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Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2011
Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]
1.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accounting and reporting policies of Farmers Capital Bank Corporation and subsidiaries conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and general practices applicable to the banking industry. Significant accounting policies are summarized below.

Principles of Consolidation and Nature of Operations

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Farmers Capital Bank Corporation (the “Company” or “Parent Company”), a bank holding company, and its bank and nonbank subsidiaries. Bank subsidiaries include Farmers Bank & Capital Trust (“Farmers Bank”) in Frankfort, KY, First Citizens Bank in Elizabethtown, KY, United Bank & Trust Company (“United Bank”) in Versailles, KY, and Citizens Bank of Northern Kentucky, Inc. in Newport, KY (“Citizens Northern”). At year-end 2011, Farmers Bank had two wholly-owned subsidiaries, Leasing One Corporation (“Leasing One”) and Farmers Capital Insurance Corporation (“Farmers Insurance”). Leasing One is a commercial leasing company in Frankfort, KY, and Farmers Insurance is an insurance agency in Frankfort, KY. United Bank had one subsidiary at year-end 2011, EGT Properties, Inc. EGT Properties, Inc. is involved in real estate management and liquidation for certain repossessed properties of United Bank. Citizens Northern had one subsidiary at year-end 2011, ENKY Properties, Inc. ENKY Properties, Inc. is involved in real estate management and liquidation for certain repossessed properties of Citizens Northern.

The Company has three active nonbank subsidiaries, FCB Services, Inc. (“FCB Services”), FFKT Insurance Services, Inc. (“FFKT Insurance”), and EKT Properties, Inc. (“EKT”). FCB Services is a data processing subsidiary located in Frankfort, KY that provides services to the Company’s banks as well as unaffiliated entities. FFKT Insurance is a captive property and casualty insurance company insuring primarily deductible exposures and uncovered liability related to properties of the Company. EKT was formed to manage and liquidate certain real estate properties repossessed by the Company. In addition, the Company has three subsidiaries organized as Delaware statutory trusts that are not consolidated into its financial statements. These trusts were formed for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities. All significant intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

The Company provides financial services at its 36 locations in 23 communities throughout Central and Northern Kentucky to individual, business, agriculture, government, and educational customers. Its primary deposit products are checking, savings, and term certificate accounts.  Its primary lending products are residential mortgage, commercial lending, and installment loans. Substantially all loans and leases are secured by specific items of collateral including business assets, consumer assets, and commercial and residential real estate. Commercial loans and leases are expected to be repaid from cash flow from operations of businesses. Other services include, but are not limited to, cash management services, issuing letters of credit, safe deposit box rental, and providing funds transfer services.  Other financial instruments, which potentially represent concentrations of credit risk, include deposit accounts in other financial institutions and federal funds sold.

Until mid-2011, Farmers Bank had served as the general depository for the Commonwealth of Kentucky (“Commonwealth”) for more than 70 years. Farmers Bank, which still provides investment and other services to the Commonwealth, participated in the latest bidding process to continue providing services to the Commonwealth as its general depository. However, the Company learned in the first quarter of 2011 that the Commonwealth awarded its general depository services contract to a large multi-national bank. Farmers Bank held the previous contract which had an original termination date of June 30, 2011, but was initially extended through December 2011 in order for the Company to continue providing service and assistance during the transition process. An additional extension to June 2012 was made between the two parties during the fourth quarter of 2011. Transaction volumes have decreased significantly since the expiration of the original contract on June 30, 2011. The impact of not retaining the general depository services contract of the Commonwealth did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, overall liquidity, or net cash flows, although gross cash flows such as for cash on hand, deposits outstanding, and short-term borrowings have decreased.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Estimates used in the preparation of the financial statements are based on various factors including the current interest rate environment and the general strength of the local economy.  Changes in the overall interest rate environment can significantly affect the Company’s net interest income and the value of its recorded assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates used in the preparation of the financial statements. The allowance for loan losses, carrying value of other real estate owned, actuarial assumptions used to calculate postretirement benefits, and the fair values of financial instruments are estimates that are particularly subject to change.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts in the accompanying consolidated financial statements presented for prior years have been reclassified to conform to the 2011 presentation. These reclassifications do not affect net income or total shareholders’ equity as previously reported.

Segment Information

The Company provides a broad range of financial services to individuals, corporations, and others through its 36 banking locations throughout Central and Northern Kentucky. These services primarily include the activities of lending, receiving deposits, providing cash management services, safe deposit box rental, and trust activities. While the chief decision-makers monitor the revenue streams of the various products and services, operations are managed and financial performance is evaluated on a Company-wide basis.   Operating segments are aggregated into one as operating results for all segments are similar. Accordingly, all of the financial service operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable segment.

Cash Flows

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include the following: cash on hand, deposits from other financial institutions that have an initial maturity of less than 90 days when acquired by the Company, federal funds sold, and securities purchased under agreements to resell. Generally, federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell are purchased and sold for one-day periods.  Net cash flows are reported for loan, deposit, and short-term borrowing transactions.

Investment Securities

Investments in debt and equity securities are classified into three categories. Securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity are classified as held to maturity. Securities that are bought and held specifically for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified as trading securities. The Company had no securities classified as trading during 2011, 2010, or 2009. All other securities are classified as available for sale.  Securities are designated as available for sale if they might be sold before maturity. Securities classified as available for sale are carried at estimated fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses for available for sale securities are reported net of deferred income taxes in other comprehensive income.  Investments classified as held to maturity are carried at amortized cost.

Interest income includes amortization and accretion of purchase premiums or discounts. Premiums and discounts on securities are amortized using the interest method over the expected life of the securities without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Realized gains and losses on the sales of securities are recorded on the trade date and computed on the basis of specific identification of the adjusted cost of each security and are included in noninterest income.

The Company evaluates investment securities for other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) at least on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation. A decline in the market value of investment securities below cost that is deemed other-than-temporary results in a charge to earnings and the establishment of a new cost basis for the security. Substantially all of the Company’s investment securities are debt securities. In estimating OTTI for debt securities, management considers each of the following: (1) the length of time and extent to which fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, (3) whether market decline was affected by macroeconomic conditions, and (4) whether the Company has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery in fair value. The assessment of whether an OTTI charge exists involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and is based on the information available to the Company at a point in time.

Investment securities classified as available for sale or held-to-maturity are generally evaluated for OTTI under Financial Accounting Standard Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards CodificationTM (“ASC”) 320, “Investments-Debt and Equity Securities”. In determining OTTI under ASC 320 the Company considers many factors, including those enumerated above. When OTTI occurs, the amount of the OTTI recognized in earnings depends on whether the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, less any current-period credit loss. If the Company intends to sell or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, less any current-period credit loss, the OTTI shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. If the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period loss, OTTI is separated into the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors. The amount of the total OTTI related to the credit loss is determined based on the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and is recognized in earnings. The amount of the total OTTI related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. The previous amortized cost basis less the OTTI recognized in earnings becomes the new amortized cost basis of the investment.

Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Board Stock

Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) and Federal Reserve Board stock is carried at cost on the consolidated balance sheets under the caption “Other assets”. These stocks are classified as restricted securities and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income. The amounts outstanding at both December 31, 2011 and 2010 was $9.5 million.

Loans and Interest Income

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off are reported at their unpaid principal amount outstanding adjusted for any charge-offs and any deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Interest income on loans is recognized using the interest method based on loan principal amounts outstanding during the period. Interest income also includes amortization and accretion of any premiums or discounts over the expected life of acquired loans at the time of purchase or business acquisition. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and amortized as yield adjustments over the contractual term of the loans.

The Company disaggregates certain disclosure information related to loans, the related allowance for loan losses, and credit quality measures by either portfolio segment or by loan class. The Company segregates its loan portfolio segments based on similar risk characteristics and are as follows: real estate loans, commercial loans, and consumer loans. Portfolio segments are further disaggregated into classes for certain required disclosures as follows:

   
Portfolio Segment
Class
   
Real estate loans
Real estate mortgage-construction and land development
Real estate mortgage-residential
Real estate mortgage-farmland and other commercial enterprises
Commercial loans
Commercial and industrial
Depository institutions
Agriculture production and other loans to farmers
States and political subdivisions
Leases
Other
Consumer loans
Secured
Unsecured

Loan disclosures include presenting certain disaggregated information based on recorded investment. The recorded investment in a loan includes its principal amount outstanding adjusted for certain items that include net deferred loan costs or fees, unamortized premiums or discounts, charge offs, and accrued interest. The Company had a total of $691 thousand and $856 thousand of net deferred loan costs at year-end 2011 and 2010, respectively, included in the carrying amount of loans on the balance sheet, which represents .06% and .07% of average loans outstanding. The amount of net deferred loans costs are not material and are omitted from the computation of the recorded investment included in Note 3 that follows. Similarly, accrued interest receivable was $6.6 million and $7.3 million at year-end 2011 and 2010, respectively, or .6% of average loans outstanding and has also been omitted from certain information presented in Note 3.

The Company has a loan policy in place that is amended and approved from time to time as needed to reflect current economic conditions and product offerings in its markets. The policy establishes written procedures concerning areas such as the lending authorities of loan officers, committee review and approval of certain credit requests, underwriting criteria, policy exceptions, appraisal requirements, and loan review. Credit is extended to borrowers based primarily on their ability to repay as demonstrated by income and cash flow analysis.

Loans secured by real estate make up the largest segment of the Company’s loan portfolio. If a borrower fails to repay a loan secured by real estate, the Company may liquidate the collateral in order to satisfy the amount owed. Determining the value of real estate is a key component to the lending process for real estate backed loans. If the fair value of real estate (less estimated cost to sell) securing a collateral dependent loan declines below the outstanding loan amount, the Company will write down the carrying value of the loan and thereby incur a loss. The Company uses independent third party state-certified or licensed appraisers in accordance with its loan policy to mitigate risk when underwriting real estate loans. Cash flow analysis of the borrower, loan to value limits as adopted by loan policy, and other customary underwriting standards are also in place which are designed to maximize credit quality and mitigate risks associated with real estate lending.

Commercial loans are made to businesses and are secured mainly by assets such as inventory, accounts receivable, machinery, fixtures and equipment, or other business assets. Commercial lending involves significant risk, as loan repayments are more dependent on the successful operation or management of the business and its cash flows. Consumer lending includes loans to individuals mainly for personal autos, boats, or a variety of other personal uses and may be secured or unsecured. Loan repayment associated with consumer loans is highly dependent upon the borrower’s continuing financial stability, which is heavily influenced by local unemployment rates. The Company mitigates its risk exposure to each of its loan segments by analyzing the borrower’s repayment capacity, imposing restrictions on the amount it will loan compared to estimated collateral values, limiting the payback periods, and following other customary underwriting practices as adopted in its loan policy.

Generally, the accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when it is determined that the collection of interest or principal is doubtful, or when a default of interest or principal has existed for 90 days or more, unless such loan is well secured and in the process of collection. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan.  All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual status is reversed against interest income. Cash payments received on nonaccrual loans generally are applied to principal, and interest income is only recorded once principal recovery is reasonably assured. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. The Company’s policy for placing a loan on nonaccrual status or subsequently returning a loan to accrual status does not differ based on its portfolio class or segment.

Commercial and real estate loans delinquent in excess of 120 days and consumer loans delinquent in excess of 180 days are charged off, unless the collateral securing the debt is of such value that any loss appears to be unlikely. In all cases, loans are charged off at an earlier date if classified as loss under its loan grading process or as a result of regulatory examination. The Company’s charge-off policy for impaired loans does not differ from the charge-off policy for loans outside the definition of impaired.

Loans Held for Sale

The Company’s operations include a limited amount of mortgage banking. Mortgage banking activities include the origination of fixed-rate residential mortgage loans for sale to various third-party investors. Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market, principally under programs with the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, the Federal National Mortgage Association, and other commercial lending institutions are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value determined in the aggregate and included in net loans on the balance sheet until sold. These loans are sold with the related servicing rights either retained or released by the Company depending on the economic conditions present at the time of origination. Mortgage loans held for sale included in net loans totaled $2.6 million and $2.5 million at December 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010, respectively. Mortgage banking revenues, including origination fees, servicing fees, net gains or losses on sales of mortgages, and other fee income were 1.28%, 1.20%, and .97% of the Company’s total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010, and 2009.

Provision and Allowance for Loan Losses

The provision for loan losses represents charges made to earnings to maintain an allowance for loan losses at an adequate level based on credit losses specifically identified in the loan portfolio, as well as management’s best estimate of probable incurred loan losses in the remainder of the portfolio at the balance sheet date. The allowance for loan losses is a valuation allowance increased by the provision for loan losses and decreased by net charge-offs. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

Management estimates the allowance balance required using a risk-rated methodology. Many factors are considered when estimating the allowance. These include, but are not limited to, past loan loss experience, an assessment of the financial condition of individual borrowers, a determination of the value and adequacy of underlying collateral, the condition of the local economy, an analysis of the levels and trends of the loan portfolio, and a review of delinquent and classified loans. The allowance for loan losses consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are individually classified as impaired or loans otherwise classified as substandard or doubtful. The general component covers non-classified loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for current risk factors. Allocations of the allowance may be made for specific loans, but the entire allowance is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. Actual loan losses could differ significantly from the amounts estimated by management.

The Company’s risk-rated methodology includes segregating watch list and past due loans from the general portfolio and allocating specific amounts to these loans depending on their status. For example, watch list loans, which may be identified by the internal loan review risk-rating process or by regulatory examiner classification, are assigned a certain loss percentage while loans past due 30 days or more are assigned a different loss percentage. Each of these percentages considers past experience as well as current factors. The remainder of the general loan portfolio is segregated into portfolio segments having similar risk characteristics identified as follows:  real estate loans, commercial loans, and consumer loans. Each of these portfolio segments is assigned a loss percentage based on their respective rolling twelve quarter historical loss percentage. Additional allocations to the allowance may then be made for subjective factors, such as those mentioned above, as determined by senior managers who are knowledgeable about these matters. Along with the economic downturn that began during 2007, the Company further identified signs of deterioration in certain real estate development loans that have remained present into 2011 and specific allowances related to these loans have been recorded.

A loan is impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Loans for which the terms have been modified resulting in a concession, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, are considered troubled debt restructurings and classified as impaired. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed.

The Company accounts for impaired loans in accordance with ASC Topic 310, “Receivables”. ASC Topic 310 requires that impaired loans be measured at the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, at the loan’s observable market price, or at the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Generally, impaired loans are also in nonaccrual status. In certain circumstances, however, the Company may continue to accrue interest on an impaired loan. Cash receipts on impaired loans are typically applied to the recorded investment in the loan, including any accrued interest receivable. Loans that are part of a large group of smaller-balance homogeneous loans, such as residential mortgage, consumer, and smaller-balance commercial loans, are collectively evaluated for impairment and, accordingly, they are not separately identified for impairment disclosures. Troubled debt restructurings are measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate at inception, or at the fair value of collateral. The Company determines the amount of reserve for troubled debt restructurings that subsequently default in accordance with its accounting policy for the allowance for loan losses.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage servicing rights are recognized in other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at their initial fair value on loans sold. Fair value is based on market price for comparable mortgage servicing contracts when available, or alternatively, is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. Mortgage servicing rights are subsequently measured using the amortization method in which the mortgage servicing right is expensed in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans. Impairment is evaluated based on the fair value of the rights, using groupings of the underlying loans as to interest rates. Any impairment of a grouping is reported as a valuation allowance. Capitalized mortgage servicing rights were $683 thousand and $597 thousand at December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. No impairment of the asset was determined to exist on either of these dates.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in Note 18.  Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items.  Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates.

Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments

Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit, that are issued to meet customer financing needs.  The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay.  Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill resulting from business combinations prior to January 1, 2009 represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill resulting from business combinations beginning January 1, 2009, is generally determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree, over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually during the fourth quarter or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate impairment could have taken place. Such events could include, among others, a significant adverse change in the business climate, an adverse action by a regulator, an unanticipated change in the competitive environment, or a decision to change the Company’s operations or disposal of a subsidiary. Prior to recording a $52.4 million impairment charge for the entire amount during the fourth quarter of 2009, goodwill was the only intangible asset with an indefinite life on the Company’s balance sheet.

Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values. Such intangible assets consist of core deposit and acquired customer relationship intangible assets arising from business acquisitions. They are initially measured at fair value and then are amortized on an accelerated method over their estimated useful lives, which range between seven and 10 years.

Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned (“OREO”) and held for sale in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets includes properties acquired by the Company through, or in lieu of, actual loan foreclosures. OREO is initially carried at fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value of assets is generally based on third party appraisals of the property that includes comparable sales data. If the carrying amount exceeds fair value less estimated costs to sell, an impairment loss is recorded through expense. These assets are subsequently accounted for at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Operating costs after acquisition are expensed.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense is the total of current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities, except for the deferred tax assets and liabilities related to business combinations or components of other comprehensive income. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through income tax expense. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur.  The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination.  For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded.

The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return with its subsidiaries. Federal income tax expense or benefit has been allocated to subsidiaries on a separate return basis. The Company’s policy is to record the accrual of interest and/or penalties relative to income tax matters, if any, in income tax expense.

Premises and Equipment

Premises, equipment, and leasehold improvements are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed primarily on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives generally ranging from two to seven years for furniture and equipment and generally ten to 40 years for buildings and related components. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful lives or terms of the related leases on the straight-line method. Maintenance, repairs, and minor improvements are charged to operating expenses as incurred and major improvements are capitalized. The cost of assets sold or retired and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in noninterest income. Land is carried at cost.

Company-owned Life Insurance

The Company has purchased life insurance policies on certain key employees with their knowledge and written consent. Company-owned life insurance is recorded on the consolidated balance sheet at its cash surrender value, which is the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date. The related change in cash surrender value and proceeds received under the policies are reported on the consolidated statement of operations under the caption “Income from company-owned life insurance”.

Related Party Transactions

In the ordinary course of business, the Company offers loan and deposit products to its directors, executive officers, and principal shareholders-including affiliated companies of which they are principal owners (“Related Parties”). These products are offered on substantially the same terms as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unrelated parties, and these receivables and deposits are included in loans and deposits in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Additional information related to these transactions can be found in Note 3 and Note 6.

The Company makes payments to Related Parties in the normal course of business for various services, primarily related to legal fees. For example, certain directors of the Parent Company and its subsidiary banks are partners in law firms that act as counsel to the Company. The following table represents the amount and type of payments to Related Parties, other than director fees, for the periods indicated:

                   
(In thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
 
2011
   
2010
   
2009
 
Legal fees
  $ 310     $ 499     $ 532  
Insurance commissions
    28       5          
Premises rental
    3       3       3  
Other
    8       13       16  
Total
  $ 349     $ 520     $ 551  

Retirement Plans

The Company maintains a 401(k) salary savings plan and records expense based on the amount of its matching contributions of employee deferrals.  The Company also has a nonqualified supplemental retirement plan for certain key employees that it acquired in connection with the Citizens Northern acquisition. Supplemental retirement plan expense allocates the benefits over years of service.

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

Basic net income (loss) per common share is determined by dividing net income (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted average total number of common shares issued and outstanding.  Net income (loss) available to common shareholders represents net income (loss) adjusted for preferred stock dividends including dividends declared, accretion of discounts on preferred stock issuances, and cumulative dividends related to the current dividend period that have not been declared as of the end of the period.

Diluted net income per common share is determined by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the total weighted average number of common shares issued and outstanding plus amounts representing the dilutive effect of stock options outstanding and outstanding warrants. The effects of stock options and outstanding warrants are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per common share in periods in which the effect would be antidilutive. Dilutive potential common shares are calculated using the treasury stock method.

Net income (loss) per common share computations were as follows at December 31, 2011, 2010, and 2009:

                   
(In thousands, except per share data)
Years Ended December 31,
 
2011
   
2010
   
2009
 
Net income (loss), basic and diluted
  $ 2,738     $ 6,932     $ (44,742 )
Preferred stock dividends and discount accretion
    (1,896 )     (1,871 )     (1,802 )
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders, basic and diluted
  $ 842     $ 5,061     $ (46,544 )
                         
Average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted
    7,424       7,390       7,365  
                         
Net income (loss) per common share, basic and diluted
  $ .11     $ .68     $ (6.32 )

Stock options for 24,049, 24,049, and 57,621 shares of common stock for 2011, 2010, and 2009, respectively, were not included in the determination of diluted earnings per common share because they were antidilutive. There were 223,992 potential common shares associated with a warrant issued to the U.S. Treasury that were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per common share for each year in the three years ended December 31, 2011 because they were antidilutive.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity (net assets) of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources. For the Company this includes net income (loss), the after tax effect of changes in the net unrealized gains and losses on available for sale investment securities, and the after tax changes in the funded status of postretirement benefit plans.

Dividend Restrictions

Banking regulations require maintaining certain capital levels and currently limit the dividends paid to the Company by its bank subsidiaries or by the Company to its shareholders.

Restrictions on Cash

Included in interest bearing deposits in other banks on the consolidated balance sheets are certain amounts that are held at the Federal Reserve Bank in accordance with reserve requirements specified by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. The reserve requirement was $15.7 million and $15.5 million at December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

Equity

Outstanding common shares purchased by the Company are retired. When common shares are purchased, the Company allocates a portion of the purchase price of the common shares that are retired to each of the following balance sheet line items: common stock, capital surplus, and retained earnings.

Trust Assets

Assets of the Company’s trust departments, other than cash on deposit at our subsidiaries, are not included in the accompanying financial statements because they are not assets of the Company.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been relinquished.  Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Long-term Assets

Premises and equipment, core deposit and other intangible assets, and other long-term assets are reviewed for impairment when events indicate their carrying amount may not be recoverable from future undiscounted cash flows.  If impaired, the assets are recorded at fair value.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation cost for its Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) and for stock options granted based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of ESPP and stock option awards. Compensation cost is recognized over the required service period, generally defined as the vesting period, on a straight-line basis.

The Company’s ESPP was approved by its shareholders at the Company’s 2004 annual meeting. The purpose of the ESPP is to provide a means by which eligible employees may purchase, at a discount, shares of common stock of the Company through payroll withholding. The purchase price of the shares is equal to 85% of their fair market value on specified dates as defined in the plan. The ESPP was effective beginning July 1, 2004. There were 34,769, 33,071, and 21,243 shares issued under the plan during 2011, 2010, and 2009, respectively. Compensation expense related to the ESPP included in the accompanying statements of income was $42 thousand, $46 thousand, and $55 thousand in 2011, 2010, and 2009, respectively.

Following are the weighted average assumptions used and estimated fair market value for the ESPP, which is considered a compensatory plan under ASC Topic 718, “Compensation-Stock Compensation”.

       
   
ESPP
 
   
2011
   
2010
   
2009
 
Dividend yield
    0 %     0 %     4.63 %
Expected volatility
    65.2       66.0       56.8  
Risk-free interest rate
    .06       .15       .14  
Expected life (in years)
    .25       .25       .25  
                         
Fair value
  $ 1.19     $ 1.45     $ 3.67  

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

ASC Topic 310, “Receivables”.  Effective July 1, 2011, the Company adopted new accounting guidance under Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2011-02 that clarifies which loan modifications constitute a troubled debt restructuring. The guidance is intended to assist creditors in determining whether a modification of the terms of a receivable meets the criteria to be considered a troubled debt restructuring, both for purposes of recording an impairment loss and for disclosure of troubled debt restructurings. In addition, this ASU ended the deferral of the activity-based disclosures about troubled debt restructurings included in ASU 2010-20.

In evaluating whether a restructuring constitutes a troubled debt restructuring, a creditor must separately determine that each of the following exist: (a) the restructuring constitutes a concession; and (b) the debtor is experiencing financial difficulties. The amendments to ASC Topic 310 clarify the guidance on a creditor’s evaluation of whether it has granted a concession and whether a debtor is experiencing financial difficulties. There was no material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations upon adoption.

Recently Issued But Not Yet Effective Accounting Standards

ASC Topic 860, “Transfers and Servicing”. The FASB issued ASU No. 2011-03 that is intended to improve financial reporting of repurchase agreements (“repos”) and other agreements that both entitle and obligate a transferor to repurchase or redeem financial assets before their maturity.

In typical repo transactions, an entity transfers financial assets to a counterparty in exchange for cash with an agreement for the counterparty to return the same or equivalent financial assets for a fixed price in the future. Topic 860 prescribes when an entity may or may not recognize a sale upon the transfer of financial assets subject to repo agreements. That determination is based, in part, on whether the entity has maintained effective control over the transferred financial assets.

The amendments to this Topic are intended to improve the accounting for these transactions by removing from the assessment of effective control the criterion requiring the transferor to have the ability to repurchase or redeem the financial assets. The guidance in the ASU is effective for the first interim or annual period beginning on or after December 15, 2011. The guidance should be applied prospectively to transactions or modifications of existing transactions that occur on or after the effective date. Early adoption is not permitted. The Company does not expect the amendments to this Topic to have a material impact on its consolidated financial position or results of operations upon adoption.

ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”. The FASB issued ASU No. 2011-04 to provide converged guidance of the FASB and the International Accounting Standards Board (the “Boards”) on fair value measurement. The new guidance reflects the collective efforts of the Boards which have resulted in common requirements for measuring fair value and for disclosing information about fair value measurements, including a consistent meaning of the term “fair value.” The Boards have concluded the common requirements will result in greater comparability of fair value measurements presented and disclosed in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. The new requirements do not extend the use of fair value; rather, they provide guidance about how fair value should be determined when it is already required or permitted.

The amendments in this ASU are to be applied prospectively. For the Company, the amendments are effective during interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2011. Early application is not permitted. The Company does not expect the amendments to this Topic to have a material impact on its consolidated financial position or results of operations upon adoption.

ASC Topic 220, “Comprehensive Income”. The FASB issued ASU No. 2011-05, which amends prior guidance by eliminating the option to present components of other comprehensive income in the statement of shareholders’ equity. Instead, the new guidance requires entities to present all nonowner changes in shareholders’ equity either as a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or as two separate, but consecutive statements. The amendments included in this ASU do not change which items must be reported in other comprehensive income or when an item of other comprehensive income must be reclassified to net income. The new guidance also requires reclassification adjustments from other comprehensive income to be measured and presented by income statement line item in net income and also in other comprehensive income. However, this requirement was deferred indefinitely with the issuance of ASU No. 2011-12 on December 23, 2011.

The amendments in ASU 2011-05 requiring adoption are to be applied retrospectively. For the Company, the amendments are effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2011. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the amendments to this Topic to have a material impact on its consolidated financial position or results of operations upon adoption.