Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2 – Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 – Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate the fair value of each type of financial instrument:

The Company uses a third party service to estimate fair value on available for sale securities on a monthly basis. The Company uses the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes. The Company’s service provider is considered a leading evaluation pricing service for U.S. domestic fixed income securities and complies fully with exit pricing requirements. They subscribe to multiple third-party pricing vendors, and supplement that information with matrix pricing methods. The fair values for investment securities, which consist of equity securities that are recorded at fair market value, are determined by quoted market prices in active markets, if available (Level 1). The equity securities change in fair market value is recorded in the income statements. For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, quoted prices for similar assets in markets that are not active or inputs other than quoted prices, which provide a reasonable basis for fair value determination. Such inputs may include interest rates and yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, credit risks and default rates. Inputs used are derived principally from observable market data (Level 2). For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3). The fair values of Level 3 investment securities are determined by using unobservable inputs to measure fair value of assets for which there is little, if any market activity at the measurement date, using reasonable inputs and assumptions based on the best information at the time, to the extent that inputs are available without undue cost and effort. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 the fair value of Level 3 investment securities was immaterial. At December 31, 2022, the Company determined that no securities had a fair value less than amortized cost that was as a result of credit deterioration as outlined in ASU 2016-13.

The fair value of mortgage banking derivatives are calculated using derivative valuation models that utilize quoted prices for similar assets adjusted for the specific attributes of the commitments and other observable market data at the valuation date. (Level 2).

The fair value of interest rate swap derivative instruments are based on valuation models using observable market data as of the measurement date. The loan agreement containing a two-way yield maintenance provision if invoked is expected to exactly offset the fair value of unwinding the swap. The yield maintenance provision represents an embedded derivative which is bifurcated from the host loan contract and, as such, the swaps and embedded derivatives are not designated as hedges (Level 2).

Fair value estimates of collateral dependent loans that are individually reviewed are based on the fair value of the collateral, less estimated costs to sell. Loans carried at fair value generally receive specific allocations of the allowance for credit losses in 2022 and 2021, and allowance for loan losses in prior periods. For collateral dependent loans, fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals or in quoted sales price in certain instances. Appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Adjustments to a quoted price are routinely made to factor in data that affect the marketability of the collateral. Such adjustments, in both instances, are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. These loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis and adjusted accordingly.

Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair values are commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may use a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

Appraisals for both collateral-dependent loans and other real estate owned are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial and commercial real estate properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Company. Once received, a member of the Appraisal Department reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with independent data sources such as recent market data or industry-wide statistics. On an annual basis, the Company compares the actual selling price of collateral that has been sold to the most recent appraised value to determine what adjustments should be made to appraisals to arrive at fair value.

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:


	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 Using:
	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial Assets
Investment securities available-for sale
U.S. Treasury and U.S. government sponsored entities	$	128,096	$	0	$	128,096	$	0
State and political subdivisions		530,080		0		530,080		0
Corporate bonds		3,879		0		3,879		0
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		555,142		0		555,141		1
Collateralized mortgage obligations		47,354		0		47,354		0
Small Business Administration		3,474		0		3,474		0
Equity securities
Equity securities at fair value		196		196		0		0
Other equity investments measured at net asset value		15,048	n/a		n/a		n/a
Total investment securities	$	1,283,269	$	196	$	1,268,024	$	1
Interest rate swaps	$	5,503	$	0	$	5,503	$	0
Mortgage banking derivative - asset	$	31	$	0	$	31	$	0
Financial Liabilities
Interest rate swaps	$	5,503	$	0	$	5,503	$	0


	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2021 Using:
	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial Assets
Investment securities available-for sale
U.S. Treasury and U.S. government sponsored entities	$	90,831	$	0	$	90,831	$	0
State and political subdivisions		658,815		0		658,815		0
Corporate bonds		4,030		0		4,030		0
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		655,186		0		655,183		3
Collateralized mortgage obligations		13,385		0		13,385		0
Small Business Administration		5,430		0		5,430		0
Equity securities
Equity securities at fair value		228		228		0		0
Other equity investments measured at net asset value		14,721	n/a		n/a		n/a
Total investment securities	$	1,442,626	$	228	$	1,427,674	$	3
Interest rate swaps	$	4,261	$	0	$	4,261	$	0
Financial Liabilities
Interest rate swaps	$	4,261	$	0	$	4,261	$	0

There were no significant transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during 2022 or 2021.

Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are summarized below:


	Fair Value Measurements
	at December 31, 2022 Using:
	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial Assets
Individually Evaluated loans
Commercial real estate
Non-Owner occupied	$	746	$	0	$	0	$	746
Commercial		395	0		0		395
1–4 family residential		74	0		0		74


	Fair Value Measurements
	at December 31, 2021 Using:
	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial Assets
Individually Evaluated loans
Commercial	$	1,654	$	0	$	0	$	1,654
1–4 family residential		82	0		0		82

Collateral dependent loans were individually evaluated under ASC 326 for the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Collateral dependent loans, had a principal balance of $1.6 million, with a valuation allowance of $372 thousand at December 31, 2022. Collateral dependent loans, had a principal balance of $3.2 million, with a valuation allowance of $1.5 million at December 31, 2021. Excluded from the above tables at December 31, 2022 and 2021, discussed above are $981 thousand and $792 thousand of loans classified as troubled debt restructurings and measured using the present value of cash flows, which is not considered an exit price.

For the year ending December 31, 2022, the fair value of the collateral dependent commercial real estate and commercial relationships are valued by the quoted price of the collateral. Management makes subsequent unobservable adjustments on the quoted price of collateral dependent loans. For the year ending December 31, 2021, collateral dependent commercial real estate loans, both owner occupied and non-owner occupied are valued by independent external appraisals. These external appraisals are prepared using the sales comparison approach and income approach valuation techniques. Management makes subsequent unobservable adjustments to the collateral dependent loan appraisals. Collateral dependent loans other than commercial real estate and other real estate owned are not considered material.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, other real estate owned measured at fair value less costs to sell, had a zero net carrying amount. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had zero write-downs related to other real estate owned.

The following table presents quantitative information about level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at year ended 2022 and 2021:


December 31, 2022	Fair value		Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable Input(s)	Range Weighted Average
Impaired loans
Commercial real estate	$	746	Quoted price for collateral	Offer price	7.45%
Commercial		395	Quoted price for collateral	Offer price	43.00%
Residential		74	Sales comparison	Adjustment for differences between comparable sales	(13.77%) - (5.68%) (13.77%)


December 31, 2021	Fair value		Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable Input(s)	Range Weighted Average
Impaired loans
Commercial	$	1,654	Sales comparison	Adjustment for differences between comparable sales	(40.24%) - 56.83% (12.43%)
Residential		82	Sales comparison	Adjustment for differences between comparable sales	(3.84%) - 3.22% (0.12%)

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments not previously presented, at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows:


			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 Using:
	Carrying Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	75,551	$	21,395	$	54,156	$	0	$	75,551
Restricted stock		18,200	n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a
Loans held for sale		858		0		858		0		858
Loans, net		2,377,772		0		0		2,330,164		2,330,164
Financial liabilities
Deposits		3,561,768		2,999,188		561,292		0		3,560,480
Short-term borrowings		95,000		0		95,000		0		95,000
Long-term borrowings		88,211		0		73,566		0		73,566


			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2021 Using:
	Carrying Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	112,790	$	29,150	$	83,640	$	0	$	112,790
Restricted stock		15,510	n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a
Loans held for sale		4,545		0		4,681		0		4,681
Loans, net		2,301,696		0		0		2,285,554		2,285,554
Financial liabilities
Deposits		3,547,235		3,158,967		384,263		0		3,543,230
Long-term borrowings		87,758		0		92,433		0		92,433

The methods and assumptions used to estimate fair value, not previously described, are described as follows:

Cash and Cash Equivalents: The carrying amounts of cash and short-term instruments approximate fair values and are classified as either Level 1 or Level 2. The Company has determined that cash on hand and non-interest bearing due from bank accounts are Level 1 whereas interest bearing federal funds sold and other are Level 2.

Restricted Stock: It is not practical to determine the fair value of restricted stock due to restrictions placed on its transferability.

Loans: Fair values of loans, excluding loans held for sale, are estimated using a third party firm that uses cash flow analysis and current market interest rates along with adjustments for credit, liquidity and option risk to conform to the ASU 2016-01 exit price requirement. Impaired loans are valued at the lower of cost or fair value as described previously.

Loans held for sale: The fair value of loans held for sale is estimated based upon the average of binding contracts and quotes from third party investors resulting in a Level 2 classification.

Deposits: The fair values disclosed for demand deposits – interest and non-interest checking, passbook savings and money market accounts—are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date resulting in a Level 1 classification. The carrying amounts of variable rate certificates of deposit approximate their fair values at the reporting date resulting in Level 2 classification. Fair value for fixed rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flows calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered on certificates to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits resulting in a Level 2 classification.

Short-term Borrowings: The carrying amounts of federal funds purchased, borrowings under repurchase agreements, and other short-term borrowings, generally maturing within ninety days, approximate their fair values resulting in a Level 2 classification.

Long-term Borrowings: The fair values of the Company’s long-term borrowings are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses based on the current borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements resulting in a Level 2 classification.

Off-balance Sheet Instruments: The fair value of commitments is not considered material.