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Securities
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Securities Securities
Debt securities

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair value of investment and mortgage-backed AFS and HTM securities as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are reflected in the tables below (in thousands):
 June 30, 2023
Amortized
Gross
Unrealized
Gross UnrealizedEstimated
AVAILABLE FOR SALECostGainsLossesFair Value
Investment securities:
U.S. Treasury$298,907 $91 $— $298,998 
State and political subdivisions826,193 750 56,660 770,283 
Corporate bonds and other 14,532 18 1,559 12,991 
MBS: (1)
   
Residential258,683 171 11,621 247,233 
Commercial11,253 47 984 10,316 
Total$1,409,568 $1,077 $70,824 $1,339,821 
HELD TO MATURITY
Investment securities:   
State and political subdivisions$1,038,551 $7,093 $139,616 $906,028 
Corporate bonds and other146,371 421 16,895 129,897 
MBS: (1)
Residential92,920 9 8,225 84,704 
Commercial30,630 — 2,444 28,186 
Total $1,308,472 $7,523 $167,180 $1,148,815 

 December 31, 2022
Amortized
Gross
Unrealized
Gross UnrealizedEstimated
AVAILABLE FOR SALECostGainsLossesFair Value
Investment securities: 
State and political subdivisions$1,039,453 $956 $75,557 $964,852 
Corporate bonds and other 8,692 26 14 8,704 
MBS: (1)
 
Residential
328,400 250 13,623 315,027 
Commercial
11,329 50 948 10,431 
Total$1,387,874 $1,282 $90,142 $1,299,014 
HELD TO MATURITY
Investment securities:
State and political subdivisions$1,037,556 $3,969 $163,283 $878,242 
Corporate bonds and other152,552 575 7,993 145,134 
MBS: (1)
 
Residential93,796 21 8,343 85,474 
Commercial42,825 — 2,519 40,306 
Total$1,326,729 $4,565 $182,138 $1,149,156 
(1) All MBS are issued and/or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or U.S. GSEs.

From time to time, we transfer securities from AFS to HTM due to overall balance sheet strategies. We did not transfer any securities from AFS to HTM during the six months ended June 30, 2023. We transferred securities from AFS to HTM with an estimated fair value of $1.25 billion during the year ended December 31, 2022. The remaining net unamortized, unrealized loss on the transferred securities included in AOCI in the accompanying balance sheets totaled $117.6 million ($92.9 million, net of tax) at June 30, 2023 and $121.5 million ($96.0 million, net of tax) at December 31, 2022. Any net unrealized gain or loss on the transferred securities included in AOCI at the time of transfer will be amortized over the remaining life of the underlying security as an adjustment to the yield on those securities. Securities transferred with losses included in AOCI continue to be
included in management’s assessment for impairment for each individual security. We transferred these securities due to overall balance sheet strategies, and our management has the current intent and ability to hold these securities until maturity.
Investment securities and MBS with carrying values of $2.24 billion and $1.82 billion were pledged as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, to collateralize FHLB borrowings, borrowings from the FRDW, including from the BTFP, repurchase agreements and public fund deposits, for potential liquidity needs or other purposes as required by law.
The following tables present the fair value and unrealized losses on AFS and HTM investment securities and MBS, if applicable, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, segregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous loss position (in thousands):
June 30, 2023
 Less Than 12 MonthsMore Than 12 MonthsTotal
Fair Value
Unrealized
Loss
Fair Value
Unrealized
Loss
Fair Value
Unrealized
Loss
AVAILABLE FOR SALE      
Investment securities:
State and political subdivisions$116,217 $1,862 $602,120 $54,798 $718,337 $56,660 
Corporate bonds and other12,786 1,559 — — 12,786 1,559 
MBS:
Residential169,577 6,585 61,126 5,036 230,703 11,621 
Commercial— — 8,047 984 8,047 984 
Total$298,580 $10,006 $671,293 $60,818 $969,873 $70,824 
HELD TO MATURITY
Investment securities:
State and political subdivisions$140,247 $7,452 $606,783 $132,164 $747,030 $139,616 
Corporate bonds and other29,119 4,522 98,082 12,373 127,201 16,895 
MBS:
Residential18,021 1,267 66,019 6,958 84,040 8,225 
Commercial— — 28,186 2,444 28,186 2,444 
Total$187,387 $13,241 $799,070 $153,939 $986,457 $167,180 
December 31, 2022
Less Than 12 Months
More Than 12 Months
Total
Fair Value
Unrealized
Loss
Fair Value
Unrealized
Loss
Fair Value
Unrealized
Loss
AVAILABLE FOR SALE      
Investment securities:
State and political subdivisions$859,270 $68,683 $26,620 $6,874 $885,890 $75,557 
Corporate bonds and other3,678 14 — — 3,678 14 
MBS:
Residential306,294 13,623 — — 306,294 13,623 
Commercial5,613 318 2,545 630 8,158 948 
Total$1,174,855 $82,638 $29,165 $7,504 $1,204,020 $90,142 
HELD TO MATURITY      
Investment securities:
State and political subdivisions$426,382 $66,898 $323,385 $96,385 $749,767 $163,283 
Corporate bonds and other125,250 6,660 12,738 1,333 137,988 7,993 
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential80,801 7,799 3,932 544 84,733 8,343 
Commercial40,306 2,519 — — 40,306 2,519 
Total $672,739 $83,876 $340,055 $98,262 $1,012,794 $182,138 
For those AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position (i) where management has the intent to sell or (ii) where it will more-likely-than-not be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis, we recognize the loss in earnings. For those AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position that do not meet either of these criteria, management assesses whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit-related factors, using both qualitative and quantitative criteria. Determining the allowance under the credit loss method requires the use of a discounted cash flow method to assess the credit losses. Any credit-related impairment will be recognized in allowance for credit losses on the balance sheet with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. Noncredit-related temporary impairment, the portion of the impairment relating to factors other than credit (such as changes in market interest rates), is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax.
As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we did not have an allowance for credit losses on our AFS securities, based on our consideration of the qualitative factors associated with each security type in our AFS portfolio. The unrealized losses on our investment and MBS are due to changes in interest rates and spreads and other market conditions. At June 30, 2023, we had 524 AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position. Our state and political subdivisions are highly rated municipal securities with a long history of no credit losses. Our AFS MBS are highly rated securities which are either explicitly or implicitly backed by the U.S. Government through its agencies which are highly rated by major ratings agencies and also have a long history of no credit losses. Our corporate bonds and other investment securities consist of investment grade bonds and private placement bonds.
We assess the likelihood of default and the potential amount of default when assessing our HTM securities for credit losses. We utilize term structures and, due to no prior loss exposure on our state and political subdivision securities or our corporate securities, we currently apply a third-party average loss given default rate to model these securities. We elected to use the specific identification method to model our HTM securities which aligns with our third-party fair value measurement process. The model determined any expected credit loss over the life of these securities to be insignificant. Management further evaluated the remote expectation of loss along with the qualitative factors associated with these securities and concluded that, due to the securities being highly rated municipals and investment grade corporates and private placement bonds with a long history of no credit losses, no credit loss should be recognized for these securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 or 2022.
The accrued interest receivable on our debt securities is excluded from the credit loss estimate and is included in interest receivable on our consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2023, accrued interest receivable on AFS and HTM debt securities totaled $16.3 million and $13.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, accrued interest receivable on AFS and HTM debt securities totaled $16.9 million and $13.6 million, respectively. No HTM debt securities were past-due or on nonaccrual status as of June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
The following table reflects interest income recognized on securities for the periods presented (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
June 30,
 20232022
U.S. Treasury$3,826 $59 
State and political subdivisions16,901 13,788 
Corporate bonds and other1,766 1,390 
MBS3,830 3,238 
Total interest income on securities$26,323 $18,475 
 Six Months Ended
June 30,
 20232022
U.S. Treasury$4,523 $227 
State and political subdivisions34,000 27,120 
Corporate bonds and other3,598 2,717 
MBS8,159 7,255 
Total interest income on securities$50,280 $37,319 

There was a $5.6 million net realized loss as a result of sales from the AFS securities portfolio for the six months ended June 30, 2023, which consisted of $7.0 million in realized losses and $1.4 million in realized gains.  There was a $3.7 million net realized loss as a result of sales from the AFS securities portfolio for the six months ended June 30, 2022, which consisted of $4.0 million in realized losses and $290,000 in realized gains. There were no sales from the HTM portfolio during the three and six months
ended June 30, 2023 or 2022.  We calculate realized gains and losses on sales of securities under the specific identification method.
Expected maturities on our securities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.  MBS are presented in total by category since MBS are typically issued with stated principal amounts and are backed by pools of mortgages that have loans with varying maturities.  The characteristics of the underlying pool of mortgages, such as fixed-rate or adjustable-rate, as well as prepayment risk, are passed on to the security holder.  The term of a mortgage-backed pass-through security thus approximates the term of the underlying mortgages and can vary significantly due to prepayments.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of AFS and HTM securities at June 30, 2023, are presented below by contractual maturity (in thousands):
 June 30, 2023
 Amortized CostFair Value
AVAILABLE FOR SALE
Investment securities:  
Due in one year or less$299,118 $299,208 
Due after one year through five years1,564 1,591 
Due after five years through ten years32,280 30,881 
Due after ten years806,670 750,592 
 1,139,632 1,082,272 
MBS:269,936 257,549 
Total$1,409,568 $1,339,821 

 June 30, 2023
 Amortized Cost
Fair Value
HELD TO MATURITY
Investment securities:  
Due in one year or less$125 $124 
Due after one year through five years20,809 20,016 
Due after five years through ten years136,422 120,546 
Due after ten years1,027,566 895,239 
 1,184,922 1,035,925 
MBS:123,550 112,890 
Total$1,308,472 $1,148,815 

Equity Investments
Equity investments on our consolidated balance sheets include Community Reinvestment Act funds with a readily determinable fair value as well as equity investments without readily determinable fair values. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had equity investments recorded in our consolidated balance sheets of $9.6 million and $11.2 million, respectively.
Any realized and unrealized gains and losses on equity investments are reported in income. Equity investments without readily determinable fair values are recorded at cost less impairment, if any. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, there was a net gain on the sale of equity securities of $2.6 million and $5.1 million, respectively.
The following is a summary of unrealized and realized gains and losses on equity investments recognized in other noninterest income in the consolidated statements of income during the periods presented (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
June 30,		Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2023202220232022
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity investments$2,558 $(191)$5,058 $(466)
Less: Net gains recognized during the period on equity investments sold during the period2,642 — 5,058 — 
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized during the reporting period on equity investments held at the reporting date$(84)$(191)$— $(466)
Equity investments are assessed quarterly for other-than-temporary impairment. Based upon that evaluation, management does not consider any of our equity investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at June 30, 2023.
FHLB Stock
Our FHLB stock, which has limited marketability, is carried at cost and is assessed quarterly for other-than-temporary impairment. Based upon evaluation by management at June 30, 2023, our FHLB stock was not impaired and thus was not considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired.