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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Note 13 – Income Taxes

Income (loss) from operations before income taxes consisted of the following:
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202420232022
United States$(23,598)$(24,949)$910 
Foreign23,062 22,942 12,027 
Total$(536)$(2,007)$12,937 

Provision (benefit) for income taxes from operations consisted of the following:
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202420232022
Current income tax expense:
U.S. federal$3,035 $4,961 $4,011 
U.S. state2,633 2,388 869 
Foreign7,777 7,639 3,057 
Total$13,445 $14,988 $7,937 
Deferred income tax expense (benefit):
U.S. federal$(3,554)$(8,101)$(947)
U.S. state(1,603)1,232 (73)
Foreign(1,492)(1,159)(1,386)
Total$(6,649)$(8,028)$(2,406)
Total income tax expense (benefit):
U.S. federal$(519)$(3,141)$3,063 
U.S. state1,030 3,620 796 
Foreign6,285 6,481 1,672 
Total$6,796 $6,960 $5,531 
The reconciliation between the effective income tax rates and the statutory federal rates for operations are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
202420232022
Statutory Federal rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
Change in valuation allowance - current period activity(1,196.4)(380.7)1.3 
Change in valuation allowance - reversal— — — 
Foreign rate differential(63.2)6.2 4.0 
Stock compensation81.6 (5.0)(0.5)
Compensation deduction limitation— (7.0)— 
State and local taxes, net178.4 67.1 4.5 
Life insurance(14.1)(3.4)— 
Meals & entertainment(65.2)(17.3)1.4 
Change in uncertain tax positions46.0 18.1 (2.9)
Provision to return differences(78.5)(45.3)— 
GILTI, Section 78, FDII, and Section 250(8.5)— 3.2 
Transaction costs(157.4)— 8.3 
Branch income(275.2)(81.6)— 
Earn out revaluation— — 0.8 
Change in deferred balances263.4 79.4 — 
Other items, net0.2 1.7 1.7 
Provision for income taxes(1,267.9)%(346.8)%42.8 %

The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 was (1,267.9)% compared to a (346.8)% effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023. The change in the year-over-year effective tax rate was primarily due to state taxes, foreign operations, transaction costs and changes in the valuation allowance on the Company’s 163(j) interest expense limitation deferred tax asset.

The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was (346.8)% compared to a 42.8% effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change in the year-over-year effective tax rate was primarily due to an increase in the partial valuation allowance against the Company's excess interest expense carryforward balance, state taxes, foreign income and a pre-tax loss in 2023. Relative to the U.S. statutory rate, the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was impacted by the items listed above.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities contain the following temporary differences:
December 31,
(in thousands)20242023
Deferred tax assets:
Federal & state NOL carryforward$9,943 $10,158 
Inventory reserve10,269 8,815 
Transaction costs1,523 673 
Stock based compensation3,113 3,602 
Accrued benefits & bonuses7,821 11,998 
Bad debt reserve546 977 
Section 163(j) limitation carryforward20,422 15,891 
Right of use liabilities21,476 18,936 
Deferred state income tax452 — 
Deferred revenue135 77 
Investment in foreign subsidiaries— — 
Other5,952 4,005 
Total deferred tax assets81,652 75,132 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Intangible assets and goodwill45,360 44,057 
Right of use assets20,449 18,264 
Fixed assets21,685 20,977 
Deferred state income tax— 17 
Other1,419 1,591 
Total deferred tax liabilities88,913 84,906 
Net deferred tax liabilities before valuation allowance(7,261)(9,774)
Valuation allowance(14,868)(8,457)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(22,129)$(18,231)

At December 31, 2024, the Company had $21.4 million of U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) that do not expire, and $50.6 million of state NOLs that expire between 2025 and 2036. At December 31, 2024 the Company had a total valuation allowance of $14.9 million. At December 31, 2023, the valuation allowance was $8.5 million. The change in the valuation allowance during 2024 was primarily related to establishing a valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset for Section 163(j) limited interest expense. The Company does not expect that its future taxable income will be sufficient to realize these existing deferred tax assets.

Earnings from the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are considered to be indefinitely reinvested. A distribution of these non-U.S. earnings in the form of dividends or otherwise would subject the company to foreign withholding taxes and may subject the Company to U.S. federal and state taxes. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to indefinitely reinvested profits is not feasible primarily due the Company’s legal entity structure and the complexity of U.S. tax laws.

Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (GILTI) is a deemed amount of income derived from controlled foreign corporations (CFCs) in which a U.S. person is a 10% direct or indirect shareholder. The Company owns numerous CFCs, which are subject to GILTI inclusion. However, because several of the CFCs operate in countries with a high tax rate, notably Canada, Denmark and Mexico, it was determined that a Section 954 High Tax Exception to GILTI inclusions is appropriate.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
December 31,
(in thousands)202420232022
Balance at beginning of year$2,734 $3,027 $— 
Additions for tax positions of current year595 — 191 
Additions for tax positions of prior years— 503 3,741 
Reductions for tax positions of prior year(152)— (238)
Lapse of statute of limitations(815)(796)(667)
Balance at end of year$2,362 $2,734 $3,027 

The recognition of the unrecognized tax benefits would have a favorable effect on the effective tax rate. The unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024 included $1.1 million of tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate in future periods. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. The unrecognized tax benefits are recorded as a component of Other Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The total amount accrued for interest and penalties in the liability for uncertain tax positions was $1.1 million, $0.8 million and $0.9 million as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change in the next twelve months; however, the Company does not expect the change to have a material impact on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) or the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Interest and penalties are recognized over uncertain tax positions that arose from income tax matters in Canada. The Company has substantially concluded all Canadian income tax matters through the year ended December 31, 2016. Years 2017 through present are open and subject to examination.
The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of multiple state and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations for the years 2021 through 2023 and income tax examinations from various other jurisdictions for the years