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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
5. INCOME TAXES

Income tax provisions for interim (quarterly) periods are based on an estimated annual effective income tax rate calculated separately from the effect of significant, infrequent or unusual items. Income tax expense was $31 million and $16 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in income tax expense was primarily driven by a less favorable change in uncertain tax positions, including $17 million of income tax benefits for audit settlements in foreign jurisdictions in the three months ended September 30, 2015, partially offset by a favorable mix of earnings in continuing operations.

Income tax expense was $75 million and $50 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in income tax expense was primarily driven by a less favorable change in uncertain tax positions, including $17 million of income tax benefits for audit settlements in foreign jurisdictions in the nine months ended September 30, 2015, partially offset by a favorable mix of earnings in continuing operations, excluding the settlement of the UK London pension plan. During the nine months ended September 30, 2015 there was no tax benefit recorded on the $427 million charge related to the settlement of the UK London pension plan due to a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets in the United Kingdom. Refer to Note 7, “Employee Benefit Plans,” for additional discussion on the settlement of the UK London pension plan.