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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was 61.8% and 44.9%, respectively, compared to 23.1% and (13.8)% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. The significant items impacting the 2018 rates include a provision for net state and foreign taxes, foreign withholding taxes related to dividends from a foreign subsidiary, certain permanent items, and a change in the valuation allowance established for the net deferred tax asset balance projected for December 31, 2018. The significant items impacting the 2017 rates include a benefit recognized due to the application of the exception to the rules regarding intra-period tax allocation, a net state and foreign tax provision, foreign withholding taxes related to a dividend from a foreign subsidiary, certain permanent items, and a change in the valuation allowance established for the net deferred tax asset balance that had been projected for December 31, 2017. We recognize valuation allowances on deferred tax assets if, based on the weight of the evidence, we determine it is more likely than not such assets will not be realized. Changes in valuation allowances are included in our tax provision in the period of change. In determining whether a valuation allowance is warranted, we evaluate factors such as prior years’ earnings history, expected future earnings, loss carry-back and carry-forward periods, reversals of existing deferred tax liabilities and tax planning strategies that potentially enhance the likelihood of the realization of a deferred tax asset. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, substantially all of our net deferred tax assets were subject to a valuation allowance.

As indicated in the Company’s 2017 Form 10-K, certain tax accounting items impacted by the Tax Act were considered provisional pursuant to Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) due to both incomplete facts and limited availability of official guidance. The accounting for the federal income tax effects of the 2017 inclusion of accumulated deferred net foreign earnings and profits was finalized during the quarter ending September 30, 2018, with the filing of the consolidated federal income tax return. The finalization of the inclusion amount had no impact on the tax provision for either the three months or nine months ended September 30, 2018 as it merely increased the 2017 net operating loss that was carried forward and fully offset by a valuation allowance. Certain other items considered provisional in the 2017 Form 10-K, including the various states’ treatment of that inclusion, will be finalized as of the quarter ending December 31, 2018.