INVESTMENT SECURITIES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

The following tables summarize the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and approximate fair value of investment securities available for sale as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.


	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Available for sale at September 30, 2024

U.S. Government-sponsored agency securities	$	97,670	$	—	$	12,637	$	85,033
State and municipal	1,090,953		95		106,937		984,111
U.S. Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities	541,099		2,447		71,500		472,046
Corporate obligations	12,957		—		651		12,306

Total available for sale	$	1,742,679	$	2,542	$	191,725	$	1,553,496


	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Available for sale at December 31, 2023

U.S. Government-sponsored agency securities	$	111,521	$	—	$	16,214	$	95,307
State and municipal	1,181,029		364		116,222		1,065,171
U.S. Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities	541,343		462		86,990		454,815
Corporate obligations	12,947		—		1,128		11,819

Total available for sale	$	1,846,840	$	826	$	220,554	$	1,627,112

The following tables summarize the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, approximate fair value and allowance for credit losses on investment securities held to maturity as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.


	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Held to maturity at September 30, 2024
U.S. Government-sponsored agency securities	$	361,335	$	—	$	361,335	$	—	$	53,432	$	307,903
State and municipal	1,087,980		245		1,087,735		1,157		151,227		937,910
U.S. Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities	658,079		—		658,079		—		82,382		575,697
Foreign investment	1,500		—		1,500		—		4		1,496
Total held to maturity	$	2,108,894	$	245	$	2,108,649	$	1,157	$	287,045	$	1,823,006


	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Held to maturity at December 31, 2023
U.S. Government-sponsored agency securities	$	374,002	$	—	$	374,002	$	—	$	64,159	$	309,843
State and municipal	1,099,201		245		1,098,956		1,625		152,113		948,713
U.S. Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities	709,794		—		709,794		—		99,448		610,346
Foreign investment	1,500		—		1,500		—		28		1,472
Total held to maturity	$	2,184,497	$	245	$	2,184,252	$	1,625	$	315,748	$	1,870,374

Accrued interest on investment securities available for sale and held to maturity at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 of $21.7 million and $25.2 million, respectively, are included in the Interest Receivable line on the Corporation's Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets. The total amount of accrued interest is excluded from the amortized cost of available for sale and held to maturity securities presented above.

In determining the allowance for credit losses on investment securities available for sale that are in an unrealized loss position, the Corporation first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through the income statement. For investment securities available for sale that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Corporation evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Corporation considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Unrealized losses that have not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive loss. Adjustments to the allowance are reported in the income statement as a component of the provision for credit losses. The Corporation has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on investment securities available for sale from the estimate of credit losses. Investment securities available for sale are charged off against the allowance or, in the absence of any allowance, written down through the income statement when deemed uncollectible or when either of the aforementioned criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. The Corporation did not record an allowance for credit losses on its investment securities available for sale as the unrealized losses were attributable to changes in interest rates, not credit quality.

The allowance for credit losses on investment securities held to maturity is a contra asset-valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of investment securities held to maturity to present the net amount expected to be collected. Investment securities held to maturity are charged off against the allowance when deemed uncollectible. Adjustments to the allowance are reported in the income statement as a component of the provision for credit losses. The Corporation measures expected credit losses on investment securities held to maturity on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics, and considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Corporation has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on investment securities held to maturity from the estimate of credit losses. With regard to U.S. Government-sponsored agency and U.S. Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities, all these securities are issued by a U.S. Government-sponsored entity and have an implicit or explicit government guarantee; therefore, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities. With regard to securities issued by states and municipalities and other investment securities held to maturity, management considers (1) issuer bond ratings, (2) historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (3) the financial condition of the issuer, and (4) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Historical loss rates associated with securities having similar grades as those in the Corporation's portfolio have been insignificant. Furthermore, as of September 30, 2024, there were no past due

principal and interest payments associated with these securities. The balance of the allowance for credit losses on investment securities held to maturity remained unchanged at $245,000 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 based on applying the long-term historical credit rate, as published by Moody's, for similar rated securities.

On a quarterly basis, the Corporation monitors the credit quality of investment securities held to maturity through the use of credit ratings. The following table summarizes the amortized cost of investment securities held to maturity at September 30, 2024, aggregated by credit quality indicator.


	Held to Maturity
	U.S. Government-sponsored agency securities (1)		State and municipal		U.S. Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities (1)		Foreign investment		Total
Credit Rating:
Aaa	$	361,335	$	113,233	$	658,079	$	—	$	1,132,647
Aa1	—		160,281		—		—		160,281
Aa2	—		177,858		—		—		177,858
Aa3	—		112,393		—		—		112,393
A1	—		141,608		—		—		141,608
A2	—		20,313		—		—		20,313


Non-rated	—		362,294		—		1,500		363,794
Total	$	361,335	$	1,087,980	$	658,079	$	1,500	$	2,108,894

(1) U.S. Government agency securities and U.S. Government mortgage-backed securities are included within the Aaa credit rating category due to their explicit or implicit government guarantees, which provide a high level of assurance regarding the timely collection of principal and interest payments.

The following tables summarize, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, investment securities available for sale in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position.


	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or Longer				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment securities available for sale at September 30, 2024

U.S. Government-sponsored agency securities	$	—	$	—	$	85,033	$	12,637	$	85,033	$	12,637
State and municipal	40,136		1,335		934,947		105,602		975,083		106,937
U.S. Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities	18,916		77		346,666		71,423		365,582		71,500
Corporate obligations	—		—		12,275		651		12,275		651
Total investment securities available for sale	$	59,052	$	1,412	$	1,378,921	$	190,313	$	1,437,973	$	191,725


	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or Longer				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment securities available for sale at December 31, 2023

U.S. Government-sponsored agency securities	$	—	$	—	$	95,307	$	16,214	$	95,307	$	16,214
State and municipal	55,514		1,076		963,584		115,146		1,019,098		116,222
U.S. Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities	11,493		25		422,868		86,965		434,361		86,990
Corporate obligations	—		—		11,788		1,128		11,788		1,128
Total investment securities available for sale	$	67,007	$	1,101	$	1,493,547	$	219,453	$	1,560,554	$	220,554

The following tables summarize investment securities available for sale in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by security type and the number of securities in the portfolio as of the dates indicated.


	Gross Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities
Investment securities available for sale at September 30, 2024

U.S. Government-sponsored agency securities	$	12,637	13
State and municipal	106,937		662
U.S. Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities	71,500		108
Corporate obligations	651		10
Total investment securities available for sale	$	191,725	793


	Gross Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities
Investment securities available for sale at December 31, 2023

U.S. Government-sponsored agency securities	$	16,214	14
State and municipal	116,222		691
U.S. Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities	86,990		150
Corporate obligations	1,128		10
Total investment securities available for sale	$	220,554	865

The unrealized losses in the Corporation’s investment portfolio were the result of changes in interest rates and not credit quality. As a result, the Corporation expects to recover the amortized cost basis over the term of the securities. The Corporation does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the Corporation will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be maturity.

Certain investment securities available for sale are reported in the financial statements at an amount less than their historical cost as indicated in the table below.


	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023

Historical cost	$	1,629,698		$	1,781,108
Fair value	1,437,973			1,560,554
Gross unrealized losses	$	191,725		$	220,554
Percentage of the Corporation's investment securities available for sale in an unrealized loss position	92.6		%	95.9		%

In determining the fair value of the investment securities portfolio, the Corporation utilizes a third party for portfolio accounting services, including market value input, for those securities classified as Level 1 and Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The Corporation has obtained an understanding of what inputs are being used by the vendor in pricing the portfolio and how the vendor classified these securities based upon these inputs. From these discussions, the Corporation’s management is comfortable that the classifications are proper. The Corporation has gained trust in the data for two reasons: (a) independent spot testing of the data is conducted by the Corporation through obtaining market quotes from various brokers on a periodic basis; and (b) actual gains or losses resulting from the sale of certain securities has proven the data to be accurate over time. Fair value of securities classified as Level 3 in the valuation hierarchy was determined using a discounted cash flow model that incorporated market estimates of interest rates and volatility in markets that have not been active.

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities available for sale and held to maturity at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity are shown separately.


	Available for Sale				Held to Maturity
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Maturity Distribution at September 30, 2024
Due in one year or less	$	1,809	$	1,800	$	15,139	$	15,096
Due after one through five years	12,818		12,578		121,204		116,480
Due after five through ten years	162,996		151,369		165,418		151,803
Due after ten years	1,023,957		915,703		1,149,054		963,930
	1,201,580		1,081,450		1,450,815		1,247,309
U.S. Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities	541,099		472,046		658,079		575,697

Total investment securities	$	1,742,679	$	1,553,496	$	2,108,894	$	1,823,006


	Available for Sale				Held to Maturity
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Maturity Distribution at December 31, 2023
Due in one year or less	$	1,390	$	1,382	$	3,041	$	3,043
Due after one through five years	24,899		23,372		118,592		111,723
Due after five through ten years	127,948		120,385		135,805		126,461
Due after ten years	1,151,260		1,027,158		1,217,265		1,018,801
	1,305,497		1,172,297		1,474,703		1,260,028
U.S. Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities	541,343		454,815		709,794		610,346

Total investment securities	$	1,846,840	$	1,627,112	$	2,184,497	$	1,870,374

Securities with a carrying value of approximately $3.4 billion and $1.8 billion were pledged at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, to secure certain deposits and securities sold under repurchase agreements, and for other purposes as permitted or required by law. Pledged securities increased from December 31, 2023 as a result of the Corporation pledging additional securities to the Discount Window at the Federal Reserve Bank to be used as an alternative funding source, if needed.

The book value of securities pledged and available under agreements to repurchase amounted to $143.7 million at September 30, 2024 and $181.4 million at December 31, 2023.

Gross gains and losses on the sales of investment securities available for sale for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are shown below.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Sales and redemptions of investment securities available for sale:
Gross gains	$	7	$	—	$	7	$	759
Gross losses	(9,121)		(1,650)		(9,172)		(5,372)

Net gains (losses) on sales and redemptions of investment securities available for sale	$	(9,114)	$	(1,650)	$	(9,165)	$	(4,613)