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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2016
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
1.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Tivity Health, Inc. was founded and incorporated in Delaware in 1981.  Through our three programs, SilverSneakers® senior fitness, Prime® fitness and WholeHealth LivingTM, we are focused on targeted population health for those aged 50 and older. In January 2017, we rebranded and changed the name of the Company from Healthways, Inc. to Tivity Health, Inc. to better align with our portfolio of fitness and health improvement programs.

Our results from continuing operations do not include the results of the total population health services ("TPHS") business, which we sold effective July 31, 2016.  The TPHS business included our partnerships with Blue Zones, LLC and Dr. Dean Ornish (the Blue Zones Project by Healthways™ and Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease™, respectively), our joint venture with Gallup, Inc. ("Gallup"), Navvis Healthcare, LLC ("Navvis"), MeYou Health, LLC ("MeYou Health"), and our international operations, including our joint venture with SulAméricaWhile Navvis and MeYou Health were part of our TPHS business, they were sold separately to other buyers in November 2015 and June 2016, respectively.  Results of operations for the TPHS business have been classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

On March 11, 2015, we formed a joint venture with SulAmérica, one of the largest independent insurers in Brazil, to sell total population health services to the Brazilian market. With its contribution, SulAmérica acquired a 49% interest in the joint venture, Healthways Brasil Servicos de Consultoria LTDA ("Healthways Brazil"). We determined that our interest in Healthways Brazil represented a controlling financial interest and, therefore, prior to selling the TPHS business, consolidated the financial statements of Healthways Brazil and presented a non-controlling interest for the portion owned by SulAmérica. The net assets and results of operations of Healthways Brazil are included within discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

We have reclassified certain items in prior periods to conform to current classifications.  As used throughout these notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, unless the context otherwise indicates, the terms "we," "us," "our," or the "Company" refer collectively to Tivity Health, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries.

a.
Principles of Consolidation – See discussion above regarding the TPHS business, including a non-controlling interest.  We have eliminated all intercompany profits, transactions and balances.

b.
Cash and Cash Equivalents - Cash and cash equivalents primarily include cash on deposit.

c.
Accounts Receivable, net - Accounts receivable includes billed and unbilled amounts.  Billed receivables represent fees that are contractually due for services performed, net of contractual allowances (reflected as a reduction of revenue) and allowances for doubtful accounts (reflected as selling, general and administrative expenses). These combined allowances totaled $0.7 million at both December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. Unbilled receivables primarily represent fees recognized for monthly member utilization of fitness facilities under our SilverSneakers fitness solution, billed one month in arrears.  Historically, we have experienced minimal instances of customer non-payment and therefore consider our accounts receivable to be collectible; however, we provide reserves, when appropriate, for doubtful accounts and for contractual allowances (such as data reconciliation differences) on a specific identification basis.

d.
Property and Equipment - Property and equipment is carried at cost and includes expenditures that increase value or extend useful lives. We recognize depreciation using the straight-line method over useful lives of three to seven years for computer software and hardware and four to seven years for furniture and other office equipment.  Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated life of the asset or the life of the lease, which ranges from two to fifteen years.  Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 was $3.6 million, $6.3 million, and $6.5 million, respectively, including depreciation of assets recorded under capital leases.

e.
Other Assets - Other assets consist primarily of an adjustable convertible equity right (see Note 3).

f.
Intangible Assets - Intangible assets subject to amortization include customer contracts, acquired technology, and distributor and provider networks, which we amortized on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives ranging from three to ten years. All intangible assets subject to amortization were fully amortized at December 31, 2016.

We assess the potential impairment of intangible assets subject to amortization whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying values may not be recoverable. If we determine that the carrying value of identifiable intangible assets may not be recoverable, we calculate any impairment using an estimate of the asset's fair value based on the estimated price that would be received to sell the asset in an orderly transaction between market participants.

Intangible assets not subject to amortization at December 31, 2016 and 2015 consist of a trade name of $29.0 million. We review intangible assets not subject to amortization on an annual basis or more frequently whenever events or circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. See Note 5 for further information on intangible assets.

g.
Goodwill - We recognize goodwill for the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of tangible and identifiable intangible net assets of businesses that we acquire.

We review goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis (during the fourth quarter the fiscal year) or more frequently whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Following the sale of the TPHS business effective July 31, 2016, a single reporting unit remains.

We may elect to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If we conclude during the qualitative assessment that this is the case or if we elect not to perform a qualitative assessment, we perform a quantitative review as described below.

During a quantitative review of goodwill, we estimate the fair value of a reporting unit using a combination of a discounted cash flow model and a market-based approach, and in the event we were to have multiple reporting units, we reconcile the aggregate fair value of our reporting units to our consolidated market capitalization. Estimating fair value requires significant judgments, including management's estimate of future cash flows, which is dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of the long-term growth rate for our business, the useful life over which cash flows will occur, and determination of our weighted average cost of capital, as well as relevant comparable company earnings multiples for the market-based approach. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the estimate of fair value and potential goodwill impairment for a reporting unit.

If we determine that the carrying value of goodwill is impaired, we calculate any impairment using a fair-value based goodwill impairment test as required by U.S. GAAP. The fair value of a reporting unit is the price that would be received upon a sale of the unit as a whole in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

h.
Accounts Payable - Accounts payable consists of short-term trade obligations and includes cash overdrafts attributable to disbursements not yet cleared by the bank.

i.
Income Taxes - We file a consolidated federal income tax return that includes all of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. U.S. GAAP generally require that we record deferred income taxes for the tax effect of differences between the book and tax bases of our assets and liabilities. We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position.  The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement.

Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are expected to be realized. When we determine that it is more likely than not that we will be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset is made and reflected in income.

j.
Revenue Recognition - We recognize revenue as services are performed when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, collectability is reasonably assured, and amounts are fixed or determinable.

Our fees are generally billed per member per month ("PMPM"), upon member participation, or a combination of both. For PMPM fees, we generally determine our contract fees by multiplying the contractually negotiated PMPM rate by the number of members eligible for or receiving our services during the month. Some of our contracts, predominantly within the now disposed TPHS business, were performance-based and placed a portion of our fees at risk based on achieving certain performance metrics, cost savings, and/or clinical outcomes improvements.

We generally bill our customers each month for the entire amount of the fees contractually due for the prior month's enrollment, which typically includes the amount, if any, that is performance-based and may be subject to refund should we not meet performance targets.  Fees for participation are typically billed in the month after the services are provided.

We recognize revenue as follows: (1) we recognize the fixed portion of PMPM fees and fees for service as revenue during the period we perform our services; and (2) we recognize performance-based revenue based on the most recent assessment of our performance, which represents the amount that the customer would legally be obligated to pay if the contract were terminated as of the latest balance sheet date.

We are currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 (as discussed under "Recent Relevant Accounting Standards" below) will have on our revenue recognition policies and procedures, financial position, results of operations, cash flows, financial disclosures, and control framework.

k.
Earnings (Loss) Per Share – We calculate basic earnings (loss) per share using weighted average common shares outstanding during the period.  We calculate diluted earnings (loss) per share using weighted average common shares outstanding during the period plus the effect of all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period unless the impact would be anti-dilutive. See Note 15 for a reconciliation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share.

l.
Share-Based Compensation – We recognize all share-based payments to employees in the consolidated statements of operations over the required vesting period based on estimated fair values at the date of grant.  See Note 13 for further information on share-based compensation.

m.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities – We use derivative instruments to manage risks related to interest expense and the cash convertible senior notes (as discussed in Note 7). We account for derivatives in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") Topic 815, which establishes accounting and reporting standards requiring that certain derivative instruments be recorded on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at fair value. Additionally, changes in the derivative's fair value will be recognized currently in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met. As permitted under our master netting arrangements, the fair value amounts of our interest rate swaps are presented on a net basis by counterparty in the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 10 for further information on derivative instruments and hedging activities.

n.
Management Estimates – In preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management must make estimates and assumptions that affect: (1) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements; and (2) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.