10. Restructuring

During the first quarter of 2018, the Company recorded restructuring expenses of $4.7 million, primarily related to additional changes to the operating structure of the ACCO Brands North America segment and the continued integration of Esselte within the ACCO Brands EMEA segment. Not included in these numbers are exit costs and liabilities associated with exiting a leased facility of $2.4 million and a contract related termination of $0.1 million that were not recorded yet, pursuant to GAAP rules.

During 2017, cost savings initiatives undertaken by the Company in 2016 to further enhance its operations in the ACCO Brands North America segment were expanded to include the realignment of the operating structure of our former Computer Products Group and other projects to enhance the future long-term performance of the North America business.

For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, we recorded restructuring charges of $4.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

The summary of the activity in the restructuring account for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was as follows:



(in millions of dollars)	Balance at December 31, 2017		Provision		Cash Expenditures			Non-cash Items/ Currency Change			Balance at March 31, 2018
Employee termination costs⁽¹⁾	$	12.0	$	3.8	$	(2.6	)	$	0.3		$	13.5
Termination of lease agreements⁽²⁾	0.8		0.9		(0.7		)	—			1.0
Other⁽³⁾	0.5		—		(0.1		)	(0.1		)	0.3
Total restructuring liability	$	13.3	$	4.7	$	(3.4	)	$	0.2		$	14.8

(1) We expect the remaining $13.5 million employee termination costs to be substantially paid in the next fifteen months.

(2) We expect the remaining $1.0 million termination of lease costs to be substantially paid in the next twelve months.

(3) We expect the remaining $0.3 million of other costs, principally contract exit costs, to be substantially paid in the next nine months.

The summary of the activity in the restructuring account for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was as follows:



(in millions of dollars)	Balance at December 31, 2016		Esselte Acquisition (4)		Provision		Cash Expenditures			Balance at March 31, 2017
Employee termination costs	$	1.4	$	1.4	$	1.3	$	(0.4	)	$	3.7
Termination of lease agreements	0.1		2.0		0.2		(0.1		)	2.2
Other	—		0.1		—		(0.1		)	—
Total restructuring liability	$	1.5	$	3.5	$	1.5	$	(0.6	)	$	5.9

(4) Restructuring liabilities assumed in the Esselte Acquisition.