Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Apr. 30, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

(a) Basis of Presentation

Founded in 1970 and headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, American Software, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) are engaged in the development, marketing, and support activities of a broad range of computer business application software products. The Company’s operations are principally in the computer software industry, and its products and services are used by customers within the United States and certain international markets. We provide our software solutions through three major business segments, which are further broken down into a total of six major product and service groups. The three operating segments are (1) Supply Chain Management (“SCM”), (2) Information Technology (“IT”) Consulting and (3) Other.

• The SCM segment consists of Logility, Inc. (see Note 9), which provides collaborative supply chain solutions to streamline and optimize the production, distribution and management of products between trading partners, as well as wholly-owned subsidiaries of Logility, DMI, NGC and Halo.

• The IT Consulting segment consists of The Proven Method, Inc., an IT staffing and consulting services firm.

• The Other segment consists of (i) American Software ERP, which provides purchasing and materials management, customer order processing, financial, e-commerce and traditional manufacturing solutions, and (ii) unallocated corporate overhead expenses.

Certain prior period amounts have been recasted to conform within these footnotes to current period presentation.

Principles of Consolidation

(b) Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of American Software, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue

(c) Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue

The Company recognizes revenue predominately in accordance with the Software Revenue Recognition Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC).

License. License revenue in connection with license agreements for standard proprietary software is recognized upon delivery of the software, provided collection is considered probable, the fee is fixed or determinable, there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, and vendor-specific objective evidence (VSOE) exists with respect to any undelivered elements of the arrangement. For multiple-element arrangements, the Company recognizes revenue under the residual method, whereby (1) the total fair value of the undelivered elements, as indicated by VSOE, is deferred and subsequently recognized and (2) the difference between the total arrangement fee and the amount deferred for the undelivered elements is recognized as revenue related to the delivered elements. We record revenues from sales of third-party products in accordance with Principal Agent Considerations within the Revenue Recognition Topic of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. Furthermore, we evaluate sales through our indirect channel on a case-by-case basis to determine whether the transaction should be recorded gross or net, including but not limited to assessing whether or not the Company (1) acts as principal in the transaction, (2) takes title to the products, (3) has risks and rewards of ownership, such as the risk of loss for collection, delivery, or returns, and (4) acts as an agent or broker with compensation on a commission or fee basis. Accordingly, in most cases we record our sales through the DMI channel on a gross basis.

Services and other. Revenue derived from services primarily includes consulting, implementation, and training. Fees are primarily billed under time and materials arrangements and are recognized as services are performed. In accordance with the other presentation matters within the Revenue Recognition Topic of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification, the Company recognizes amounts received for reimbursement of travel and other out-of-pocket expenses incurred as revenue in the consolidated statements of operations under services and other. Reimbursements received from customers for out-of-pocket expenses were recorded in revenues and totaled approximately $1.9 million, $2.1 million, and $2.4 million for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) revenues include fees for the right to use the software for a limited period of time in a hosted environment by the Company or by a third-party and the customer accesses and uses the software on an as-needed basis over the Internet or via a dedicated line; however, the customer has no ability to take delivery of the software. The underlying arrangements typically include a single fee for the service that is billed monthly, quarterly or annually. SaaS revenues are recognized ratably over the subscription (which is included in Services Revenue) over the committed services period once the services commence.

Maintenance. Revenue derived from maintenance contracts primarily includes telephone consulting, product updates, and releases of new versions of products previously purchased by the customer, as well as error reporting and correction services. Maintenance contracts are typically sold for a separate fee with initial contractual periods ranging from one to three years with renewal for additional periods thereafter. Maintenance fees are generally billed annually in advance. Maintenance revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the maintenance agreement. In situations where all or a portion of the maintenance fee is bundled with the license fee, revenue/VSOE for maintenance is determined based on prices when sold separately.

Indirect Channel Revenue. We recognize revenues for sales made through indirect channels principally when the distributor makes the sale to an end-user, when the license fee is fixed or determinable, the license fee is nonrefundable, and the sale meets all other conditions for revenue recognition.

Deferred Revenue. Deferred revenue represents advance payments or billings for software licenses, services, and maintenance billed in advance of the time revenue is recognized.

Sales Taxes. We account for sales taxes collected from customers on a net basis.

Unbilled Accounts Receivable. The unbilled receivable balance consists of amounts generated from license fee and services revenues. At April 30, 2018 and 2017, unbilled license fees were approximately $0.8 million and $1.0 million, respectively, and unbilled services revenues were approximately $2.5 million and $1.8 million, respectively. Unbilled license fee accounts receivable represents revenue that has been recognized but under the terms of the license agreement, which include specified payment terms that are considered normal and customary, certain payments have not yet been invoiced to the customers. Unbilled services revenues primarily occur due to the timing of the respective billings, which occur subsequent to the end of each reporting period.

Cost of Revenues

(d) Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues for licenses includes amortization of developed technology and capitalized computer software development costs, salaries and benefits and value-added reseller (VAR) commissions. Costs for maintenance and services revenues include the cost of personnel to conduct implementations, customer support and consulting, and other personnel-related expenses as well as agent commission expenses related to maintenance revenues generated by the indirect channel. Commission costs for maintenance are deferred and amortized over the related maintenance term.

Cash Equivalents

(e) Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents of $47.0 million and $62.6 million at April 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, consist of overnight repurchase agreements and money market deposit accounts. The Company considers all such investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents for purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

(f) Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short- and long-term investments and accounts receivable. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents and short- and long-term investments with various financial institutions. The Company’s sales are primarily to companies located in North America and Europe. The Company performs periodic credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and does not require collateral. Accounts receivable are due principally from companies under stated contract terms.

Returns and Allowances

(g) Returns and Allowances

The Company has not experienced significant returns or warranty claims to date and, as a result, the allowance for the cost of returns and product warranty claims at April 30, 2018 or 2017 is not significant.

The Company records an allowance for doubtful accounts based on the historical experience of write-offs and a detailed assessment of accounts receivable. The total amounts of expense/(recovery) to operations were approximately $24,000, $39,000, and $0 for 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, which are included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. In estimating the allowance for doubtful accounts, management considers the age of the accounts receivable, the Company’s historical write-offs, and the credit worthiness of the customer, among other factors. Should any of these factors change, the estimates made by management will also change accordingly, which could affect the level of the Company’s future provision for doubtful accounts. Uncollectible accounts are written off when it is determined that the specific balance is not collectible.

Investments

(h) Investments

Investments consist of commercial paper, corporate bonds, government securities, certificates of deposits and marketable equity securities. The Company accounts for its investments in accordance with the Investments—Debt and Equity Securities Topic of the FASB ASC. The Company has classified its investment portfolio as “trading.” “Trading” securities are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term and are recorded at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on trading securities are included in the determination of net earnings. For the purposes of computing realized gains and losses, cost is identified on a specific identification basis. Investments with maturities less than one year as of the balance sheet date are classified as short-term investments and those that mature greater than one year are classified as long-term investments.

Property and Equipment

(i) Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation of buildings, computer equipment, purchased computer software, office furniture and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets (three years for computer equipment and software, seven years for office furniture and equipment and thirty years for buildings). Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets or the related lease term, whichever is shorter. Depreciation and amortization expense on buildings, furniture, equipment and purchased computer software was $492,000, $731,000, and $807,000 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Capitalized Computer Software Development Costs

(j) Capitalized Computer Software Development Costs

The Company capitalizes certain computer software development costs in accordance with the FASB ASC Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased or Marketed Topic. Costs incurred internally to create a computer software product or to develop an enhancement to an existing product are charged to expense when incurred as research and development expense until technological feasibility for the respective product is established. Thereafter, software development costs are capitalized and reported at the lower of unamortized cost or net realizable value. Capitalization ceases when the product or enhancement is available for general release to customers. The Company makes ongoing evaluations of the recoverability of its capitalized software projects by comparing the net amount capitalized for each product to the estimated net realizable value of the product. If such evaluations indicate that the unamortized software development costs exceed the net realizable value, the Company writes off the amount by which the unamortized software development costs exceed net realizable value. Capitalized computer software development costs are amortized ratably based on the projected revenues associated with the related software or on a straight-line basis over three years, whichever method results in a higher level of amortization. Amortization of capitalized computer software development costs is included in the cost of license revenues in the consolidated statements of operations.

Total Expenditures and Amortization. Total expenditures for capitalized computer software development costs, total research and development expense, and total amortization of capitalized computer software development costs are as follows:

	Years ended April 30,
	2018		2017		2016
	(in thousands)
Total capitalized computer software development costs	$	4,804	$	3,724	$	3,246
Total research and development expense		11,877		11,889		11,248
Total research and development expense and capitalized computer software-development costs	$	16,681	$	15,613	$	14,494
Total amortization of capitalized computer software development costs	$	3,690	$	4,250	$	3,921

Capitalized computer software development costs consist of the following at April 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):

	2018			2017
Capitalized computer software development costs	$	33,841		$	29,037
Accumulated amortization		(24,113	)		(20,423	)
	$	9,728		$	8,614

Of the Company’s capitalized software projects that are currently completed and being amortized, the Company expects amortization expense for the next three years to be as follows (in thousands):

2019	$	3,820
2020		3,125
2021		469
	$	7,414

Acquisition-Related Intangible Assets (exclusive of Logility's treasury stock repurchases)

(k) Acquisition-Related Intangible Assets (exclusive of Logility’s treasury stock repurchases)

Acquisition-related intangible assets are stated at historical cost and include acquired software and certain other intangible assets with definite lives. The intangible assets are being amortized over a period ranging from one to eight years. For 2018, total amortization expense related to acquisition-related intangible assets was approximately $1,849,000, with $580,000 included in operating expense and $1,269,000 included in cost of license fees in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. For 2017, total amortization expense related to acquisition-related intangible assets was approximately $1,659,000, with $1,041,000 included in operating expense and $618,000 included in cost of license fees in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. For 2016, total amortization expense related to acquisition-related intangible assets was approximately $890,000, with $272,000 included in operating expense and $618,000 included in cost of license fees in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Acquisition-Related Intangible Assets consist of the following at April 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):

	Weighted Average Amortization in Years		2018			2017
Current technology		3	$	6,000		$	4,872
Customer relationships		8		1,700			1,400
Non-compete		3		100			390
Trademarks		3		340			200
				8,140			6,862
Accumulated amortization				(3,020	)		(3,463	)
			$	5,120		$	3,399

The Company expects amortization expense for the next five years to be as follows based on intangible assets as of April 30, 2018 (in thousands):

2019	$	2,388
2020		1,600
2021		772
2022		213
2023		52
Thereafter		95
	$	5,120

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

(l) Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill represents the excess of costs over fair value of assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment at least annually in accordance with the Intangibles-Goodwill and Other Topic of the FASB ASC. The Company evaluates the carrying value of goodwill annually and between annual evaluations if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount. Such circumstances could include, but are not limited to, (1) a significant adverse change in legal factors or in business climate, (2) unanticipated competition, or (3) an adverse action or assessment by a regulator.

When evaluating whether the goodwill is impaired, the Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill is assigned to its carrying amount, including goodwill. The Company identifies the reporting unit on a basis that is similar to its method for identifying operating segments as defined by the Segment Reporting Topic of the FASB ASC. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, then the amount of the impairment loss must be measured. This evaluation is applied annually on each impairment testing date (April 30) unless there is a triggering event present during an interim period.

For the years ended April 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company performed a qualitative assessment based on economic, industry and company-specific factors as the initial step in the annual goodwill impairment test for all reporting units. Based on the results of the qualitative assessment, companies are only required to perform Step 1 of the annual impairment test for a reporting unit if the company concludes that it is more likely than not that the unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. To the extent the Company concludes it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s estimated fair value is less than its carrying amount, the two-step approach is applied. The first step would require a comparison of each reporting unit’s fair value to the respective carrying value. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, a second step is performed to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The Company did not identify any macroeconomic or industry conditions as of April 30, 2018, that would indicate the fair value of the reporting units were more likely than not to be less than their respective carrying values. If circumstances change or events occur to indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of any reporting units have fallen below their carrying value, the Company would test such reporting unit for impairment.

Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are required to be amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values, and reviewed for impairment in accordance with the Property, Plant, and Equipment Topic of the FASB ASC.

Goodwill consisted of the following by segment (in thousands):

	Supply Chain Management*		IT Consulting		Other		Total
Balance at April 30, 2016	$	18,749	$	—	$	—	$	18,749
Goodwill related to the AdapChain Acquisition		800		—		—		800
Balance at April 30, 2017		19,549		—		—		19,549
Goodwill related to the Halo Acquisition		6,339		—		—		6,339
Balance at April 30, 2018	$	25,888	$	—	$	—	$	25,888

* Goodwill related to Logility, Inc., New Generation Computing, Inc., Demand Management, Inc. and their acquisitions.

Intangible Assets (including Acquisition-Related Intangible Assets) consisted of the following by segment (in thousands):

	Supply Chain Management			IT Consulting		Other		Total
Balance at April 30, 2016	$	1,858		$	—	$	—	$	1,858
Intangibles related to the AdapChain Acquisition		3,200			—		—		3,200
Amortization expense		(1,659	)		—		—		(1,659	)
Balance at April 30, 2017		3,399			—		—		3,399
Intangibles related to the Halo Acquisition		3,570			—		—		3,570
Amortization expense		(1,849	)		—		—		(1,849	)
Balance at April 30, 2018	$	5,120		$	—	$	—	$	5,120

Income Taxes

(m) Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

(n) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which replaces the existing revenue recognition guidance. The new standard requires companies to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard also requires enhanced disclosures about revenue recognition. The new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The new revenue standard permits two methods of adoption: a full retrospective approach reflecting the application of the standard in each prior reporting period presented, or a modified retrospective approach with the cumulative effect of applying the standard recognized at the date of adoption.

The Company adopted the new revenue standard effective May 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective transition method. Under this method, the Company elects to apply the cumulative effect method to contracts that are not complete as of the adoption date. The Company’s total revenue impact is expected to be approximately $1.2 million, with approximately 70% impacting the fiscal year ending April 30, 2019, which is the result of upfront recognition of revenue under the new standard for term licenses and certain perpetual license contracts that were previously recognized over time due to the lack of VSOE for the undelivered element. In addition, under the new standard, the Company will capitalize a portion of sales commission expenses and recognize them ratably over the associated period of economic benefit. As a result, the cumulative impact due to the adoption of the new revenue standard on the opening consolidated balance sheet is expected to be an increase in opening retained earnings, with a corresponding increase to contract assets and a decrease in deferred revenue. We have not identified other significant differences related to the pattern of revenue recognition or presentation of revenue compared to our historical accounting. The Company is continuing to finalize the impact of adopting the new revenue standard on its financial position but has identified changes to its accounting policies and practices and controls to support the new revenue recognition standard.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the update is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of the adoption of this update on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Use of Estimates

(o) Use of Estimates

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including, but not limited to those related to revenue/collectability, income taxes, allocation of fair values in acquisitions and business combinations. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which, form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Stock-Based Compensation

(p) Stock-Based Compensation

The Company has four stock-based employee compensation plans under which options to purchase common stock of the Company were outstanding as of April 30, 2018. Those plans are described more fully in Note 7. In addition to two American Software plans, effective July 9, 2009, the Company adopted the Logility, Inc. 1997 Stock Plan and Logility, Inc. 2007 Stock Plan as equity plans of the Company in conjunction with the Company’s acquisition of the shares of Logility common stock it did not previously own.

The Company recorded stock option compensation cost of approximately $1,467,000, $1,428,000 and $1,593,000 and related income tax benefits of approximately $547,000, $528,000 and $586,000 for the years ended April 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense on current year grants is recorded on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for the entire award directly to additional paid-in capital.

The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, in fiscal 2016. Under the new guidance, companies will no longer record excess tax benefits and certain tax deficiencies in additional paid-in capital. Instead, all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies should be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement, and additional paid-in capital pools will be eliminated. The guidance requires companies to present excess tax benefits as an operating activity on the statement of cash flows rather than as a financing activity.

Comprehensive Income

(q) Comprehensive Income

The Comprehensive Income Topic of the FASB ASC establishes standards for reporting and presentation of comprehensive income and its components in a full set of financial statements.

The Company did not have any other comprehensive income items for 2018, 2017, or 2016.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

(r) Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets, such as property, and equipment, and purchased intangibles subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assets to be disposed of by sale would be separately presented in the consolidated balance sheet and reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, and are no longer depreciated. The assets and liabilities of a group classified as held for sale would be presented separately in the appropriate asset and liability sections of the consolidated balance sheet.

Earnings per Common Share

(s) Earnings per Common Share

The Company has two classes of common stock of which Class B common shares are convertible into Class A common shares at any time, on a one-for-one basis. Under the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, if dividends are declared, holders of Class A common shares shall receive a $.05 dividend per share prior to the Class B common shares receiving any dividend and holders of Class A common shares shall receive a dividend at least equal to Class B common shares dividends on a per share basis. As a result, the Company has computed the earnings per share in compliance with the Earnings Per Share Topic of the FASB ASC, which requires companies that have multiple classes of equity securities to use the “two-class” method in computing earnings per share.

For the Company’s basic earnings per share calculation, the Company uses the “two-class” method. Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing net earnings attributable to each class of common stock by the weighted average number of shares outstanding. All undistributed earnings are allocated evenly between Class A and B common shares in the earnings per share calculation to the extent that earnings equal or exceed $.05 per share. This allocation is based on management’s judgment after considering the dividend rights of the two-classes of common stock, the control of the Class B shareholders and the convertibility rights of the Class B shares to Class A shares. If Class B shares convert to Class A shares during the period, the distributed net earnings for Class B shares is calculated using the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period.

Diluted earnings per share is calculated similarly to basic earnings per share, except that the calculation includes the dilutive effect of the assumed exercise of options issuable under the Company’s stock incentive plans. For the Company’s diluted earnings per share calculation for Class A shares, the Company uses the “if-converted” method. This calculation assumes that all Class B common shares are converted into Class A common shares and, as a result, assumes there are no holders of Class B common shares to participate in undistributed earnings.

For the Company’s diluted earnings per share calculation for Class B shares, the Company uses the “two-class” method. This calculation does not assume that all Class B common shares are converted into Class A common shares. In addition, this method assumes the dilutive effect of Class A stock options were converted to Class A shares and the undistributed earnings are allocated evenly to both Class A and B shares including Class A shares issued pursuant to those converted stock options. This allocation is based on management’s judgment after considering the dividend rights of the two-classes of common stock, the control of the Class B shareholders and the convertibility rights of the Class B shares into Class A shares.

The following tables set forth the computation of basic earnings per common share and diluted earnings per common share (in thousands except for per share amounts), see Note 7 for total stock options outstanding and potentially dilutive:

Basic earnings per common share:

	Year Ended April 30, 2018						Year Ended April 30, 2017				Year Ended April 30, 2016
	Class A			Class B			Class A		Class B		Class A			Class B
Distributed earnings per share	$	0.44		$	0.43		$	0.44	$	0.44	$	0.40		$	0.40
Undistributed earnings/(loss) per share		(0.04	)		(0.04	)		0.06		0.06		(0.04	)		(0.04	)
Total per share	$	0.40		$	0.39		$	0.50	$	0.50	$	0.36		$	0.36
Distributed earnings	$	12,321		$	974		$	11,845	$	1,066	$	10,479		$	1,025
Undistributed earnings/(loss)		(1,151	)		(91	)		1,568		142		(1,148	)		(114	)
Total	$	11,170		$	883		$	13,413	$	1,208	$	9,331		$	911
Basic weighted average common shares		27,805			2,275			26,793		2,439		26,143			2,584

Diluted EPS for Class A common shares using the If-Converted Method

Year Ended April 30, 2018

	Undistributed and distributed earnings to Class A  Common		Class A Common Shares		EPS*
Per basic	$	11,170		27,805	$	0.40
Common stock equivalents		—		392
		11,170		28,197		0.40
Class B conversion		883		2,275
Diluted EPS for Class A	$	12,053		30,472	$	0.40

Year Ended April 30, 2017

	Undistributed and distributed earnings to Class A  Common		Class A Common Shares		EPS*
Per basic	$	13,413		26,793	$	0.50
Common stock equivalents		—		335
		13,413		27,128		0.49
Class B conversion		1,208		2,439
Diluted EPS for Class A	$	14,621		29,567	$	0.49

Year Ended April 30, 2016

	Undistributed and distributed earnings to Class A Common		Class A Common Shares		EPS*
Per basic	$	9,331		26,143	$	0.36
Common stock equivalents		—		278
		9,331		26,421		0.35
Class B conversion		911		2,584
Diluted EPS for Class A	$	10,242		29,005	$	0.35

Diluted EPS for Class B common shares using the Two-Class Method

Year Ended April 30, 2018

	Undistributed and distributed earnings to Class B Common		Class B Common Shares		EPS*
Per basic	$	883		2,275	$	0.39
Reallocation of undistributed earnings from Class A shares to Class B shares		—		—
Diluted EPS for Class B	$	883		2,275	$	0.39

Year Ended April 30, 2017

	Undistributed and distributed earnings to Class B Common			Class B Common Shares		EPS*
Per basic	$	1,208			2,439	$	0.50
Reallocation of undistributed earnings from Class A shares to Class B shares		(2	)		—
Diluted EPS for Class B	$	1,206			2,439	$	0.49

Year Ended April 30, 2016

	Undistributed and distributed earnings to Class B Common		Class B Common Shares		EPS*
Per basic	$	911		2,584	$	0.35
Reallocation of undistributed earnings from Class A shares to Class B shares		2		—
Diluted EPS for Class B	$	913		2,584	$	0.35

* Amounts adjusted for rounding

Advertising

(t) Advertising

All advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expenses, which are included within sales and marketing expenses, were $2.4 million, $2.3 million and $2.1 million in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Guarantees and Indemnifications

(u) Guarantees and Indemnifications

The Company accounts for guarantees in accordance with the Guarantee Topic of the FASB ASC. The Company’s sales agreements with customers generally contain infringement indemnity provisions. Under these agreements, the Company agrees to indemnify, defend and hold harmless the customer in connection with patent, copyright or trade secret infringement claims made by third-parties with respect to the customer’s authorized use of the Company’s products and services. The indemnity provisions generally provide for the Company’s control of defense and settlement and cover costs and damages finally awarded against the customer, as well as the Company’s modification of the product so it is no longer infringing or, if it cannot be corrected, return of the product for a refund. The sales agreements with customers sometimes also contain indemnity provisions for death, personal injury or property damage caused by the Company’s personnel or contractors in the course of performing services to customers. Under these agreements, the Company agrees to indemnify, defend and hold harmless the customer in connection with death, personal injury and property damage claims made by third parties with respect to actions of the Company’s personnel or contractors. The indemnity provisions generally provide for the Company’s control of defense and settlement and cover costs and damages finally awarded against the customer. The indemnity obligations contained in sales agreements generally have a limited life and monetary award. The Company has not previously incurred costs to settle claims or pay awards under these indemnification obligations. The Company accounts for these indemnity obligations in accordance with the Contingencies Topic of the FASB ASC, and records a liability for these obligations when a loss is probable and reasonably estimable. The Company has not recorded any liabilities for these agreements as of April 30, 2018 or 2017.

The Company warrants to its customers that its software products will perform in all material respects in accordance with the standard published specifications in effect at the time of delivery of the licensed products to the customer generally for 90 days after delivery of the licensed products. Additionally, the Company warrants to its customers that services will be performed consistent with generally accepted industry standards or specific service levels through completion of the agreed upon services. If necessary, the Company will provide for the estimated cost of product and service warranties based on specific warranty claims and claim history. However, the Company has not incurred significant recurring expense under product or service warranties. Accordingly, the Company has no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of April 30, 2018 or 2017.

Industry Segments

(v) Industry Segments

The Company operates and manages its business in three reportable segments. See Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Acquisition

We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting and accordingly, the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded based upon management’s estimates of current fair values as of the acquisition date. The estimation process includes analyses based on income and market approaches. Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets. The goodwill generated is due in part to the synergies that are not included in the fair value of identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill recorded in an acquisition is assigned to applicable reporting units based on expected revenues. Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their useful lives. Amortization of current technology is recorded in cost of revenues-license and amortization of all other intangible assets is recorded in amortization of acquisition-related intangibles. Acquisition-related costs, including advisory, legal, accounting, valuation and other costs, are expensed in general and administrative expenses in the periods in which such costs are incurred. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in the condensed consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date.