EX-99.1 2 ex99-1.htm EX-99.1
KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017

This management's discussion and analysis ("MD&A"), prepared as of February 14, 2018, relates to the financial condition and results of operations of Kinross Gold Corporation together with its wholly owned subsidiaries, as at December 31, 2017 and for the year then ended, and is intended to supplement and complement Kinross Gold Corporation's audited annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017 and the notes thereto (the "financial statements").  Readers are cautioned that the MD&A contains forward-looking statements about expected future events and financial and operating performance of the Company, and that actual events may vary from management's expectations.  Readers are encouraged to read the Cautionary Statement on Forward Looking Information included with this MD&A and to consult Kinross Gold Corporation's financial statements for 2017 and corresponding notes to the financial statements which are available on the Company's web site at www.kinross.com and on www.sedar.com. The financial statements and MD&A are presented in U.S. dollars.  The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB"). This discussion addresses matters we consider important for an understanding of our financial condition and results of operations as at and for the year ended December 31, 2017, as well as our outlook.

This MD&A contains forward-looking statements and should be read in conjunction with the risk factors described in "Risk Analysis" and in the "Cautionary Statement on Forward-Looking Information" on pages 58 – 59 of this MD&A.  For additional discussion of risk factors please refer to the Company's Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2016, which is available on the Company's website www.kinross.com and on www.sedar.com. In certain instances, references are made to relevant notes in the financial statements for additional information.

Where we say "we", "us", "our", the "Company" or "Kinross", we mean Kinross Gold Corporation or Kinross Gold Corporation and/or one or more or all of its subsidiaries, as it may apply. Where we refer to the "industry", we mean the gold mining industry.
 

1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS
 
Kinross is engaged in gold mining and related activities, including exploration and acquisition of gold-bearing properties, the extraction and processing of gold-containing ore, and reclamation of gold mining properties. Kinross' gold production and exploration activities are carried out principally in the United States, the Russian Federation, Brazil, Chile, Ghana, Mauritania, and Canada.  Gold is produced in the form of doré, which is shipped to refineries for final processing.  Kinross also produces and sells a quantity silver.

The profitability and operating cash flow of Kinross are affected by various factors, including the amount of gold and silver produced, the market prices of gold and silver, operating costs, interest rates, regulatory and environmental compliance, the level of exploration activity and capital expenditures, general and administrative costs, and other discretionary costs and activities.  Kinross is also exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, political risks, and varying levels of taxation that can impact profitability and cash flow.  Kinross seeks to manage the risks associated with its business operations; however, many of the factors affecting these risks are beyond the Company's control.

Commodity prices continue to be volatile as economies around the world continue to experience economic challenges.  Volatility in the price of gold and silver impacts the Company's revenue, while volatility in the price of input costs, such as oil, and foreign exchange rates, particularly the Brazilian real, Chilean peso, Russian rouble, Mauritanian ouguiya, Ghanaian cedi, and Canadian dollar, may have an impact on the Company's operating costs and capital expenditures.

Segment Profile

Each of the Company's significant operating mines is generally considered to be a separate segment. The reportable segments are those operations whose operating results are reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance.


         
Ownership percentage at December 31,
  
Operating Segments
Operator
Location
  
2017
    
2016
  
Fort Knox
Kinross
USA
    
100%
 
    
100%
 
Round Mountain
Kinross
USA
    
50%
 
    
50%
 
Bald Mountain
Kinross
USA
    
100%
 
    
100%
 
Kettle River-Buckhorn Kinross  USA     100%       100%  
Kupol(a)
Kinross
Russian Federation
    
100%
 
    
100%
 
Paracatu
Kinross
Brazil
    
100%
 
    
100%
 
Maricunga
Kinross
Chile
    
100%
 
    
100%
 
Tasiast
Kinross
Mauritania
    
100%
 
    
100%
 
Chirano
Kinross
Ghana
    
90%
 
    
90%
 
(a) The Kupol segment includes the Kupol and Dvoinoye mines.
 
 
 
 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017

Consolidated Financial and Operating Highlights
 
   
Years ended December 31,
    
2017 vs. 2016
    
2016 vs. 2015
  
(in millions, except ounces, per share amounts and
  per ounce amounts)
  
2017
    
2016
    
2015
    
Change
    
% Change (e)
    
Change
    
% Change(e)
  
Operating Highlights
                                          
Total gold equivalent ounces (a)
                                          
Produced (c)
    
2,698,136
      
2,810,345
      
2,620,262
      
(112,209
)
    
(4%)
 
    
190,083
      
7
%
Sold (c)
    
2,621,875
      
2,778,902
      
2,634,867
      
(157,027
)
    
(6%)
 
    
144,035
      
5
%
                                                         
Attributable gold equivalent ounces (a)
                                                        
Produced (c)
    
2,673,533
      
2,789,150
      
2,594,652
      
(115,617
)
    
(4%)
 
    
194,498
      
7
%
Sold (c)
    
2,596,754
      
2,758,306
      
2,608,870
      
(161,552
)
    
(6%)
 
    
149,436
      
6
%
                                                         
Financial Highlights
                                                        
Metal sales
  
$
3,303.0
    
$
3,472.0
    
$
3,052.2
    
$
(169.0
)
    
(5%)
 
  
$
419.8
      
14
%
Production cost of sales
  
$
1,757.4
    
$
1,983.8
    
$
1,834.8
    
$
(226.4
)
    
(11%)
 
  
$
149.0
      
8
%
Depreciation, depletion and amortization
  
$
819.4
    
$
855.0
    
$
897.7
    
$
(35.6
)
    
(4%)
 
  
$
(42.7
)
    
(5
%)
Impairment, net of reversals
  
$
21.5
    
$
139.6
    
$
699.0
    
$
(118.1
)
    
(85%)
 
  
$
(559.4
)
    
(80
%)
Operating earnings (loss)
  
$
336.5
    
$
46.3
    
$
(742.9
)
  
$
290.2
    
nm
    
$
789.2
      
106
%
Net earnings (loss) attributable to common shareholders
  
$
445.4
    
$
(104.0
)
  
$
(984.5
)
  
$
549.4
    
nm
    
$
880.5
      
89
%
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders
  
$
0.36
    
$
(0.08
)
  
$
(0.86
)
  
$
0.44
    
nm
    
$
0.78
      
91
%
Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders
  
$
0.35
    
$
(0.08
)
  
$
(0.86
)
  
$
0.43
    
nm
    
$
0.78
      
91
%
Adjusted net earnings (loss) attributable to common shareholders(b)
  
$
178.7
    
$
93.0
    
$
(91.0
)
  
$
85.7
      
92%
 
  
$
184.0
    
nm
  
Adjusted net earnings (loss) per share (b)
  
$
0.14
    
$
0.08
    
$
(0.08
)
  
$
0.06
      
75%
 
  
$
0.16
    
nm
  
Net cash flow provided from operating activities
  
$
951.6
    
$
1,099.2
    
$
831.6
    
$
(147.6
)
    
(13%)
 
  
$
267.6
      
32
%
Adjusted operating cash flow (b)
  
$
1,166.7
    
$
926.7
    
$
786.6
    
$
240.0
      
26%
 
  
$
140.1
      
18
%
Capital expenditures
  
$
897.6
    
$
633.8
    
$
610.0
    
$
263.8
      
42%
 
  
$
23.8
      
4
%
Average realized gold price per ounce(d)
  
$
1,260
    
$
1,249
    
$
1,159
    
$
11
      
1%
 
  
$
90
      
8
%
Consolidated production cost of sales per equivalent ounce(c) sold(b)
  
$
670
    
$
714
    
$
696
    
$
(44
)
    
(6%)
 
  
$
18
      
3
%
Attributable(a) production cost of sales per equivalent ounce (c) sold(b)
  
$
669
    
$
712
    
$
696
    
$
(43
)
    
(6%)
 
  
$
16
      
2
%
Attributable(a) production cost of sales per ounce sold on a by-product basis(b)
  
$
653
    
$
696
    
$
684
    
$
(43
)
    
(6%)
 
  
$
12
      
2
%
Attributable(a) all-in sustaining cost per ounce sold on a by-product basis(b)
  
$
946
    
$
975
    
$
971
    
$
(29
)
    
(3%)
 
  
$
4
      
0
%
Attributable(a) all-in sustaining cost per equivalent ounce (c) sold (b)
  
$
954
    
$
984
    
$
975
    
$
(30
)
    
(3%)
 
  
$
9
      
1
%
Attributable(a) all-in cost per ounce sold on a by-product basis(b)
  
$
1,164
    
$
1,073
    
$
1,047
    
$
91
      
8%
 
  
$
26
      
2
%
Attributable(a) all-in cost per equivalent ounce (c) sold (b)
  
$
1,166
    
$
1,079
    
$
1,049
    
$
87
      
8%
 
  
$
30
      
3
%
                                                         
(a)
"Total" includes 100% of Chirano production. "Attributable" includes Kinross' share of Chirano (90%) production.
  
(b)
The definition and reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures are included in Section 11 of this document.
  
(c)
"Gold equivalent ounces" include silver ounces produced and sold converted to a gold equivalent based on a ratio of the average spot market prices for the commodities for each period. The ratio for 2017 was 73.72:1 (2016 - 72.95:1 and 2015 - 73.92:1).
  
(d)
Average realized gold price is a non-GAAP financial measure and is defined in Section 11 of this document.
  
(e)
"nm" means not meaningful.
  

 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017

Consolidated Financial Performance

2017 vs. 2016
 
 
Kinross' attributable production decreased by 4% compared with 2016, primarily due to a decrease in production at Kupol due to lower grades, at Paracatu due to a temporary curtailment as a result of lower than average rainfall in the area, and at Maricunga due to the suspension of mining and crushing activities in 2016. These decreases were offset by higher production at Bald Mountain as a result of more ounces recovered from the heap leach pads and higher grades, as well as at Round Mountain and Tasiast due to higher grades.

Metal sales decreased by 5% in 2017 compared with 2016 due to a decrease in gold equivalent ounces sold, slightly offset by an increase in average metal prices realized.  The average realized gold price increased to $1,260 per ounce in 2017 from $1,249 per ounce in 2016. Gold equivalent ounces sold in 2017 decreased to 2,621,875 ounces from 2,778,902 ounces in 2016, primarily due to the decrease in production as described above.

Production cost of sales decreased by 11% compared with 2016, primarily due to the decrease in gold equivalent ounces sold as described above, as well as a decrease in operating waste mined at Fort Knox. These decreases were partially offset by higher production cost of sales at Bald Mountain due to an increase in gold equivalent ounces sold. The decrease in production cost of sales resulted in a 6% decrease in attributable production cost of sales per equivalent ounce sold compared with 2016.

During 2017, depreciation, depletion and amortization decreased by 4% compared with 2016, primarily due to the decrease in gold equivalent ounces sold at Kupol, Paracatu and Maricunga. This decrease was slightly offset by an increase in depreciation, depletion and amortization at Bald Mountain and Round Mountain due to an increase in gold equivalent ounces sold, as well as at Chirano due to an increase in gold equivalent ounces sold and a decrease in the mineral reserves as at December 31, 2016.

At December 31, 2017, upon completion of its annual assessment of the carrying value of its Cash Generating Units ("CGUs"), the Company recorded a net, after-tax, impairment reversal of $62.1 million. The impairment reversal was entirely related to property, plant and equipment and included after-tax impairment reversals at Tasiast and Fort Knox of $142.9 million and $86.2 million, respectively, partially offset by an after-tax impairment charge at Paracatu of $167.0 million. The impairment reversals at Tasiast and Fort Knox were mainly due to an increase in the Company's short-term and long-term gold price estimates, as well as Tasiast Phase Two progressing as planned and additions to Fort Knox's mineral reserve estimates. The impairment charge at Paracatu was mainly a result of changes in the fiscal regime in Brazil that were considered in the cash flow analysis used to assess its recoverable amount. The impairment charge at Paracatu is net of a tax recovery of $86.0 million and the impairment reversal at Fort Knox is net of a tax expense of $2.4 million. There was no tax impact on the impairment reversal at Tasiast. During 2016, the Company recorded impairment charges at Maricunga of $68.3 million against property, plant and equipment and $71.3 million against metals and supplies inventory as a result of the suspension of mining and crushing activities during the year.

Operating earnings increased to $336.5 million in 2017 from $46.3 million in 2016. The change in operating earnings was primarily due to lower impairment charges as well as increased margins (metal sales less production cost of sales).

On March 28, 2017, the Company announced that it had entered into an agreement with Goldcorp Inc. ("Goldcorp") to sell its 25% interest in the Cerro Casale project and its 100% interest in the Quebrada Seca exploration project in Chile. In connection with the sale, the Company recorded a reversal of previously recorded impairment charges of $97.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2017 within other income (expense). On June 9, 2017, the Company completed the sale and recognized a gain on disposition of $12.7 million in other income (expense).

On May 18, 2017, the Company entered into an agreement with White Gold Corp. to sell its 100% interest in the White Gold exploration project in the Yukon Territory. On June 14, 2017, the Company completed the sale and recognized a loss on disposition of $1.7 million in other income (expense).

On September 18, 2017, the Company entered into an agreement with Integra Resources Corp. ("Integra") to sell its 100% interest in the DeLamar reclamation property ("DeLamar"). On November 3, 2017, the Company completed the sale and recognized a gain on disposition of $44.2 million in other income (expense).

During 2017, net earnings attributable to common shareholders were $445.4 million, or $0.36 per share, compared with a net loss attributable to common shareholders of $104.0 million, or $0.08 per share, in 2016.  The change was primarily a result of the increase in operating earnings, the impairment reversal recorded in relation to the sale of Cerro Casale, and gains recognized upon disposition of DeLamar, Cerro Casale and Quebrada Seca, as described above. In addition, an income tax recovery of $23.2 million was recorded in 2017, compared with an income tax expense of $49.6 million in 2016. The $23.2 million income tax recovery recognized in 2017 includes a net tax recovery of $83.6 million related to the impairment charge at Paracatu and the impairment reversal at Fort Knox, and an estimated net benefit of $93.4 million due to the enactment of U.S. Tax Reform legislation on December 22, 2017. The estimated net benefit includes a benefit of $124.4 million in respect of the collectability of the Alternative Minimum Tax ("AMT") credit, which is partially offset by the write-down of net deferred tax assets to reflect the reduction in the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning January 1, 2018. Further guidance on the implementation and application of the U.S. Tax Reform legislation will be forthcoming in regulations to be issued by the Department of Treasury, legislation or guidance from the states in which the Company operates and directions from the Office of Management and Budget. Such legislation, regulations, directions and additional guidance may require changes to the estimated net benefit recorded and the impact of such changes will be accounted for in the period in which the legislation, regulations, directions, and additional guidance are enacted or released by the relevant authorities. The $49.6 million income tax expense recognized in 2016 included a $65.1 million recovery due to re-measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates with respect to the Brazilian real and the Russian rouble, $32.0 million of expense due to a proposal to reassess taxes which was received in the second quarter of 2016 and a tax benefit of $27.7 million realized by the Company as a result of the acquisition of Bald Mountain and the remaining 50% of Round Mountain. In addition, tax expense decreased due to differences in the level of income in the Company's operating jurisdictions from one period to the next. Kinross' combined federal and provincial statutory tax rate for 2017 was 26.5% (2016 – 26.5%).

Adjusted net earnings attributable to common shareholders was $178.7 million, or $0.14 per share, for 2017 compared with adjusted net earnings attributable to common shareholders of $93.0 million, or $0.08 per share, in 2016.  The increase in adjusted net earnings was mainly due to the increase in margins described above.

During 2017, net cash flow provided from operating activities decreased to $951.6 million from $1,099.2 million in 2016 primarily due to less favourable working capital movements and higher taxes paid, partially offset by higher margins. Adjusted operating cash flow increased to $1,166.7 million from $926.7 million in 2016, primarily due to the increase in margins.

Capital expenditures increased by 42% in 2017 compared with 2016, primarily due to increased spending at Tasiast, Bald Mountain and Fort Knox, offset by lower spending at Kupol.

During 2017, attributable all-in sustaining cost per equivalent ounce sold and per ounce sold on a by-product basis decreased from 2016 largely due to lower production cost of sales. Attributable all-in cost per equivalent ounce sold and per ounce sold on a by-product basis increased compared with 2016, primarily due to an increase in non-sustaining capital expenditures.
 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


2016 vs. 2015

Kinross' attributable production increased by 7% compared with 2015, primarily due to the acquisition of Bald Mountain and the remaining 50% of Round Mountain.  These increases were partially offset by lower production at Chirano due to a decrease in grades, at Tasiast due to lower recovery from the dump leach pads and the six week temporary suspension of operations, and at Maricunga as a result of the suspension of mining activities in 2016.

Metal sales increased by 14% in 2016 compared with 2015 due to an increase in metal prices realized and gold equivalent ounces sold.  The average realized gold price increased to $1,249 per ounce in 2016 from $1,159 per ounce in 2015. Gold equivalent ounces sold in 2016 increased to 2,778,902 ounces from 2,634,867 ounces in 2015, primarily due to the increase in production described above.

Production cost of sales increased by 8% compared with 2015, primarily due to the increase in gold equivalent ounces sold as described above, as well as an increase in operating waste mined at Fort Knox, partially offset by lower costs at Maricunga, Tasiast and Kupol due to decreases in gold equivalent ounces sold, lower fuel and labour costs at Kupol, and favourable foreign exchange movements at Paracatu resulting from the effectiveness of the Company's hedge program.  The increase in production cost of sales resulted in higher attributable production cost of sales per equivalent ounce sold compared with 2015.

During 2016, depreciation, depletion and amortization decreased by 5% compared with 2015, primarily due to a decrease in the depreciable asset base at Fort Knox and Kupol. Additionally, depreciation was lower at Chirano related to an increase in mineral reserves at December 31, 2015 and a decrease in gold equivalent ounces sold. The decreases were partially offset by an increase in the depreciable asset base as a result of the acquisition of Bald Mountain and the remaining 50% of Round Mountain.

At September 30, 2016, the Company identified the suspension of mining at Maricunga as an indication of impairment and performed an impairment assessment to determine the recoverable amount of the Maricunga CGU. As the recoverable amount was lower than the carrying amount, an impairment charge of $68.3 million was recorded against property, plant and equipment. The Company also recorded an inventory impairment charge of $71.3 million related to metals and supplies inventory as a result of the suspension. During 2015, the Company recorded after-tax impairment charges of $430.2 million related to property plant and equipment, and impairment charges of $259.5 million related to inventory and other assets.

Operating earnings increased to $46.3 million in 2016 from an operating loss of $742.9 million in the same period of 2015. The change in earnings was primarily due to lower impairment charges as well as increased margins (metal sales less production cost of sales).

During 2016, net loss attributable to common shareholders was $104.0 million, or $0.08 per share, compared with a net loss attributable to common shareholders of $984.5 million, or $0.86 per share, in 2015.  The change was primarily a result of the increase in operating earnings described above. In addition, an income tax expense of $49.6 million was recorded in 2016, compared with an income tax expense of $141.7 million in 2015. The $49.6 million income tax expense recognized in 2016 included a $65.1 million recovery due to re-measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates with respect to the Brazilian real and the Russian rouble, $32.0 million of expense due to a proposal to reassess taxes which was received in the second quarter of 2016 and a tax benefit of $27.7 million realized by the Company as a result of the acquisition of Bald Mountain and the remaining 50% of Round Mountain. The $141.7 million tax expense in 2015 included a $30.3 million recovery due to impairment charges and $132.9 million of expense due to re-measurements of deferred tax assets and liabilities, as a result of significant fluctuations in foreign exchange rates with respect to the Brazilian real and the Russian rouble. In addition, tax expense decreased due to differences in the level of income in the Company's operating jurisdictions from one period to the next. Kinross' combined federal and provincial statutory tax rate for 2016 was 26.5% (2015 – 26.5%).

Adjusted net earnings attributable to common shareholders was $93.0 million, or $0.08 per share, for 2016 compared with adjusted net loss attributable to common shareholders of $91.0 million, or $0.08 per share, in 2015.  The increase in adjusted net earnings was mainly due to the increase in margins described above.

During 2016, net cash flow provided from operating activities increased to $1,099.2 million from $831.6 million in 2015 and adjusted operating cash flow increased to $926.7 million from $786.6 million in 2015, both primarily due to the increase in margins.

Capital expenditures increased by 4% in 2016 compared with 2015, primarily due to increased spending resulting from the acquisition of Bald Mountain and the remaining 50% of Round Mountain as well as at Kupol, Tasiast and Chirano, partially offset by lower spending at Fort Knox, Maricunga and the Corporate and other segment.

During 2016, attributable all-in sustaining cost per equivalent ounce sold and per ounce sold on a by-product basis remained comparable with 2015. Attributable all-in cost per equivalent ounce sold and per ounce sold on a by-product basis increased compared with 2015, primarily due to an increase in non-sustaining capital and reclamation expenditures.
 

Mineral Reserves1

Kinross' total estimated proven and probable gold reserves at year-end 2017 were approximately 25.9 million ounces.  The decrease of 5.1 million ounces in estimated gold reserves compared to year-end 2016 was mainly a result of the sale of Cerro Casale, which accounted for 5.8 million ounces in estimated mineral reserves.
Proven and probable silver reserves at year-end 2017 were estimated at approximately 52.6 million ounces, a net decrease of 15.2 million ounces compared with year-end 2016, primarily due to the sale of Cerro Casale, which accounted for 14.7 million silver ounces.

1 For details concerning mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates, refer to the Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources tables and notes in the Company's news release filed with Canadian and U.S. regulators on February 14, 2018.

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


2.
IMPACT OF KEY ECONOMIC TRENDS

Price of Gold

Source: Bloomberg

The price of gold is the largest single factor in determining profitability and cash flow from operations, therefore, the financial performance of the Company has been, and is expected to be closely linked to the price of gold.  Historically, the price of gold has been subject to volatile price movements over short periods of time and is affected by numerous macroeconomic and industry factors that are beyond the Company's control.  Major influences on the gold price include currency exchange rate fluctuations and the relative strength of the U.S. dollar, the supply of and demand for gold and macroeconomic factors such as the level of interest rates and inflation expectations.  During 2017, the price of gold fluctuated between a low of $1,150 per ounce in January to a high of $1,358 per ounce in September.  The average price for the year based on the London Bullion Market Association PM Fix was $1,257 per ounce, a $6 per ounce increase over the 2016 average price of $1,251 per ounce.  Major influences on the gold price in 2017 included the weakening of the U.S. dollar, negative interest rate policies in Japan and Europe and strong equity markets.  Gold weakened with the U.S. Federal Reserve raising interest rates by 75 basis points but rebounded after the interest rate announcements.  Investors buying gold exchange-traded funds ("ETF") increased during 2017.  In 2017, gold ETF holdings increased throughout the year, ending the year near the 2016 peak holdings.  Gold was also impacted by the continued uncertainty over Brexit and the political climate in the U.S.
 
 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


 Source: London Bullion Marketing Association London PM Fix
1 Average realized gold price is a non-GAAP financial measure and is defined in Section 11 of this document.

During 2017, the Company realized an average gold price of $1,260 per ounce compared to the average PM Fix of $1,257 per ounce.


 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


Gold Supply and Demand Fundamentals

Source: GFMS Gold Survey 2017 Q4 Update

Total gold supply decreased by approximately 2.6% in 2017 relative to 2016, largely due to an increase in producer hedging.  Global gold mine production increased by 1.5% offset by a decrease of 4.2% in supply of recycled gold.  Mine production and recycled gold remain the dominant sources of gold supply, and in 2017 they represented approximately 70% and 28% of total supply, respectively.  Central banks have not been a source of supply to the market, but have rather been net buyers, as noted below.
 
 
 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


Source: GFMS 2017 Gold Survey Q4 Update

Physical demand rebounded from a seven year low and increased by approximately 17% in 2017 relative to 2016.  Fabrication demand is estimated to have increased by 19% in 2017 relative to 2016, mainly due to higher demand in China and India. Bar hoarding increased by approximately 6% in 2017. Purchases from central banks increased by 36% during the year, due to purchases from Russia and Turkey.
 
 
 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017

Cost Sensitivity

The Company's profitability is subject to industry wide cost pressures on development and operating costs with respect to labour, energy, capital expenditures and consumables in general.  Since mining is generally an energy intensive activity, especially in open pit mining, energy prices can have a significant impact on operations.  The cost of fuel as a percentage of operating costs varies amongst the Company's mines, and overall, operations have experienced fuel price increases in the second half of 2017, reflecting OPEC's decision to continue production cuts and increased global demand.  Kinross manages its exposure to energy costs by entering, from time to time, into various hedge positions – refer to Section 6 Liquidity and Capital Resources for details.

Source: Bloomberg

In order to mitigate the impact of higher consumable prices, the Company continues to focus on continuous improvement, both by promoting more efficient use of materials and supplies, and by pursuing more advantageous pricing, whilst increasing performance and without compromising operational integrity.
 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


Currency Fluctuations
        
Source: Bloomberg
 
 
At the Company's non-U.S. mining operations and exploration activities, which are primarily located in Brazil, Chile, Ghana, Mauritania, the Russian Federation, and Canada, a portion of operating costs and capital expenditures are denominated in their respective local currencies.  Generally, as the U.S. dollar strengthens, these currencies weaken, and as the U.S. dollar weakens, these foreign currencies strengthen.  These currencies were subject to high market volatility over the course of the year.  Approximately 61% of the Company's expected attributable production in 2018 is forecast to come from operations outside the U.S. and costs will continue to be exposed to foreign exchange rate movements.  In order to manage this risk, the Company uses currency hedges for certain foreign currency exposures – refer to Section 6 Liquidity and Capital Resources for details.
 
 
 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


3.
OUTLOOK

The forward-looking information contained in this section is subject to the risk factors and assumptions contained in the Cautionary Statement on Forward-Looking Information included with this MD&A and the risk factors set out in Section 10 – Risk Analysis.

Operational Outlook

In 2018, Kinross expects to produce 2.5 million gold equivalent ounces (+/- 5%) from its operations and expects to be at or slightly above the same level of production over the next three years. The forecast decrease compared with full-year 2017 production is mainly a result of mine sequencing at several operations, including anticipated lower grades at Kupol and Dvoinoye, the closure of Kettle River-Buckhorn and the suspension of mining at Maricunga, partially offset by an expected production increase in the West Africa region. The production guidance has taken into consideration the potential for a temporary curtailment of mill operations at Paracatu due to the possibility of seasonal rainfall shortages in the area. Production is expected to be higher in the second half of 2018 than the first half mainly as a result of expected production from the Tasiast Phase One expansion.

Production cost of sales per gold equivalent ounce is expected to be $730 (+/- 5%) for 2018. The expected increase for 2018 compared with full-year 2017 production cost of sales per ounce is mainly as a result of mine sequencing, with anticipated lower grades at Dvoinoye and Round Mountain and an increase in operating waste mined at Fort Knox and Tasiast. Kinross expects production cost of sales per gold equivalent ounce to decline slightly in 2019 and 2020 as lower cost production comes online.

The Company has forecast an all-in sustaining cost of $975 (+/- 5%) per ounce sold on both a gold equivalent and by-product basis for 2018, which is largely in line with full-year 2017 all-in sustaining cost per ounce.

Material assumptions used to forecast 2018 production costs are: a gold price of $1,200 per ounce, a silver price of $16 per ounce, an oil price of $55 per barrel, and foreign exchange rates of 3.25 Brazilian reais to the U.S. dollar, 1.25 Canadian dollars to the U.S. dollar, 60 Russian roubles to the U.S. dollar, 650 Chilean pesos to the U.S. dollar, 4.00 Ghanaian cedi to the U.S. dollar, 33 Mauritanian ouguiya to the U.S. dollar, and 1.10 U.S. dollars to the Euro. Taking into account existing currency and oil hedges, a 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates would be expected to result in an approximate $17 impact on our production cost of sales per ounce, and specific to the Russian rouble and Brazilian real, a 10% change in the exchange rates would be expected to result in an impact of approximately $19 and $38 on Russian and Brazilian production cost of sales per ounce, respectively.  A $10 per barrel change in the price of oil would be expected to result in an approximate $3 impact on our production cost of sales per ounce, and a $100 change in the price of gold would be expected to result in an approximate $4 impact on our production cost of sales per ounce as a result of a change in royalties.

Total capital expenditures for 2018 are forecast to be approximately $1,075 million (+/- 5%) (including capitalized interest of approximately $40 million). Of this amount, sustaining capital expenditures are expected to be approximately $355 million, and non-sustaining capital of approximately $680 million for the Tasiast expansion project, the Round Mountain Phase W project, and other development projects and studies.

The 2018 forecast for exploration is approximately $75 million, none of which is expected to be capitalized, with 2018 overhead (general and administrative and business development expenses) forecast to be approximately $165 million, both of which are consistent with last year's guidance.

Other operating costs expected to be incurred in 2018 are approximately $100 million, which includes approximately $50 million of care and maintenance costs in Chile.

Based on our assumed gold price and other inputs, net income tax expense is expected to be $35 million and taxes paid are expected to be $70 million, with the expense increasing at 15% of any profit resulting from higher gold prices and taxes paid increasing at a lower rate of 7% as a result of the realization of the U.S. AMT credit.

Depreciation, depletion and amortization is forecast to be approximately $300 per gold equivalent ounce.
 

 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


4.
PROJECT UPDATES AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS
 
Tasiast Phase One and Phase Two expansion

The Tasiast Phase One project development is progressing well, and continues to be on time and on budget, with full commercial production expected by the end of June. Plant construction is now 93% complete and the remaining work is now focused on electrical, instrumentation and controls installations. Mechanical installation of the primary crusher, conveyor, stockpile and carbon-in-leach ("CIL") plant modifications, which includes the cyclones, three leach tanks and elution circuit, are now substantially complete. Commissioning of the primary crusher and CIL plant is expected to begin in late February, and the SAG mill in April.

The Tasiast Phase Two project is proceeding on schedule, as Phase One nears completion. Project and construction teams are expected to transition from Phase One to Phase Two development to establish continuity between projects. Overall engineering is now 33% complete and procurement is progressing well, with the power plant and EPCM contracts now awarded. Early works for the ball mill and power plant are expected to commence in the second quarter of 2018. Phase Two is expected to begin commercial production in the third quarter of 2020.

The Company is considering an asset level financing for Tasiast and has initiated discussions to better understand the level of interest from potential primary lenders. Once initial feedback has been received, the Company will decide whether to proceed and identify additional potential lenders in order to complete the financing.  Also in connection with Tasiast, the Company has completed a political risk insurance policy agreement with the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, a member of the World Bank.

Bald Mountain Vantage Complex

The Vantage Complex project is proceeding on schedule, with initial construction work now well underway and engineering more than 80% complete. Permitting is proceeding as planned and contractors for more than half the scope of the project work have been selected. Commissioning for the proposed heap leach pad and processing facilities is expected to commence in the first quarter of 2019.

Moroshka project

At the Moroshka satellite deposit in Russia, located approximately four kilometres east of Kupol, development of the twin declines continues to proceed on schedule and on budget. Mining of high-grade ore at Moroshka is expected to commence in the second half of 2018 for processing in the Kupol mill.

Round Mountain Phase W

Stripping, initial construction and site preparation activities commenced ahead of schedule in late 2017 after the receipt of the Decision Record and other approvals from the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. The construction management team for Phase W has been mobilized to site and earthworks have begun in the project area. Detailed engineering is progressing on schedule, with heap leach engineering complete and mine infrastructure and processing facility engineering approximately 50% complete. Procurement activities are underway for critical long lead items and tracking according to plan. State permitting is proceeding as planned, with all major permits now received. The Phase W project remains on schedule, with initial low grade ore expected to be encountered in mid-2019.

Fort Knox Gilmore

Permitting activities have commenced and feasibility study activities are ongoing for the Gilmore project. The feasibility study, which is expected to be completed in mid-2018, is assessing a multi-phase layback of the Fort Knox pit and the construction of a new heap leach pad. The Company gained mineral rights to the Gilmore land, which is located immediately west of the Fort Knox pit, on December 12, 2017. As a result, the Company added 2.1 million gold ounces in estimated measured and indicated resources and 300,000 ounces in estimated inferred resources. This was offset by a conversion of 254,000 ounces of mineral resources to mineral reserves, for a net addition of 1.8 million ounces to measured and indicated resource estimates. An additional 199,000 ounces was added to estimated inferred resources from exploration and engineering for a total increase of 499,000 ounces to inferred resource estimates.
 
Tasiast Sud project

The Tasiast Sud pre-feasibility study ("PFS") is proceeding as planned and is expected to be completed in the second half of 2018. The PFS is contemplating a potential dump leach operation that would combine materials from multiple deposits in the area, and the trucking of high grade ore to the Tasiast mill, located approximately 10 kilometres north of the project. The Company added approximately 820,000 ounces to inferred mineral resource estimates at Tasiast Sud in 2017.

La Coipa restart project

Compania Minera de Oro ("MDO"), a subsidiary of the Company, currently holds a 50% ownership interest in the Phase 7 deposit through its 50% ownership of Minera La Coipa ("MLC"), with the remaining 50% held by Salmones de Chile Alimentos S.A. ("SDCA").  Pursuant to an agreement signed on February 2, 2018, MDO, MLC and SDCA have agreed, among other things, to spin out the Phase 7 concessions into a new company and MDO has agreed to purchase SDCA's 50% interest in such company in exchange for payments to SDCA totaling $65 million ($35 million on closing and $30 million on or before January 31, 2019).  Following completion of the transaction, MDO will have a 100% ownership interest in the Phase 7 deposit. The transaction is subject to certain conditions and is expected to close within 90 days.

In 2017, approximately 844,000 ounces of gold and 34 million ounces of silver at Phase 7 and Puren, which comprise the La Coipa Restart project, was converted to estimated mineral reserves from estimated mineral resources. The scope of work contemplated by the project PFS included modifications and enhancements to the existing plant and infrastructure in order to allow blending and processing of higher grade material from the Phase 7 deposit with oxide/transition material from the existing Puren deposit. The Company received approval on the project Declaration of Impact to Environment ("DIA") permit in 2016 and expects to receive sectoral permits in the first half of 2018.

Paracatu update

Paracatu resumed mining and processing activities in the fourth quarter of 2017 as sufficient water became available. The Company continues to advance its water mitigation efforts to prepare for potential lower rainfall levels in the future. These efforts include securing ground water rights and installation of wells around the site.

Brazilian royalty legislation

On July 26, 2017, Brazilian President Temer signed certain provisional measures related to the mining sector which, among other things, increase the royalty on gold and on silver from 1% and 0.2% of net sales, respectively, to 2% of gross revenues. The royalty increase for gold was subsequently reduced to 1.5%. The law was approved and came into force as of January 1, 2018.

Paracatu optimization studies

Kinross has recently completed initial optimization and analysis work for Paracatu. The optimization and analysis work focused on determining the optimal mine plan after taking into account changes undertaken at Paracatu over the past few years. The optimization work also assessed the impact of throughput variances in quartzite‐impacted zones, lower realized recoveries in certain zones of the ore body, water mitigation projects, local cost inflation, and changes to the fiscal regime in Brazil. The technical work resulted in an increase of 332,000 ounces to the site's mineral reserves estimates before 2017 depletion and expects to extend Paracatu's mine life to 2032.

Recent Transactions

Disposition of Interest in Cerro Casale

On March 28, 2017, the Company announced it had entered into an agreement to sell its 25% interest in the Cerro Casale project, and its 100% interest in the Quebrada Seca exploration project in Chile to Goldcorp.

On June 9, 2017, the Company completed the sale for gross cash proceeds of $260.0 million (which included $20.0 million for Quebrada Seca), a contingent payment of $40.0 million following a construction decision for Cerro Casale, the assumption by Goldcorp of a $20.0 million contingent payment obligation payable to Barrick Gold Corporation ("Barrick") when production at Cerro Casale commences, and a 1.25% royalty on 25% of gross revenues from all metals sold at the properties (with the Company foregoing the first $10.0 million). Additionally on closing, the Company entered into a water supply agreement with the Cerro Casale joint venture to have certain rights to access, up to a fixed amount, water not required by the Cerro Casale joint venture.

Disposition of Interest in White Gold

On May 18, 2017, the Company entered into an agreement with White Gold Corp. to sell its 100% interest in the White Gold exploration project in the Yukon Territory.
On June 14, 2017, the Company completed the sale for gross cash proceeds of $7.6 million (CDN$10.0 million), 17.5 million common shares of White Gold Corp. representing 19.9% of the issued and outstanding shares of White Gold Corp., and deferred payments of $11.4 million (CDN$15.0 million), payable in three equal payments of $3.8 million (CDN$5.0 million) upon completion of specific milestones.

Completion of $500.0 million Unsecured Debt Offering

On July 6, 2017, Kinross completed a $500.0 million offering of debt securities consisting of 4.50% senior notes due 2027. Kinross received net proceeds of $494.7 million from the offering, after payment of related fees and expenses. The notes rank equally with the Company's existing senior notes. The proceeds from this transaction were used to fully repay the outstanding balance of the $500.0 million term loan on July 12, 2017.

Disposition of Interest in DeLamar

On September 18, 2017, the Company entered into an agreement with Integra to sell its 100% interest in DeLamar.

On November 3, 2017, the Company completed the sale for cash consideration and a non-interest bearing promissory note, payable 18 months after closing, totaling $5.6 million (CDN$7.2 million), common shares representing 9.9% of the issued and outstanding shares of Integra, and a 2.5% net smelter return royalty that will be reduced to 1% when royalty payments have accumulated to $7.8 million (CDN$10.0 million).

Acquisition of Power Plants in Brazil

On February 14, 2018, Kinross Brasil Mineração ("KBM"), a subsidiary of the Company, signed an agreement to acquire two hydroelectric power plants in the State of Goias, Brazil from a subsidiary of Gerdau SA for $257.0 million. The two plants are expected to secure a long-term supply of power and lower production costs over the life of the mine at Paracatu. The transaction is subject to regulatory approvals and is expected to close in approximately three to six months.

Other Developments

Board of Directors update

Kinross has appointed Mr. Kerry Dyte to its Board of Directors effective as of November 8, 2017.

Mr. John M.H. Huxley, who has been a Kinross Board member since 1993, retired effective as of December 31, 2017.
 
 
 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017




5.
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Operating Highlights
 
Years ended December 31,
    
2017 vs. 2016
    
2016 vs. 2015
  
(in millions, except ounces and per ounce amounts)
  
2017
    
2016
    
2015
    
Change
    
% Change (d)
    
Change
    
% Change
  
Operating Statistics
                                          
Total gold equivalent ounces (a)
                                          
Produced (c)
    
2,698,136
      
2,810,345
      
2,620,262
      
(112,209
)
    
(4%)
 
    
190,083
      
7%
 
Sold (c)
    
2,621,875
      
2,778,902
      
2,634,867
      
(157,027
)
    
(6%)
 
    
144,035
      
5%
 
                                                         
Attributable gold equivalent ounces (a)
                                                        
Produced (c)
    
2,673,533
      
2,789,150
      
2,594,652
      
(115,617
)
    
(4%)
 
    
194,498
      
7%
 
Sold (c)
    
2,596,754
      
2,758,306
      
2,608,870
      
(161,552
)
    
(6%)
 
    
149,436
      
6%
 
                                                         
                                                         
Gold ounces - sold
    
2,553,178
      
2,697,912
      
2,562,219
      
(144,734
)
    
(5%)
 
    
135,693
      
5%
 
Silver ounces - sold (000's)
    
5,058
      
5,913
      
5,378
      
(855
)
    
(14%)
 
    
535
      
10%
 
Average realized gold price per ounce(b)
  
$
1,260
    
$
1,249
    
$
1,159
    
$
11
      
1%
 
  
$
90
      
8%
 
                                                         
Financial data
                                                        
Metal sales
  
$
3,303.0
    
$
3,472.0
    
$
3,052.2
    
$
(169.0
)
    
(5%)
 
  
$
419.8
      
14%
 
Production cost of sales
  
$
1,757.4
    
$
1,983.8
    
$
1,834.8
    
$
(226.4
)
    
(11%)
 
  
$
149.0
      
8%
 
Depreciation, depletion and amortization
  
$
819.4
    
$
855.0
    
$
897.7
    
$
(35.6
)
    
(4%)
 
  
$
(42.7
)
    
(5%
 
Impairment, net of reversals
  
$
21.5
    
$
139.6
    
$
699.0
    
$
(118.1
)
    
(85%)
 
  
$
(559.4
)
    
(80%
 
Operating earnings
  
$
336.5
    
$
46.3
    
$
(742.9
)
  
$
290.2
    
nm
    
$
789.2
      
106%
 
Net earnings (loss) attributable to common shareholders
  
$
445.4
    
$
(104.0
)
  
$
(984.5
)
  
$
549.4
    
nm
    
$
880.5
      
89%
 
                                                         
(a)
"Total" includes 100% of Chirano production. "Attributable" includes Kinross' share of Chirano (90%) production.
          
(b)
The definition of this non-GAAP financial measure is included in Section 11 of this document.
  
(c)
"Gold equivalent ounces" include silver ounces produced and sold converted to a gold equivalent based on a ratio of the average spot market prices for the commodities for each period.  The ratio for 2017 was 73.72:1 (2016 - 72.95:1 and 2015 - 73.92:1).
          
(d)
"nm" means not meaningful.
                                  
 
 
 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017

Operating Earnings (Loss) by Segment

   
Years ended December 31,
    
2017 vs. 2016
  
2016 vs. 2015
  
(in millions)
  
2017
    
2016
    
2015
    
Change
    
% Change (c)
    
Change
    
% Change (c)
  
                                           
Operating segments
                                          
Fort Knox
  
$
224.7
    
$
110.0
    
$
(180.8
)
  
$
114.7
      
104
%
  
$
290.8
      
161
%
Round Mountain
    
139.7
      
85.8
      
(8.9
)
    
53.9
      
63
%
    
94.7
    
nm
  
Bald Mountain
    
68.5
      
(37.4
)
    
-
      
105.9
    
nm
      
(37.4
)
    
nm
 
Kettle River-Buckhorn
    
43.4
      
64.0
      
30.3
      
(20.6
)
    
(32
%)
    
33.7
      
111
%
Paracatu
    
(263.3
)
    
36.2
      
24.4
      
(299.5
)
    
nm
 
    
11.8
      
48
%
Maricunga
    
21.3
      
(150.6
)
    
(60.4
)
    
171.9
      
114
%
    
(90.2
)
    
(149
%)
Kupol (a)
    
225.0
      
345.3
      
150.1
      
(120.3
)
    
(35
%)
    
195.2
      
130
%
Tasiast
    
118.8
      
(119.9
)
    
(361.2
)
    
238.7
      
199
%
    
241.3
      
67
%
Chirano
    
(27.5
)
    
(58.0
)
    
(70.1
)
    
30.5
      
53
%
    
12.1
      
17
%
Non-operating segment
                                                        
Corporate and Other (b)
    
(214.1
)
    
(229.1
)
    
(266.3
)
    
15.0
      
7
%
    
37.2
      
14
%
Total
  
$
336.5
    
$
46.3
    
$
(742.9
)
  
$
290.2
    
nm
    
$
789.2
      
106
%
                                                         
(a)
The Kupol segment includes the Kupol and Dvoinoye mines.
  
(b)
"Corporate and Other" includes operating costs which are not directly related to individual mining properties such as overhead expenses, gains and losses on disposal of assets and investments, and other costs relating to non-operating assets (including La Coipa, Lobo-Marte, Cerro Casale until its disposal on June 9, 2017 and White Gold until its disposal on June 14, 2017.
  
(c)
"nm" means not meaningful.
  



 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


Mining Operations

Fort Knox (100% ownership and operator) – USA

   
Years ended December 31,
  
 
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change (c)
  
Operating Statistics
                        
Tonnes ore mined (000's)
    
26,362
      
31,750
      
(5,388
)
    
(17
%)
Tonnes processed (000's) (a)
    
32,736
      
42,360
      
(9,624
)
    
(23
%)
Grade (grams/tonne)(b)
    
0.84
      
0.69
      
0.15
      
22
%
Recovery(b)
    
82.5%
 
    
82.8
%
    
(0.3%)
 
    
(0
%)
Gold equivalent ounces:
                                
 Produced
    
381,115
      
409,844
      
(28,729
)
    
(7
%)
  Sold
    
381,779
      
408,059
      
(26,280
)
    
(6
%)
                                 
Financial Data (in millions)
                                
Metal sales
  
$
481.1
    
$
510.8
    
$
(29.7
)
    
(6
%)
Production cost of sales
    
239.9
      
302.2
      
(62.3
)
    
(21
%)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization
    
86.6
      
88.7
      
(2.1
)
    
(2
%)
Impairment reversal
    
(88.6
)
    
-
      
(88.6
)
    
nm
 
     
243.2
      
119.9
      
123.3
      
103
%
Exploration and business development
    
9.0
      
8.9
      
0.1
      
1
%
Other
    
9.5
      
1.0
      
8.5
    
nm
  
Segment operating earnings
  
$
224.7
    
$
110.0
    
$
114.7
      
104
%
 
(a)
Includes 20,267,000 tonnes placed on the heap leach pads during 2017 (2016 - 29,142,000 tonnes).
(b)
Amount represents mill grade and recovery only.  Ore placed on the heap leach pads had an average grade of 0.25  grams per tonne during 2017 (2016 - 0.27 grams per tonne).  Due to the nature of heap leach operations, point-in-time recovery rates are not meaningful.
(c)
"nm" means not meaningful.

 
The Company has been operating the Fort Knox mine, located near Fairbanks, Alaska, since it was acquired in 1998.

2017 vs. 2016

During 2017, tonnes of ore mined decreased by 17% compared with 2016, primarily due to planned mine sequencing, which involved increased capitalized stripping. Tonnes of ore processed were lower by 23% in 2017 compared with 2016, largely due to fewer tonnes placed on the heap leach pads as a result of the decrease in ore mined. Mill grades were 22% higher in 2017 compared with 2016 as a result of mine sequencing.  Gold equivalent ounces produced decreased by 7% compared with 2016, primarily due to a decrease in ounces produced from the heap leach pads as a result of fewer tonnes placed, offset by an increase in mill grades.

Metal sales were 6% lower in 2017 compared with 2016 due to a decrease in gold equivalent ounces sold. During 2017, production cost of sales was lower by 21% compared with 2016, due to less operating waste mined and an 8% decrease in labour and contractor costs, partially offset by a 17% increase in maintenance and power costs. Depreciation, depletion and amortization in 2017 decreased by 2%, mainly due to lower gold equivalent ounces sold, partially offset by an increase in the depreciable asset base.

At December 31, 2017, the Company recognized a reversal of previously recorded impairment charges of $88.6 million. The non-cash impairment reversal related to property, plant and equipment was primarily due to an increase in the Company's estimates of future metal prices and additions to Fort Knox's mineral reserve estimates. No such impairment reversal was recognized in 2016.

During 2017, other operating costs of $9.5 million primarily includes costs related to the Gilmore feasibility study.
 


 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


Round Mountain (100% ownership and operator) – USA

 
   
Years ended December 31,
  
 
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change
  
Operating Statistics
                        
Tonnes ore mined (000's)
    
26,418
      
23,530
      
2,888
      
12
%
Tonnes processed (000's)(a)
    
23,270
      
23,713
      
(443
)
    
(2
%)
Grade (grams/tonne)(b)
    
1.41
      
0.98
      
0.43
      
44
%
Recovery(b)
    
81.2%
 
    
80.7
%
    
0.5%
 
    
1
%
Gold equivalent ounces:
                                
 Produced
    
436,932
      
378,264
      
58,668
      
16
%
 Sold
    
438,051
      
377,910
      
60,141
      
16
%
                                 
Financial Data (in millions)
                                
Metal sales
  
$
552.2
    
$
477.1
    
$
75.1
      
16
%
Production cost of sales
    
302.5
      
292.0
      
10.5
      
4
%
Depreciation, depletion and amortization
    
107.4
      
94.7
      
12.7
      
13
%
     
142.3
      
90.4
      
51.9
      
57
%
Exploration and business development
    
2.6
      
4.6
      
(2.0
)
    
(43
%)
Segment operating earnings
  
$
139.7
    
$
85.8
    
$
53.9
      
63
%
 
 
(a)
 
 
Includes 19,611,000 tonnes placed on the heap leach pads during 2017 (2016 - 20,084,000 tonnes).
(b)
Amount represents mill grade and recovery only.  Ore placed on the heap leach pads had an average grade of 0.50 grams per tonne during 2017 (2016 - 0.44 grams per tonne).  Due to the nature of heap leach operations, point-in-time recovery rates are not meaningful.
 
The Company acquired its 50% ownership interest in the Round Mountain open pit mine, located in Nye County, Nevada, with the acquisition of Echo Bay Mines Ltd. ("Echo Bay") on January 31, 2003. On January 11, 2016, the Company acquired the remaining 50% interest in Round Mountain, along with the Bald Mountain gold mine from Barrick.

2017 vs. 2016

During 2017, tonnes of ore mined and mill grade increased by 12% and 44% respectively, compared with 2016, primarily due to mine sequencing which involved mining in a deeper location with higher grade. Gold equivalent ounces produced increased by 16% compared with 2016, primarily due to higher mill grade.

Metal sales increased to $552.2 million in 2017 from $477.1 million in 2016 due to an increase in gold equivalent ounces sold. During 2017, production cost of sales increased by 4% compared to 2016, mainly due to the increase in gold equivalent ounces sold partially offset by a decrease in labour and contractor costs by 7%.  Depreciation, depletion and amortization increased to $107.4 million in 2017 from $94.7 million in 2016, primarily due to increases in gold equivalent ounces sold and the depreciable asset base, slightly offset by an increase in the mineral reserves at the end of the third quarter of 2017.
 

 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


Bald Mountain (100% ownership and operator) – USA

   
Years ended December 31,
  
 
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change (b)
  
Operating Statistics (a)
                        
Tonnes ore mined (000's)
    
21,615
      
10,656
      
10,959
      
103
%
Tonnes processed (000's)
    
21,615
      
10,656
      
10,959
      
103
%
Grade (grams/tonne)
    
0.80
      
0.64
      
0.16
      
25
%
Gold equivalent ounces:
                                
 Produced
    
282,715
      
130,144
      
152,571
      
117
%
  Sold
    
262,916
      
111,464
      
151,452
      
136
%
                                 
Financial Data (in millions)
                                
Metal sales
  
$
331.5
    
$
139.6
    
$
191.9
      
137
%
Production cost of sales
    
168.9
      
131.7
      
37.2
      
28
%
Depreciation, depletion and amortization
    
83.5
      
38.6
      
44.9
      
116
%
     
79.1
      
(30.7
)
    
109.8
    
nm
  
Exploration and business development
    
9.5
      
4.7
      
4.8
      
102
%
Other
    
1.1
      
2.0
      
(0.9
)
    
(45
%)
Segment operating earnings (loss)
  
$
68.5
    
$
(37.4
)
  
$
105.9
    
nm
  

(a)
Due to the nature of heap leach operations, point-in-time recovery rates are not meaningful.
(b)
"nm" means not meaningful.
 
 
The Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the Bald Mountain open pit mine on January 11, 2016 from Barrick, which includes a large associated land package.

2017 vs. 2016

During 2017, tonnes of ore mined and processed increased by 103% compared to 2016, consistent with the mine plan. Grade increased by 25% in 2017, compared to 2016, due to mine sequencing which involved mining in higher grade locations. Gold equivalent ounces produced increased by 117% compared to 2016 primarily due to more ounces recovered from the heap leach pads, as a result of more tonnes placed and the higher grade. Gold equivalent ounces sold in 2017 were lower than production due to timing of sales.
 
In 2017, metal sales increased to $331.5 million from $139.6 million in 2016 due to the increase in gold equivalent ounces sold. Production cost of sales increased by 28% compared to 2016 due to higher gold equivalent ounces sold in addition to an increase in labour, reagents and fuel costs by 37%, partially offset by a 33% decrease in maintenance and contractor costs. Depreciation, depletion and amortization increased by 116% compared to 2016, primarily due to increases in gold equivalent ounces sold and the depreciable asset base.
KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


Kettle River–Buckhorn (100% ownership and operator) – USA

   
Years ended December 31,
  
 
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change(a)
  
Operating Statistics
                        
Tonnes ore mined (000's)
    
189
      
438
      
(249
)
    
(57
%)
Tonnes processed (000's)
    
234
      
441
      
(207
)
    
(47
%)
Grade (grams/tonne)
    
9.53
      
7.84
      
1.69
      
22
%
Recovery
    
94.4%
 
    
93.3%
 
    
1.1%
 
    
1
%
Gold equivalent ounces:
                                
 Produced
    
76,570
      
112,274
      
(35,704
)
    
(32
%)
  Sold
    
77,087
      
112,038
      
(34,951
)
    
(31
%)
                                 
Financial Data (in millions)
                                
Metal sales
  
$
96.3
    
$
139.8
    
$
(43.5
)
    
(31
%)
Production cost of sales
    
36.8
      
73.0
      
(36.2
)
    
(50
%)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization
    
0.6
      
1.3
      
(0.7
)
    
(54
%)
     
58.9
      
65.5
      
(6.6
)
    
(10
%)
Exploration and business development
    
4.6
      
2.2
      
2.4
      
109
%
Other
    
10.9
      
(0.7
)
    
11.6
    
nm
  
Segment operating earnings
  
$
43.4
    
$
64.0
    
$
(20.6
)
    
(32
%)
 
(a)
"nm" means not meaningful.

 
The Kettle River–Buckhorn properties are located in Ferry and Okanogan Counties in the State of Washington.  Kinross acquired Kettle River through the acquisition of Echo Bay on January 31, 2003. In 2017, the Kettle River mine came to the end of its life and mining activities were completed.

2017 vs. 2016

Tonnes of ore mined and tonnes processed decreased by 57% and 47%, respectively, due to the completion of mining activities during 2017. Gold equivalent ounces produced and sold decreased by 32% and 31%, respectively, compared with 2016, primarily due to lower throughput offset by an increase in grade.

Metal sales decreased by 31% in 2017 compared with 2016 due to the decrease in gold equivalent ounces sold. Production cost of sales and depreciation, depletion and amortization decreased by 50% and 54%, respectively, compared with 2016, mainly due to the completion of mining activities during 2017.

 In 2017, other costs of $10.9 million includes reclamation expense related to a revision of estimates for the reclamation and remediation obligation as the mine prepares for its closure.
 
 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


Paracatu (100% ownership and operator) – Brazil

   
Years ended December 31,
  
 
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change(a)
  
Operating Statistics
                        
Tonnes ore mined (000's)
    
27,770
      
47,206
      
(19,436
)
    
(41
%)
Tonnes processed (000's)
    
37,623
      
46,816
      
(9,193
)
    
(20
%)
Grade (grams/tonne)
    
0.41
      
0.45
      
(0.04
)
    
(9
%)
Recovery
    
74.6
%
    
72.3
%
    
2.3
%
    
3
%
Gold equivalent ounces:
                                
 Produced
    
359,959
      
483,014
      
(123,055
)
    
(25
%)
  Sold
    
356,251
      
482,827
      
(126,576
)
    
(26
%)
                                 
Financial Data (in millions)
                                
Metal sales
  
$
447.0
    
$
599.6
    
$
(152.6
)
    
(25
%)
Production cost of sales
    
310.2
      
346.4
      
(36.2
)
    
(10
%)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization
    
127.0
      
142.7
      
(15.7
)
    
(11
%)
Impairment charge
    
253.0
      
-
      
253.0
      
nm
 
     
(243.2
)
    
110.5
      
(353.7
)
    
nm
 
Other
    
20.1
      
74.3
      
(54.2
)
    
(73
%)
Segment operating earnings (loss)
  
$
(263.3
)
  
$
36.2
    
$
(299.5
)
    
nm
 
 
 
(a)         "nm" means not meaningful.
 
 
The Company acquired a 49% ownership interest in the Paracatu open pit mine, located in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, upon the acquisition of TVX Gold Inc. on January 31, 2003. On December 31, 2004, the Company purchased the remaining 51% of Paracatu from Rio Tinto Plc.

2017 vs. 2016

During 2017, tonnes of ore mined and processed decreased by 41% and 20%, respectively, compared to 2016 due to a temporary curtailment as a result of lower than average rainfall in the area. Grade decreased by 9% in 2017 compared to 2016 due to the metallurgical characteristics of the ore mined. Gold equivalent ounces produced decreased by 25% compared with 2016, mainly as a result of the decrease in throughput and grades. Gold equivalent ounces sold in 2017 were lower than production due to timing of sales.

Metal sales decreased by 25% in 2017 compared with 2016 due to the decrease in gold equivalent ounces sold.  Production cost of sales was lower by 10% in 2017 compared with 2016, primarily due to the decrease in gold equivalent ounces sold, partially offset by an increase in operating waste mined. Depreciation, depletion and amortization decreased by 11% mainly as a result of fewer gold equivalent ounces sold, offset by an increase in the depreciable asset base.

During 2017, other costs of $20.1 million mainly included $23.6 million of costs related to the temporary curtailment, offset by revenues of $9.0 million related to the sale of excess energy that became available as a result of the curtailment. Other costs of $74.3 million incurred in 2016 included $58.0 million related to a write-off of VAT receivables and settlement of VAT disputes due to regulatory changes in Brazil.

At December 31, 2017, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $253.0 million related to property, plant and equipment. The impairment charge at Paracatu was mainly a result of changes in the fiscal regime in Brazil that were considered in the cash flow analysis used to assess its recoverable amount. No such impairment charge was recognized in 2016.
 

 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


Maricunga (100% ownership and operator) – Chile

   
Years ended December 31,
  
 
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change(b)
  
Operating Statistics (a)
                        
Tonnes ore mined (000's)
    
-
      
6,059
      
(6,059
)
    
nm
 
Tonnes processed (000's)
    
-
      
6,508
      
(6,508
)
    
nm
 
Grade (grams/tonne)
    
-
      
0.67
      
(0.67
)
    
nm
 
Gold equivalent ounces:
                                
 Produced
    
91,127
      
175,532
      
(84,405
)
    
(48
%)
 Sold
    
41,316
      
175,670
      
(134,354
)
    
(76
%)
                                 
Financial Data (in millions)
                                
Metal sales
  
$
52.0
    
$
219.4
    
$
(167.4
)
    
(76
%)
Production cost of sales
    
19.9
      
145.2
      
(125.3
)
    
(86
%)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization
    
4.6
      
34.4
      
(29.8
)
    
(87
%)
Impairment charge
    
-
      
139.6
      
(139.6
)
    
nm
 
     
27.5
      
(99.8
)
    
127.3
      
128
%
Exploration and business development
    
0.1
      
-
      
0.1
      
nm
 
Other
    
6.1
      
50.8
      
(44.7
)
    
(88
%)
Segment operating earnings (loss)
  
$
21.3
    
$
(150.6
)
  
$
171.9
      
114
%
 
 
(a)
(b)
 
 
Due to the nature of heap leach operations, point-in-time recovery rates are not meaningful.
"nm" means not meaningful.
 
 
Kinross acquired its original 50% interest in the Maricunga open pit mine (formerly known as the Refugio mine), located 120 kilometres northeast of Copiapó, Chile in 1998.  On February 27, 2007, Kinross acquired the remaining 50% interest in Maricunga through the acquisition of Bema Gold Corporation ("Bema"). During 2016, mining activities at Maricunga were suspended as a result of the imposition of a water curtailment order by Chile's environmental enforcement authority (the "SMA").

2017 vs. 2016

As a result of the suspension of mining and crushing activities at Maricunga since 2016, there was no ore mined and processed in 2017. During 2017, gold equivalent ounces produced decreased by 48% compared with 2016 primarily due to the suspension of mining and crushing activities. Gold equivalent ounces sold in 2017 were lower than production due to the timing of sales and decreased by 76% compared with 2016, primarily due to the decrease in gold equivalent ounces produced.

Metal sales and production cost of sales decreased by 76% and 86%, respectively, compared with 2016 primarily due to the decrease in gold equivalent ounces sold. Depreciation, depletion and amortization decreased from $34.4 million in 2016 to $4.6 million in 2017, primarily due to decreases in gold equivalent ounces sold and the depreciable asset base as a result of the impairment charge recognized in 2016.

At September 30 2016, the Company recorded impairment charges of $139.6 million that were related to the suspension of mining operations. Other costs of $50.8 million incurred in 2016 included $20.1 million related to the suspension of mining operations and $27.3 million related to reclamation and remediation costs..



 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


Kupol (100% ownership and operator) – Russian Federation (a)
 
 
   
Years ended December 31,
  
 
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change
  
Operating Statistics
                        
Tonnes ore mined (000's) (b)
    
1,915
      
2,002
      
(87
)
    
(4
%)
Tonnes processed (000's)
    
1,733
      
1,710
      
23
      
1
%
Grade (grams/tonne):
                                
Gold
    
10.01
      
12.72
      
(2.71
)
    
(21
%)
Silver
    
81.11
      
103.38
      
(22.27
)
    
(22
%)
Recovery:
                                
Gold
    
94.8
%
    
95.3
%
    
(0.5%
)
    
(1
%)
Silver
    
84.8
%
    
87.8
%
    
(3.0%
)
    
(3
%)
Gold equivalent ounces: (c)
                                
 Produced
    
580,451
      
734,143
      
(153,692
)
    
(21
%)
 Sold
    
577,007
      
736,001
      
(158,994
)
    
(22
%)
Silver ounces:
                                
Produced (000's)
    
3,879
      
4,909
      
(1,030
)
    
(21
%)
Sold (000's)
    
3,873
      
4,902
      
(1,029
)
    
(21
%)
                                 
Financial Data (in millions)
                                
Metal sales
  
$
726.9
    
$
919.2
    
$
(192.3
)
    
(21
%)
Production cost of sales
    
300.9
      
324.3
      
(23.4
)
    
(7
%)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization
    
184.2
      
236.8
      
(52.6
)
    
(22
%)
     
241.8
      
358.1
      
(116.3
)
    
(32
%)
Exploration and business development
    
17.1
      
13.3
      
3.8
      
29
%
Other
    
(0.3
)
    
(0.5
)
    
0.2
      
40
%
Segment operating earnings
  
$
225.0
    
$
345.3
    
$
(120.3
)
    
(35
%)
 
 
(a)
 
 
The Kupol segment includes the Kupol and Dvoinoye mines.
(b)
Includes 668,000  tonnes of ore mined from Dvoinoye during 2017 (2016 - 665,000 tonnes).
(c)
"Gold equivalent ounces" include silver ounces produced and sold converted to a gold equivalent based on a ratio of the average spot market prices for the commodities for each period.  The ratio for 2017 was 73.72:1 (2016 - 72.95:1).
 

The Company acquired a 75% interest in the Kupol project in Far Eastern Russia on February 27, 2007.  The remaining 25% interest was acquired from the State Unitary Enterprise of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug on April 27, 2011.

2017 vs. 2016

During 2017, tonnes of ore mined decreased by 4%, compared with 2016, primarily due to mining in a deeper and narrower ore body, consistent with the mine plan. Tonnes of ore processed increased by 1%, compared with 2016 largely due to an increase in performance of the mill.  Gold grades were 21% lower during 2017 compared with 2016, due to an increase in the proportion of ore processed from the low grade stopes at both Kupol and Dvoinoye, as per the mine plan. Gold equivalent ounces produced decreased by 21% in 2017, compared with 2016, due to lower grades.  During 2017, gold equivalent ounces sold were lower than production due to the timing of shipments.

Metal sales decreased by 21% in 2017, compared with 2016 due to lower gold equivalent ounces sold, partially offset by higher average metal prices realized.  During 2017, production cost of sales decreased by 7% compared with 2016, due to fewer gold equivalent ounces sold and a decrease in fuel costs by 17%.  These decreases were offset by an increase in labour costs due to unfavourable foreign exchange movements. Depreciation, depletion and amortization decreased by 22% compared with 2016 due to the decrease in gold equivalent ounces sold.
 
 
 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017

Tasiast (100% ownership and operator) – Mauritania
 
 
   
Years ended December 31,
  
 
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change (c)
  
Operating Statistics
                        
Tonnes ore mined (000's)
    
6,685
      
7,973
      
(1,288
)
    
(16
%)
Tonnes processed (000's) (a)
    
4,101
      
7,227
      
(3,126
)
    
(43
%)
Grade (grams/tonne) (b)
    
2.36
      
1.80
      
0.56
      
31
%
Recovery (b)
    
92.3
%
    
92.0
%
    
0.3
%
    
0
%
Gold equivalent ounces:
                                
 Produced
    
243,240
      
175,176
      
68,064
      
39
%
 Sold
    
236,256
      
168,969
      
67,287
      
40
%
                                 
Financial Data (in millions)
                                
Metal sales
  
$
298.4
    
$
208.0
    
$
90.4
      
43
%
Production cost of sales
    
178.2
      
179.3
      
(1.1
)
    
(1
%)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization
    
78.6
      
96.4
      
(17.8
)
    
(18
%)
Impairment reversal
    
(142.9
)
    
-
      
(142.9
)
  
nm
  
     
184.5
      
(67.7
)
    
252.2
    
nm
  
Exploration and business development
    
5.7
      
5.9
      
(0.2
)
    
(3
%)
Other
    
60.0
      
46.3
      
13.7
      
30
%
Segment operating earnings (loss)
  
$
118.8
    
$
(119.9
)
  
$
238.7
      
199
%
 
 
(a)
 
 
Includes 1,056,000  tonnes placed on the heap leach pads during 2017 (2016 - 4,768,000 tonnes).
(b)
Amount represents mill grade and recovery only.  Ore placed on the dump leach pads had an average grade of  0.65 grams per tonne during 2017 (2016 - 0.44 grams per tonne).  Due to the nature of dump leach operations, point-in-time recovery rates are not meaningful.
(c)
"nm" means not meaningful.
 
Kinross acquired its 100% interest in the Tasiast mine on September 17, 2010 upon completing its acquisition of Red Back Mining Inc. ("Red Back").  The Tasiast mine is an open pit operation located in north-western Mauritania and is approximately 300 kilometres north of the capital Nouakchott.

2017 vs. 2016

During 2017, tonnes of ore mined decreased by 16% compared with 2016, primarily due to mine sequencing, which involved a decrease in mining of lower grade leachable ore from the West Branch deposit. Tonnes of ore processed were 43% lower compared with 2016, largely due to fewer tonnes placed on the dump leach pads as a result of planned mine sequencing, partially offset by higher productivity at the mill. Grades relating to the ore processed through the mill increased by 31% compared with 2016 due to planned mine sequencing. During 2017, gold equivalent ounces produced increased by 39% compared with the same period in 2016, primarily due to the increase in mill grade as well as mill throughput.

Metal sales increased by 43% compared with 2016 due to an increase in gold equivalent ounces sold, as well as an increase in average metal prices realized.  During 2017, production cost of sales decreased by 1% compared with 2016, primarily due to a decrease in operating waste mined and a 16% decrease in labour costs, offset by higher gold equivalent ounces sold. Increased capitalized stripping contributed to the decrease in depreciation, depletion and amortization of 18% in 2017 as compared to the prior year.
At December 31, 2017, the Company recognized a reversal of previously recorded impairment charges of $142.9 million. The non-cash impairment reversal related to property, plant and equipment was primarily as a result of an increase in the Company's estimates of future metal prices and Tasiast Phase Two progressing as planned. No such impairment reversal was recognized in 2016.

During 2017, other operating costs of $60.0 million includes $50.5 million related to the write-off of long-term VAT receivables. Other operating costs of $46.3 million recorded in 2016 included $20.3 million of costs associated with the temporary suspension of operations.

 
KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017

Chirano (90% ownership and operator) – Ghana(a)

   
Years ended December 31,
  
 
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change
  
Operating Statistics
                        
Tonnes ore mined (000's)
    
2,410
      
2,722
      
(312
)
    
(11
%)
Tonnes processed (000's)
    
3,438
      
3,458
      
(20
)
    
(1
%)
Grade (grams/tonne)
    
2.44
      
2.10
      
0.34
      
16
%
Recovery
    
92.2
%
    
91.4
%
    
0.8
%
    
1
%
Gold equivalent ounces:
                                
 Produced
    
246,027
      
211,954
      
34,073
      
16
%
 Sold
    
251,212
      
205,964
      
45,248
      
22
%
                                 
Financial Data (in millions)
                                
Metal sales
  
$
317.6
    
$
258.5
    
$
59.1
      
23
%
Production cost of sales
    
200.1
      
189.7
      
10.4
      
5
%
Depreciation, depletion and amortization
    
138.6
      
109.9
      
28.7
      
26
%
     
(21.1
)
    
(41.1
)
    
20.0
      
49
%
Exploration and business development
    
8.2
      
8.9
      
(0.7
)
    
(8
%)
Other
    
(1.8
)
    
8.0
      
(9.8
)
    
(123
%)
Segment operating loss
  
$
(27.5
)
  
$
(58.0
)
  
$
30.5
      
53
%
 
(a)
Operating and financial data are at 100% for all periods.
 
Kinross acquired its 90% interest in the Chirano mine on September 17, 2010 upon completing its acquisition of Red Back.  Chirano is located in southwestern Ghana, approximately 100 kilometres southwest of Kumasi, Ghana's second largest city.  A 10% carried interest is held by the government of Ghana.

2017 vs. 2016

During 2017, tonnes of ore mined decreased by 11% compared with 2016, due to the completion of open pit mining at the end of the second quarter of 2017. The decrease in tonnes of ore mined from the open pit was partially offset by increased mining activities at the Paboase and Akoti underground deposits. Grades increased by 16%, mainly due to higher grade ore mined at Paboase and Akoti.  Gold equivalent ounces produced were 16% higher compared with 2016, primarily due to the higher grades. During 2017, gold equivalent ounces sold exceeded production due to timing of shipments.

During 2017, metal sales increased by 23% compared to 2016, mainly due to higher gold equivalent ounces sold.  Production cost of sales increased by 5% compared with 2016, primarily due to an increase in gold equivalent ounces sold and a 9% increase in labour and maintenance costs, partially offset by a 16% decrease in power and overhead costs. Depreciation, depletion and amortization increased by 26% compared with 2016, largely due to the increase in gold equivalent ounces sold, a decrease in mineral reserves at December 31, 2016, and a decrease in the remaining useful lives of open pit assets related to the completion of open pit mining activities at the end of the second quarter of 2017.



 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


Impairment, Net of Reversals
 
 
  
Years ended December 31,
  
(in millions)
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change
  
Property, plant and equipment (i)
  
$
21.5
    
$
68.3
    
$
(46.8
)
    
(69
%)
Inventory (ii)
    
-
      
71.3
      
(71.3
)
    
(100
%)
Impairment charges
  
$
21.5
    
$
139.6
    
$
(118.1
)
    
(85
%)

 
i.
Property, plant and equipment

At December 31, 2017, upon completion of its annual assessment of the carrying value of its CGUs, the Company recorded a net, after-tax, impairment reversal of $62.1 million. The impairment reversal was entirely related to property, plant and equipment and included after-tax impairment reversals at Tasiast and Fort Knox of $142.9 million and $86.2 million, respectively, partially offset by an after-tax impairment charge at Paracatu of $167.0 million. The impairment reversals at Tasiast and Fort Knox are mainly due to an increase in the Company's short-term and long-term gold price estimates, as well as Tasiast Phase Two progressing as planned and additions to Fort Knox's mineral reserve estimates. For Tasiast, the reversal represents a partial reversal of the total impairment charges previously recorded. For Fort Knox, the reversal represents a full reversal of the remaining impairment charge recorded in 2015. The impairment charge at Paracatu was mainly a result of changes in the fiscal regime in Brazil that were considered in the cash flow analysis used to assess its recoverable amount. The impairment charge at Paracatu is net of a tax recovery of $86.0 million and the impairment reversal at Fort Knox is net of a tax expense of $2.4 million. The net tax recovery of $83.6 million was recorded within income tax expense. There was no tax impact on the impairment reversal at Tasiast.

As at September 30, 2016, the Company identified the suspension of mining at Maricunga as an indication of impairment and performed an impairment assessment to determine the recoverable amount of the Maricunga CGU. The recoverable amount was determined by considering observable market values for comparable assets. As the recoverable amount was lower than the carrying amount, an impairment charge of $68.3 million was recorded against property, plant and equipment.  No impairment charges were recorded as a result of the Company's annual assessment of impairment at December 31, 2016.

Impairment charges recognized against property, plant and equipment may be reversed if there are changes in the assumptions or estimates used in determining the recoverable amount of a CGU which indicate that a previously recognized impairment loss may no longer exist or may have decreased.

 
ii.
Inventory and other assets

In 2016, the Company recognized impairment charges of $71.3 million related to metals and supplies inventory at Maricunga, resulting from the suspension of mining during the year.

 
Other Operating Expense

 
  
Years ended December 31,
  
(in millions)
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change
  
Other operating expense
  
$
129.6
    
$
209.3
    
$
(79.7
)
    
(38
%)
 
 
In 2017, other operating expense included $23.6 million in costs related to the temporary curtailment of mining activities at Paracatu which were not forecasted, $17.5 million related to a write-off of VAT receivables and settlement of VAT disputes, $9.5 million related to the Fort Knox Gilmore Feasibility study, reclamation expenses related to properties where mining activities have ceased or are in reclamation, as well as care and maintenance and other costs.

Other operating expense in 2016 included $58.0 million related to a write-off of VAT receivables and settlement of VAT disputes due to regulatory changes in Brazil, $40.4 million in costs related to the suspension of mining activities at Maricunga and Tasiast, reclamation expenses related to properties where mining activities have ceased or are in reclamation, as well as care and maintenance and other costs

 
 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


Exploration and Business Development

 
  
Years ended December 31,
  
(in millions)
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change
  
Exploration and business development
  
$
106.0
    
$
94.3
    
$
11.7
      
12
%

During 2017, exploration and business development expenses were $106.0 million compared with $94.3 million in 2016.  Of the total exploration and business development expense, expenditures on exploration totaled $75.6 million in 2017 compared with $67.4 million in 2016.  Capitalized exploration expenses, including capitalized evaluation expenditures, totaled $1.9 million compared with $3.1 million during 2016.
Kinross was active on more than 22 mine sites, near-mine and greenfield initiatives in 2017, with a total 326,244 metres drilled.  In 2016, Kinross was active on more than 23 mine sites, near-mine and greenfield initiatives, with a total of 277,955 metres drilled.

General and Administrative

 
  
Years ended December 31,
  
(in millions)
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change
  
General and administrative
  
$
132.6
    
$
143.7
    
$
(11.1
)
    
(8
%)

 
General and administrative costs include expenses related to the overall management of the business which are not part of direct mine operating costs. These are costs that are incurred at corporate offices located in Canada, Brazil, the Russian Federation, Chile, and the Canary Islands.

General and administrative costs decreased by $11.1 million in 2017 compared with 2016 primarily due to lower professional fees.
 
Other Income (Expense) – Net

 
  
Years ended December 31,
  
(in millions)
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change (a)
  
Gain on disposition of associate and other interests - net
  
$
55.2
    
$
-
    
$
55.2
      
nm
 
Gain on disposition of other assets - net
    
1.9
      
9.7
      
(7.8
)
    
(80
%)
Reversal of impairment charges
    
97.0
      
-
      
97.0
      
nm
 
Foreign exchange losses
    
(4.9
)
    
(6.3
)
    
1.4
      
22
%
Net non-hedge derivative gains (losses)
    
0.3
      
(0.4
)
    
0.7
    
175
 % 
Other
    
38.6
      
19.5
      
19.1
      
98
%
Other income - net
  
$
188.1
    
$
22.5
    
$
165.6
    
nm
  
 
(a)  "nm" means not meaningful.

 
During 2017, other income increased to $188.1 million from $22.5 million in 2016.  The discussion below details the significant changes in other income for 2017 compared with 2016.
Gains on disposition of associate and other interests - net

In the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company completed the sale of its 100% interest in DeLamar. A gain of $44.2 million was recognized in connection with the sale.

In the second quarter of 2017, the Company completed the sale of its interests in Cerro Casale, Quebrada Seca, and the White Gold exploration project. A gain of $12.7 million was recognized in connection with the sale of Cerro Casale and Quebrada Seca and a loss of $1.7 million was recognized in connection with the sale of White Gold.
 
Reversal of Impairment Charges

As a result of the agreement entered into in the first quarter of 2017 to sell Cerro Casale at a price higher than the carrying value, the Company recognized a reversal of previously recorded impairment charges of $97.0 million.

Foreign Exchange Losses

During 2017, foreign exchange losses were $4.9 million compared with losses of $6.3 million in 2016.  The foreign exchange losses of $4.9 million in 2017 were mainly due to the translation of net monetary assets denominated in foreign currencies to the U.S. dollar, with the U.S. dollar having weakened against the Mauritanian ouguiya, Chilean peso, Canadian dollar and Russian rouble and strengthened against the Brazilian real as at December 31, 2017 relative to December 31, 2016.

The foreign exchange losses of $6.3 million in 2016 were mainly due to the translation of net monetary assets denominated in foreign currencies to the U.S. dollar, with the U.S. dollar having weakened against the Brazilian real, Chilean peso and Canadian dollar and strengthened against the Mauritanian ouguiya as at December 31, 2016 relative to December 31, 2015.

Other

Other income of $38.6 million recognized in 2017 included the receipt of insurance recoveries of $17.5 million of which $15.1 million was related to Maricunga, and $9.9 million related to a settlement of a royalty agreement. In 2016, other income of $19.5 million included insurance recoveries of $13.0 million related to Round Mountain.
 

 

 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


Finance Expense

 
  
Years ended December 31,
  
(in millions)
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change
  
Finance expense
  
$
117.8
    
$
134.6
    
$
(16.8
)
    
(12
%)

 
Finance expense includes accretion on reclamation and remediation obligations and interest expense.

Finance expense decreased by $16.8 million compared with 2016, primarily due to a decrease in interest expense. During 2017, interest expense was $86.5 million compared with $100.4 million in 2016, with the decrease primarily due to an increase in interest capitalized.  Interest capitalized was $25.1 million in 2017 compared with $15.2 million in 2016, with the increase mainly due to higher qualifying capital expenditures.

Income and Mining Taxes

Kinross is subject to tax in various jurisdictions including Canada, the United States, Brazil, Chile, the Russian Federation, Mauritania, and Ghana.

Income tax recovery in 2017 was $23.2 million, compared with an income tax expense of $49.6 million in 2016. The $23.2 million recovery recognized in 2017 includes a net tax recovery of $83.6 million related to the impairment charge at Paracatu and impairment reversal at Fort Knox, and an estimated net benefit of $93.4 million due to the enactment of U.S. Tax Reform legislation on December 22, 2017. The estimated net benefit includes a benefit of $124.4 million in respect of the collectability of the AMT credit, which is partially offset by the write-down of net deferred tax assets to reflect the reduction in the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning January 1, 2018. Further guidance on the implementation and application of the U.S. Tax Reform legislation will be forthcoming in regulations to be issued by the Department of Treasury, legislation or guidance from the states in which the Company operates and directions from the Office of Management and Budget. Such legislation, regulations, directions and additional guidance may require changes to the estimated net benefit recorded and the impact of such changes will be accounted for in the period in which the legislation, regulations, directions, and additional guidance are enacted or released by the relevant authorities. The $49.6 million income tax expense recognized in 2016 included a $65.1 million recovery due to re-measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates with respect to the Brazilian real and the Russian rouble, $32.0 million of expense due to a proposal to reassess taxes which was received in the second quarter of 2016 and a tax benefit of $27.7 million realized by the Company as a result of the acquisition of Bald Mountain and the remaining 50% of Round Mountain. In addition, tax expense decreased due to differences in the level of income in the Company's operating jurisdictions from one period to the next. Kinross' combined federal and provincial statutory tax rate for 2017 was 26.5% (2016 – 26.5%).

There are a number of factors that can significantly impact the Company's effective tax rate, including the geographic distribution of income, varying rates in different jurisdictions, the non-recognition of tax assets, mining allowance, foreign currency exchange rate movements, changes in tax laws, and the impact of specific transactions and assessments.

Due to the number of factors that can potentially impact the effective tax rate and the sensitivity of the tax provision to these factors, as discussed above, it is expected that the Company's effective tax rate will fluctuate in future periods.

 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


6.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

The following table summarizes Kinross' cash flow activity:

 
  
Years ended December 31,
  
(in millions)
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change
  
Cash Flow
                        
Provided from operating activities
  
$
951.6
    
$
1,099.2
    
$
(147.6
)
    
(13
%)
Used in investing activities
    
(687.2
)
    
(1,270.1
)
    
582.9
      
46
%
Used in financing activities
    
(69.0
)
    
(48.3
)
    
(20.7
)
    
(43
%)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
    
3.4
      
2.3
      
1.1
      
48
%
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
    
198.8
      
(216.9
)
    
415.7
      
192
%
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
    
827.0
      
1,043.9
      
(216.9
)
    
(21
%)
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
  
$
1,025.8
    
$
827.0
    
$
198.8
      
24
%

Cash and cash equivalent balances increased by $198.8 million in 2017 compared with a decrease of $216.9 million in 2016.  Detailed discussions regarding cash flow movements from continuing operations are noted below.

Operating Activities

2017 vs. 2016

Net cash flow provided from operating activities decreased by $147.6 million in 2017 compared with 2016, with the decrease largely due to less favourable working capital movements and higher taxes paid, partially offset by higher margins.

Investing Activities

2017 vs. 2016

Net cash flow used in investing activities was $687.2 million in 2017 compared with $1,270.1 million in 2016.  The primary uses of cash in 2017 were for capital expenditures of $897.6 million. This was partially offset by net cash proceeds of $269.6 million from the sale of Kinross' interests in Cerro Casale, Quebrada Seca, the White Gold exploration project, and DeLamar.

In 2016, the primary uses of cash were for the acquisition of Bald Mountain and the remaining 50% interest in Round Mountain for $588.0 million and capital expenditures of $633.8 million.

 

KINROSS GOLD CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the year ended December 31, 2017


The following table presents a breakdown of capital expenditures on a cash basis:

 
  
Years ended December 31,
  
(in millions)
  
2017
    
2016
    
Change
    
% Change
  
Operating segments
                        
Fort Knox
  
$
102.1
    
$
70.2
    
$
31.9
      
45
%
Round Mountain
    
95.8
      
71.9
      
23.9
      
33
%
Bald Mountain
    
90.5
      
40.5
      
50.0
      
123
%
Kettle River - Buckhorn
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
  
Paracatu
    
122.4
      
108.5
      
13.9
      
13
%
Maricunga
    
1.5
      
5.1