		0.18
Borrowings	195,527		2,373		4.87		25,000		108		1.73
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts	20,000		171		3.43		20,000		171		3.43
Finance Leases	5,089		48		3.78		5,140		48		3.75
Total Interest-bearing Liabilities	2,924,743		14,241		1.95		2,808,287		1,555		0.22
Noninterest-bearing deposits	756,584						811,607
Other Liabilities	41,256						35,877
Total Liabilities	3,722,583						3,655,771
Stockholders’ Equity	365,070						357,228
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	$	4,087,653					$	4,012,999
Net Interest Income			$	25,772					$	29,038
Net Interest Spread					2.11	%					2.96	%
Net Interest Margin					2.61	%					3.02	%

55

Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis
(GAAP Basis)
(Dollars In Thousands)
Six Months Ended June 30:	2023						2022
			Interest		Rate				Interest		Rate
	Average		Income/		Earned/		Average		Income/		Earned/
	Balance		Expense		Paid		Balance		Expense		Paid
Interest-Bearing Deposits at Banks	$	85,494	$	2,153	5.08	%	$	321,103	$	625	0.39	%
Investment Securities:
Fully Taxable	644,837		5,899		1.84	%	631,695		4,633		1.48	%
Exempt from Federal Taxes	155,409		1,567		2.03	%	178,102		1,637		1.85	%
Loans	3,014,292		66,504		4.45	%	2,741,834		52,645		3.87	%
Total Earning Assets	3,900,032		76,123		3.94	%	3,872,734		59,540		3.10	%
Allowance for Credit Losses	(30,187)						(27,362)
Cash and Due From Banks	29,625						38,886
Other Assets	134,083						149,598
Total Assets	$	4,033,553					$	4,033,856
Deposits:
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	$	914,035	1,190		0.26		$	1,038,304	362		0.07
Savings Deposits	1,489,415		14,101		1.91		1,549,689		1,309		0.17
Time Deposits of $250,000 or More	114,265		1,693		2.99		53,670		54		0.20
Other Time Deposits	175,262		1,670		1.92		130,973		220		0.34
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits	2,692,977		18,654		1.40		2,772,636		1,945		0.14
Borrowings	135,842		3,166		4.70		34,171		295		1.74
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts	20,000		340		3.43		20,000		340		3.43
Finance Leases	5,095		97		3.84		5,146		97		3.80
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities	2,853,914		22,257		1.57		2,831,953		2,677		0.19
Noninterest-bearing deposits	777,464						803,334
Other Liabilities	39,847						34,858
Total Liabilities	3,671,225						3,670,145
Stockholders’ Equity	362,328						363,711
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	$	4,033,553					$	4,033,856
Net Interest Income			$	53,866					$	56,863
Net Interest Spread					2.37	%					2.91	%
Net Interest Margin					2.79	%					2.96	%

56

OVERVIEW

The following discussion and analysis focuses on and reviews the results of operations for the three-month period ended June 30, 2023 and the financial conditions as of June 30, 2023 and 2022.  The discussion below should be read in conjunction with the selected quarterly and annual information set forth above and the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements and other financial data presented elsewhere in this Report.  When necessary, prior-year financial information has been reclassified to conform to the current-year presentation.

Summary of Q2 2023 Financial Results: Net income for the second quarter of 2023 was $6.0 million, down from $12.0 million for the same period in the prior year. The year-over-year decline was primarily due to an increase in interest expense of $12.7 million, an increase in non-interest expense of $3.7 million and a decrease in non-interest income of $838 thousand. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in interest and dividend income of $9.4 million and a decrease in the provision for income taxes.

Diluted (EPS for the first quarter of 2023 was $0.36, a decrease from $0.72 reported for the second quarter of 2022. Return on average equity (ROE) for the second quarter of 2023 decreased to 6.64%, as compared to a ROE of 13.44% for the quarter ended June 30, 2022. Return on average assets (ROA) for the second quarter of 2023 was 0.59%, a decrease from an ROA of 1.20% for the quarter ended June 30, 2022.

Total loans reached a record high of $3.1 billion as of June 30, 2023. Loan growth for the second quarter of 2023 was $64.5 million and $225.1 million, or 7.9%, from June 30, 2022. In the second quarter, total outstanding residential real estate loans increased $30.0 million, or 2.8%. The consumer loan portfolio grew by $14.4 million, or 1.3%, in the second quarter, primarily within the indirect automobile lending program. Total outstanding commercial loans increased $20.2 million, or 2.4%.

At June 30, 2023, deposit balances were $3.5 billion. Deposits in the second quarter of 2023 decreased by $44.1 million from the prior quarter and decreased by $43.4 million, or 1.2%, from the prior-year level. Municipal deposits decreased $76.8 million in the second quarter and increased $13.2 million from June 30, 2022. Non-municipal deposits increased $32.7 million for the quarter and decreased $56.7 million from June 30, 2022. Noninterest-bearing deposits represented 21.7% of total deposits at June 30, 2023, compared to 23.3% of total deposits at June 30, 2022. At June 30, 2023, total time deposits were $368.8 million compared to $169.5 million at June 30, 2022 and $301.8 million at March 31, 2023 as a result of successful campaigns to grow certificate of deposit balances.

Net interest income for the second quarter was $25.8 million, down 11.2% from $29.0 million in the comparable quarter of 2022. Interest and fees on loans were $34.6 million for the second quarter of 2023, an increase from $26.9 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2022, due to loan growth and higher loan rates. Interest expense for the second quarter of 2023 was $14.2 million, an increase of $12.7 million versus the comparable quarter ended June 30, 2022, due to higher deposit rates and changes in deposit composition.

Net interest margin was 2.61% for the quarter, compared to 3.02% for the second quarter of 2022 and 2.96% for the first quarter of 2023. The year-over-year decrease in net interest margin was due to higher costs of interest-bearing liabilities partially offset by growth in loan balances with higher yields. The decrease in interest margin compared to the first quarter of 2023 was the result of the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increasing at a faster pace than the yield on average earning assets.

Non-interest income for the three months ended June 30, 2023, was $6.9 million, compared to $7.7 million in the comparable 2022 quarter. Income from fiduciary activities, which includes wealth management services, was flat to the comparable quarter of 2022. Fees and other services to customers decreased $333 thousand over the comparable quarter of 2022 driven by lower volume of interchange transactions. Other income was consistent with the comparable quarter of 2022.

Non-interest expense for the second quarter of 2023 was $24.1 million, an increase from $20.3 million for the second quarter of 2022. The largest year-over-year increase, $2.8 million, related to other operating expenses. The increase is primarily due to $2.0 million of additional legal and professional fees associated with the delay in the filing of the 2022 Form 10-K and the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 (the "First Quarter 10-Q"). Technology and equipment expense was $4.4 million, an increase of $388 thousand from the second quarter of 2022. Salaries and benefits have increased year-over-year as a result of pension and other benefit expenses.

For the second quarter of 2023, the provision for credit losses was $948 thousand, compared to $905 thousand in the prior-year quarter. The key drivers for the quarter were loan growth, followed by charge-offs, while the change in current economic forecast had only a minimal impact on the quarter.

The changes in net income, net interest income and net interest margin between the three-month periods are discussed in detail under the heading "RESULTS OF OPERATIONS," beginning on page 73.

Regulatory Capital and Change in Stockholders' Equity: At June 30, 2023, Arrow continued to exceed all required minimum capital ratios under the current bank regulatory capital rules (the "Capital Rules") as implemented under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ("Dodd-Frank") at both the holding company and bank levels.  At that date, both subsidiary banks, as well as the holding company, continued to qualify as "well-capitalized" under the capital classification guidelines as defined by the Capital Rules.  Because of continued profitability and strong asset quality, the regulatory capital levels throughout recent years have consistently remained well in excess of the various required regulatory minimums in effect from time to time, as they do at present.

In 2020, federal bank regulators introduced an optional simplified measure of capital adequacy for qualifying community banking organizations (CBLR).  A qualifying community banking organization that opts into the CBLR framework and meets all the requirements under the CBLR framework will be considered to have met the well-capitalized ratio requirements under the “prompt corrective action” regulations and will not be required to report or calculate risk-based capital ratios.

The CBLR final rule became effective as of January 1, 2020, and Arrow and both subsidiary banks have opted out of utilizing the CBLR framework. Therefore, the Capital Rules remain applicable to Arrow and both subsidiary banks.

Stockholders’ equity was $361.4 million at June 30, 2023, an increase of $7.9 million, or 2.2%, from the December 31, 2022 level of $353.5 million, and an increase of $4.9 million, or 1.4%, from the prior-year level. The increase in stockholders' equity over the first six

57

months of 2023 principally reflected the following factors: the addition of (i) $14.6 million of net income for the period plus (ii) other comprehensive gain of $2.0 million and (iii) issuance of $1.0 million of common stock through employee benefit and dividend reinvestment plans reduced by (iv) cash dividends of $8.9 million and (v) repurchases of common stock of $848 thousand.The components of the change in stockholders’ equity since year-end 2022 are presented in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity on page 6, and are discussed in more detail in the next section.

At June 30, 2023, book value per share was $21.84, up by 1.1% over the prior-year level. Tangible book value per share (a non-GAAP measure that deducts intangible assets from stockholders' equity) was $20.44, an increase of $0.27,or 1.3%, over the level as of June 30, 2022. See the disclosure on page 50 related to the use of non-GAAP financial measures including tangible book value.

On June 30, 2023, Arrow's closing stock price was $20.14, representing a trading multiple of 0.99 to tangible book value. In the second quarter of 2023, Arrow paid a quarterly cash dividend of $0.27. Further discussion of dividends is included in the Capital Components; Stock Repurchases; Dividends section located on page 71.

Loan Quality: Net charge-offs for the second quarter of 2023 were $562 thousand as compared to $476 thousand for the comparable 2022 quarter. The ratio of net charge-offs to average loans (annualized) was 0.07% for the three month period ended June 30, 2023, consistent with the three month period ended June 30, 2022.

For the second quarter of 2023, the provision for credit losses was $948 thousand and the expense for estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures was $111 thousand. The allowance for credit losses was $31.2 million on June 30, 2023, which represented 1.02% of loans outstanding, as compared to 0.99% on June 30, 2022.

Nonperforming loans were $6.5 million at June 30, 2023, representing 0.21% of period-end loans, a decrease from the June 30, 2022 ratio of 0.34% and a decrease from the March 31, 2023 ratio of 0.37%. The ratio continues to reasonably compare with the weighted average ratio of the peer group of 0.36% at March 31, 2023. Nonperforming assets of $7.1 million at June 30, 2023 represented 0.17% of period-end assets down from 0.25% at June 30, 2022.

Loan Segments: As of June 30, 2023, total loans grew by $86.7 million, or 2.9%, as compared to the balance at December 31, 2022. The largest increase was in the residential real estate loan portfolio which increased $39.9 million, or 3.7%. Commercial and commercial real estate loans, increased by $24.2 million, or 2.9%, from December 31, 2022. Consumer loans increased $22.6 million, or 2.1%, primarily comprised of automobile loans.

•Commercial and Commercial Real Estate Loans: Combined, these loans comprise 28.4% of the total loan portfolio at period-end. Commercial property values in Arrow's region have largely remained stable, however, there remains uncertainty surrounding market conditions due to the inflation and the rising interest rate environment. Appraisals on nonperforming and watched CRE loan properties are updated as deemed necessary, usually when the loan is downgraded or when there has been significant market deterioration since the last appraisal.

•Consumer Loans: These loans (primarily automobile loans) comprised 35.4% of the total loan portfolio at period-end. Consumer automobile loans at June 30, 2023, were 99.6% of this portfolio segment. The vast majority of automobile loans are initiated through the purchase of vehicles by consumers with automobile dealers. As of June 30, 2023, demand has slowed as a result of current economic conditions. Inflation and higher rates may continue to limit the potential growth in this category.

•Residential Real Estate Loans: These loans, including home equity loans, made up 36.2% of the total loan portfolio at period-end. Demand for residential real estate has continued but weakened as interest rates have increased. A continuous elevated rate environment may impact future demand. Arrow originated nearly all of the residential real estate loans currently held in the loan portfolio and applies conservative underwriting standards to loan originations. Arrow has historically sold a portion of residential real estate mortgage originations into the secondary market. The ratio of the sales of originations to total originations tends to fluctuate from period to period based on market conditions and other factors. The rate at which mortgage loan originations are sold in future periods will depend on various circumstances, including prevailing mortgage rates, other lending opportunities, capital and liquidity needs, and the availability of a market for such transactions.

Liquidity and Access to Credit Markets: Arrow has not experienced any liquidity events or special concerns in recent years or thus far in 2023. Arrow’s liquidity position provides the necessary flexibility to address any unexpected near-term liquidity needs.  Interest-bearing cash balances at June 30, 2023 were $139.8 million compared to $165.7 million at June 30, 2022. Contingent lines of credit are also available. Operating collateralized lines of credit are established and available through the FHLBNY, FRB and other bank lines totaling approximately $1.3 billion. The general terms of Arrow's lines of credit have not changed significantly in recent periods (see the general liquidity discussion on page 71). Historically, Arrow has principally relied on asset-based liquidity (i.e., funds in overnight investments and cash flow from maturing investments and loans) with liability-based liquidity as a secondary source of funds (the main liability-based sources are an overnight borrowing arrangement with correspondent banks, an arrangement for overnight borrowing and term credit advances from the FHLBNY, and an additional arrangement for short-term advances at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window). Regular liquidity stress tests and tests of the contingent liquidity plan are performed to ensure that an adequate amount of available funds can be generated to meet a wide variety of potential liquidity crises.

Visa Class B Common Stock: Arrow's subsidiary bank, GFNB, like other Visa member banks, bears some indirect contingent liability for Visa's direct liability arising out of certain antitrust claims involving merchant discounts to the extent that Visa's liability might exceed the amount funded in its litigation escrow account. On December 13, 2019, the Court granted final approval to a settlement in this class action lawsuit. On January 3, 2020 an appeal of the final-approved order was filed with the court. On December 16, 2021, the second circuit court of appeals set oral arguments regarding objections to final approval of the settlement for March 16, 2022. On March 16, 2022, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals heard oral arguments regarding objections to final approval of the settlement. On April 25, 2023, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit denied certain objectors’ request for panel rehearing or, in the alternative, rehearing en banc. It is unknown if any party will pursue further appeals to the U.S Supreme Court. When the appeals process is

58

resolved and assuming the balance in the litigation escrow account is sufficient to cover the litigation claims and related expenses, Arrow could potentially realize a gain on the receipt of Visa Class A common stock. At June 30, 2023, GFNB held 27,771 shares of Visa Class B common stock, and utilizing the conversion ratio to Class A common stock at that time, these Class B shares would convert to approximately 44,000 shares of Visa Class A common stock. Since the litigation settlement is not certain, Arrow has not recognized any economic value for these shares.

59

CHANGE IN FINANCIAL CONDITION

Summary of Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data

(Dollars in Thousands)

	At Period-End
	6/30/2023		12/31/2022		6/30/2022		$ Change From December		$ Change From June		% Change From December (not annualized)		% Change From June
Interest-Bearing Bank Balances	$	139,798	$	32,774	$	165,705	$	107,024	$	(25,907)	326.6	%	(15.6)	%
Securities Available-for-Sale	543,708		573,495		582,741		(29,787)		(39,033)		(5.2)	%	(6.7)	%
Securities Held-to-Maturity	143,460		175,364		182,096		(31,904)		(38,636)		(18.2)	%	(21.2)	%
Equity Securities	1,889		2,174		2,031		(285)		(142)		(13.1)	%	(7.0)	%
Loans (1)	3,069,897		2,983,207		2,844,802		86,690		225,095		2.9	%	7.9	%
Allowance for Credit Losses	31,170		29,952		28,090		1,218		3,080		4.1	%	11.0	%
Earning Assets (1)	3,903,684		3,773,078		3,782,093		130,606		121,591		3.5	%	3.2	%
Total Assets	$	4,103,653	$	3,969,509	$	3,991,205	$	134,144	$	112,448	3.4	%	2.8	%
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits	$	759,495	$	836,871	$	824,842	$	(77,376)	$	(65,347)	(9.2)	%	(7.9)	%
Interest-Bearing Checking   Accounts	856,016		997,694		1,046,570		(141,678)		(190,554)		(14.2)	%	(18.2)	%
Savings Deposits	1,517,937		1,454,364		1,504,791		63,573		13,146		4.4	%	0.9	%
Time Deposits over $250,000	140,694		76,224		40,021		64,470		100,673		84.6	%	251.6	%
Other Time Deposits	228,082		133,211		129,436		94,871		98,646		71.2	%	76.2	%
Total Deposits	$	3,502,224	$	3,498,364	$	3,545,660	$	3,860	$	(43,436)	0.1	%	(1.2)	%
Other Borrowings	$	171,800	$	54,800	$	25,000	$	117,000	$	146,800	213.5	%	587.2	%
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated   Subsidiary Trusts	20,000		20,000		20,000		—		—		—	%	—	%
Stockholders' Equity	361,443		353,538		356,498		7,905		4,945		2.2	%	1.4	%

(1) Includes Nonaccrual Loans.

Changes in Earning Assets: The loan portfolio at June 30, 2023, was $3.1 billion, an increase of $86.7 million, or 2.9%, from the December 31, 2022 level and up by $225.1 million, or 7.9%, from the June 30, 2022 level. The following trends were experienced in our largest segments:

•Commercial and commercial real estate loans: This segment of the loan portfolio increased by $24.2 million, or 2.9%, during the first six months of 2023. In the first six months of 2023, loan growth has slowed as a result of the current rate environment.

•Consumer loans (primarily automobile loans through indirect lending): As of June 30, 2023, these loans, primarily auto loans originated through dealerships in New York and Vermont, increased by $22.6 million, or 2.1%, from the December 31, 2022 balance. Inflation and rising rates may continue to slow demand.

•Residential real estate loans: This segment increased during the first six months of 2023 by $39.9 million, or 3.7%. A deterioration of economic conditions may continue to reduce loan production for the remainder of the year.

Changes in Sources of Funds: Deposit balances reached $3.5 billion, down $43.4 million, or 1.2%, from the prior-year level and increased $3.9 million from December 31, 2022. Noninterest-bearing deposits represented 21.7% of total deposits at June 30, 2023, compared to 23.3% of total deposits on June 30, 2022. At June 30, 2023, total time deposits were $368.8 million. Municipal deposits increased $13.2 million, or 1.5% from June 30, 2022. Federal home loan term advances were $7.8 million, a decrease from $25.0 million at June 30, 2022. In the second quarter of 2023, Arrow borrowed $150 million as part of the BTFP primarily replacing FHLB Advances. The BTFP was created to support American businesses and households by making additional funding available to eligible depository institutions to help assure banks have the ability to meet the needs of all their depositors.

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Municipal Deposits: Fluctuations in balances of interest-bearing checking accounts are often the result of timing and behavior of municipal deposits.  Municipal deposits have historically averaged between 20% to 30% of total deposits. Municipal deposits are typically placed in interest-bearing checking, savings and various time deposit accounts.

In general, there is a seasonal pattern to municipal deposits which dip to a low point in August each year.  Account balances tend to increase throughout the fall and into early winter from tax deposits, flatten out after the beginning of the ensuing calendar year, and increase again at the end of March from the electronic deposit of NYS aid payments to school districts.  In addition to seasonal behavior, the overall level of municipal deposit balances fluctuates from year-to-year as a result of local economic factors as well as competition from other banks and non-bank entities.

Arrow uses reciprocal deposits for a select group of municipalities to reduce the amount of investment securities required to be pledged as collateral for municipal deposits where municipal deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance coverage limits were transferred to other participating banks, divided into portions so as to qualify such transferred deposits for FDIC insurance coverage at each transferee bank. In return, reciprocal amounts are transferred to Arrow in equal amounts of deposits from the participant banks. The balances of reciprocal deposits were $603.5 million and $500.0 million at June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively.

Uninsured Deposits: Arrow's deposit base includes both insured and uninsured deposits. Arrow continually monitors levels and composition of uninsured deposits. Uninsured deposit balances at June 30, 2023 are less than 30% of the total deposit base.

61

FINANCIAL CONDITION

Investment Portfolio Trends

The table below presents the changes in the period-end balances for available-for-sale, held-to-maturity and equity securities from December 31, 2022 to June 30, 2023 (in thousands):

	(Dollars in Thousands)
	Fair Value at Period-End						Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) For Period Ended
.	6/30/2023		12/31/2022		Change		6/30/2023		12/31/2022		Change
Securities Available-for-Sale:
U.S. Agency Securities	$	176,016	$	175,199	$	817	$	(13,984)	$	(14,801)	$	817
State and Municipal Obligations	280		340		(60)		—		—		—
Mortgage-Backed Securities	366,612		397,156		(30,544)		(48,383)		(50,599)		2,216
Corporate and Other Debt Securities	800		800		—		(200)		(200)		—
Total	$	543,708	$	573,495	$	(29,787)	$	(62,567)	$	(65,600)	$	3,033
Securities Held-to-Maturity:
State and Municipal Obligations	$	129,459	$	160,470	$	(31,011)	$	(3,717)	$	(3,130)	$	(587)
Mortgage-Backed Securities	9,684		11,153		(1,469)		(600)		(611)		11
Total	$	139,143	$	171,623	$	(32,480)	$	(4,317)	$	(3,741)	$	(576)
Equity Securities	$	1,889	$	2,174	$	(285)	$	—	$	—	$	—

The table below presents the weighted average yield for available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities as of June 30, 2023 (in thousands).

	June 30, 2023
	Within One Year				After One But Within Five Years				After Five But Within Ten Years				After Ten Years				Total
	Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Amount			Yield
Securities Available-for-Sale:
U.S. Agency Securities	$	15,000	3.5	%	$	175,000	1.6	%	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	190,000	190000000	1.7	%
State and Municipal Obligations	—		—	%	—		—	%	280		6.8	%			—	%	280			6.8	%
Mortgage-Backed Securities	730		1.7	%	227,541		1.9	%	186,724		1.7	%	—		—	%	414,995			1.8	%
Corporate and Other Debt Securities			—	%			—	%	1,000		7.9	%	—		—	%	1,000			7.9	%
Total	$	15,730	3.4	%	$	402,541	1.8	%	$	188,004	1.7	%	$	—	—	%	$	606,275		1.8	%
Securities Held-to-Maturity:
State and Municipal Obligations	$	58,665	2.7	%	$	72,172	2.5	%	$	2,309	3.7	%	$	30	6.7	%	$	133,176		2.6	%
Mortgage-Backed Securities	—		—	%	10,284		2.6	%	—		—	%	—		—	%	10,284			2.6	%
Corporate and Other Debt Securities	—		—	%	—		—	%	—		—	%	—		—	%	—			—	%
Total	$	58,665	2.7	%	$	82,456	2.5	%	$	2,309	3.7	%	$	30	6.7	%	$	143,460		2.6	%

At June 30, 2023, Arrow held no investment securities in the securities portfolios that consisted of or included, directly or indirectly, obligations of foreign governments or governmental agencies of foreign issuers.

In the periods referenced above, mortgage-backed securities consisted solely of mortgage pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs) issued or guaranteed by U.S. federal agencies or by government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs). Mortgage pass-through securities provide to the investor monthly portions of principal and interest pursuant to the contractual obligations of the underlying mortgages. CMOs are pools of mortgage-backed securities, the repayments on which have generally been separated into two or more components (tranches), where each tranche has a separate estimated life and yield. Arrow's practice has been to purchase pass-through securities and CMOs that are issued or guaranteed by U.S. federal agencies or GSEs, and the tranches of CMOs purchased are generally those having shorter average lives and/or durations. Lower market interest rates and/or payment deferrals on underlying loans that make up mortgage-backed security collateral may impact cashflows.

In the periods referenced above, U.S. Government & Agency Obligations consisted solely of agency bonds issued by GSEs. These securities generally pay fixed semi-annual coupons with principle payments at maturity. For some, callable options are included that may impact the timing of these principal payments. Arrow's practice has been to purchase Agency securities that are issued or guaranteed by GSEs with limited embedded optionality (call features). Final maturities are generally less than 5 years.

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Arrow evaluates available-for-sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions at each measurement date to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or non-credit related factors. Any impairment that is not credit related is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized within the allowance for credit losses on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings via credit loss expense. Arrow determined that at June 30, 2023, gross unrealized losses were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. The recent rising interest rate environment resulted in an increase in unrealized losses versus the comparable prior period. Arrow does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that Arrow will be required to sell any securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. Therefore, Arrow carried no allowance for credit loss at June 30, 2023 and there was no credit loss expense recognized by Arrow with respect to the securities portfolio during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Arrow's held-to-maturity debt securities are comprised of GSEs and state and municipal obligations. GSE securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Arrow performs an analysis of the credit worthiness of municipal obligations to determine if a security is of investment grade. The analysis may include, but may not solely rely upon credit analysis conducted by external credit rating agencies. Arrow determined that the expected credit loss on its held to maturity debt portfolio was immaterial and, therefore, no allowance for credit loss was recorded as of June 30, 2023.

Changes in net unrealized gains or losses during recent periods have been primarily attributable to changes in market rates during the periods in question and not due to the credit-worthiness of the issuers.

Investment Sales, Purchases and Maturities

There were no sales of investment securities within the six month periods ended June 30, 2023 or 2022.

The following table summarizes purchases of investment securities within the available-for-sale and held-to-maturity portfolios for the six month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, as well as proceeds from the maturity and calls of investment securities within each portfolio for the respective periods presented:

(In Thousands)	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
Purchases:	6/30/2023		6/30/2022		6/30/2023		6/30/2022
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
U.S. Agency Securities	$	—	$	25,000	$	—	$	55,000
Mortgage-Backed Securities	—		10,000		—		55,049
Total Purchases	$	—	$	35,000	$	—	$	110,049
Maturities & Calls	$	16,465	$	21,187	$	32,134	$	42,660

(In Thousands)	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
Purchases:	6/30/2023		6/30/2022		6/30/2023		6/30/2022
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio
State and Municipal Obligations	$	1,104	$	541	$	2,552	$	5,491
Maturities & Calls	$	24,870	$	14,957	$	34,198	$	19,656

Loan Trends

The following three tables present, for each of the last five quarters, the quarterly average balances by loan type, the percentage of total loans represented by each loan type and the annualized yield of each loan category:

Quarterly Average Loan Balances

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2023		3/31/2023		12/31/2022		9/30/2022		6/30/2022
Commercial excluding PPP Loans	$	135,370	$	135,670	$	141,419	$	134,986	$	130,177
PPP Loans	—		—		—		637		11,267
Commercial Real Estate	722,753		710,719		674,420		661,471		645,968
Consumer	1,081,838		1,070,314		1,065,467		1,047,470		1,013,361
Residential Real Estate	1,096,449		1,075,225		1,070,241		1,027,502		1,003,407
Total Loans	$	3,036,410	$	2,991,928	$	2,951,547	$	2,872,066	$	2,804,180

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Percentage of Total Quarterly Average Loans

	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2023		3/31/2023		12/31/2022		9/30/2022		6/30/2022
Commercial excluding PPP Loans	4.5	%	4.5	%	4.8	%	4.7	%	4.6	%
PPP Loans	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%	0.4	%
Commercial Real Estate	23.8	%	23.8	%	22.8	%	23.0	%	23.0	%
Consumer	35.6	%	35.8	%	36.1	%	36.5	%	36.2	%
Residential Real Estate	36.1	%	35.9	%	36.3	%	35.8	%	35.8	%
Total Loans	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

Quarterly Yield on Loans

	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2023		3/31/2023		12/31/2022		9/30/2022		6/30/2022
Commercial (Total Portfolio)	4.53	%	4.28	%	4.18	%	4.17	%	3.93	%
Commercial excluding PPP loans	4.53	%	4.28	%	4.18	%	4.17	%	3.90	%
Commercial Real Estate	5.09	%	4.73	%	4.57	%	4.60	%	3.82	%
Consumer	4.61	%	4.26	%	4.02	%	4.10	%	3.83	%
Residential Real Estate	4.17	%	4.10	%	3.80	%	3.78	%	3.70	%
Total Loans	4.57	%	4.32	%	4.13	%	4.09	%	3.85	%

The average yield on the loan portfolio was 4.57% for the second quarter of 2023 up 72 basis points from the second quarter of 2022. Market rates have continued to increase, which impacts new loan yields for fixed rate loans, and variable loan yields as these loans reach their repricing dates.

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The table below shows the maturity of loans outstanding as of June 30, 2023. Also provided are the amounts due after one year, classified according to fixed interest rates and variable interest rates (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023
	Within One Year		After One But Within Five Years		After Five But Within 15 Years		After 15 Years		Total
Commercial	$	25,446	$	87,292	$	34,655	$	125	$	147,518
Commercial Real Estate	170,903		241,756		304,504		6,786		723,949
Consumer	9,645		549,293		528,354		472		1,087,764
Residential Real Estate	132,039		56,024		251,884		670,719		1,110,666
Total	$	338,033	$	934,365	$	1,119,397	$	678,102	$	3,069,897
			After One But Within Five Years		After Five But Within 15 Years		After 15 Years		Total
Loans maturing with:
Fixed Interest Rates			$	649,977	$	915,654	$	674,934	$	2,240,565
Variable Interest Rates			284,388		203,742		3,168		491,298
Total			$	934,365	$	1,119,396	$	678,102	$	2,731,863

Maintenance of High Quality Credit in the Loan Portfolio: There have been no significant fluctuations in the quality of the loan portfolio or any segment thereof. In general, residential real estate loans have historically been underwritten to secondary market standards for prime loans and Arrow has not engaged in subprime mortgage lending as a business line. Similarly, high underwriting standards have generally been applied to commercial and commercial real estate lending operations and generally in the indirect lending program as well.

Commercial Loans and Commercial Real Estate Loans: Substantially all commercial and commercial real estate loans in the loan portfolio were extended to businesses or borrowers located in Arrow's regional markets. A portion of the loans in the commercial portfolio have variable rates tied to market indices, such as Prime, SOFR or FHLBNY. PPP loans were previously included within the commercial loan portfolio. The PPP program ended in 2022.

Consumer Loans: At June 30, 2023, consumer loans (primarily automobile loans originated through dealerships located in upstate New York and Vermont) continue to be a significant component of Arrow's business, comprising approximately one third of the total loan portfolio.

For credit quality purposes, Arrow assigns potential automobile loan customers into one of four tiers, ranging from lower to higher quality in terms of anticipated credit risk. Arrow's experienced lending staff not only utilizes credit evaluation software tools but also reviews and evaluates each loan individually prior to the loan being funded. Arrow believes that this disciplined approach to evaluating risk has contributed to maintaining the strong credit quality in this portfolio.

Residential Real Estate Loans: Strong demand for residential real estate has continued even as interest rates have increased. Although the projected ongoing rise in the interest rates may impact future demand. Arrow has historically sold portions of originations in the secondary market. Sales decreased as the result of the strategic decision to grow the residential loan portfolio as well as current market conditions. The rate at which mortgage loan originations are sold in future periods will depend on a variety of factors, including demand for residential mortgages in our operating markets, market conditions for mortgage sales and strategic balance sheet and interest-rate risk management decisions.

Deposit Trends

The following tables provide information on trends in the balance and mix of the deposit portfolio by presenting, for each of the last five quarters, the quarterly average balances by deposit type and the percentage of total deposits represented by each deposit type. The quarterly average balances have declined from the 4th quarter of 2022 as well as the comparable 2022 quarter. In addition, due to the current rate environment and increased competitive pricing, deposits have also migrated to higher cost time deposits.

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Quarterly Average Deposit Balances
(Dollars in Thousands)
	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2023		3/31/2023		12/31/2022		9/30/2022		6/30/2022
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits	$	756,584	$	798,576	$	787,157	$	866,659	$	811,607
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	863,892		964,735		1,082,267		996,116		1,048,752
Savings Deposits	1,504,412		1,474,251		1,548,293		1,549,451		1,541,616
Time Deposits over $250,000	133,897		94,415		65,897		49,459		37,418
Other Time Deposits	201,926		148,302		131,331		136,834		130,361
Total Deposits	$	3,460,711	$	3,480,279	$	3,614,945	$	3,598,519	$	3,569,754

	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2023		3/31/2023		12/31/2022		9/30/2022		6/30/2022
Non-Municipal Deposits	$	2,528,871	$	2,567,132	$	2,668,704	$	2,719,291	$	2,662,052
Municipal Deposits	931,840		913,147		946,241		879,228		907,702
Total Deposits	$	3,460,711	$	3,480,279	$	3,614,945	$	3,598,519	$	3,569,754

Percentage of Total Quarterly Average Deposits

	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2023		3/31/2023		12/31/2022		9/30/2022		6/30/2022
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits	21.9	%	22.9	%	21.8	%	24.1	%	22.7	%
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	25.0	%	27.7	%	29.9	%	27.7	%	29.4	%
Savings Deposits	43.4	%	42.4	%	42.9	%	43.0	%	43.2	%
Time Deposits over $250,000	3.9	%	2.7	%	1.8	%	1.4	%	1.0	%
Other Time Deposits	5.8	%	4.3	%	3.6	%	3.8	%	3.7	%
Total Deposits	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

Quarterly Cost of Deposits

	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2023		3/31/2023		12/31/2022		9/30/2022		6/30/2022
Demand Deposits	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	0.38	%	0.16	%	0.13	%	0.11	%	0.08	%
Savings Deposits	2.27	%	1.54	%	1.05	%	0.63	%	0.23	%
Time Deposits over $250,000	3.35	%	2.47	%	1.36	%	0.71	%	0.28	%
Other Time Deposits	2.38	%	1.30	%	0.71	%	0.43	%	0.34	%
Total Deposits	1.35	%	0.82	%	0.54	%	0.33	%	0.14	%

For the quarter ended June 30, 2023, the total cost of deposits increased 53 basis points from the previous quarter and 121 basis points from the comparable prior year quarter. The Federal Funds rate has continued to increase during the previous five quarters presented. Arrow is well positioned for a variety of rate environments, see Part I, Item 3, entitled "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," on page 77 for further discussion.

Non-Deposit Sources of Funds

Arrow's other sources of funds include securities sold under agreements to repurchase, term advances from the FHLBNY and BTFP advances. The securities sold under agreements to repurchase are offered to existing customers, short-term in nature and are collateralized by investment securities. The remaining term advance from the FHLBNY is a fixed rate non-callable advance that will mature within one year. The BTFP Advances mature in less than 12 months and have a weighted average interest rate of 4.83%.

The $20 million principal amount of Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts listed on the consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2023 (i.e., previously issued TRUPs) will, subject to certain limits, continue to qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital for Arrow until such TRUPs mature or are redeemed. This is further discussed under "Capital Resources" beginning on page 69 of this Report.

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ASSET QUALITY

The following table presents information related to the allowance and provision for credit losses for the past five quarters:

Summary of the Allowance and Provision for Credit Losses

(Dollars in Thousands, Loans Stated Net of Unearned Income)

	6/30/2023			3/31/2023			12/31/2022			9/30/2022			6/30/2022
Loan Balances:
Period-End Loans	$	3,069,897		$	3,005,352		$	2,983,207		$	2,924,794		$	2,844,802
Average Loans, Year-to-Date	3,014,292			2,991,928			2,827,518			2,785,721			2,741,834
Average Loans, Quarter-to-Date	3,036,410			2,991,928			2,951,547			2,872,066			2,804,180
Period-End Assets	4,103,653			4,114,630			3,969,509			4,232,778			3,991,205
Allowance for Credit Losses, Year-to-Date:
Allowance for Credit Losses, Beginning of Period	$	29,952		$	29,952		$	27,281		$	27,281		$	27,281
Provision for Credit Losses, YTD	2,502			1,554			4,798			3,389			1,674
Loans Charged-off, YTD	(2,608)			(1,328)			(4,143)			(2,883)			(1,736)
Recoveries of Loans Previously Charged-off	1,324			606			2,016			1,445			871
Net Charge-offs, YTD	(1,284)			(722)			(2,127)			(1,438)			(865)
Allowance for Credit Losses, End of Period	$	31,170		$	30,784		$	29,952		$	29,232		$	28,090
Allowance for Credit Losses, Quarter-to-Date:
Allowance for Credit Losses, Beginning of Period	$	30,784		$	29,952		$	29,232		$	28,090		$	27,661
Provision for Credit Losses, QTD	948			1,554			1,409			1,715			905
Loans Charged-off, QTD	(1,280)			(1,328)			(1,261)			(1,147)			(907)
Recoveries of Loans Previously Charged-off	718			606			572			574			431
Net Charge-offs, QTD	(562)			(722)			(689)			(573)			(476)
Allowance for Credit Losses, End of Period	$	31,170		$	30,784		$	29,952		$	29,232		$	28,090
Nonperforming Assets, at Period-End:
Nonaccrual Loans	$	5,997		$	10,852		$	10,757		$	8,812		$	7,999
Loans Past Due 90 or More Days   and Still Accruing Interest	467			241			1,157			514			1,641
Restructured and in Compliance with   Modified Terms	67			62			69			82			77
Total Nonperforming Loans	6,531			11,155			11,983			9,408			9,717
Repossessed Assets	342			144			593			604			297
Other Real Estate Owned	182			—			—			—			—
Total Nonperforming Assets	$	7,055		$	11,299		$	12,576		$	10,012		$	10,014
Asset Quality Ratios:
Allowance to Nonperforming Loans	477.26		%	275.97		%	249.95		%	310.71		%	289.08		%
Allowance to Period-End Loans	1.02		%	1.02		%	1.00		%	1.00		%	0.99		%
Provision to Average Loans (Quarter) (1)	0.13		%	0.21		%	0.19		%	0.24		%	0.13		%
Provision to Average Loans (YTD) (1)	0.17		%	0.21		%	0.17		%	0.16		%	0.12		%
Net Charge-offs to Average Loans (Quarter) (1)	0.07		%	0.10		%	0.09		%	0.08		%	0.07		%
Net Charge-offs to Average Loans (YTD) (1)	0.09		%	0.10		%	0.08		%	0.07		%	0.06		%
Nonperforming Loans to Total Loans	0.21		%	0.37		%	0.40		%	0.32		%	0.34		%
Nonperforming Assets to Total Assets	0.17		%	0.27		%	0.32		%	0.24		%	0.25		%
(1) Annualized

Provision for Credit Losses

Through the provision for credit losses, an allowance for credit losses is maintained that reflects the best estimate of the calculated expected credit losses in Arrow's loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Additions are made to the allowance for credit losses through a periodic provision for credit losses. Actual credit losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when loans are deemed uncollectible and recoveries of amounts previously charged off are recorded as credits to the allowance for credit losses.

Arrow loan officers and risk managers meet at least quarterly to discuss and review the conditions and risks associated with certain criticized and classified commercial-related relationships. In addition, the independent internal loan review department performs periodic reviews of the credit quality indicators on individual loans in the commercial loan portfolio.

CECL calculates losses over the life of a loan or financial instrument. Arrow and its subsidiaries utilize a loss projection model updated with data from our core systems, and incorporates various assumptions to produce the CECL reserve. A CECL Steering Committee was created to provide a management governance function to review, critically challenge and approve components of the CECL reporting process. One key responsibility of the CECL Steering Committee is to review annually the key assumptions utilized in

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the CECL calculation including loan segmentation, loan loss regression analysis, reasonable and supportable forecast period, reversion period, discounted cash flow inputs including economic forecast data and prepayment and curtailment speeds and qualitative factors.

The June 30, 2023 allowance for credit losses calculation incorporated a reasonable and supportable forecast period to account for economic conditions utilized in the measurement. The quantitative model utilized an economic forecast sourced from reputable third-parties that reflects the economic conditions with a slight improvement in the national unemployment rate of approximately 0.08% during the six-quarter forecast period, while forecasted gross domestic product projected a deterioration of approximately 0.17%. The home price index (HPI) forecast declined approximately 2.02% from the previous quarter level. Driven by current economic forecasts, loan growth and net charge offs during the quarter, the second quarter provision for credit losses was $948 thousand. The provision is directionally consistent with both the latest economic forecasts as well as second quarter activity. In addition, Arrow recorded an expense for estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures in other liabilities of $111 thousand in the second quarter of 2023.

See Notes 1 and 5 to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements for additional discussion related to CECL.

The ratio of the allowance for credit losses to total loans was 1.02% at June 30, 2023, an increase from 1.00% at December 31, 2022 and 0.99% at June 30, 2022.

The accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses is considered to be a critical accounting policy, given the uncertainty involved in evaluating the level of the allowance required to cover credit losses in the loan portfolio, and the material effect that such judgments may have on the results of operations. The process for determining the provision for credit losses is described in Note 5 to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

Risk Elements

Nonperforming assets at June 30, 2023 amounted to $7.1 million, a decrease from the $12.6 million total at December 31, 2022 and $10.0 million total at June 30, 2022. For the three month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, ratios of nonperforming assets to total assets have remained fairly consistent to the average ratios for the peer group. (See page 48 for a discussion of the peer group.) At March 31, 2023, the ratio of loans past due 90 or more days plus nonaccrual loans plus other real estate owned to total assets was 0.27% as compared to the 0.28% ratio of the peer group at such date (the latest date for which peer group information is available). At June 30, 2023 the ratio was 0.17%.

The following table presents the balance of other non-current loans at period-end as to which interest income was being accrued (i.e., loans 30 to 89 days past due, as defined in bank regulatory guidelines). These non-current loans are not included in nonperforming assets, but entail heightened risk:

Loans Past Due 30-89 Days and Accruing Interest ($ in 000's)
	6/30/2023		12/31/2022		6/30/2022
Commercial Loans	$	450	$	450	$	375
Commercial Real Estate Loans	—		—		—
Residential Real Estate Loans	1,972		1,779		1,440
Consumer Loans - Primarily Indirect Automobile	15,536		18,175		10,910
Total Loans Past Due 30-89 Days    and Accruing Interest	$	17,958	$	20,404	$	12,725

At June 30, 2023, the loans in the above-referenced category totaled $18.0 million, a decrease of $2.4 million, or 12.0%, from the $20.4 million of such loans at December 31, 2022. The June 30, 2023 total of non-current loans equaled 0.58% of loans then outstanding, compared to 0.68% at December 31, 2022 and 0.45% at June 30, 2022.

The number and dollar amount of performing loans that demonstrate characteristics of potential weakness from time-to-time (potential problem loans) typically is a very small percentage of the loan portfolio. See the table of Credit Quality Indicators in Note 4 to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements. Arrow considers all performing commercial and commercial real estate loans classified as substandard or lower (as reported in Note 4) to be potential problem loans. These loans will continue to be closely monitored and Arrow expects to collect all payments of contractual principal and interest in full on these classified loans.

As of June 30, 2023, Arrow held one other real estate owned property. At this time, Arrow does not expect to acquire a significant number of other real estate properties in the near term as a result of payment defaults or the foreclosure process.

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CAPITAL RESOURCES

Regulatory Capital Standards

Capital Adequacy Requirements. An important area of banking regulation is the federal banking system's promulgation and enforcement of minimum capitalization standards for banks and bank holding companies.

As reported in the Regulatory Reform section above, Arrow elected to opt out of utilizing the CBLR framework. The Capital Rules remain applicable to Arrow.

The following is a summary of certain definitions of capital under the various capital measures in the Capital Rules:

Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (CET1): Equals the sum of common stock instruments and related surplus (net of treasury stock), retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI), and qualifying minority interests, minus applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. Such deductions will include AOCI, if the organization has exercised its irrevocable option not to include AOCI in capital (Arrow made such an election). Mortgage-servicing assets, deferred tax assets, and investments in financial institutions are limited to 15% of CET1 in the aggregate and 10% of CET1 for each such item individually.

Additional Tier 1 Capital: Equals the sum of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock, tier 1 minority interests, grandfathered TRUPs, and Troubled Asset Relief Program instruments, minus applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions.

Tier 2 Capital: Equals the sum of subordinated debt and preferred stock, total capital minority interests not included in Tier 1, and allowance for loan and lease losses (not exceeding 1.25% of risk-weighted assets) minus applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions.

The following table presents the minimum regulatory capital ratios applicable to Arrow and its subsidiary banks under the current Capital Rules:

Capital Ratio	2023
Minimum CET1 Ratio	4.500	%
Capital Conservation Buffer ("Buffer")	2.500	%
Minimum CET1 Ratio Plus Buffer	7.000	%
Minimum Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio	6.000	%
Minimum Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio Plus Buffer	8.500	%
Minimum Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio	8.000	%
Minimum Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio Plus Buffer	10.500	%
Minimum Leverage Ratio	4.000	%

These minimum capital ratios, especially the minimum CET1 ratio (4.5%) and the enhanced minimum Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio (6.0%), represent a heightened and more restrictive capital regime than institutions like Arrow previously had to meet under the prior capital rules.

At June 30, 2023, Arrow and its subsidiary banks exceeded by a substantial amount each of the applicable minimum capital ratios established under the Capital Rules, including the minimum CET1 Ratio, the minimum Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio, the minimum Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio, and the minimum Leverage Ratio, including in the case of each risk-based ratio, the capital buffer.

Prompt Corrective Action Capital Classifications. Under applicable banking law, federal banking regulators are required to take prompt corrective action with respect to depository institutions that do not meet certain minimum capital requirements.  For these purposes, the regulators have established five capital classifications for banking institutions, ranging from the highest category of "well-capitalized" to the lowest category of "critically under-capitalized". Under the current capital classifications, a banking institution is considered "well-capitalized" if it meets the following capitalization standards on the date of measurement: a CET1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.50% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.00% or greater, a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.00% or greater, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5.00% or greater, provided the institution is not subject to any regulatory order or written directive regarding capital maintenance. Federal banking law also ties the ability of banking organizations to engage in certain types of activities and to utilize certain procedures to such organizations' continuing to qualify for inclusion in one of the two highest rankings of these capitalization categories, i.e., as "well-capitalized" or "adequately capitalized."

Current Capital Ratios: The table below sets forth the regulatory capital ratios of Arrow and its subsidiary banks under the current Capital Rules, as of June 30, 2023:

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	Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio		Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio		Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio		Tier 1 Leverage Ratio
Arrow Financial Corporation	13.27	%	13.96	%	15.08	%	9.92	%
Glens Falls National Bank & Trust Co.	13.51	%	13.51	%	14.59	%	9.22	%
Saratoga National Bank & Trust Co.	13.38	%	13.38	%	14.63	%	10.23	%
FDICIA's Prompt Corrective Action - "Well-Capitalized" Standard (2019)	6.50	%	8.00	%	10.00	%	5.00	%
Regulatory Minimum	7.00%(1)		8.50%(1)		10.50%(1)		4.00	%
(1) Including the fully phased-in 2.50% capital conservation buffer

At June 30, 2023, Arrow and its subsidiary banks exceeded the minimum regulatory capital ratios established under the current Capital Rules and each also qualified as "well-capitalized", the highest category in the new capital classification scheme established by federal bank regulatory agencies under the "prompt corrective action" standards, as described above.

Capital Components; Stock Repurchases; Dividends

Stockholders' Equity: Stockholders’ equity was $361.4 million at June 30, 2023, an increase of $7.9 million, or 2.2%, from the December 31, 2022 level of $353.5 million, and an increase of $4.9 million, or 1.4%, from the prior-year level. The increase in stockholders' equity over the first six months of 2023 principally reflected the following factors: the addition of (i) $14.6 million of net income for the period plus (ii) other comprehensive gain of $2.0 million and (iii) issuance of $1.0 million of common stock through employee benefit and dividend reinvestment plans reduced by (iv) cash dividends of $8.9 million and (v) repurchases of common stock of $848 thousand.

Trust Preferred Securities: In each of 2003 and 2004, Arrow issued $10 million of trust preferred securities (TRUPs) in a private placement. Under the Federal Reserve Board's regulatory capital rules then in effect, TRUPs proceeds typically qualified as Tier 1 capital for bank holding companies such as Arrow, but only in amounts up to 25% of Tier 1 capital, net of goodwill less any associated deferred tax liability. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, any trust preferred securities that Arrow might issue on or after the grandfathering date set forth in Dodd-Frank (May 19, 2010) would not qualify as Tier 1 capital under bank regulatory capital guidelines. For Arrow, TRUPs outstanding prior to the grandfathering cutoff date set forth in Dodd-Frank (May 19, 2010) would continue to qualify as Tier 1 capital until maturity or redemption, subject to limitations. Thus, Arrow's outstanding TRUPs continue to qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital, subject to such limitations.

In the first quarter of 2020, Arrow entered into interest rate swap agreements to synthetically fix the variable rate interest payments associated with $20 million in outstanding subordinated trust securities. The effective fixed rate is 3.43% until maturity. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges.

Stock Repurchase Program: In October 2022, the Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase program authorizing the repurchase, at the discretion of senior management, of up to $5 million of Arrow's common stock over the 2023 calendar year (the 2023 Repurchase Program), in open-market or negotiated transactions to the extent management believes Arrow's stock is reasonably priced and such repurchases appear to be an attractive use of available capital and in the best interests of shareholders. As of June 30, 2023, Arrow repurchased $848 thousand of common stock under the 2023 Repurchase Program. This repurchase arrangement does not include repurchases of Arrow's common stock other than through its 2023 Repurchase Program, i.e., repurchases of Arrow shares on the market utilizing funds accumulated under Arrow's Dividend Reinvestment Plan and the surrender or deemed surrender of Arrow stock to Arrow in connection with employees' stock-for-stock exercises of compensatory stock options to buy Arrow stock.

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Dividends: Arrow's common stock is traded on NasdaqGS® under the symbol AROW. The high and low stock prices for the past seven quarters listed below represent actual sales transactions, as reported by NASDAQ. Per share amounts and share counts in the following tables have been restated for the September 23, 2022 3% stock dividend.

					Cash
	Market Price				Dividends
	Low		High		Declared
2022
First Quarter	$	31.19	$	35.91	$	0.262
Second Quarter	29.61		32.79		0.262
Third Quarter	28.68		34.91		0.262
Fourth Quarter	28.50		36.51		0.270
2023
First Quarter	$	24.28	$	34.49	$	0.270
Second Quarter	17.63		24.92		0.270
Third Quarter (dividend payable September 15, 2023)	—		—		0.270

	Quarter Ended June 30
	2023			2022
Cash Dividends Per Share	$	0.270		$	0.262
Diluted Earnings Per Share	0.36			0.72
Dividend Payout Ratio	75.00		%	36.39		%
Total Equity (in thousands)	361,443			$	356,498
Shares Issued and Outstanding (in thousands)	16,553			16,503
Book Value Per Share	$	21.84		$	21.60
Intangible Assets (in thousands)	23,175			23,583
Tangible Book Value Per Share	$	20.44		$	20.17

LIQUIDITY

The objective of effective liquidity management is to ensure that Arrow has the ability to raise cash when needed at a reasonable cost.  This includes the capability of meeting expected and unexpected obligations to Arrow's customers at any time. Given the uncertain nature of customer demands and the need to maximize earnings, Arrow must have available reasonably priced sources of funds, both on- and off-balance sheet, that can be accessed quickly in times of need. Arrow’s liquidity position should provide the Company with the necessary flexibility to address any unexpected near-term disruptions such as reduced cash flows from the investment and loan portfolio, unexpected deposit runoff, or increased loan originations.

Arrow's primary sources of available liquidity are overnight investments in federal funds sold, interest-bearing bank balances at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and cash flow from investment securities and loans.  Certain investment securities are categorized as available-for-sale at time of purchase based on their marketability and collateral value, as well as their yield and maturity. The securities available-for-sale portfolio was $543.7 million at June 30, 2023, a decrease of $29.8 million, from the year-end 2022 level. Due to the potential for volatility in market values, Arrow may not always be able to sell securities on short notice at their carrying value, even to provide needed liquidity. Arrow also held interest-bearing cash balances at June 30, 2023 of $139.8 million compared to $32.8 million at December 31, 2022.

In addition to liquidity from cash, short-term investments, investment securities and loans, Arrow has supplemented available operating liquidity with additional off-balance sheet sources such as a federal funds lines of credit with correspondent banks and credit lines with the FHLBNY. The federal funds lines of credit are with two correspondent banks totaling $52 million which were not drawn on during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

To support the borrowing relationship with the FHLBNY, Arrow has pledged collateral, including residential mortgage, home equity and commercial real estate loans. At June 30, 2023, Arrow had outstanding collateralized obligations with the FHLBNY of $105.8 million; as of that date, the unused borrowing capacity at the FHLBNY was approximately $529 million. Brokered deposits have also been identified as an available source of funding accessible in a relatively short time period. At June 30, 2023, there were no outstanding brokered deposits. Also, Arrow's two bank subsidiaries have each established a borrowing facility with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, pledging certain consumer loans as collateral for potential "discount window" advances, which are maintained for contingency liquidity purposes. At June 30, 2023, the amount available under this facility was approximately $708 million in the aggregate, and there were no advances then outstanding.

Arrow performs regular liquidity stress tests and maintains a contingent liquidity plan to ensure that an adequate amount of available funds can be generated to meet a wide variety of potential liquidity events.

Arrow measures and monitors basic liquidity as a ratio of liquid assets to total short-term liabilities, both with and without the availability of borrowing arrangements. Based on the level of overnight funds investments, available liquidity from the investment securities portfolio, cash flows from the loan portfolio, the stable core deposit base and the significant borrowing capacity, Arrow believes that the available liquidity is sufficient to meet all reasonably likely events or occurrences. At June 30, 2023, Arrow's basic liquidity ratio, including FHLBNY collateralized borrowing capacity, was 17.9% of total assets, or $570 million in excess of Arrow's internally-set minimum target ratio of 4%.

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Arrow did not experience any significant liquidity constraints in the six month period ended June 30, 2023 and did not experience any such constraints in recent prior years. Arrow has not at any time during such period been forced to pay above-market rates to obtain retail deposits or other funds from any source.

RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

The following accounting standards have been issued and become effective for Arrow at a future date:

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. On January 7, 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, which refines the scope of ASC 848 and clarifies some of its guidance. The ASU and related amendments provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the existing guidance for applying GAAP to affected contract modifications and hedge accounting relationships in the transition away from the LIBOR or other interbank offered rate on financial reporting. The guidance also allows a one-time election to sell and/or reclassify to AFS or trading HTM debt securities that reference an interest rate affected by reference rate reform. The amendments in this ASU are effective March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022 and permit relief solely for reference rate reform actions and different elections over the effective date for legacy and new activity. In December 2022, FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)" which deferred the sunset date of Topic 848 to December 31, 2024, to allow for a transition period after the sunset of LIBOR. Arrow does not expect it will have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Compared With

Three Months Ended June 30, 2022

Summary of Earnings Performance

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

	Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022			Change			% Change
Net Income	$	6,047		$	11,974		$	(5,927)		(49.5)	%
Diluted Earnings Per Share	0.36			0.72			(0.36)			(50.0)	%
Return on Average Assets	0.59		%	1.20		%	(0.61)		%	(50.8)	%
Return on Average Equity	6.64		%	13.44		%	(6.80)		%	(50.6)	%

Net income was $6.0 million and diluted EPS of $0.36 for the second quarter of 2023, compared to net income of $12.0 million and diluted EPS of $0.72 for the second quarter of 2022. Return on average assets for the second quarter of 2023 was 0.59%, a decrease from 1.20% in the second quarter of 2022. In addition, return on average equity decreased to 6.64% for the second quarter of 2023, from 13.44% in the second quarter of 2022.

The following narrative discusses the quarter-to-quarter changes in net interest income, non-interest income, non-interest expense and income taxes:

Net Interest Income

Summary of Net Interest Income

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022			Change			% Change
Interest and Dividend Income	$	40,013		$	30,593		$	9,420		30.8	%
Interest Expense	14,241			1,555			12,686			815.8	%
Net Interest Income	25,772			29,038			(3,266)			(11.2)	%
Average Earning Assets(1)	3,953,642			3,858,837			94,805			2.5	%
Average Interest-Bearing Liabilities	2,924,743			2,808,287			116,456			4.1	%
Yield on Earning Assets(1)	4.06		%	3.18		%	0.88		%	27.7	%
Cost of Interest-Bearing Liabilities	1.95			0.22			1.73			786.4	%
Net Interest Spread	2.11			2.96			(0.85)			(28.7)	%
Net Interest Margin	2.61			3.02			(0.41)			(13.6)	%
Income Earned on PPP Loans included Net Interest Income	$	—		$	438		$	(438)		(100.0)	%
Net Interest Income excluding PPP loans	25,772			28,600			(2,828)			(9.9)	%
Net Interest Margin excluding PPP loans	2.61		%	2.98		%	(0.37)		%	(12.4)	%
(1) Includes Nonaccrual Loans.

Net interest income for the recently completed quarter decreased by $3.3 million, or 11.2%, from the second quarter of 2022. Interest and fees on loans were $34.6 million for the second quarter of 2023, an increase from $26.9 million for the quarter ending June 30, 2022, due to loan growth and higher loan rates. Interest expense for the second quarter of 2023 was $14.2 million, an increase of $12.7 million versus the comparable quarter ending June 30, 2022, due to higher deposit rates and changes in deposit composition. Net interest margin decreased 41 basis points in the second quarter of 2023 to 2.61%, from 3.02% during the second quarter of 2022. Average earning asset yields were 88 basis points higher as compared to the second quarter of 2022. The cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 173 basis points from the quarter ended June 30, 2022. Arrow defines net interest margin as net interest income divided by average earning assets, annualized. Further detailed information is presented above under the section entitled "Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis" on page 55 and 56 The impact of recent interest rate changes on Arrow's deposit and loan portfolios are discussed above in this Report under the sections entitled "Deposit Trends" on page 65 and "Loan Trends" on page 63.

As discussed previously under the heading "Asset Quality" beginning on page 67, the provision for loan losses for the second quarter of 2023 was $948 thousand, compared to a provision of $905 thousand for the second quarter of 2022.

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Non-interest Income

Summary of Non-interest Income

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2023		June 30, 2022		Change		% Change
Income From Fiduciary Activities	$	2,428	$	2,517	$	(89)	(3.5)	%
Fees for Other Services to Customers	2,717		3,050		(333)		(10.9)	%
Insurance Commissions	1,560		1,622		(62)		(3.8)	%
Net (Loss) Gain on Securities	(181)		154		(335)		(217.5)	%
Net Gain on the Sale of Loans	—		10		(10)		(100.0)	%
Other Operating Income	382		391		(9)		(2.3)	%
Total Non-interest Income	$	6,906	$	7,744	$	(838)	(10.8)	%

Total non-interest income in the current quarter was $6.9 million, a decrease of $0.8 million from the comparable quarter of 2022. Income from fiduciary activities for the second quarter of 2023 decreased by 3.5% from the second quarter of 2022, primarily driven by market conditions. Assets under trust administration and investment management at June 30, 2023 were $1.71 billion.

Fees for other services to customers were $2.7 million for the second quarter of 2023, a decrease of $333 thousand or 10.9% from the second quarter of 2022.

Insurance commissions were $1.6 million for the second quarter of 2023, essentially flat as compared to the second quarter of 2022.

Net loss on securities of $181 thousand for the second quarter of 2023 was primarily the result of a decrease in the fair value of equity securities from March 31, 2023. Other operating income was flat in comparison to the second quarter in 2022.

Non-interest Expense

Summary of Non-interest Expense

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022			Change			% Change
Salaries and Employee Benefits	$	12,039		$	11,687		$	352		3.0	%
Occupancy Expense of Premises, Net	1,583			1,602			(19)			(1.2)	%
Technology and Equipment Expense	4,362			3,974			388			9.8	%
FDIC and FICO Assessments	484			291			193			66.3	%
Amortization	44			48			(4)			(8.3)	%
Other Operating Expense	5,571			2,743			2,828			103.1	%
Total Non-interest Expense	$	24,083		$	20,345		$	3,738		18.4	%
Efficiency Ratio	72.72		%	55.01		%	17.7		%	32.2	%

Non-interest expense for the second quarter of 2023 was $24.1 million, an increase of $3.7 million, or 18.4%, from the second quarter of 2022. Salaries and benefit expenses increased $0.4 million, or 3.0%, from the comparable quarter in 2022. Technology expenses in the second quarter increased $388 thousand, or 9.8%, from the second quarter of 2022. In the second quarter of 2023, other operating expenses increased $2.8 million, driven primarily by the legal and professional fees associated with the delay in the filing the 2022 Form 10-K and the 2023 First Quarter Form 10-Q.

Income Taxes

Summary of Income Taxes

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022			Change			% Change
Provision for Income Taxes	$	1,600		$	3,558		$	(1,958)		(55.0)	%
Effective Tax Rate	20.9		%	22.9		%	(2.0)		%	(8.7)	%

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Compared With

Six Months Ended June 30, 2022

Summary of Earnings Performance

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022			Change			% Change
Net Income	$	14,609		$	24,549		$	(9,940)		(40.5)	%
Diluted Earnings Per Share	0.88			1.48			(0.60)			(40.5)
Return on Average Assets	0.73		%	1.23		%	(0.50)		%	(40.7)
Return on Average Equity	8.13		%	13.61		%	(5.48)		%	(40.3)

Net income was $14.6 million and diluted EPS of $0.88 for the first six months of 2023, compared to net income of $24.5 million and diluted EPS of $1.48 for the first six months of 2022. Return on average assets for the first six months of 2023 was 0.73%, a decrease from 1.23% for the first six months of 2022. In addition, return on average equity decreased to 8.13% for the first six months of 2023 from 13.61% for the first six months of 2022.

The following narrative discusses the period-to-period changes in net interest income, non-interest income, non-interest expense and income taxes:

Net Interest Income

Summary of Net Interest Income

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022			Change			% Change
Interest and Dividend Income	$	76,123		$	59,540		$	16,583		27.9	%
Interest Expense	22,257			2,677			19,580			731.4	%
Net Interest Income	53,866			56,863			(2,997)			(5.3)	%
Average Earning Assets (1)	3,900,032			3,872,734			27,298			0.7	%
Average Interest-Bearing Liabilities	2,853,914			2,831,953			21,961			0.8	%
Yield on Earning Assets (1)	3.94		%	3.10		%	0.84		%	27.1	%
Cost of Interest-Bearing Liabilities	1.57			0.19			1.38			726.3	%
Net Interest Spread	2.37			2.91			(0.54)			(18.6)	%
Net Interest Margin	2.79			2.96			(0.17)			(5.7)	%
Income Earned on PPP Loans included Net Interest Income	$	—		$	1,504		$	(1,504)		(100.0)	%
Net Interest Income excluding PPP loans	53,866			55,359			(1,493)			(2.7)	%
Net Interest Margin excluding PPP loans	2.79		%	2.90		%	(0.11)		%	(3.8)	%
(1) Includes Nonaccrual Loans.

Net interest income for the first six months of 2023 decreased $3.0 million, or 5.3%, as compared to the first six months of 2022. Total loans at June 30, 2023 increased $225.1 million from June 30, 2022. Investments decreased $77.6 million from June 30, 2022. At June 30, 2023, deposit balances were $3.5 billion. The decline of deposits from June 30, 2022 to June 30, 2023 was $43.4 million, or 1.2%. Net interest margin for the first six months of 2023 decreased 17 basis points to 2.79%, from 2.96% for the first six months of 2022. Average earning asset yields were 84 basis points higher as compared to the first six months of 2022, primarily due to higher market rates. The cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 138 basis points from the first six months of 2022. Arrow defines net interest margin as net interest income divided by average earning assets, annualized. Further detailed information is presented above under the section entitled "Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis." The impact of recent interest rate changes on Arrow's deposit and loan portfolios are discussed above in this Report under the sections entitled "Deposit Trends" on page 65 and "Loan Trends" on page 63.

As discussed previously under the heading "Asset Quality" beginning on page 67, the provision for loan losses for the first six months of 2023 was $2.5 million, compared to $1.7 million for the first six months of 2022.

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Non-interest Income

Summary of Non-interest Income

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2023		June 30, 2022		Change		% Change
Income From Fiduciary Activities	4,703		5,113		$	(410)	(8.0)	%
Fees for Other Services to Customers	5,312		5,845		(533)		(9.1)
Insurance Commissions	3,080		3,133		(53)		(1.7)
Net (Loss) Gain on Securities	(285)		284		(569)		(200.4)
Net Gain on the Sale of Loans	4		62		(58)		(93.5)
Other Operating Income	769		1,469		(700)		(47.7)
Total Non-interest Income	$	13,583	$	15,906	$	(2,323)	(14.6)	%

Total non-interest income for the first six months of 2023 was $13.6 million, a decrease of $2.3 million from the first six months of 2022. Income from fiduciary activities for the first six months of 2023 decreased by 8.0% from the first six months of 2022, primarily due to market performance. Arrow has been able to maintain a stable customer base.

Fees for other services to customers were $5.3 million for the first six months of 2023 representing a decrease of $0.5 million, or 9.1%, from the prior year comparative period.

Insurance commissions were $3.1 million for the first six months of 2023, which was relatively unchanged from the prior year comparable period.

Net loss on security transactions of $285 thousand for the first six months of 2023 was the result of the decrease in the fair value of equity securities.

Other operating income decreased $700 thousand from the comparable period in 2022, due primarily to bank-owned life insurance proceeds in 2022 and gains on other assets received in 2022.

Noninterest Expense

Summary of Noninterest Expense

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022			Change			% Change
Salaries and Employee Benefits	$	23,986		$	22,973		$	1,013		4.4	%
Occupancy Expense of Premises, Net	3,211			3,200			11			0.3
Technology and Equipment Expense	8,779			7,753			1,026			13.2
FDIC and FICO Assessments	963			598			365			61.0
Amortization	89			98			(9)			(9.2)
Other Operating Expense	9,351			4,668			4,683			100.3
Total Noninterest Expense	$	46,379		$	39,290		$	7,089		18.0
Efficiency Ratio	67.94		%	53.67		%	14.27		%	26.6	%

Noninterest expense for the first six months of 2023 was $46.4 million, an increase of $7.1 million, or 18.0%, from the first six months of 2022. Salaries and benefit expenses increased $1.0 million, or 4.4%, from the comparable period in 2022. Technology expenses increased $1.0 million, or 13.2%, from the first six months of 2022. Other non-interest expense increased $4.7 million for the first six months of 2023, as compared to the first six months of 2022. The majority of the increase is related to additional legal and professional fees associated with the delay in the filing of the 2022 Form 10-K and First Quarter 2023 Form 10-Q.

Income Taxes

Summary of Income Taxes

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022			Change			% Change
Provision for Income Taxes	$	3,959		$	7,256		$	(3,297)		(45.4)	%
Effective Tax Rate	21.3		%	22.8		%	(1.5)		%	(6.6)	%

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Item 3.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

In addition to credit risk in the loan portfolio and liquidity risk, discussed earlier, Arrow's business activities also generate market risk.  Market risk is the possibility that changes in future market rates (interest rates) or prices (market value of financial instruments) will make Arrow's position (i.e., assets and operations) less valuable.  Arrow's primary market risk is interest rate volatility. The ongoing monitoring and management of interest rate risk is an important component of the asset/liability management process, which is governed by policies that are reviewed and approved annually by the Board of Directors.  The Board of Directors delegates responsibility for carrying out asset/liability oversight and control to management's Asset/Liability Committee (ALCO).  In this capacity ALCO develops guidelines and strategies impacting the asset/liability profile based upon estimated market risk sensitivity, policy limits and overall market interest rate levels and trends.  

Changes in market interest rates, whether increases or decreases, can trigger repricing and changes in the pace of payments for both assets and liabilities (prepayment risk). This may individually or in combination affect net interest income, net interest margin, and ultimately net income, either positively or negatively. ALCO utilizes the results of a detailed and dynamic simulation model to quantify this interest rate risk by projecting net interest income in various interest rate scenarios.  

Arrow's standard simulation model applies a parallel shift in interest rates, ramped over a 12-month period, to capture the impact of changing interest rates on net interest income.  The results are compared to ALCO policy limits which specify a maximum tolerance level for net interest income exposure over a one-year horizon, assuming no balance sheet growth and a 200 basis point upward and a 100 basis point downward shift in interest rates. Additional tools to monitor potential longer-term interest rate risk, including periodic stress testing involving hypothetical sudden and significant interest rate spikes, are also evaluated.

The following table summarizes the percentage change in net interest income as compared to the base scenario, which assumes no change in market interest rates as generated from the standard simulation model. The results are presented for each of the first two years of the simulation period for the 200 basis point increase in interest rate scenario and the 100 basis point decrease in interest rate scenario. These results are well within the ALCO policy limits as shown:

As of June 30, 2023:

	Change in Interest Rate
	+ 200 basis points	- 100 basis points
Calculated change in Net Interest Income - Year 1	(4.07)%	1.48%
Calculated change in Net Interest Income - Year 2	7.94%	15.60%

The balance sheet shows an inverse relationship between changes in prevailing rates and Arrow's net interest income in the near term, suggesting that liabilities and sources of funds generally reprice more quickly than earning assets. However, when net interest income is simulated over a longer time frame, the balance sheet shows a relatively neutral profile with long-term asset sensitivity, as asset yields continue to reprice while the cost of funding reaches assumed ceilings or floors.

The hypothetical estimates underlying the sensitivity analysis are based upon numerous assumptions, including: the nature and timing of changes in interest rates including yield curve shape, prepayments on loans and securities, deposit decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits, reinvestment/replacement of asset and liability cash flows, and others. While assumptions are developed based upon current economic and local market conditions, Arrow cannot make any assurance as to the predictive nature of these assumptions including how customer preferences or competitor influences might change.

Also, as market conditions vary from those assumed in the sensitivity analysis, actual results will differ due to: prepayment/refinancing levels likely deviating from those assumed, the varying impact of interest rate changes on caps or floors on adjustable rate assets, the potential effect of changing debt service levels on customers with adjustable rate loans, depositor early withdrawals and product preference changes, unanticipated shifts in the yield curve and other internal/external variables. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis does not reflect actions that ALCO might take in responding to or anticipating changes in interest rates.

Item 4.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") (who is our principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") (who is our principal financial officer), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), as of June 30, 2023. The term "disclosure controls and procedures" means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that:

•information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms; and

•information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons and committees performing similar functions, such as the Audit Committee, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective due to the following unremediated material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting, previously disclosed on the 2022 Form 10-K:

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•We did not maintain effective monitoring controls related to 1) Internal Audit’s testing of management’s internal control over financial reporting, 2) the completeness and accuracy of information presented to the Audit Committee by Internal Audit, and 3) the related Audit Committee oversight over Internal Audit’s testing of management’s internal control over financial reporting.

•With regard to the conversion of our core banking information technology system, we did not effectively perform risk assessment procedures to identify the impact of the conversion on our internal control over financial reporting.

The material weaknesses did not result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements or previously released financial results.For additional information please refer to Part II - Item 9A. of the 2022 Form 10-K.

Prior to filing this Report, we performed relevant and responsive substantive procedures as of June 30, 2023, in order to complete our financial statements and related disclosures. Based on these procedures, management believes that our consolidated financial statements included in this Report have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. Our CEO and CFO have certified that, based on their knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this Form 10-Q, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the Company as of the dates, and for the periods presented in this Report.

During the first quarter of 2023 we initiated, and will continue to implement, measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting to remediate the deficiencies that comprised the material weaknesses, including engaging a professional services firm to review the Company’s control program required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, and assist Management with its overall Company-wide processes and with selecting and developing control activities designed to mitigate risks and support achievement of control objectives. In addition, the Company is in the process of evaluating the assignment of responsibilities of internal and external resources associated with the performance of internal controls over financial reporting and will consider hiring additional resources, contracting external resources, and/or providing additional training to existing resources as appropriate. In addition, we have initiated a process to identify and maintain the information required to support the functioning of internal controls over financial reporting and to establish and reinforce communication protocols, including required information and expectations to enable personnel to perform internal control responsibilities (e.g., formal training programs and corporate communications).

The material weaknesses set forth above will not be considered remediated until the applicable remedial controls operate for a sufficient period of time and Management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We may also conclude that additional measures may be required to remediate the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.

Even once remediated, our internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements because of their inherent limitations. Further, no internal control over financial reporting framework can provide absolute assurance that all instances of fraud will be detected and prevented. Additionally, any projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Other than the ongoing remediation efforts described above, there were no other changes in Arrow's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2023, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Arrow's internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.

Legal Proceedings

Except as noted below, Arrow, including its subsidiary banks, is not currently the subject of any material pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation occurring in the normal course of their business. On an ongoing basis, Arrow is often the subject of, or a party to, various legal claims by other parties against Arrow, by Arrow against other parties, or involving Arrow, which arise in the normal course of business. Except as noted below, the various pending legal claims against Arrow will not, in the opinion of management based upon consultation with counsel, result in any material liability.

On July 1, 2020, Daphne Richard, a customer of Glens Falls National Bank and Trust Company (“GFNB”), filed a putative class action complaint against GFNB. The complaint alleged that GFNB assessed overdraft fees on certain transactions drawn on Ms. Richard’s checking account without having sufficiently disclosed its overdraft-fee practices in its account agreement. Ms. Richard, on behalf of two purported classes, sought compensatory damages, disgorgement of profits, statutory damages, treble damages, enjoinment of the conduct complained of, and costs and fees. The complaint was similar to complaints filed against other financial institutions pertaining to overdraft fees. The Court granted final approval of a settlement on July 22, 2022. The settlement, which includes and releases Arrow, GFNB, and SNB (collectively, “Defendants”), required the Defendants to establish a $1.475 million settlement fund, among other terms. The case has been closed, and the settlement funds have been substantially distributed to the class.

The Company became aware that on June 23, 2023, Robert C. Ashe filed a putative class action complaint against the Company in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. In addition to the Company, the complaint names as defendants Thomas J. Murphy, the Company’s former CEO and from September 30, 2022 to February 20, 2023, its interim CFO, Edward J. Campanella, the Company’s former CFO, and Penko Ivanov, the Company’s current CFO (“Individual Defendants” and, together with the Company, the "Defendants"). The complaint alleges that the Defendants made materially false and misleading statements regarding the Company’s business, operations and compliance policies in the Company’s public filings between March 12, 2022 and May 12, 2023. The complaint further alleges that the Individual Defendants are liable for these materially false and misleading statements as "controlling persons" of the Company. Based on these allegations, the complaint brings two claims for violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder and of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. Mr. Ashe, on behalf of a purported class of shareholders, seeks compensatory damages as well as recovery of the costs and fees associated with the litigation. The Company believes the lawsuit to be without merit and expressly denies any wrongdoing in connection with the matters claimed in the complaint and intends to vigorously defend the lawsuit. As of the date of filing of this Report, the Company has not been served with the complaint.

Item 1.A.

Risk Factors

The Risk Factors identified in the 2022 Form 10-K continue to represent the most significant risks to Arrow's future results of operations and financial conditions, without further modification or amendment.

Item 2.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, Arrow had no purchases of common stock (our only class of equity securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act). As of June 30, 2023 , the maximum approximate dollar value of share that may yet be purchased under the publicly-announced 2023 Repurchase Program. was $4,152,132. We have suspended the operation of the DRIP as a result of the delayed filing of the 2022 Form 10-K and this Report and the related effects under applicable securities laws. Currently, we do not expect to resume operation of the DRIP for at least 12 months from the date we have filed the outstanding reports, but we cannot provide any assurance on when or if we will resume operation of the DRIP, although we expect this suspension is temporary.

Item 3.

Defaults Upon Senior Securities - None

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures - None

Item 5.

Other Information

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, none of Arrow’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act of 1933).

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Item 6.

Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Exhibit
3.(i)	Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant as Amended through June 3, 2019, incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 5, 2019, Exhibit 3.1
3.(ii)	By-laws of the Registrant, as amended, incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 24, 2009, Exhibit 3.(ii)
10.1	Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Penko K. Ivanov, Senior Executive Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer, effective July 18, 2023 incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed July 22, 2023, Exhibit 10.2*
10.2	Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between the Registrant and David S. DeMarco, President and Chief Executive Officer, effective May 13, 2023 incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K , filed July 22, 2023, Exhibit 10.1*
15	Awareness Letter
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer under SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer under SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
32	Certification of Chief Executive Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and Certification of Chief Financial Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
* Management contracts or compensation plans required to be filed as an exhibit.

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SIGNATURES

    Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION

Registrant

August 8, 2023	/s/ David S. DeMarco
Date	David S. DeMarco
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
August 8, 2023	/s/ Penko Ivanov
Date	Penko Ivanov
	Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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