UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM
For
the quarterly period ended
or
For the transition period from ______ to ______
Commission
file number
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| (State or other jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer | |
| incorporation or organization) | Identification No.) |
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) |
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading symbol | Name of exchange on which registered | ||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
| No ☐ |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
| No ☐ |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☐ | ||||
| Smaller
reporting company |
Emerging
growth company |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
| Yes ☐ | No
|
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
On March 9, 2026 the registrant had outstanding shares of Common Stock, par value $ per share, which is the registrant’s only class of common stock.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| i |
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
| January 31, 2026 | October 31, 2025 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| Current assets: | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | ||||||
| Short-term investments | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ||||||||
| Total current assets | ||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use asset | ||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | ||||||||
| Current liabilities: | ||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accrued expenses | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability | ||||||||
| Total current liabilities | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability, non-current | ||||||||
| Total liabilities | ||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 10) | ||||||||
| Equity: | ||||||||
| Shareholders’ equity: | ||||||||
| Preferred stock, par value $ per share; shares authorized; shares issued or outstanding | ||||||||
| Series A convertible preferred stock, par value $ per share; shares authorized; shares issued or outstanding | ||||||||
| Common stock, par value $ per share; shares authorized; and shares issued and outstanding as of January 31, 2026 and October 31, 2025, respectively | ||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | ||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total shareholders’ equity | ||||||||
| Noncontrolling interest (Note 2) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Total equity | ||||||||
| Total liabilities and equity | $ | $ | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
| 1 |
ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except per share data)
| For the Three Months Ended January 31, | ||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| Revenue | $ | $ | ||||||
| Operating costs and expenses: | ||||||||
| Research and development expenses (including non-cash stock-based compensation expenses of $ and $, respectively) | ||||||||
| General and administrative expenses (including non-cash stock-based compensation expenses of $ and $, respectively) | ||||||||
| Total operating costs and expenses | ||||||||
| Loss from operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Interest income | ||||||||
| Net loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Net loss attributable to common shareholders | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Net loss per common share attributable to common shareholders: | ||||||||
| Basic and diluted | $ | ) | $ | ) | ||||
| Weighted average common shares outstanding: | ||||||||
| Basic and diluted | ||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
| 2 |
ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(in thousands, except share data)
FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED JANUARY 31, 2026 (UNAUDITED)
| Common Stock | Additional | Total | Non- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Par Value | Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Shareholders’ Equity | controlling Interest | Total Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, October 31, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||||||||||||||
| Stock option compensation to employees and directors | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock options issued to consultants | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock issued in an at-the-market offering, net of offering expenses of $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock issued upon exercise of stock options | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, January 31, 2026 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED JANUARY 31, 2025 (UNAUDITED)
| Common Stock | Additional | Total | Non- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Par Value | Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Treasury Stock | Shareholders’ Equity | controlling Interest | Total Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, October 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Stock option compensation to employees and directors | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock options issued to consultants | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expenses related to an at-the-market offering | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, January 31, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
| 3 |
ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)
| For
the three months ended January 31, |
||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | ||||||||
| Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | ||||||||
| Net loss | $ | ( |
) | $ | ( |
) | ||
| Stock option compensation to employees and directors | ||||||||
| Stock options issued to consultants | ||||||||
| Amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset | ||||||||
| Amortization of discount on held-to-maturity securities | ( |
) | ||||||
| Change in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ( |
) | ||||||
| Accounts payable | ( |
) | ||||||
| Accrued expenses | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
| Operating lease liability | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | ||||||||
| Disbursements to acquire short-term investments | ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||
| Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by investing activities | ||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | ||||||||
| Net proceeds (expenses) from an at-the-market offering | ( |
) | ||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | ( |
) | ||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | ( |
) | ||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | $ | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
| 4 |
ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
1. BUSINESS AND FUNDING
Description of Business
As used herein, “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” or “Anixa” means Anixa Biosciences, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Anixa Biosciences, Inc. is a biotechnology company developing therapies and vaccines that are focused on critical unmet needs in oncology. Our therapeutics program consists of the development of liraltagene autoleucel (“lira-cel”), a chimeric endocrine receptor-T cell therapy, which is a novel form of chimeric antigen receptor-T cell (“CAR-T”) technology, initially focused on treating ovarian cancer, that is being developed at our subsidiary, Certainty Therapeutics, Inc. (“Certainty”). Our vaccine programs include (i) the development of a vaccine against breast cancer, (ii) the development of a vaccine against ovarian cancer, and (iii) a vaccine discovery program utilizing the same mechanism as our breast and ovarian cancer vaccines to develop additional cancer vaccines to address many intractable cancers, including high incidence malignancies in lung, colon and prostate.
Our
subsidiary, Certainty, is developing immuno-therapy drugs against cancer. Certainty holds an exclusive worldwide, royalty-bearing license
to use certain intellectual property owned or controlled by The Wistar Institute (“Wistar”), the nation’s first independent
biomedical research institute and a leading National Cancer Institute (“NCI”) designated cancer research center, relating
to Wistar’s chimeric endocrine receptor targeted therapy technology. We have initially focused on the development of a treatment
for ovarian cancer, but we also may pursue applications of the technology for the development of treatments for additional solid tumors.
The license agreement requires Certainty to make certain cash and equity payments to Wistar upon achievement of specific development
milestones. With respect to Certainty’s equity obligations to Wistar, Certainty issued to Wistar shares of its common stock equal
to five percent (
Certainty, in collaboration with the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Inc. (“Moffitt”), has begun human clinical testing of lira-cel, the CAR-T technology licensed by Certainty from Wistar aimed at treating ovarian cancer. After receiving authorization from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), we commenced enrollment of patients in a Phase 1 clinical trial and treated the first patient in August 2022. Further, in May 2023 and August 2023, we treated the second and third patients in the trial, respectively, at the same dose level as the first patient, and the treatment was well-tolerated by the patients. Between February and June 2024, we treated the three patients of the second dose cohort, where the patients were administered a three-times higher dose of cells than the patients in the first cohort. The treatment at this dose level was also well-tolerated by the patients. From November 2024 to February 2025, we treated three patients in the third dose cohort, where they were administered a ten-times higher dose of cells than the patients in the first dose cohort. Consistent with the lower dose cohorts, the treatment was well-tolerated by the patients. Subsequently, we have treated patients in the fourth dose cohort, administering a 30-times higher dose of cells than the patients in the first dose cohort, and again the treatment appears to have been well-tolerated.
While the dose levels in these cohorts were expected to be sub-therapeutic, multiple patients have exhibited anecdotal signs of efficacy, including possible signs of T cell infiltration, tumor necrosis and encouraging survival observations. Through the date of this Report, thirteen patients have been treated, and seven have lived significantly beyond their expected median survival of approximately three to four months, based on disease stage and prior therapy history. One patient survived 28 months following treatment, three patients have survived greater than one year following treatment (17, 16 and 15 months, respectively) and three patients have survived 11, 9 and 8 months, respectively. The three patients that have reached 16, 15 and 9 months remain alive, and two additional patient who were treated more recently, are also currently alive. While the study is designed to primarily demonstrate safety, we believe this pattern of extended survival represents encouraging, albeit anecdotal, evidence of clinical activity in a patient population with limited therapeutic options.
| 5 |
This study is a dose-escalation trial with two arms based on route of delivery—intraperitoneal or intravenous—to determine the maximum tolerated dose in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer and to assess persistence, expansion and efficacy of the modified T cells. The study is being conducted at Moffitt and will consist of up to 24 to 48 patients who have received at least two prior lines of chemotherapy. The study is estimated to be completed in two to three years depending on multiple factors including when the maximum tolerated dose is reached, the rate of patient enrollment, the significance of efficacy data and how long we maintain the two different delivery methods.
We hold an exclusive worldwide, royalty-bearing license to use certain intellectual property owned or controlled by The Cleveland Clinic Foundation (“Cleveland Clinic”) relating to certain breast cancer vaccine technology developed at Cleveland Clinic. The license agreement requires us to make certain cash payments to Cleveland Clinic upon achievement of specific development milestones. Utilizing this technology, we are working in collaboration with Cleveland Clinic to develop a method to vaccinate women against breast cancer, focused initially on triple-negative breast cancer (“TNBC”), the most lethal form of the disease. The focus of this vaccine is a specific protein, α-lactalbumin, that is only expressed during lactation in a healthy woman’s mammary tissue. This protein disappears when the woman is no longer lactating, but reappears in many forms of breast cancer, especially TNBC. Studies have shown that vaccinating against this protein prevents breast cancer in mice.
In October 2021, following the FDA’s authorization to proceed, we commenced dosing patients in a Phase 1 clinical trial of our breast cancer vaccine. This study, which has been fully funded by a U.S. Department of Defense grant to Cleveland Clinic, is a multiple-ascending dose Phase 1 trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose (“MTD”) of the vaccine in patients with early-stage, triple-negative breast cancer as well as monitor immune response. The study has been conducted at Cleveland Clinic. During the course of the Phase 1 study, participants received three vaccinations, each two weeks apart, and have been closely monitored for side effects and immune response. The first segment of the study, Phase 1a, consisted of approximately 24 patients who had completed treatment for early-stage, triple-negative breast cancer within the past three years and were currently tumor-free but at high risk for recurrence. Studies show that 42% of TNBC patients will have a recurrence of their cancer, with most of the recurrences occurring in the first two to three years after standard of care treatment. In January 2023, the number of participants in each dose cohort was expanded, and as of August 2023, we had completed vaccinating all patients in these expanded cohorts. Subsequently, we began vaccinating participants in additional dose cohorts at varying dose levels of the different key components of the vaccine. Further, in November 2023, we commenced vaccination of participants in the second segment of the trial, Phase 1b, that included participants who have never had cancer, but carry certain mutations in genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2 or PALB2, that indicate a greater risk of developing TNBC in the future, and had elected to have a prophylactic mastectomy. Finally, in January 2024, we commenced vaccination of participants in the third segment of the trial, Phase 1c, that includes post-operative TNBC patients that have residual disease following treatment and are currently undergoing treatment with pembrolizumab (Keytruda®). In June 2025, we completed enrollment in the Phase 1 trial and in October 2025, we completed all patient clinical visits. In December 2025, we presented the final data from the Phase 1 trial at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. The key results presented were that (i) all primary study endpoints were met, (ii) protocol defined immune responses were observed in 74% of the study subjects, (iii) the vaccine was safe and well-tolerated by study participants at the maximum tolerated dose, and (iv) immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the subjects’ primary tumors for alpha-lactalbumin protein revealed a range of expression from absent to strong—analysis and correlation to immune response and clinical outcomes is ongoing. The Phase 1 findings are promising, and we are preparing to initiate a Phase 2 clinical trial in the neo-adjuvant setting (pre-surgery) to determine possible therapeutic effect of the vaccine. The Phase 2 trial will commence following FDA consultations, protocol development, manufacturing and clinical site selection.
We hold an exclusive worldwide, royalty-bearing license to use certain intellectual property owned or controlled by Cleveland Clinic relating to certain ovarian cancer vaccine technology. The license agreement requires us to make certain cash payments to Cleveland Clinic upon achievement of specific development milestones. This technology pertains to, among other things, the use of vaccines for the treatment or prevention of ovarian cancers which express the anti-Mullerian hormone receptor 2 protein containing an extracellular domain (“AMHR2-ED”). In healthy tissue, this protein regulates growth and development of egg-containing follicles in the ovary. While expression of AMHR2-ED naturally and markedly declines during menopause, this protein is expressed at high levels in the ovaries of postmenopausal women with ovarian cancer. Researchers at Cleveland Clinic believe that a vaccine targeting AMHR2-ED could prevent the occurrence of ovarian cancer.
In May 2021, Cleveland Clinic was granted acceptance for our ovarian cancer vaccine technology into the NCI’s PREVENT program. The NCI is a part of the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”). The PREVENT program is a peer-reviewed agent development program designed to support pre-clinical development of innovative interventions and biomarkers for cancer prevention and interception towards clinical trials. The scientific and financial resources of the PREVENT program are being used for our ovarian cancer vaccine technology to perform virtually all pre-clinical research and development, manufacturing and IND enabling studies. This work is being performed at NCI facilities, by NCI scientific staff and with NCI financial resources and will require no material financial expenditures by the Company, nor the payment of any future consideration by the Company to NCI.
| 6 |
In May 2024, based on the positive clinical results to date in the development of our breast cancer vaccine, we entered into a Joint Development and Option Agreement with Cleveland Clinic to collaborate in efforts to develop additional vaccines for the prevention or treatment of cancers. Working with Cleveland Clinic researchers, we are focusing on the same novel scientific mechanism as in our breast and ovarian cancer vaccines, and working to discover additional retired proteins that may be associated with other forms of cancer, specifically high incidence malignancies in the lung, colon and prostate.
Over the next several quarters, we expect the development of our therapeutics and vaccines to be the primary focus of the Company. As part of our legacy operations, the Company remains engaged in limited patent licensing activities of its various patent portfolios. We do not expect these activities to be a significant part of the Company’s ongoing operations nor do we expect these activities to require material financial resources or attention of senior management.
Over the past several years, our revenue was derived from technology licensing and the sale of patented technologies, including revenue from the settlement of litigation. We have not generated any revenue to date from our therapeutics or vaccine programs. In addition, while we pursue our therapeutics and vaccine programs, we may also make investments in and form new companies to develop additional emerging technologies. We do not expect to begin generating revenue with respect to any of our current therapeutics or vaccine programs in the near term. We hope to achieve a profitable outcome by eventually licensing our technologies to large pharmaceutical companies that have the resources and infrastructure in place to manufacture, market and sell our technologies as therapeutics or vaccines. The eventual licensing of any of our technologies may take several years, if it is to occur at all, and may depend on positive results from human clinical trials.
Funding and Management’s Plans
Based
on currently available information as of March 9, 2026, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments
will be sufficient to fund our activities for at least the next twelve months. The Company had approximately $
2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, certain information and disclosures required by US GAAP in annual financial statements have been omitted or condensed. These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related disclosures included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2025. The accompanying October 31, 2025 condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from the audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by US GAAP. The condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments of a normal recurring nature which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair statement of our financial position as of January 31, 2026, and results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods represented. The results of operations for the three months ended January 31, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year.
| 7 |
Noncontrolling Interest
Noncontrolling interest represents Wistar’s equity ownership in Certainty and is presented as a component of equity. The following table sets forth the changes in noncontrolling interest for the three months ended January 31, 2026 (in thousands):
| Balance, October 31, 2025 | $ | ( | ) | |
| Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | ( | ) | ||
| Balance, January 31, 2026 | $ | ( | ) |
Revenue Recognition
Our revenue has been derived solely from technology licensing and the sale of patented technologies. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of intellectual property rights and satisfaction of other contractual performance obligations to licensees in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive.
Our revenue recognition policy requires us to make certain judgments and estimates in connection with the accounting for revenue. Such areas may include determining the existence of a contract and identifying each party’s rights and obligations to transfer goods and services, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to separate performance obligations, estimating the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations, determining whether a promise to grant a license is distinct from other promised goods or services and evaluating whether a license transfers to a customer at a point in time or over time.
Our
revenue arrangements provide for the payment, within 30 days of execution of the agreement, of contractually determined, one-time, paid-up
license fees in settlement of litigation and in consideration for the grant of certain intellectual property rights for patented technologies
owned or controlled by the Company. These arrangements typically include some combination of the following: (i) the grant of a non-exclusive,
retroactive and future license to manufacture and/or sell products covered by patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company,
(ii) a covenant-not-to-sue, (iii) the release of the licensee from certain claims, and (iv) the dismissal of any pending litigation.
In such instances, the intellectual property rights granted have been perpetual in nature, extending until the expiration of the related
patents. Pursuant to the terms of these agreements, we have no further obligations with respect to the granted intellectual property
rights, including no obligation to maintain or upgrade the technology, or provide future support or services. Licensees obtained control
of the intellectual property rights they have acquired upon execution of the agreement. Accordingly, the performance obligations from
these agreements were satisfied and
Cost of Revenues
Cost of revenues include the costs and expenses incurred in connection with our patent licensing and enforcement activities, including inventor royalties paid to original patent owners, contingent legal fees paid to external counsel, other patent-related legal expenses paid to external counsel, licensing and enforcement related research and consulting and other expenses paid to third parties. These costs are included under the caption “Operating costs and expenses” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee compensation, payments to third parties for research and development activities and other direct costs associated with developing our therapeutics and vaccines. We recognize research and development expenses as incurred. Advance payments for future research and development activities are deferred and expensed as the services are performed. We recognize our preclinical studies and clinical trial expenses based on the services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions, clinical research organizations (“CROs”), clinical manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”), and other parties that conduct and manage various stages of research and development activities on our behalf. Fees for such services are recognized based on management’s estimates after considering the activities and tasks completed by each service provider in a given period, the time period over which services are expected to be performed, and the level of effort expended in each reporting period.
| 8 |
At each balance sheet date, management estimates prepaid and accrued research and development costs by discussing progress or stage of completion of activities with internal personnel and external service providers, and comparing this information to payments made, invoices received, and the agreed-upon contractual fee to be paid for such services in the applicable contract or statements of work.
In addition, we allocate certain internal compensation costs to research and development expenses based on management’s estimates of each employee’s time and effort expended.
Investment Policy
The Company’s investment policy is designed to optimize returns while managing risk and liquidity. The policy allows for investments in a diversified range of financial instruments, including U.S. government debt securities with fixed maturities and contractual cash flows, as well as alternative investments such as Bitcoin and Bitcoin-based exchange traded funds (collectively, the “Bitcoin Assets”).
The Company acquires U.S. government debt securities that it has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity. These securities are recorded at amortized cost, net of any applicable discount which is amortized to interest income, and are accounted for as held-to-maturity securities. The Company’s Bitcoin Assets are measured at fair value based on quoted prices on active exchanges. The Company recognizes changes in the fair value of Bitcoin Assets as gains or losses in the statement of operations during the period in which they occur.
The Company maintains equity incentive plans under which the Company may grant incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, performance awards, or stock units to employees, directors and consultants.
Stock Option Compensation Expense
We
account for stock options granted to employees, directors and consultants using the accounting guidance in ASC 718, Stock Compensation.
We estimate the fair value of service-based stock options on the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes pricing model, and recognize
compensation expense over the requisite service period of the grant. We recorded stock-based compensation expense related to service-based
stock options granted to employees and directors of approximately $
The
compensation cost for service-based stock options granted to consultants is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the
award using the Black-Scholes pricing model, and is expensed on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period (the vesting
period of the stock option) which is one to three years. We recorded stock-based consulting expense related to stock options granted
to consultants of approximately $
Stock Option Activity
During
the three months ended January 31, 2026 and 2025, we granted options to purchase shares and shares of common stock,
respectively, to employees and consultants, with exercise prices ranging from $ to $ per share, pursuant to the Anixa Biosciences,
Inc. 2018 Share Incentive Plan (the “2018 Share Plan”). During the three months ended January 31, 2026, stock options to
purchase shares of common stock were exercised on a cash basis, with aggregate proceeds of approximately $
Stock Option Plans
During the three months ended January 31, 2026, we had two stock option plans: the Anixa Biosciences, Inc. 2010 Share Incentive Plan (the “2010 Share Plan”) and the 2018 Share Plan, which were adopted by our Board of Directors on July 14, 2010 and January 25, 2018, respectively. The 2018 Share Plan was approved by our shareholders on March 29, 2018.
| 9 |
2010 Share Plan
The 2010 Share Plan provided for the grant of nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, performance awards and stock units to employees, directors and consultants. In accordance with the provisions of the 2010 Share Plan, the plan terminated with respect to the ability to grant future awards on July 14, 2020. Information regarding the 2010 Share Plan for the three months ended January 31, 2026 is as follows:
| Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) | ||||||||||
| Options outstanding at October 31, 2025 | $ | |||||||||||
| Exercised | ( | ) | $ | |||||||||
| Options outstanding and exercisable at January 31, 2026 | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Range of Exercise Prices | Number Outstanding and Exercisable | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) | Weighted Average Exercise Price | |||||||||||
| $ | - $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| $ | - $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| $ | - $ | $ | ||||||||||||
2018 Share Plan
The 2018 Share Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, performance awards and stock units to employees, directors and consultants. As of January 31, 2026, the 2018 Share Plan had shares available for future grants. Information regarding the 2018 Share Plan for the three months ended January 31, 2026 is as follows:
| Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) | ||||||||||
| Options outstanding at October 31, 2025 | $ | |||||||||||
| Granted | ||||||||||||
| Options outstanding at January 31, 2026 | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Options exercisable at January 31, 2026 | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Options Outstanding | Options Exercisable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Range of Exercise Prices | Number Outstanding | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Number Exercisable | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) | Weighted Average Exercise Price | ||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | - $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | - $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | - $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10 |
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Company maintains the Anixa Biosciences, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) which permits eligible employees to purchase shares at not less than % of the market value of the Company’s common stock on the offering date or the purchase date of the applicable offering period, whichever is lower. The ESPP was adopted by our Board of Directors on August 13, 2018 and approved by our shareholders on September 27, 2018. During the three months ended January 31, 2026 and 2025, shares were purchased under the ESPP.
Warrants
As
of January 31, 2026, we had warrants outstanding to purchase
Information regarding the Company’s warrants for the three months ended January 31, 2026 is as follows:
| Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | ||||||||||
| Warrants outstanding at October 31, 2025 | $ | |||||||||||
| Warrants outstanding and exercisable at January 31, 2026 | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Range of Exercise Prices | Number Outstanding and Exercisable | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) | Weighted Average Exercise Price | |||||||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||||||||
Stock Awards
During the three months ended January 31, 2026 and 2025, we did not issue any stock awards.
Treasury stock
As
of January 31, 2026, the Company held shares as treasury stock. As of January 31, 2025, the Company held shares of its common
stock as treasury stock. These shares were repurchased during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, at an average cost of $ per
share for a total cost of approximately $
4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
US GAAP defines fair value and establishes a framework for measuring fair value. We have categorized our financial assets and liabilities, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level fair value hierarchy as set forth below. If the inputs used to measure the financial instruments fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.
Financial assets and liabilities recorded in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:
Level 1 – Financial instruments whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market which we have the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2 – Financial instruments whose values are based on quoted market prices in markets where trading occurs infrequently or whose values are based on quoted prices of instruments with similar attributes in active markets.
| 11 |
Level 3 – Financial instruments whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs reflect management’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the instrument.
The following table presents the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of January 31, 2026 (in thousands):
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||
| Money market funds: | ||||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Bitcoin exchange traded funds: | ||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | ||||||||||||||||
| U.S. treasury bills: | ||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | ||||||||||||||||
| Total financial assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
The following table presents the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of October 31, 2025 (in thousands):
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||
| Money market funds: | ||||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Bitcoin exchange traded funds: | ||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | ||||||||||||||||
| U.S. treasury bills: | ||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | ||||||||||||||||
| Total financial assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
As noted above, the Company classifies its investments in U.S. treasury bills as short-term investments that are held-to-maturity, and accordingly, are presented on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets at amortized cost.
Our non-financial assets that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are property and equipment and other assets which are measured using fair value techniques whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate a condition of impairment exists. The estimated fair value of prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates their individual carrying amounts due to the short-term nature of these measurements. Cash equivalents are stated at carrying value which approximates fair value.
5. ACCRUED EXPENSES
Accrued expenses consist of the following as of (in thousands):
| January 31, | October 31, | |||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||
| Payroll and related expenses | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accrued royalty and contingent legal fees | ||||||||
| Accrued other | ||||||||
| Accrued expenses | $ | $ | ||||||
Basic net loss per common share (“Basic EPS”) is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net loss per common share (“Diluted EPS”) is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents and convertible securities then outstanding. Diluted EPS for all periods presented is the same as Basic EPS, as the inclusion of the effect of common share equivalents then outstanding would be anti-dilutive. For this reason, excluded from the calculation of Diluted EPS for the three months ended January 31, 2026 and 2025, were stock options to purchase and shares, respectively, and warrants to purchase and shares, respectively.
| 12 |
7. EFFECT OF RECENTLY ADOPTED AND ISSUED PRONOUNCEMENTS
In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to require disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The amendments in this update should be applied prospectively, with an option to apply them retrospectively, and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 for public entities. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In March 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, to improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and to provide more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The amendments in this update should be applied either prospectively or retrospectively, and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
8. INCOME TAXES
We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the estimated future tax effects of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. We have provided a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax asset due to our historical pre-tax losses and the uncertainty regarding the realizability of these deferred tax assets.
We
have substantial net operating loss carryforwards for Federal and California income tax returns. These net operating loss carryforwards
could be subject to limitations under Internal Revenue Code section 382, the effects of which have not been determined by the Company.
We have
9. LEASES
We
lease approximately
For
operating leases, the lease liability is initially and subsequently measured at the present value of the unpaid lease payments. The remaining
| 13 |
As of January 31, 2026, the annual minimum future lease payments of our operating lease liability were as follows (in thousands):
| For Years Ended October 31, | Operating Leases | |||
| 2026 (remaining) | $ | |||
| 2027 | ||||
| 2028 | ||||
| 2029 | ||||
| Total future minimum lease payments, undiscounted | ||||
| Less: Imputed interest | ( | ) | ||
| Present value of future minimum lease payments | $ | |||
| Balance as of January 31, 2026: | ||||
| Operating lease liability | $ | |||
| Operating lease liability, non-current | ||||
| Total | $ | |||
10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCES
Litigation Matters
Other than lawsuits related to the enforcement of our patent rights, we are not a party to any material pending legal proceedings, nor are we aware of any pending litigation or legal proceeding against us that would have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations or financial condition.
License Commitments
As
of January 31, 2026, our commitments under certain technology license agreements related to our therapeutic and vaccine development programs
for the next twelve months, were approximately $
Research & Development Agreements
We
have entered into certain research and development agreements with various collaboration partners and third-party vendors related to
(i) the manufacturing of materials necessary for the expected Phase 2 clinical trial of our breast cancer vaccine, (ii) the discovery
of new vaccine targets in high incidence malignancies in prostate, lung and colon and (iii) the further development of our CAR-T technology.
As of January 31, 2026, future payments the Company may make under these agreements, dependent upon, among other things, development
of analytical methods, formulation feasibility studies, stability testing and results of manufacturing processes, may be approximately
$
11. SEGMENT INFORMATION
We
manage our operations in
| 14 |
The Company’s chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”) is our Chief Executive Officer. The CODM reviews our operating results and operating plans and makes resource allocation decisions on a Company-wide, as well as reportable segment, basis. The CODM uses segment information to evaluate cash flow, identify risks and opportunities, allocate resources, and set strategic priorities. As stock-based compensation expense does not impact cash, segment operating expenses excluding non-cash stock-based compensation is the measurement the CODM uses in managing the enterprise. Segment operating expenses excluding non-cash stock-based compensation is a non-GAAP measure.
The following represents selected financial information for our segments for the three months ended January 31, 2026 and 2025, and as of January 31, 2026 and October 31, 2025 (in thousands):
| For the three months ended January 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cancer Vaccines | CAR-T Therapies | Other | Total | Cancer Vaccines | CAR-T Therapies | Other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development expenses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from operations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Total operating expenses | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less non-cash stock-based compensation | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses excluding non-cash stock-based compensation (a non-GAAP measure) | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| January
31, 2026 |
October
31, 2025 |
|||||||
| Total assets: | ||||||||
| Cancer Vaccines | $ | $ | ||||||
| CAR-T Therapeutics | ||||||||
| Other | ||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||
Operating costs and expenses excluding non-cash stock-based compensation is the measurement the chief operating decision-maker uses in managing the enterprise.
| 15 |
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements are not statements of historical facts, but rather reflect our current expectations concerning future events and results. We generally use the words “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “likely,” “will” and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements, including those concerning our expectations, involve risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control, which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and factors include, but are not limited to, those factors set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2025. Except as required by applicable law, including the securities laws of the United States, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You are cautioned not to unduly rely on such forward-looking statements when evaluating the information presented in this Report.
GENERAL
We discuss the description of our business in the Notes to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Three months ended January 31, 2026 compared with three months ended January 31, 2025
Revenue
We had no revenue during the three-month periods ended January 31, 2026 and 2025.
We have not generated any revenue to date from our therapeutics or vaccine programs. In addition, while we pursue our therapeutics and vaccine programs, we may also make investments in and form new companies to develop additional emerging technologies. We do not expect to begin generating revenue with respect to any of our current therapy or vaccine programs in the near term. We hope to achieve a profitable outcome by eventually licensing our technologies to large pharmaceutical companies that have the resources and infrastructure in place to manufacture, market and sell our technologies as therapeutics or vaccines. The eventual licensing of any of our technologies may take several years, if it is to occur at all, and may depend on positive results from human clinical trials.
Research and Development Expenses
During the three months ended January 31, 2026, research and development expenses related to the development of our cancer vaccines and CAR-T therapeutics consisted of approximately $673,000 and $429,000, respectively. During the three months ended January 31, 2025 research and development expenses related to the development of our cancer vaccines and CAR-T therapeutics consisted of approximately $975,000 and $577,000, respectively.
Research and development expenses decreased by approximately $450,000 to approximately $1,102,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2026, from approximately $1,552,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2025. The decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to a decrease in research and development expenses related to our breast cancer vaccine program as a result of fluctuations in the timing of certain materials manufacturing activities of approximately $189,000, a decrease in research and development expenses related to our CAR-T development program as a result of fluctuations in the timing of clinical trial patient enrollment of approximately $134,000, a decrease in employee compensation and related costs, other than stock-based compensation expense, of approximately $84,000, and a decrease in employee stock-based compensation expense of approximately $61,000.
| 16 |
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $220,000 to approximately $1,614,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2026, from approximately $1,834,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2025. The decrease in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to a decrease in employee stock-based compensation expense of approximately $133,000, a decrease in director stock-based compensation of approximately $68,000, a decrease in patent prosecution costs of approximately $32,000, a decrease in director compensation, other than stock-based compensation expense, of approximately $29,000, and a decrease in employee compensation and related costs, other than stock-based compensation expense, of approximately $20,000, offset by an increase in investor and public relations expense of approximately $76,000.
Interest Income
Interest income decreased by approximately $42,000 to approximately $131,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2026, from approximately $173,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2025, primarily due to a decrease in the amount of short-term investments held and a decrease in interest rates.
Net Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest
The net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest, representing Wistar’s ownership interest in Certainty’s net loss, decreased by approximately $9,000 to approximately $20,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2026 from approximately $29,000 in the three months ended January 31, 2025, as Certainty’s net loss decreased.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our primary sources of liquidity are cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments.
Based on currently available information as of March 9, 2026, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to fund our activities for at least the next twelve months. The Company had approximately $14,202,000 of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments at January 31, 2026 compared to approximately $15,174,000 at October 31, 2025 which is a reduction of approximately $972,000 for the three months ended January 31, 2026. Therefore, the Company believes that it has sufficient cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments to operate its business, as currently contemplated, for significantly longer than 12 months from the date of this Report. We have implemented a business model that conserves funds by collaborating with third parties to develop our technologies. During the three months ended January 31, 2026, we raised approximately $1,625,000, net of expenses, through an at-the-market equity offering of 429,328 shares of common stock. Under our at-the-market equity program, which is currently effective and may remain available for us to use in the future, as of January 31, 2026, we may sell approximately $98 million of common stock.
During the three months ended January 31, 2026, cash used in operating activities was approximately $2,610,000. Cash provided by investing activities was approximately $1,228,000, resulting from the maturities of short-term investments of approximately $13,760,000, offset by purchases of short-term investments of approximately $12,532,000. Cash provided by financing activities was approximately $1,685,000, resulting from the sale of 429,328 shares of common stock in an at-the-market equity offering of approximately $1,625,000, net of expenses, and proceeds from stock option exercises of approximately $60,000. As a result, our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments at January 31, 2026 decreased approximately $972,000 to approximately $14,202,000 from approximately $15,174,000 at October 31, 2025.
We have expected future cash obligations related to the lease of our executive offices through 2029, inclusive of extension periods, estimated at approximately $240,000.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In preparing these financial statements, we make assumptions, judgments and estimates that can have a significant impact on amounts reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements. We base our assumptions, judgments and estimates on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. On a regular basis, we evaluate our assumptions, judgments and estimates and make changes accordingly.
| 17 |
We believe that, of the significant accounting policies discussed in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2025, the following accounting policies require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments:
| ● | Revenue Recognition, | |
| ● | Stock-Based Compensation, and | |
| ● | Research and Development Expenses. |
Revenue Recognition
Our revenue has been derived solely from technology licensing and the sale of patented technologies. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of intellectual property rights and satisfaction of other contractual performance obligations to licensees in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive.
Our revenue recognition policy requires us to make certain judgments and estimates in connection with the accounting for revenue. Such areas may include determining the existence of a contract and identifying each party’s rights and obligations to transfer goods and services, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to separate performance obligations, estimating the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations, determining whether a promise to grant a license is distinct from other promised goods or services and evaluating whether a license transfers to a customer at a point in time or over time.
Our revenue arrangements provide for the payment, within 30 days of execution of the agreement, of contractually determined, one-time, paid-up license fees in settlement of litigation and in consideration for the grant of certain intellectual property rights for patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company. These arrangements typically include some combination of the following: (i) the grant of a non-exclusive, retroactive and future license to manufacture and/or sell products covered by patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company, (ii) a covenant-not-to-sue, (iii) the release of the licensee from certain claims, and (iv) the dismissal of any pending litigation. In such instances, the intellectual property rights granted have been perpetual in nature, extending until the expiration of the related patents. Pursuant to the terms of these agreements, we have no further obligations with respect to the granted intellectual property rights, including no obligation to maintain or upgrade the technology, or provide future support or services. Licensees obtained control of the intellectual property rights they have acquired upon execution of the agreement. Accordingly, the performance obligations from these agreements were satisfied and 100% of the revenue was recognized upon the execution of the agreements.
Stock-Based Compensation
The compensation cost for service-based stock options granted to employees, directors and consultants is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award using the Black-Scholes pricing model, and is recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period (the vesting period of the stock option) which is one to four years. For employee options vesting if the trading price of the Company’s common stock exceeds certain price targets, we use a Monte Carlo Simulation in estimating the fair value at grant date and recognize compensation cost over the implied service period. For stock-based awards that vest upon the achievement of a performance metric, the Company recognizes the estimated fair value of the award when achievement becomes probable.
For restricted stock awards granted to employees and directors that vest at date of grant, we recognize expense based on the grant date market price of the underlying common stock. For restricted stock awards vesting upon achievement of a price target of our common stock, we use a Monte Carlo Simulation in estimating the fair value at grant date and recognize compensation cost over the implied service period (median time to vest).
The Black-Scholes pricing model and the Monte Carlo Simulation we use to estimate fair value requires valuation assumptions of expected term, expected volatility, risk-free interest rates and expected dividend yield. The expected term of stock options represents the weighted average period the stock options are expected to remain outstanding. For employees, we use the simplified method, which is a weighted average of the vesting term and contractual term, to determine expected term. The simplified method was adopted since we do not believe that we have sufficient historical exercise data on which to base our own estimate. For consultants, we use the contract term for expected term. Under the Black-Scholes pricing model, we estimated the expected volatility of our shares of common stock based upon the historical volatility of our share price over a period of time equal to the expected term of the grants. We estimated the risk-free interest rate based on the implied yield available on the applicable grant date of a U.S. Treasury note with a term equal to the expected term of the underlying grants. We made the dividend yield assumption based on our history of not paying dividends and our expectation not to pay dividends in the future.
| 18 |
We will reconsider use of the Black-Scholes pricing model and the Monte Carlo Simulation if additional information becomes available in the future that indicates another model would be more appropriate. If factors change and we employ different assumptions in future periods, the compensation expense that we record may differ significantly from what we have recorded in the current period.
Research and Development Expenses
We recognize research and development expenses as incurred. Advance payments for future research and development activities are deferred and expensed as the services are performed. We recognize our preclinical studies and clinical trial expenses based on the services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions, clinical research organizations (“CROs”), clinical manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”), and other parties that conduct and manage various stages of research and development activities on our behalf. Fees for such services are recognized based on management’s estimates after considering the activities and tasks completed by each service provider in a given period, the time period over which services are expected to be performed, and the level of effort expended in each reporting period.
At each balance sheet date, management estimates prepaid and accrued research and development costs by discussing progress or stage of completion of activities with internal personnel and external service providers, and comparing this information to payments made, invoices received, and the agreed-upon contractual fee to be paid for such services in the applicable contract or statements of work.
In addition, we allocate certain internal compensation costs to research and development expenses based on management’s estimates of each employee’s time and effort expended.
EFFECT OF RECENTLY ISSUED PRONOUNCEMENTS
We discuss the effect of recently issued pronouncements in Note 7 of the condensed consolidated financial statements, included elsewhere in this Report.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Not applicable.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13(a)-15(b) of the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of the end of the period covered by this Report.
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended January 31, 2026, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
| 19 |
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
Other than lawsuits related to the enforcement of our patent rights, we are not a party to any material pending legal proceedings, nor are we aware of any pending litigation or legal proceeding against us that would have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations or financial condition.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2025.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds. None.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities. None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not Applicable.
Item 5. Other Information. None.
Item 6. Exhibits.
| 31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, dated March 9, 2026. | |
| 31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, dated March 9, 2026. | |
| 32.1 | Statement of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code, dated March 9, 2026. | |
| 32.2 | Statement of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code, dated March 9, 2026. | |
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document | |
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema | |
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase | |
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase | |
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase | |
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase | |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |
| 20 |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. | ||
| By: | /s/ Dr. Amit Kumar | |
| Dr. Amit Kumar | ||
| Chairman and Chief Executive Officer | ||
| March 9, 2026 | (Principal Executive Officer) | |
| By: | /s/ Michael J. Catelani | |
| Michael J. Catelani | ||
| President, Chief Operating Officer and | ||
| Chief Financial Officer | ||
| (Principal Financial and | ||
| March 9, 2026 | Accounting Officer) | |
| 21 |
Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION
I, Dr. Amit Kumar, certify that:
| 1. | I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Anixa Biosciences, Inc.; |
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
| 4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
| (a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; | |
| (b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; | |
| (c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and | |
| (d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and |
| 5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
| (a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and | |
| (b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. |
| /s/ Dr. Amit Kumar | |
| Dr. Amit Kumar | |
| Chairman and Chief Executive Officer | |
| March 9, 2026 | (Principal Executive Officer) |
Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION
I, Michael J. Catelani, certify that:
| 1. | I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Anixa Biosciences, Inc.; |
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
| 4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
| (a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; | |
| (b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; | |
| (c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and | |
| (d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and |
| 5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
| (a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and | |
| (b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. |
| /s/ Michael J. Catelani | |
| Michael J. Catelani | |
| President, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer | |
| March 9, 2026 | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |
Exhibit 32.1
Statement of Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code
Pursuant to Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned, Dr. Amit Kumar, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Anixa Biosciences, Inc., hereby certifies that:
| 1. | The Company’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report for the period ended January 31, 2026 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and | |
| 2. | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. |
| /s/ Dr. Amit Kumar | |
| Dr. Amit Kumar | |
| Chairman and Chief Executive Officer | |
| March 9, 2026 | (Principal Executive Officer) |
Exhibit 32.2
Statement of Chief Financial Officer
Pursuant to Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code
Pursuant to Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned, Michael J. Catelani, the President, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Anixa Biosciences, Inc., hereby certifies that:
| 1. | The Company’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report for the period ended January 31, 2026 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and | |
| 2. | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. |
| /s/ Michael J. Catelani | |
| Michael J. Catelani | |
| President, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer | |
| March 9, 2026 | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - $ / shares |
Jan. 31, 2026 |
Oct. 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Preferred stock, par value | $ 100 | $ 100 |
| Preferred stock, shares authorized | 19,860 | 19,860 |
| Preferred stock, shares issued | 0 | 0 |
| Preferred stock, shares outstanding | 0 | 0 |
| Common stock, par value | $ 0.01 | $ 0.01 |
| Common stock, shares authorized | 100,000,000 | 100,000,000 |
| Common stock, shares issued | 33,463,440 | 33,013,829 |
| Common stock, shares outstanding | 33,463,440 | 33,013,829 |
| Series A Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] | ||
| Preferred stock, par value | $ 100 | $ 100 |
| Preferred stock, shares authorized | 140 | 140 |
| Preferred stock, shares issued | 0 | 0 |
| Preferred stock, shares outstanding | 0 | 0 |
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands |
3 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Jan. 31, 2026 |
Jan. 31, 2025 |
|
| Income Statement [Abstract] | ||
| Revenue | ||
| Operating costs and expenses: | ||
| Research and development expenses (including non-cash stock-based compensation expenses of $338 and $397, respectively) | 1,102 | 1,552 |
| General and administrative expenses (including non-cash stock-based compensation expenses of $458 and $658, respectively) | 1,614 | 1,834 |
| Total operating costs and expenses | 2,716 | 3,386 |
| Loss from operations | (2,716) | (3,386) |
| Interest income | 131 | 173 |
| Net loss | (2,585) | (3,213) |
| Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | (20) | (29) |
| Net loss attributable to common shareholders | $ (2,565) | $ (3,184) |
| Net loss per common share attributable to common shareholders: | ||
| Basic | $ (0.08) | $ (0.10) |
| Diluted | $ (0.08) | $ (0.10) |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding: | ||
| Basic | 33,240 | 32,197 |
| Diluted | 33,240 | 32,197 |
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
3 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Jan. 31, 2026 |
Jan. 31, 2025 |
|
| Research and Development Expense [Member] | ||
| Non-cash stock-based compensation expenses | $ 338 | $ 397 |
| General and Administrative Expense [Member] | ||
| Non-cash stock-based compensation expenses | $ 458 | $ 658 |
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) $ in Thousands |
3 Months Ended |
|---|---|
|
Jan. 31, 2026
USD ($)
| |
| Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract] | |
| Offering expenses | $ 81 |
BUSINESS AND FUNDING |
3 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Jan. 31, 2026 | |
| Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] | |
| BUSINESS AND FUNDING | 1. BUSINESS AND FUNDING
Description of Business
As used herein, “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” or “Anixa” means Anixa Biosciences, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Anixa Biosciences, Inc. is a biotechnology company developing therapies and vaccines that are focused on critical unmet needs in oncology. Our therapeutics program consists of the development of liraltagene autoleucel (“lira-cel”), a chimeric endocrine receptor-T cell therapy, which is a novel form of chimeric antigen receptor-T cell (“CAR-T”) technology, initially focused on treating ovarian cancer, that is being developed at our subsidiary, Certainty Therapeutics, Inc. (“Certainty”). Our vaccine programs include (i) the development of a vaccine against breast cancer, (ii) the development of a vaccine against ovarian cancer, and (iii) a vaccine discovery program utilizing the same mechanism as our breast and ovarian cancer vaccines to develop additional cancer vaccines to address many intractable cancers, including high incidence malignancies in lung, colon and prostate.
Our subsidiary, Certainty, is developing immuno-therapy drugs against cancer. Certainty holds an exclusive worldwide, royalty-bearing license to use certain intellectual property owned or controlled by The Wistar Institute (“Wistar”), the nation’s first independent biomedical research institute and a leading National Cancer Institute (“NCI”) designated cancer research center, relating to Wistar’s chimeric endocrine receptor targeted therapy technology. We have initially focused on the development of a treatment for ovarian cancer, but we also may pursue applications of the technology for the development of treatments for additional solid tumors. The license agreement requires Certainty to make certain cash and equity payments to Wistar upon achievement of specific development milestones. With respect to Certainty’s equity obligations to Wistar, Certainty issued to Wistar shares of its common stock equal to five percent (5%) of the common stock of Certainty. Such equity stake is subject to dilution by further funding of Certainty’s activities by the Company. Due to such Company funding, Wistar’s equity stake in Certainty was 4.0% as of January 31, 2026.
Certainty, in collaboration with the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Inc. (“Moffitt”), has begun human clinical testing of lira-cel, the CAR-T technology licensed by Certainty from Wistar aimed at treating ovarian cancer. After receiving authorization from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), we commenced enrollment of patients in a Phase 1 clinical trial and treated the first patient in August 2022. Further, in May 2023 and August 2023, we treated the second and third patients in the trial, respectively, at the same dose level as the first patient, and the treatment was well-tolerated by the patients. Between February and June 2024, we treated the three patients of the second dose cohort, where the patients were administered a three-times higher dose of cells than the patients in the first cohort. The treatment at this dose level was also well-tolerated by the patients. From November 2024 to February 2025, we treated three patients in the third dose cohort, where they were administered a ten-times higher dose of cells than the patients in the first dose cohort. Consistent with the lower dose cohorts, the treatment was well-tolerated by the patients. Subsequently, we have treated patients in the fourth dose cohort, administering a 30-times higher dose of cells than the patients in the first dose cohort, and again the treatment appears to have been well-tolerated.
While the dose levels in these cohorts were expected to be sub-therapeutic, multiple patients have exhibited anecdotal signs of efficacy, including possible signs of T cell infiltration, tumor necrosis and encouraging survival observations. Through the date of this Report, thirteen patients have been treated, and seven have lived significantly beyond their expected median survival of approximately three to four months, based on disease stage and prior therapy history. One patient survived 28 months following treatment, three patients have survived greater than one year following treatment (17, 16 and 15 months, respectively) and three patients have survived 11, 9 and 8 months, respectively. The three patients that have reached 16, 15 and 9 months remain alive, and two additional patient who were treated more recently, are also currently alive. While the study is designed to primarily demonstrate safety, we believe this pattern of extended survival represents encouraging, albeit anecdotal, evidence of clinical activity in a patient population with limited therapeutic options.
This study is a dose-escalation trial with two arms based on route of delivery—intraperitoneal or intravenous—to determine the maximum tolerated dose in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer and to assess persistence, expansion and efficacy of the modified T cells. The study is being conducted at Moffitt and will consist of up to 24 to 48 patients who have received at least two prior lines of chemotherapy. The study is estimated to be completed in two to three years depending on multiple factors including when the maximum tolerated dose is reached, the rate of patient enrollment, the significance of efficacy data and how long we maintain the two different delivery methods.
We hold an exclusive worldwide, royalty-bearing license to use certain intellectual property owned or controlled by The Cleveland Clinic Foundation (“Cleveland Clinic”) relating to certain breast cancer vaccine technology developed at Cleveland Clinic. The license agreement requires us to make certain cash payments to Cleveland Clinic upon achievement of specific development milestones. Utilizing this technology, we are working in collaboration with Cleveland Clinic to develop a method to vaccinate women against breast cancer, focused initially on triple-negative breast cancer (“TNBC”), the most lethal form of the disease. The focus of this vaccine is a specific protein, α-lactalbumin, that is only expressed during lactation in a healthy woman’s mammary tissue. This protein disappears when the woman is no longer lactating, but reappears in many forms of breast cancer, especially TNBC. Studies have shown that vaccinating against this protein prevents breast cancer in mice.
In October 2021, following the FDA’s authorization to proceed, we commenced dosing patients in a Phase 1 clinical trial of our breast cancer vaccine. This study, which has been fully funded by a U.S. Department of Defense grant to Cleveland Clinic, is a multiple-ascending dose Phase 1 trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose (“MTD”) of the vaccine in patients with early-stage, triple-negative breast cancer as well as monitor immune response. The study has been conducted at Cleveland Clinic. During the course of the Phase 1 study, participants received three vaccinations, each two weeks apart, and have been closely monitored for side effects and immune response. The first segment of the study, Phase 1a, consisted of approximately 24 patients who had completed treatment for early-stage, triple-negative breast cancer within the past three years and were currently tumor-free but at high risk for recurrence. Studies show that 42% of TNBC patients will have a recurrence of their cancer, with most of the recurrences occurring in the first two to three years after standard of care treatment. In January 2023, the number of participants in each dose cohort was expanded, and as of August 2023, we had completed vaccinating all patients in these expanded cohorts. Subsequently, we began vaccinating participants in additional dose cohorts at varying dose levels of the different key components of the vaccine. Further, in November 2023, we commenced vaccination of participants in the second segment of the trial, Phase 1b, that included participants who have never had cancer, but carry certain mutations in genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2 or PALB2, that indicate a greater risk of developing TNBC in the future, and had elected to have a prophylactic mastectomy. Finally, in January 2024, we commenced vaccination of participants in the third segment of the trial, Phase 1c, that includes post-operative TNBC patients that have residual disease following treatment and are currently undergoing treatment with pembrolizumab (Keytruda®). In June 2025, we completed enrollment in the Phase 1 trial and in October 2025, we completed all patient clinical visits. In December 2025, we presented the final data from the Phase 1 trial at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. The key results presented were that (i) all primary study endpoints were met, (ii) protocol defined immune responses were observed in 74% of the study subjects, (iii) the vaccine was safe and well-tolerated by study participants at the maximum tolerated dose, and (iv) immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the subjects’ primary tumors for alpha-lactalbumin protein revealed a range of expression from absent to strong—analysis and correlation to immune response and clinical outcomes is ongoing. The Phase 1 findings are promising, and we are preparing to initiate a Phase 2 clinical trial in the neo-adjuvant setting (pre-surgery) to determine possible therapeutic effect of the vaccine. The Phase 2 trial will commence following FDA consultations, protocol development, manufacturing and clinical site selection.
We hold an exclusive worldwide, royalty-bearing license to use certain intellectual property owned or controlled by Cleveland Clinic relating to certain ovarian cancer vaccine technology. The license agreement requires us to make certain cash payments to Cleveland Clinic upon achievement of specific development milestones. This technology pertains to, among other things, the use of vaccines for the treatment or prevention of ovarian cancers which express the anti-Mullerian hormone receptor 2 protein containing an extracellular domain (“AMHR2-ED”). In healthy tissue, this protein regulates growth and development of egg-containing follicles in the ovary. While expression of AMHR2-ED naturally and markedly declines during menopause, this protein is expressed at high levels in the ovaries of postmenopausal women with ovarian cancer. Researchers at Cleveland Clinic believe that a vaccine targeting AMHR2-ED could prevent the occurrence of ovarian cancer.
In May 2021, Cleveland Clinic was granted acceptance for our ovarian cancer vaccine technology into the NCI’s PREVENT program. The NCI is a part of the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”). The PREVENT program is a peer-reviewed agent development program designed to support pre-clinical development of innovative interventions and biomarkers for cancer prevention and interception towards clinical trials. The scientific and financial resources of the PREVENT program are being used for our ovarian cancer vaccine technology to perform virtually all pre-clinical research and development, manufacturing and IND enabling studies. This work is being performed at NCI facilities, by NCI scientific staff and with NCI financial resources and will require no material financial expenditures by the Company, nor the payment of any future consideration by the Company to NCI.
In May 2024, based on the positive clinical results to date in the development of our breast cancer vaccine, we entered into a Joint Development and Option Agreement with Cleveland Clinic to collaborate in efforts to develop additional vaccines for the prevention or treatment of cancers. Working with Cleveland Clinic researchers, we are focusing on the same novel scientific mechanism as in our breast and ovarian cancer vaccines, and working to discover additional retired proteins that may be associated with other forms of cancer, specifically high incidence malignancies in the lung, colon and prostate.
Over the next several quarters, we expect the development of our therapeutics and vaccines to be the primary focus of the Company. As part of our legacy operations, the Company remains engaged in limited patent licensing activities of its various patent portfolios. We do not expect these activities to be a significant part of the Company’s ongoing operations nor do we expect these activities to require material financial resources or attention of senior management.
Over the past several years, our revenue was derived from technology licensing and the sale of patented technologies, including revenue from the settlement of litigation. We have not generated any revenue to date from our therapeutics or vaccine programs. In addition, while we pursue our therapeutics and vaccine programs, we may also make investments in and form new companies to develop additional emerging technologies. We do not expect to begin generating revenue with respect to any of our current therapeutics or vaccine programs in the near term. We hope to achieve a profitable outcome by eventually licensing our technologies to large pharmaceutical companies that have the resources and infrastructure in place to manufacture, market and sell our technologies as therapeutics or vaccines. The eventual licensing of any of our technologies may take several years, if it is to occur at all, and may depend on positive results from human clinical trials.
Funding and Management’s Plans
Based on currently available information as of March 9, 2026, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to fund our activities for at least the next twelve months. The Company had approximately $14,202,000 of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments at January 31, 2026 compared to approximately $15,174,000 at October 31, 2025 which is a reduction of approximately $972,000 for the three months ended January 31, 2026. Therefore, the Company believes that it has sufficient cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments to operate its business, as currently contemplated, for significantly longer than 12 months from the date of this Report. We have implemented a business model that conserves funds by collaborating with third parties to develop our technologies. During the three months ended January 31, 2026, we raised approximately $1,625,000, net of expenses, through an at-the-market equity offering of shares of common stock. Under our at-the-market equity program, which is currently effective and may remain available for us to use in the future, as of January 31, 2026, we may sell approximately $98 million of common stock.
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SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES |
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| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||
| SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, certain information and disclosures required by US GAAP in annual financial statements have been omitted or condensed. These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related disclosures included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2025. The accompanying October 31, 2025 condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from the audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by US GAAP. The condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments of a normal recurring nature which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair statement of our financial position as of January 31, 2026, and results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods represented. The results of operations for the three months ended January 31, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year.
Noncontrolling Interest
Noncontrolling interest represents Wistar’s equity ownership in Certainty and is presented as a component of equity. The following table sets forth the changes in noncontrolling interest for the three months ended January 31, 2026 (in thousands):
Revenue Recognition
Our revenue has been derived solely from technology licensing and the sale of patented technologies. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of intellectual property rights and satisfaction of other contractual performance obligations to licensees in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive.
Our revenue recognition policy requires us to make certain judgments and estimates in connection with the accounting for revenue. Such areas may include determining the existence of a contract and identifying each party’s rights and obligations to transfer goods and services, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to separate performance obligations, estimating the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations, determining whether a promise to grant a license is distinct from other promised goods or services and evaluating whether a license transfers to a customer at a point in time or over time.
Our revenue arrangements provide for the payment, within 30 days of execution of the agreement, of contractually determined, one-time, paid-up license fees in settlement of litigation and in consideration for the grant of certain intellectual property rights for patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company. These arrangements typically include some combination of the following: (i) the grant of a non-exclusive, retroactive and future license to manufacture and/or sell products covered by patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company, (ii) a covenant-not-to-sue, (iii) the release of the licensee from certain claims, and (iv) the dismissal of any pending litigation. In such instances, the intellectual property rights granted have been perpetual in nature, extending until the expiration of the related patents. Pursuant to the terms of these agreements, we have no further obligations with respect to the granted intellectual property rights, including no obligation to maintain or upgrade the technology, or provide future support or services. Licensees obtained control of the intellectual property rights they have acquired upon execution of the agreement. Accordingly, the performance obligations from these agreements were satisfied and 100% of the revenue was recognized upon the execution of the agreements.
Cost of Revenues
Cost of revenues include the costs and expenses incurred in connection with our patent licensing and enforcement activities, including inventor royalties paid to original patent owners, contingent legal fees paid to external counsel, other patent-related legal expenses paid to external counsel, licensing and enforcement related research and consulting and other expenses paid to third parties. These costs are included under the caption “Operating costs and expenses” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee compensation, payments to third parties for research and development activities and other direct costs associated with developing our therapeutics and vaccines. We recognize research and development expenses as incurred. Advance payments for future research and development activities are deferred and expensed as the services are performed. We recognize our preclinical studies and clinical trial expenses based on the services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions, clinical research organizations (“CROs”), clinical manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”), and other parties that conduct and manage various stages of research and development activities on our behalf. Fees for such services are recognized based on management’s estimates after considering the activities and tasks completed by each service provider in a given period, the time period over which services are expected to be performed, and the level of effort expended in each reporting period.
At each balance sheet date, management estimates prepaid and accrued research and development costs by discussing progress or stage of completion of activities with internal personnel and external service providers, and comparing this information to payments made, invoices received, and the agreed-upon contractual fee to be paid for such services in the applicable contract or statements of work.
In addition, we allocate certain internal compensation costs to research and development expenses based on management’s estimates of each employee’s time and effort expended.
Investment Policy
The Company’s investment policy is designed to optimize returns while managing risk and liquidity. The policy allows for investments in a diversified range of financial instruments, including U.S. government debt securities with fixed maturities and contractual cash flows, as well as alternative investments such as Bitcoin and Bitcoin-based exchange traded funds (collectively, the “Bitcoin Assets”).
The Company acquires U.S. government debt securities that it has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity. These securities are recorded at amortized cost, net of any applicable discount which is amortized to interest income, and are accounted for as held-to-maturity securities. The Company’s Bitcoin Assets are measured at fair value based on quoted prices on active exchanges. The Company recognizes changes in the fair value of Bitcoin Assets as gains or losses in the statement of operations during the period in which they occur.
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STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION |
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| Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION |
The Company maintains equity incentive plans under which the Company may grant incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, performance awards, or stock units to employees, directors and consultants.
Stock Option Compensation Expense
We account for stock options granted to employees, directors and consultants using the accounting guidance in ASC 718, Stock Compensation. We estimate the fair value of service-based stock options on the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes pricing model, and recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period of the grant. We recorded stock-based compensation expense related to service-based stock options granted to employees and directors of approximately $768,000 and $1,031,000 during the three months ended January 31, 2026 and 2025.
The compensation cost for service-based stock options granted to consultants is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award using the Black-Scholes pricing model, and is expensed on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period (the vesting period of the stock option) which is one to three years. We recorded stock-based consulting expense related to stock options granted to consultants of approximately $28,000 and $24,000 during the three months ended January 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.
Stock Option Activity
During the three months ended January 31, 2026 and 2025, we granted options to purchase shares and shares of common stock, respectively, to employees and consultants, with exercise prices ranging from $ to $ per share, pursuant to the Anixa Biosciences, Inc. 2018 Share Incentive Plan (the “2018 Share Plan”). During the three months ended January 31, 2026, stock options to purchase shares of common stock were exercised on a cash basis, with aggregate proceeds of approximately $60,000. During the three months ended January 31, 2025, stock options were exercised.
Stock Option Plans
During the three months ended January 31, 2026, we had two stock option plans: the Anixa Biosciences, Inc. 2010 Share Incentive Plan (the “2010 Share Plan”) and the 2018 Share Plan, which were adopted by our Board of Directors on July 14, 2010 and January 25, 2018, respectively. The 2018 Share Plan was approved by our shareholders on March 29, 2018.
2010 Share Plan
The 2010 Share Plan provided for the grant of nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, performance awards and stock units to employees, directors and consultants. In accordance with the provisions of the 2010 Share Plan, the plan terminated with respect to the ability to grant future awards on July 14, 2020. Information regarding the 2010 Share Plan for the three months ended January 31, 2026 is as follows:
2018 Share Plan
The 2018 Share Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, performance awards and stock units to employees, directors and consultants. As of January 31, 2026, the 2018 Share Plan had shares available for future grants. Information regarding the 2018 Share Plan for the three months ended January 31, 2026 is as follows:
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Company maintains the Anixa Biosciences, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) which permits eligible employees to purchase shares at not less than % of the market value of the Company’s common stock on the offering date or the purchase date of the applicable offering period, whichever is lower. The ESPP was adopted by our Board of Directors on August 13, 2018 and approved by our shareholders on September 27, 2018. During the three months ended January 31, 2026 and 2025, shares were purchased under the ESPP.
Warrants
As of January 31, 2026, we had warrants outstanding to purchase 300,000 shares of common stock at $6.56 per share, issued during fiscal year 2021 and expiring on March 22, 2026.
Information regarding the Company’s warrants for the three months ended January 31, 2026 is as follows:
Stock Awards
During the three months ended January 31, 2026 and 2025, we did not issue any stock awards.
Treasury stock
As of January 31, 2026, the Company held shares as treasury stock. As of January 31, 2025, the Company held shares of its common stock as treasury stock. These shares were repurchased during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, at an average cost of $ per share for a total cost of approximately $6,000, and were subsequently canceled in March 2025. The repurchases were made as part of a stock buyback program approved by our Board of Directors on July 11, 2024. The stock buyback program expired on its 12-month anniversary. The treasury shares were accounted for under the cost method and were recorded as a reduction in shareholders’ equity in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS |
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| Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS | 4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
US GAAP defines fair value and establishes a framework for measuring fair value. We have categorized our financial assets and liabilities, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level fair value hierarchy as set forth below. If the inputs used to measure the financial instruments fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.
Financial assets and liabilities recorded in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:
Level 1 – Financial instruments whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market which we have the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2 – Financial instruments whose values are based on quoted market prices in markets where trading occurs infrequently or whose values are based on quoted prices of instruments with similar attributes in active markets.
Level 3 – Financial instruments whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs reflect management’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the instrument.
The following table presents the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of January 31, 2026 (in thousands):
The following table presents the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of October 31, 2025 (in thousands):
As noted above, the Company classifies its investments in U.S. treasury bills as short-term investments that are held-to-maturity, and accordingly, are presented on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets at amortized cost.
Our non-financial assets that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are property and equipment and other assets which are measured using fair value techniques whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate a condition of impairment exists. The estimated fair value of prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates their individual carrying amounts due to the short-term nature of these measurements. Cash equivalents are stated at carrying value which approximates fair value.
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ACCRUED EXPENSES |
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| Payables and Accruals [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ACCRUED EXPENSES | 5. ACCRUED EXPENSES
Accrued expenses consist of the following as of (in thousands):
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NET LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK |
3 Months Ended |
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Jan. 31, 2026 | |
| Net loss per common share attributable to common shareholders: | |
| NET LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK |
Basic net loss per common share (“Basic EPS”) is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net loss per common share (“Diluted EPS”) is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents and convertible securities then outstanding. Diluted EPS for all periods presented is the same as Basic EPS, as the inclusion of the effect of common share equivalents then outstanding would be anti-dilutive. For this reason, excluded from the calculation of Diluted EPS for the three months ended January 31, 2026 and 2025, were stock options to purchase and shares, respectively, and warrants to purchase and shares, respectively.
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EFFECT OF RECENTLY ADOPTED AND ISSUED PRONOUNCEMENTS |
3 Months Ended |
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Jan. 31, 2026 | |
| Effect Of Recently Adopted And Issued Pronouncements | |
| EFFECT OF RECENTLY ADOPTED AND ISSUED PRONOUNCEMENTS | 7. EFFECT OF RECENTLY ADOPTED AND ISSUED PRONOUNCEMENTS
In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to require disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The amendments in this update should be applied prospectively, with an option to apply them retrospectively, and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 for public entities. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In March 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, to improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and to provide more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The amendments in this update should be applied either prospectively or retrospectively, and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
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INCOME TAXES |
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Jan. 31, 2026 | |
| Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] | |
| INCOME TAXES | 8. INCOME TAXES
We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the estimated future tax effects of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. We have provided a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax asset due to our historical pre-tax losses and the uncertainty regarding the realizability of these deferred tax assets.
We have substantial net operating loss carryforwards for Federal and California income tax returns. These net operating loss carryforwards could be subject to limitations under Internal Revenue Code section 382, the effects of which have not been determined by the Company. We have no unrecognized income tax benefits as of January 31, 2026 and October 31, 2025 and we account for interest and penalties related to income tax matters, if any, in general and administrative expenses.
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LEASES |
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| LEASES | 9. LEASES
We lease approximately 2,000 square feet of office space at 3150 Almaden Expressway, San Jose, California (our principal executive offices) from an unrelated party pursuant to an operating lease that, as amended, will expire on September 30, 2027, with an option to extend the lease an additional two years. The base rent is approximately $5,000 per month and the lease provides for annual increases of approximately 3% and an escalation clause for increases in certain operating costs. The lease, as amended, resulted in a right-of-use asset and lease liability of approximately $250,000 with a discount rate of 12%. Rent expense was approximately $16,000 and $16,000, respectively, for the three months ended January 31, 2026 and 2025.
For operating leases, the lease liability is initially and subsequently measured at the present value of the unpaid lease payments. The remaining 44-month lease term as of January 31, 2026 for the Company’s lease includes the noncancelable period of the lease and the additional two-year option period that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. All right-of-use assets are reviewed for impairment when indications of impairment are present.
As of January 31, 2026, the annual minimum future lease payments of our operating lease liability were as follows (in thousands):
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COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCES |
3 Months Ended |
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Jan. 31, 2026 | |
| Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract] | |
| COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCES | 10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCES
Litigation Matters
Other than lawsuits related to the enforcement of our patent rights, we are not a party to any material pending legal proceedings, nor are we aware of any pending litigation or legal proceeding against us that would have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations or financial condition.
License Commitments
As of January 31, 2026, our commitments under certain technology license agreements related to our therapeutic and vaccine development programs for the next twelve months, were approximately $150,000.
Research & Development Agreements
We have entered into certain research and development agreements with various collaboration partners and third-party vendors related to (i) the manufacturing of materials necessary for the expected Phase 2 clinical trial of our breast cancer vaccine, (ii) the discovery of new vaccine targets in high incidence malignancies in prostate, lung and colon and (iii) the further development of our CAR-T technology. As of January 31, 2026, future payments the Company may make under these agreements, dependent upon, among other things, development of analytical methods, formulation feasibility studies, stability testing and results of manufacturing processes, may be approximately $1.4 million and such payments may be made over up to a four-year period.
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SEGMENT INFORMATION |
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| Segment Reporting [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SEGMENT INFORMATION | 11. SEGMENT INFORMATION
We manage our operations in three reportable segments: (i) Cancer Vaccines, (ii) CAR-T Therapies, and (iii) Other. The Cancer Vaccines segment consists of the development of vaccines to treat and prevent breast cancer and ovarian cancer, as well as additional cancer vaccines to address many intractable cancers, including high-incidence malignancies in lung, colon, and prostate. The CAR-T Therapies segment consists of the development of an ovarian cancer immunotherapy using a novel type of CAR-T, known as chimeric endocrine receptor-T cell technology. The Other segment consists of our legacy operations, including limited patent licensing activities of our various patent portfolios.
The Company’s chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”) is our Chief Executive Officer. The CODM reviews our operating results and operating plans and makes resource allocation decisions on a Company-wide, as well as reportable segment, basis. The CODM uses segment information to evaluate cash flow, identify risks and opportunities, allocate resources, and set strategic priorities. As stock-based compensation expense does not impact cash, segment operating expenses excluding non-cash stock-based compensation is the measurement the CODM uses in managing the enterprise. Segment operating expenses excluding non-cash stock-based compensation is a non-GAAP measure.
The following represents selected financial information for our segments for the three months ended January 31, 2026 and 2025, and as of January 31, 2026 and October 31, 2025 (in thousands):
Operating costs and expenses excluding non-cash stock-based compensation is the measurement the chief operating decision-maker uses in managing the enterprise. |
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SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies) |
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| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||
| Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, certain information and disclosures required by US GAAP in annual financial statements have been omitted or condensed. These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related disclosures included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2025. The accompanying October 31, 2025 condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from the audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by US GAAP. The condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments of a normal recurring nature which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair statement of our financial position as of January 31, 2026, and results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods represented. The results of operations for the three months ended January 31, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year.
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| Noncontrolling Interest | Noncontrolling Interest
Noncontrolling interest represents Wistar’s equity ownership in Certainty and is presented as a component of equity. The following table sets forth the changes in noncontrolling interest for the three months ended January 31, 2026 (in thousands):
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| Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition
Our revenue has been derived solely from technology licensing and the sale of patented technologies. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of intellectual property rights and satisfaction of other contractual performance obligations to licensees in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive.
Our revenue recognition policy requires us to make certain judgments and estimates in connection with the accounting for revenue. Such areas may include determining the existence of a contract and identifying each party’s rights and obligations to transfer goods and services, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to separate performance obligations, estimating the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations, determining whether a promise to grant a license is distinct from other promised goods or services and evaluating whether a license transfers to a customer at a point in time or over time.
Our revenue arrangements provide for the payment, within 30 days of execution of the agreement, of contractually determined, one-time, paid-up license fees in settlement of litigation and in consideration for the grant of certain intellectual property rights for patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company. These arrangements typically include some combination of the following: (i) the grant of a non-exclusive, retroactive and future license to manufacture and/or sell products covered by patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company, (ii) a covenant-not-to-sue, (iii) the release of the licensee from certain claims, and (iv) the dismissal of any pending litigation. In such instances, the intellectual property rights granted have been perpetual in nature, extending until the expiration of the related patents. Pursuant to the terms of these agreements, we have no further obligations with respect to the granted intellectual property rights, including no obligation to maintain or upgrade the technology, or provide future support or services. Licensees obtained control of the intellectual property rights they have acquired upon execution of the agreement. Accordingly, the performance obligations from these agreements were satisfied and 100% of the revenue was recognized upon the execution of the agreements.
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| Cost of Revenues | Cost of Revenues
Cost of revenues include the costs and expenses incurred in connection with our patent licensing and enforcement activities, including inventor royalties paid to original patent owners, contingent legal fees paid to external counsel, other patent-related legal expenses paid to external counsel, licensing and enforcement related research and consulting and other expenses paid to third parties. These costs are included under the caption “Operating costs and expenses” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
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| Research and Development Expenses | Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee compensation, payments to third parties for research and development activities and other direct costs associated with developing our therapeutics and vaccines. We recognize research and development expenses as incurred. Advance payments for future research and development activities are deferred and expensed as the services are performed. We recognize our preclinical studies and clinical trial expenses based on the services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions, clinical research organizations (“CROs”), clinical manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”), and other parties that conduct and manage various stages of research and development activities on our behalf. Fees for such services are recognized based on management’s estimates after considering the activities and tasks completed by each service provider in a given period, the time period over which services are expected to be performed, and the level of effort expended in each reporting period.
At each balance sheet date, management estimates prepaid and accrued research and development costs by discussing progress or stage of completion of activities with internal personnel and external service providers, and comparing this information to payments made, invoices received, and the agreed-upon contractual fee to be paid for such services in the applicable contract or statements of work.
In addition, we allocate certain internal compensation costs to research and development expenses based on management’s estimates of each employee’s time and effort expended.
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| Investment Policy | Investment Policy
The Company’s investment policy is designed to optimize returns while managing risk and liquidity. The policy allows for investments in a diversified range of financial instruments, including U.S. government debt securities with fixed maturities and contractual cash flows, as well as alternative investments such as Bitcoin and Bitcoin-based exchange traded funds (collectively, the “Bitcoin Assets”).
The Company acquires U.S. government debt securities that it has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity. These securities are recorded at amortized cost, net of any applicable discount which is amortized to interest income, and are accounted for as held-to-maturity securities. The Company’s Bitcoin Assets are measured at fair value based on quoted prices on active exchanges. The Company recognizes changes in the fair value of Bitcoin Assets as gains or losses in the statement of operations during the period in which they occur. |
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Tables) |
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| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||
| SCHEDULE OF CHANGES IN NONCONTROLLING INTEREST | Noncontrolling interest represents Wistar’s equity ownership in Certainty and is presented as a component of equity. The following table sets forth the changes in noncontrolling interest for the three months ended January 31, 2026 (in thousands):
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STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Tables) |
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| SCHEDULE OF OPTIONS OUTSTANDING AND EXERCISABLE |
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| SCHEDULE OF WARRANTS ACTIVITY | Information regarding the Company’s warrants for the three months ended January 31, 2026 is as follows:
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| Warrant [Member] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SCHEDULE OF OUTSTANDING AND EXERCISABLE WARRANTS |
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| 2010 Share Plan [Member] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SCHEDULE OF OPTION ACTIVITY |
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| SCHEDULE OF OPTIONS OUTSTANDING AND EXERCISABLE |
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| 2018 Share Plan [Member] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SCHEDULE OF OPTION ACTIVITY |
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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Tables) |
3 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Jan. 31, 2026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SCHEDULE OF FINANCIAL ASSETS MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE ON A RECURRING BASIS | The following table presents the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of January 31, 2026 (in thousands):
The following table presents the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of October 31, 2025 (in thousands):
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ACCRUED EXPENSES (Tables) |
3 Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan. 31, 2026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Payables and Accruals [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SCHEDULE OF ACCRUED EXPENSES | Accrued expenses consist of the following as of (in thousands):
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LEASES (Tables) |
3 Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan. 31, 2026 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leases | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SCHEDULE OF MINIMUM LEASE PAYMENTS | As of January 31, 2026, the annual minimum future lease payments of our operating lease liability were as follows (in thousands):
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SEGMENT INFORMATION (Tables) |
3 Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Jan. 31, 2026 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment Reporting [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SCHEDULE OF SEGMENT INFORMATION |
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BUSINESS AND FUNDING (Details Narrative) - USD ($) |
3 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Jan. 31, 2026 |
Oct. 31, 2025 |
|
| BusinessAndFundingLineItems [Line Items] | ||
| Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | $ 14,202,000 | $ 15,174,000 |
| Reduction in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | 972,000 | |
| Value of common stock issued | 1,625,000 | |
| At the Market Equity Offering [Member] | ||
| BusinessAndFundingLineItems [Line Items] | ||
| Value of common stock issued | $ 1,625,000 | |
| Number of common stock issued | 429,328 | |
| Value of additional shares available for sale | $ 98,000,000 | |
| The Wistar Institute [Member] | ||
| BusinessAndFundingLineItems [Line Items] | ||
| Percentage of common stock issued | 5.00% | |
| Equity stake percentage | 4.00% |
SCHEDULE OF CHANGES IN NONCONTROLLING INTEREST (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
3 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Jan. 31, 2026 |
Jan. 31, 2025 |
|
| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | ||
| Beginning balance | $ (1,211) | |
| Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | (20) | $ (29) |
| Ending balance | $ (1,231) | |
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Details Narrative) |
3 Months Ended |
|---|---|
Jan. 31, 2026 | |
| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
| Revenue recognition percentage | 100.00% |
SCHEDULE OF WARRANTS ACTIVITY (Details) - Warrant [Member] $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands |
Jan. 31, 2026
USD ($)
$ / shares
shares
|
|---|---|
| Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items] | |
| Warrants Outstanding | shares | 300,000 |
| Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share, Warrants Outstanding | $ / shares | $ 6.56 |
| Warrants Outstanding | shares | 300,000 |
| Warrants Exercisable | shares | 300,000 |
| Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share, Warrants outstanding | $ / shares | $ 6.56 |
| Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share, Warrants Exercisable | $ / shares | $ 6.56 |
| Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Warrants Outstanding | $ | $ 0 |
| Aggregate intrinsic value, Warrants exercisable | $ | $ 0 |
SCHEDULE OF OUTSTANDING AND EXERCISABLE WARRANTS (Details) - Warrant [Member] - $ / shares |
3 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Jan. 31, 2026 |
Oct. 31, 2025 |
|
| Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items] | ||
| Range of Exercise Prices | $ 6.56 | |
| Number of Warrants, Outstanding | 300,000 | 300,000 |
| Warrants Exercisable | 300,000 | |
| Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life | 1 month 6 days | |
| Weighted Average Exercise Price | $ 6.56 | $ 6.56 |
SCHEDULE OF ACCRUED EXPENSES (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
Jan. 31, 2026 |
Oct. 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Payables and Accruals [Abstract] | ||
| Payroll and related expenses | $ 366 | $ 839 |
| Accrued royalty and contingent legal fees | 626 | 626 |
| Accrued other | 54 | 296 |
| Accrued expenses | $ 1,046 | $ 1,761 |
NET LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK (Details Narrative) - shares |
3 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
Jan. 31, 2026 |
Jan. 31, 2025 |
|
| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member] | ||
| Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items] | ||
| Antidilutive shares | 13,897,094 | 13,488,062 |
| Warrant [Member] | ||
| Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items] | ||
| Antidilutive shares | 300,000 | 300,000 |
INCOME TAXES (Details Narrative) - USD ($) |
Jan. 31, 2026 |
Oct. 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] | ||
| Unrecognized income tax benefits | $ 0 | $ 0 |
LEASES (Details Narrative) - Almaden Expressway San Jose [Member] |
3 Months Ended | |
|---|---|---|
|
Jan. 31, 2026
USD ($)
ft²
|
Jan. 31, 2025
USD ($)
|
|
| LeasesLineItems [Line Items] | ||
| Area of office space | ft² | 2,000 | |
| Lease expiration date | Sep. 30, 2027 | |
| Lease option to extend | option to extend the lease an additional two years | |
| Base rent | $ 5,000 | |
| Annual rent increase percentage | 3.00% | |
| Right-of-use asset and lease liability | $ 250,000 | |
| Discount rate | 12.00% | |
| Rent expense | $ 16,000 | $ 16,000 |
| Remaining lease term | 44 months | |
SCHEDULE OF MINIMUM LEASE PAYMENTS (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands |
Jan. 31, 2026 |
Oct. 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Leases | ||
| 2026 (remaining) | $ 47 | |
| 2027 | 64 | |
| 2028 | 66 | |
| 2029 | 63 | |
| Total future minimum lease payments, undiscounted | 240 | |
| Less: Imputed interest | (47) | |
| Present value of future minimum lease payments | 193 | |
| Operating lease liability | 42 | $ 41 |
| Operating lease liability, non-current | 151 | $ 163 |
| Total | $ 193 |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCES (Details Narrative) |
3 Months Ended |
|---|---|
|
Jan. 31, 2026
USD ($)
| |
| Research And Development Agreements [Member] | |
| Other Commitments [Line Items] | |
| Payments for research and development | $ 1,400,000 |
| License Agreement [Member] | |
| Other Commitments [Line Items] | |
| License commitment | $ 150,000 |
SEGMENT INFORMATION (Details Narrative) |
3 Months Ended |
|---|---|
|
Jan. 31, 2026
Segment
| |
| Segment Reporting [Abstract] | |
| Number of reportable segments | 3 |