Revenue

The Entertainment and Communications segment provides products and services to both consumer and enterprise customers that can be categorized as either Fioptics in Cincinnati or Consumer/SMB Fiber in Hawaii (collectively, "Consumer/SMB Fiber"), Enterprise Fiber or Legacy. The products and services within these three categories can be further categorized as either Data, Voice, Video or Other. Consumer/SMB Fiber and Legacy revenue include both consumer and enterprise customers. Enterprise Fiber revenue includes ethernet and dedicated internet access services that are provided to enterprise customers. Enterprise Fiber also includes revenue associated with the Southeast Asia to United States ("SEA-US") trans Pacific submarine cable system, which was acquired in conjunction with the acquisition of Hawaiian Telcom in the third quarter of 2018, and connects Indonesia, the Philippines, Guam, Hawaii and the mainland United States.

Consumer customers have implied month-to-month contracts, while enterprise customers, with the exception of contracts associated with the SEA-US, typically have contracts with a duration of one to five years and automatically renew on a month to month basis. Customers are invoiced on a monthly basis for services rendered. Contracts for projects that are included within the Other revenue stream are typically short in duration and less than one year. Contracts associated with the SEA-US typically range from 15 to 25 years and payment is prepaid.

The IT Services and Hardware segment provides a full range of Information Technology ("IT") solutions, including Communications, Cloud and Consulting services. IT Services and Hardware customers enter into contracts that have a typical duration of one to five years, with varied renewal options at the end of the term. Customers are invoiced on a monthly basis for services rendered. The IT Services and Hardware segment also provides enterprise customers with Infrastructure Solutions, which includes the sale of hardware and maintenance contracts. These contracts are typically satisfied in less than twelve months and revenue is recognized at a point in time.

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which was adopted on January 1, 2018, using the full retrospective method. See below for further discussion of the adoption, including the impact on our 2017 and 2016 financial statements.

The Company has elected the practical expedient described in ASC 606-10-32-18 that allows an entity to not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if the entity expects that the period of time between the transfer of a promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for such good or service will be one year or less. Customers are typically billed immediately upon the rendering of services or the delivery of products. Payment terms for customers are between 30 and 180 days. Subsequent to the acquisition of Hawaiian Telcom, the Company began recognizing a financing component associated with the up-front payments for services to be delivered under indefeasible right of use ("IRU") contracts for fiber circuit capacity. The IRU contracts are associated with the SEA-US. The IRU contracts typically have a duration ranging from 15 to 25 years.

Method of Adoption

The Company adopted ASC Topic 606 on January 1, 2018, using the full retrospective method. The comparative periods for 2018, 2017 and 2016 are recast and reported in accordance with ASC Topic 606. The adoption of ASC Topic 606 primarily affected product revenue and cost of products on our Consolidated Financial Statements. Based on the Company’s assessment of ASC Topic 606 as it relates to the sale of hardware within the Infrastructure Solutions category, the Company considers itself an agent (net) versus as a principal (gross). Based on our assessment of ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net), issued by the FASB in March 2016, the Company acts as an agent and as such will record revenue associated with the sale of hardware net of the related cost of products. This conclusion is based on the Company not obtaining control of the inventory since in most cases the Company does not take possession of the inventory, does not have the ability to direct the product to anyone besides the purchasing customer, and does not integrate the hardware with any of our own goods or services. In situations where the Company does take possession, the Company assesses if we act as the principal or the agent in such circumstances. While the Company does perform installation services in certain cases, those services involve installing the hardware into the customer’s existing technology. Installation is considered a separate performance obligation as it is capable of being distinct, and is distinct, within the context of the contract. The reduction to "Revenue" and "Cost of services and products" related to recording these contracts on a net basis is $222.8 million and $168.2 million for the years ended 2017 and 2016, respectively.

In addition to the changes discussed above, additional contract assets related to fulfillment costs and costs of acquisition of $30.1 million were recorded to "Other noncurrent assets" as of January 1, 2016, with an offsetting reduction in "Accumulated deficit." As a result of the entry, total contract assets related to fulfillment and acquisition costs were $30.6 million as of January 1, 2016. Under the new standard, the Company defers all incremental sales incentives and other costs incurred in order to obtain a contract with a customer. The Company amortizes the contract asset related to both fulfillment costs and cost of acquisition over the period of time the services under the contract are expected to be delivered to the customer.

Performance Obligations

A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, or a series of distinct goods or services, and is the unit of account defined in ASC Topic 606. A contract's transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Contract modifications for changes to services provided are routine throughout the term of our contracts. In most instances, contract modifications are for the addition or reduction of services that are distinct, and price changes are based on the stand-alone selling price of the service and, as such, are accounted for on a prospective basis as a new contract.

Goods and services are sold individually, or a contract may include multiple goods or services. For contracts with multiple goods and services, the contract transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation using the stand-alone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract.

Certain customers of the Company may receive cash-based rebates based on volume of sales, which are accounted for as variable consideration. Potential rebates are considered at contract inception in our estimate of transaction price based on the projected volume of sales. Estimates are reassessed quarterly.

Performance obligations are satisfied either over time as services are performed, or at a point in time. Substantially all of our service revenue is recognized over time. For services transferred over time, the Company has elected the practical expedient to recognize revenue based on amounts invoiced to the customer as the Company has concluded that the invoice amount directly corresponds with the value of services provided to the customer. Management considers this a faithful depiction of the transfer of control as services are provided evenly over the month and are substantially the same over the life of the contract. As the Company has elected the practical expedients detailed at ASC 606-10-50-13, revenue for these unsatisfied performance obligations that will be billed in future periods has not been disclosed.

As of December 31, 2018, our estimated revenue, including a financing component, expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations associated with customer contracts that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) is $39.7 million. Approximately 80% of this revenue is related to IRU contracts associated with the SEA-US (see Note 9). Certain IRU contracts extend for periods of up to 30 years and are invoiced at the beginning of the contract term. The revenue from such contracts is recognized over time as services are provided over the contract term. The expected revenue to be recognized for existing IRU contracts is as follows:



(dollars in millions)
2019	$	2.6
2020	2.6
2021	2.5
2022	2.6
2023	2.5
Thereafter	26.9

Entertainment and Communications

The Company has identified four distinct performance obligations in the Entertainment and Communications segment, namely Data, Voice, Video and Other. Data, Voice and Video services are a series of distinct services because service is delivered to the customer continuously and in a substantially similar manner for each period of the agreement. Services provided by the Entertainment and Communications segment can be categorized into three main categories that include Consumer/SMB Fiber, Enterprise Fiber and Legacy, each of which may include one or more of the aforementioned performance obligations. Data services include high-speed internet access, digital subscriber lines, ethernet, TDM, SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), Small Cell, dedicated internet access, wavelength, digital signal and IRU revenue. Voice services include traditional and fiber voice lines, switched access, digital trunking and consumer long distance calling. Video services are offered through our fiber network to consumer and enterprise customers based on various standard plans with the opportunity to add premium channels. To receive video services, customers are required to use the Company's set top boxes that are billed as part of the monthly recurring service. Set top boxes are not considered a separate performance obligation from video because the equipment is necessary for the service to operate and the customer has no alternative use for the equipment.

Services and products not included in Data, Voice or Video are included in Other revenue and are comprised of wire care, wire time and materials projects and advertising. Transfer of control of these services and products is evaluated on an individual project basis and can occur over time or at a point in time.

The Company uses multiple methods to determine stand-alone selling prices in the Entertainment and Communications segment. For Data, Video and Voice products in Consumer/SMB Fiber, market rate is the primary method used to determine stand-alone selling prices. For Data performance obligations under the Enterprise Fiber category, and Voice, Data and Other performance obligations under the Legacy category, stand-alone selling prices are determined based on a list price, discount off of list price, a tariff rate, a margin percentage range, or a minimum margin percentage.

IT Services and Hardware

The Company has identified four distinct performance obligations in the IT Services and Hardware segment. These performance obligations are Communications, Cloud, Consulting and Infrastructure Solutions. Communications services are monthly services that include UCaaS, SD-WAN, NaaS, Contact Center, enterprise long distance, MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) and Networking Solutions. Cloud services include storage, backup, SLA-based monitoring and management, virtual data centers and cloud consulting. Consulting services provide customers with IT staffing, consulting, and application services. Infrastructure Solutions includes the sale of hardware, software and maintenance contracts.

For the sale of hardware, the Company evaluated whether it is the principal or the agent. The Company has concluded it acts as an agent because it does not control the inventory before it is transferred to customers, it does not have the ability to direct the product to anyone besides the purchasing customer, and it does not integrate the hardware with any of its own goods or services. Based on this assessment, the performance obligation is to arrange a sale of hardware between the manufacturer and the customer. In the instance where there is an issue with the hardware, the Company coordinates with the manufacturer to facilitate a return in accordance with the standard manufacturer warranty. Hardware returns are not significant to the Company.

Within the IT Services and Hardware segment, stand-alone selling prices for the four performance obligations were determined based on either a margin percentage range, minimum margin percentage or standard price list.

For hardware sales, revenue is recognized net of the cost of product and is recognized when the hardware is shipped. For certain projects within Communications and Consulting, revenue is recognized when the customer communicates acceptance of the services performed. For contracts with freight on board shipping terms, management has elected to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the good, and therefore, has not evaluated whether shipping and handling activities are promised services to its customers.

Contract Balances

The Company recognizes incremental fulfillment costs as an asset when installation expenses are incurred as part of performing the agreement for Voice, Video and Data product offerings in the Entertainment and Communications segment when the contract life is longer than one year. These fulfillment costs are amortized ratably over the expected life of the customer, which is representative of the expected period of benefit of the asset capitalized. The expected life of the customer is determined utilizing the average churn rate. The Company calculates average churn based on the historical average customer life. We also recognize an asset for incremental fulfillment costs for certain Communications services in the IT Services and Hardware segment that require us to incur installation and provisioning expenses. The asset recognized for Communication services is amortized over the average contract life. Churn rates and average contract life are reviewed on an annual basis. Fulfillment costs are capitalized to “Other noncurrent assets.” The related amortization expense is recorded to “Cost of services and products.”

The Company recognizes an asset for the incremental costs of acquiring a contract with a customer if we expect the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year. We have determined that certain sales incentive programs related to Voice, Video, Data and certain Communications and Cloud services meet the requirements to be capitalized. The contract asset established for the costs of acquiring a contract are recorded to “Other noncurrent assets.” Sales incentives are amortized ratably over the period that services are delivered using either an average churn rate or average contract term, both representative of the expected period of benefit of the asset capitalized. Customer churn rates and average contract term assumptions are reviewed on an annual basis. The related amortization expense is recorded to “Selling, general and administrative.”

Management has elected to use the practical expedient detailed in ASC 340-40-25-4 to expense any costs to fulfill a contract and costs to obtain a contract as they are incurred when the amortization period would be one year or less. This practical expedient has been applied to fulfillment costs that include installation costs associated with wiring projects and certain Cloud services. In addition, this practical expedient has been applied to acquisition costs associated with revenue from certain Communications projects.

The following table presents the activity for the Company’s contract assets:



	Fulfillment Costs									Cost of Acquisition									Total Contract Assets
(dollars in millions)	Entertainment and Communications			IT Services and Hardware			Total Company			Entertainment and Communications			IT Services and Hardware			Total Company			Entertainment and Communications			IT Services and Hardware			Total Company
Balance as of January 1, 2016	$	15.0		$	1.5		$	16.5		$	12.7		$	1.4		$	14.1		$	27.7		$	2.9		$	30.6
Additions	14.5			1.1			15.6			7.3			0.7			8.0			21.8			1.8			23.6
Amortization	(12.5		)	(1.0		)	(13.5		)	(7.9		)	(0.8		)	(8.7		)	(20.4		)	(1.8		)	(22.2		)
Balance as of December 31, 2016	17.0			1.6			18.6			12.1			1.3			13.4			29.1			2.9			32.0
Additions	13.7			1.6			15.3			6.8			1.1			7.9			20.5			2.7			23.2
Amortization	(13.2		)	(1.2		)	(14.4		)	(7.3		)	(1.1		)	(8.4		)	(20.5		)	(2.3		)	(22.8		)
Balance as of December 31, 2017	17.5			2.0			19.5			11.6			1.3			12.9			29.1			3.3			32.4
Additions	9.9			1.9			11.8			7.9			1.7			9.6			17.8			3.6			21.4
Amortization	(12.9		)	(1.4		)	(14.3		)	(6.5		)	(1.0		)	(7.5		)	(19.4		)	(2.4		)	(21.8		)
Balance as of December 31, 2018	14.5			2.5			17.0			13.0			2.0			15.0			27.5			4.5			32.0

The Company recognizes a liability for cash received upfront for IRU contracts. At December 31, 2018, $1.4 million of contract liabilities were included in "Other current liabilities" and $28.0 million of contract liabilities were included in "Other noncurrent liabilities."

Disaggregated Revenue

The following table presents revenues disaggregated by product and service lines.




	Year ended December 31,
(dollars in millions)	2018			2017			2016
Data	$	402.6		$	344.5		$	333.0
Video	183.3			148.9			125.6
Voice	244.9			199.0			217.9
Other	22.6			13.7			14.8
Total Entertainment and Communications	853.4			706.1			691.3
Consulting	165.3			89.3			86.7
Cloud	98.0			81.0			85.5
Communications	178.5			160.6			144.3
Infrastructure Solutions	109.1			54.2			36.2
Total IT Services and Hardware	550.9			385.1			352.7
Intersegment revenue	(26.1		)	(25.5		)	(26.4		)
Total revenue	$	1,378.2		$	1,065.7		$	1,017.6

The following table presents revenues disaggregated by contract type.




		Year ended December 31,
(dollars in millions)		2018		2017		2016
Entertainment and Communications
	Products and services transferred at a point in time	$	25.3	$	20.6	$	23.2
	Products and services transferred over time	805.8		664.3		647.1
	Intersegment revenue	22.3		21.2		21.0
	Total Entertainment and Communications	853.4		706.1		691.3
IT Services and Hardware
	Products and services transferred at a point in time	142.9		$	80.8	$	54.9
	Products and services transferred over time	404.2		300.0		292.4
	Intersegment revenue	3.8		4.3		5.4
	Total IT Services and Hardware	550.9		385.1		352.7
Total Revenue
	Total products and services transferred at a point in time	168.2		101.4		78.1
	Total products and services transferred over time	1,210.0		964.3		939.5
	Total revenue	$	1,378.2	$	1,065.7	$	1,017.6