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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 
Washington, D.C. 20549 
FORM 10-K 
(Mark One)
☒  ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended October 3, 2020
or
☐  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _____________ to ______________ 
Commission File No. 0-02382  
mtsc-20201003_g1.jpg
MTS SYSTEMS CORPORATION 
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) 
Minnesota41-0908057
(State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
14000 Technology Drive
Eden Prairie,Minnesota55344
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (952) 937-4000 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:  
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.25 par valueMTSCThe Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No ý
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer o      Accelerated filer ý Non-accelerated filer o     
Smaller reporting company ☐     Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ý
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of March 28, 2020 was approximately $400.0 million based on the closing price of $21.74 as of March 27, 2020 as reported by The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC.
As of December 10, 2020, there were 19,314,226 shares of common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Certain information required by Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K will either be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference to MTS Systems Corporation's Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, or will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed within 120 days of October 3, 2020.


MTS Systems Corporation
Annual Report on Form 10-K
For the Year Ended October 3, 2020

 
Table of Contents 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
 
 

Table of Contents
PART I 
ITEM 1. BUSINESS 
Business Overview
MTS Systems Corporation is a leading global supplier of advanced test systems, motion simulators and precision sensors that was incorporated under Minnesota law in 1966. Our operations are organized and managed in two reportable segments, Test & Simulation and Sensors, based on global similarities within their markets, products, operations and distribution. The Test & Simulation and Sensors segments represented 59% and 41% of our revenue, respectively, for the fiscal year ended October 3, 2020. 
Terms
The terms "MTS," "we," "us," the "Company" or "our" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless the context otherwise requires, refer to MTS Systems Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries.
Fiscal year 2020 refers to the fiscal year ended October 3, 2020, fiscal year 2019 refers to the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019, and fiscal year 2018 refers to the fiscal year ended September 29, 2018. Fiscal year 2020 includes 53 weeks, while fiscal years 2019 and 2018 include 52 weeks. All dollar amounts and shares are in thousands unless otherwise noted.
Products and Markets
Test & Simulation
Our Test & Simulation segment (Test & Simulation) provides testing and simulation solutions including hardware, software and services that are used by customers in product development to characterize a product's mechanical properties along with simulation systems for human response features. Our solutions simulate forces and motions that customers expect their products to encounter in use. Mechanical simulation testing in a lab setting is an accepted method to accelerate product development compared to reliance on full physical prototypes in real-world settings, proving ground testing, and virtual testing because it provides more controlled simulation and accurate measurement. The need for mechanical simulation increases in proportion to the cost of a product, the range and complexity of the physical environment in which the product will be used, expected warranty or recall risk and expense, governmental regulation and potential legal liability. A significant portion of Test & Simulation products are considered by our customers to be capital expenditures. The timing of purchases of our products may be impacted by interest rates, general economic conditions, product development cycles and new product initiatives.
A typical Test & Simulation system includes a reaction frame to hold the prototype specimen; a hydraulic pump or electro-mechanical power source; actuators to create the force or motion; and a computer controller with specialized software to coordinate the actuator movement, and to measure, record, analyze and manipulate results. Lower force and less dynamic testing can usually be accomplished with electro-mechanical power sources, which are generally less expensive than hydraulic systems. In addition to these basic components, we sell a variety of accessories and spare parts.
We provide Test & Simulation customers across all sectors with a spectrum of services to maximize product performance. Our service offerings include installation, product life cycle management, professional training, calibration and metrology, technical consulting and onsite and factory repair and maintenance.
On December 31, 2019, we acquired all ownership interests of R&D, including R&D Test Systems, R&D Engineering, R&D Steel, R&D Prague, RGDK Engineering Private Limited and R&D Tools and Structures (collectively, "R&D"), a manufacturer of test systems that accurately simulate the extreme operating environments often encountered by large, rotating structures, such as wind turbines and aircraft engine propulsion systems. The acquisition of R&D expands our technology base and market presence for wind energy and aerospace markets globally. R&D is included in our Test & Simulation structures sector.
Test & Simulation serves a diverse spectrum of customers by industry and geography. Regionally, the Americas, Europe and Asia represented 29%, 30% and 41% of revenue for fiscal year 2020, respectively, based on customer location.
Test & Simulation products, service and customers are grouped into the following three global sectors:
•Ground Vehicles (approximately 40% of Test & Simulation revenue for fiscal year 2020)
This sector consists of automobile, truck, motorcycle, motorsports vehicles, construction equipment, agricultural equipment, rail and off-road vehicle manufacturers and their suppliers. Customers include original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), universities, government research and development institutes, motorsports teams and contract test facilities. Our products are used to measure and simulate solutions to assess durability, vehicle dynamics and aerodynamics of vehicles, sub-systems and components. Our products include:
1

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◦Road simulators and component test systems for durability testing;
◦Vehicle performance test systems that evaluate ride handling, ride comfort and noise;
◦Vehicle dynamics simulators to test conceptual vehicle designs in advance of physical prototypes;
◦High-performance electrical motors and energy recovery systems for high-end automotive and aerospace applications;
◦Tire performance and rolling resistance measurement systems; and
◦Moving ground-plane systems and balances for vehicle aerodynamic measurements in wind tunnels.
•Materials (approximately 30% of Test & Simulation revenue for fiscal year 2020)
This sector covers a diverse range of applications, spanning many different industries, including power generation, aerospace, vehicles and biomedical. Our solutions deliver the reliable, innovative technologies required to satisfy every material evaluation needed from single-axle tension / compression testing to complex fracture mechanics and multi-axial fatigue testing. Our products and services support customers in the research and development of products through the physical characterization of material properties, such as metals, composites and ceramics to polymers, textiles, concrete, geomaterials and many others. Our biomedical applications include systems to test durability and performance of implants, prostheses and other medical and dental materials and devices.
•Structures (approximately 30% of Test & Simulation revenue for fiscal year 2020)
This sector serves the structural testing and simulation needs and services of our customers in the fields of aerospace, structural engineering, oil and gas, wind energy, amusement parks, flight simulation and others. The aerospace structural testing market consists of manufacturers of commercial, military and private aircraft and their suppliers that use our products, systems and software to perform static and fatigue testing of aircraft. Systems for structural engineering include high force static and dynamic testing, as well as seismic simulation tables used around the world to test the design of structures, such as bridges and buildings, and to help governments establish building codes. Structural engineering customers include construction companies, government agencies, universities and building materials manufacturers. The wind energy market consists of wind turbine manufacturers and their component suppliers that use our products to reduce cost and improve reliability of blades, bearings and entire wind turbines. We provide high-quality, durable motion systems servicing human-rated entertainment and training simulation markets. Key product applications include high-technology motion simulators for the amusement park industry and flight simulators for certified pilot training. 
Sensors
Our Sensors segment (Sensors) is a global leader in sensing technologies and solutions used worldwide by design engineers and predictive maintenance professionals, serving customers with a focus on total customer satisfaction, and offering regional support to provide innovative and reliable sensing solutions. Our high-performance sensors provide measurements of vibration, pressure, position, force and sound in a variety of applications. Our products and solutions are used to enable automation, enhance precision and safety, and lower our customers' production costs by improving performance and reducing downtime. Revenue is fueled by our customers' spending on research and development activities and industrial capacity utilization. Sensors products and solutions serve the automotive, aerospace, industrial, defense, and research and development markets, as well as many other markets. Sensors manufactures products utilizing piezoelectric and magnetostriction technology, both of which provide highly accurate, reliable and durable sensors ideal for use in harsh operating environments.
Sensors serves a diverse spectrum of customers by industry and geography. Regionally, the Americas, Europe and Asia represented 53%, 27% and 20% of revenue for fiscal year 2020, respectively, based on customer location.
Sensors products and customers are grouped into the following four global sectors:
•Test Sensors (approximately 45% of Sensors revenue for fiscal year 2020)
This sector covers diverse industries, including test and measurement, automotive, rail, aerospace and defense. These sensors are used in a variety of applications including research and development and testing for use in harsh environments; structural monitoring; ground testing of aircraft and vehicles; impact sensors for shock and vibration testing; component and system performance; ride and handling; durability testing; and noise, vibration, and harshness testing. These sensors provide engineers and scientists with precise and accurate measurements to accelerate technology advancement and reduce new product development cycle time.
•Position Sensors (approximately 30% of Sensors revenue for fiscal year 2020)
This sector consists of a wide range of industrial machinery OEMs and their end use customers with applications in all areas of manufacturing including plastics, steel, construction, agriculture, wood and mining, as well as other factory automation applications. These sensors provide positional feedback for motion control systems, improve productivity by enabling high levels of automation, reduce maintenance costs and enhance safety of machine operations.
2

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•Industrial Sensors (approximately 15% of Sensors revenue for fiscal year 2020)
This sector consists of sensors used in heavy industrial markets and energy and power generation. Sensors used in heavy industrial markets are primarily used to monitor the vibration and pressure in a wide spectrum of applications including motors, pumps, paper machines and steel rollers. These sensors provide valuable feedback on equipment performance, reducing downtime and maximizing safety and productivity. Sensors used in the energy and power generation markets are equipped to address hazardous and inaccessible locations and serve gas and wind turbines, oil and gas refineries, and nuclear power instrumentation, as well as other critical energy infrastructure providers. 
•Systems Sensors (approximately 10% of Sensors revenue for fiscal year 2020)
This sector consists of dynamic test, measurement and sensing systems primarily used to test, model and monitor the behavior of structures and processes, as well as to ensure safety and compliance from exposure to noise and vibration. This sector also includes the calibration systems used with a variety of sensors, our comprehensive rental offering of both transactional sensor products, and consultative systems that serve a broad range of testing and industrial customers. 
Financial and geographical information about our segments is included in Item 7 and Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Sales and Service 
Test & Simulation
Test & Simulation products are sold worldwide through a direct field sales and service organization, independent representatives and distributors and, to a much lesser extent, through other means (e.g., catalogs, internet, etc.) for standard products and accessories. Direct field sales and service personnel are compensated through salary and order incentive programs. Independent representatives and distributors are either compensated through commissions based upon orders or discounts off list prices. 
In addition to direct field sales and service personnel throughout the U.S., we have sales and service subsidiaries in Toronto, Canada; Berlin, Germany; Paris, France; Amsterdam, Netherlands; Guildford, United Kingdom; Turin, Italy; Gothenburg, Sweden; Aarhus, Denmark; Tokyo and Nagoya, Japan; Seoul, South Korea; Moscow, Russia; Bangalore, India; and Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen, China.

The timing and volume of large orders (valued at $5,000 or greater on a U.S. dollar-equivalent basis) may produce volatility in backlog and quarterly operating results. Most customer orders are based on fixed-price quotations and typically have an average sales cycle of three to nine months due to the technical nature of the test systems and customer capital expenditure approval processes. The sales cycle for larger, more complex test systems may be several years. 
Sensors 
Sensors products are sold worldwide through a direct sales and service organization as well as through independent distributors. The direct sales and service organization is compensated through salary and commissions based upon revenue. The independent distributors purchase our products at wholesale pricing and resell the products to their customers.
In addition to direct field sales and service personnel throughout the U.S., we have sales subsidiaries in Treviolo, Italy; Stevenage, United Kingdom; Aubervilliers, France; Huckelhoven and Dresden, Germany; Beijing and Shanghai, China; Vandreuil, Canada; and Zaventem, Belgium.
The average sales cycle for Sensors products ranges from approximately one week to one month for existing customers purchasing standard products. The average sales cycle for a new account can range from approximately two weeks to two years depending on customer testing and specification requirements. 
Manufacturing and Engineering 
Test & Simulation
Test & Simulation systems are largely built to order and primarily engineered and assembled at our headquarters in Eden Prairie, Minnesota. We assemble certain smaller systems at our locations in Berlin, Germany and Seoul, South Korea. We also operate system assembly facilities in Amsterdam and Mijdrect, Netherlands for electrical motion platforms and in Aarhus, Denmark for wind power energy test systems; however, the majority of the wind energy test systems are constructed at the customer site. Test & Simulation also has engineering operations in Amsterdam, Netherlands; Aarhus, Denmark and Prague, Czech Republic. Certain materials testing products are produced by a contract manufacturer in Shanghai and Hangzhou, China.
Installation of systems, training and services are primarily delivered at customer sites. The engineering and assembly cycle for a typical test system ranges from one to 12 months, depending on the complexity of the system and the availability of components. The engineering and assembly cycle for larger, more complex systems may be several years.
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Sensors
Sensors are engineered and assembled regionally at facilities located in Depew, New York; Halifax and Cary, North Carolina; Sunnyvale, California; Farmington Hills, Michigan; Provo, Utah; Cincinnati, Ohio; and Lüdenscheid, Germany. Assembly cycles generally vary from several days to several weeks, depending on the degree of product customization, the size of the order and manufacturing capacity. 
Sources and Availability of Raw Materials and Components 
Test & Simulation
A significant portion of our test systems consist of materials and component parts purchased from independent vendors. We are dependent, in certain situations, on a limited number of vendors to provide raw materials and components. As Test & Simulation generally sells products and services based on fixed-price contracts, fluctuations in the cost of materials and components between the date of the order and the delivery date may impact the expected profitability. Material and component cost variability is considered in the estimation and customer negotiation process.
Sensors
A significant portion of Sensors products consists of materials and component parts purchased from independent vendors. We are dependent, in certain situations, on a limited number of vendors to provide raw materials and components, such as mechanical and electronic components. As Sensors generally sells products and services based on fixed-price contracts and the products are manufactured and delivered within days to months from the time of order, fluctuations in the cost of materials and components between the date of the order and the delivery date are not likely to materially impact the expected profitability.
Patents and Trademarks 
We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks and proprietary trade secrets to protect our proprietary technology, some of which are material to our segments. We have obtained numerous patents and trademarks worldwide and actively file and renew patents and trademarks on a global basis to establish and protect our proprietary technology. We are also party to exclusive and non-exclusive license and confidentiality agreements relating to our own and third-party technologies. We aggressively protect certain of our processes, products and strategies as proprietary trade secrets. Our efforts to protect intellectual property and avoid disputes over proprietary rights include ongoing review of third-party patents and patent applications.
Seasonality 
There is no significant seasonality in Test & Simulation or Sensors.
Working Capital 
Test & Simulation
Test & Simulation does not have significant finished product inventory, but maintains inventories of materials and components to facilitate on-time product delivery. Test & Simulation may have varying levels of work-in-process projects that are classified as inventories, net or unbilled accounts receivable, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, depending upon the manufacturing cycle, timing of orders, project revenue recognition and shipments to customers.
Payments are often received from Test & Simulation customers upon order or at milestones during the fulfillment of the order depending on the size and customization of the system. These payments are recorded as advance payments from customers in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and reduced as revenue is recognized. Conversely, if revenue is recognized on a project prior to customer billing, this revenue is recorded as unbilled accounts receivable, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets until the customer has been billed. Upon billing, it is recorded as accounts receivable, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the average size, payment terms and revenue recognition for orders in Test & Simulation may have a significant impact on accounts receivable, net; unbilled accounts receivable, net; advance payments from customers; and inventories, net. It has not been our practice to provide rights of return for our products. Payment terms vary and are subject to negotiation.
Sensors
Sensors has finished product inventory, as well as inventories of materials and components to facilitate rapid delivery of product to exceed customer expectations on delivery time. The type and amount of finished goods on hand are targeted based on historical and anticipated customer demands for high-volume products. Payment terms vary and are subject to negotiation. Revenue is primarily recognized when products are shipped. 
Customers 
We do not have a significant concentration of sales with any individual customer within Test & Simulation, Sensors or total MTS. Therefore, the loss of any one customer would not have a material impact on our results.
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Backlog 
Most of our products are built to order. Our backlog of orders, defined as firm orders from customers that remain unfulfilled, totaled approximately $457,586, $420,115 and $415,155 as of October 3, 2020, September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, respectively. Test & Simulation backlog was $385,905, $342,652 and $346,006 as of October 3, 2020, September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, respectively. Sensors backlog was $71,681, $77,463 and $69,149 as of October 3, 2020, September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, respectively. Based on anticipated manufacturing schedules, we expect approximately 68% of the backlog as of October 3, 2020 will be converted to revenue in fiscal year 2021. Delays may occur in the conversion of backlog into revenue as a result of export licensing compliance, technical difficulties, specification changes, manufacturing capacity, supplier issues or access to the customer site for installation. While certain contracts within backlog are subject to order cancellation, we have not historically experienced a significant number of order cancellations. Refer to Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of order cancellations.
Government Contracts 
Revenue from U.S. government contracts varies by year. A portion of our government business is subject to renegotiation of profits or termination of contracts or subcontracts at the election of the U.S. government. In addition to contract terms, we must comply with procurement laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration and performance of U.S. government contracts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could lead to the termination of contracts at the election of the U.S. government or the suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracting or subcontracting. U.S. government revenue as a percentage of our total revenue was 11%, 6% and 4% for fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. 
Competition 
Test & Simulation
For relatively simple and inexpensive mechanical testing applications, customers may satisfy their needs internally by building their own test systems or using competitors who compete on price, performance, quality and service. For larger and more complex mechanical test systems, we compete directly with several companies worldwide based upon customer value including application knowledge, engineering capabilities, technical features, price, quality and service. 
Sensors
We primarily compete on factors that include technical performance, price and customer service in new applications or in situations in which other sensing technologies have been used. Sensors competitors are typically larger companies that carry multiple sensors product lines; larger diverse companies with only a small portion of business in the sensors market; or smaller, privately held companies throughout the world. 
Environmental Compliance 
We believe our operations are in compliance with all applicable material environmental regulations within the jurisdictions in which we operate. Capital expenditures for environmental compliance were not material in fiscal year 2020, 2019 and 2018, and we do not expect such expenditures will be material in fiscal year 2021.
Employees 
Our employees are vital to MTS' success in providing advanced test systems, motion simulators and precision sensors. We depend on our highly skilled engineering, sales and service, and manufacturing teams to develop and deliver products to our customers. MTS has approximately 3,600 employees as of October 3, 2020.
MTS services customers around the world with a diverse, geographical footprint of office locations. Employees span the Americas, Europe and Asia with approximately 1,250 employees located outside of the U.S. as of October 3, 2020. This global representation promotes diversity of thought, experiences, cultures and backgrounds that enhances our ability to innovate, solve global challenges, and drive long-term value for MTS.
MTS' talent strategy is led by our Chief Human Resources Officer and governed by the Compensation and Leadership Development Committee of our Board of Directors. Talent management activities support employees in their growth and development throughout their time at MTS. These programs include activities for acquiring strategic talent, training and developing our teams to build key capabilities and skills, and engaging, motivating and retaining our employees to do their best work. To drive long term value and address evolving business strategies, we prioritize activities for strategic workforce planning and succession planning, as well as perform an ongoing evaluation of our organizational design, culture and values.
MTS offers comprehensive compensation and benefits packages to attract and retain a talented and experienced workforce. The Compensation and Leadership Development Committee oversees the design of our executive compensation programs and any risks associated with our overall compensation practices. MTS regularly reviews its global compensation and benefit plans to ensure they are competitive, align to MTS’s strategic priorities, and support company values.
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MTS is committed to employee engagement by regularly soliciting feedback through surveys and other mechanisms to gain insights into workplace experiences and what motivates employees to do their best work. Employees are provided opportunities to raise suggestions and collaborate with leadership to implement actions for ongoing improvements.
Information about our Executive Officers
The names, ages and positions of our executive officers are presented below.

NameAgePosition
Randy J. Martinez65Director, Interim President and Chief Executive Officer
Steven B. Harrison54Executive Vice President and President, Test & Simulation
David T. Hore55Executive Vice President and President, Sensors
Brian T. Ross44Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Todd J. Klemmensen47Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
Randy J. Martinez - Director of MTS since March 2014 and Interim President and Chief Executive Officer since May 2020. Prior to joining MTS, Mr. Martinez served in several leadership roles at AAR Corporation from 2009 to 2017, a provider of aviation services to the worldwide commercial aviation and aerospace & defense industries, most notably President & CEO of the Airlift Group and Group Vice President, Aviation Services. Before joining AAR, Mr. Martinez was the CEO at World Air Holdings, Inc. As a graduate of the United States Air Force Academy, Mr. Martinez served with distinction in the U.S. Air Force for 21 years, retiring as a Colonel and Command Pilot and having held a wide variety of leadership roles, including command and senior staff positions.
Steven B. Harrison - Executive Vice President and President, Test & Simulation. Prior to joining MTS in 2017, Mr. Harrison served as President, AAR Airlift Group, Inc., as well as President and CEO, National Air Cargo, Inc. During a distinguished 22-year career in the United States Air Force, Mr. Harrison commanded at the wing, group, and squadron level, including three deployed commands. He also held senior staff positions at Headquarters US Air Force, the Joint Staff and US Transportation Command. Mr. Harrison is a command pilot with more than 3,400 flight hours in the C-32A, C-5B, C-17A, KC-10A, T-38A, and T-37B. A Rhodes Scholar, he holds Masters Degrees in Engineering Science as well as Politics, Philosophy, and Economics, from Oxford University, England. He also earned a Bachelor of Science in Aeronautical Engineering from the United States Air Force Academy and a Masters of National Security Strategy from the United States Air War College.
David T. Hore - Executive Vice President and President, Sensors since July 2016. Mr. Hore joined MTS through the acquisition of PCB Group, Inc. (PCB). Mr. Hore initially led PCB as its Co-President and later its President, from 2003-2016. Prior to joining PCB, Mr. Hore was Founder and Managing Partner of the CPA firm Tronconi Segarra & Hore LLP, where he served as strategic consultant and outsourced CFO for PCB from 1995-2003. Prior to that, Mr. Hore was a CPA at Price Waterhouse from 1987-1994. Mr. Hore holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration with a concentration in accounting from the State University of New York at Buffalo.
Brian T. Ross - Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since May 2017. Prior to joining MTS as Corporate Controller in 2014, Mr. Ross was the Director of Financial Planning and Analysis at Digi International Inc. (NASDAQ: DGII), where he gained valuable global experience ranging from strategic planning and acquisitions to operational execution and internal control. Earlier in his career, Mr. Ross served as Controller at Restore Medical, following a seven-year tenure at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Mr. Ross holds a BA in Accounting from the University of Northern Iowa and is a licensed CPA (inactive) in Minnesota.

Todd J. Klemmensen - Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since July 2018. Mr. Klemmensen directs MTS's global legal affairs, including corporate governance, commercial and strategic agreements, U.S. Government contracting, litigation, and intellectual property. Previously, Mr. Klemmensen served within MTS as Acting General Counsel (April 2017 - July 2018), Associate General Counsel (November 2015 - March 2017) and Director of Contracts & Senior Counsel (January 2012 - October 2015). Mr. Klemmensen served in various roles at Alliant Techsystems, Inc. (ATK), including Sr. Manager - Contracts and providing legal counsel within its Armament Systems Group. Prior to transitioning into industry, Mr. Klemmensen practiced business and corporate law in Minneapolis, MN. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Gustavus Adolphus College and a Juris Doctor degree from Hamline University School of Law. Mr. Klemmensen is a former board member of the National Contract Management Association (NCMA) Twin Cities Chapter and a graduate of the NCMA - Leadership Development Program.
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Available Information 
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file with the SEC. The public can obtain any documents that we file with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. We file annual reports, quarterly reports, current reports, proxy statements and other documents with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act).
We also make available free of charge on or through the "Investor Relations" pages of our corporate website (www.mts.com) our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and, if applicable, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Our Code of Conduct (the Code); any waivers from or amendments to the Code; our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws; and the Charters for the Audit, Compensation and Leadership Development, and Nominating and Governance Committees of our Board of Directors are also available free of charge on the "Investor Relations" pages of our corporate website (www.mts.com). We are not including the information on our corporate website as a part of or incorporating it by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS 
Our business involves risks. The following summarizes what we believe to be the most important risks facing us that could adversely impact our business, financial condition or operating results. The information about these risks should be considered carefully together with the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations in future periods.
Risks Relating to our Business and Operations 
The extent to which the outbreak of COVID-19 and measures taken to contain the outbreak will negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations is highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.
Our global operations expose us to risks associated with public health crises and pandemics, such as the outbreak of COVID-19. Attempts to slow the spread of COVID-19 implemented by governments across the globe, including travel bans, restrictions on gatherings, shutdowns of business and government facilities, shelter in place orders, and quarantines, have impacted and will continue to impact our workforce and operations, the operations of our customers, and the operations of our vendors and suppliers.

We have significant manufacturing operations in North America, Europe and Asia, and each of the countries in which we operate has been affected by the outbreak and taken measures in an attempt to contain it. There is considerable uncertainty about the magnitude and duration of future containment measures and the impact on our operations and the operations of our suppliers and customers. The number of jurisdictions in which we operate add complexity to our efforts to operate under current and future restrictions. We also operate with a global supply chain, and both restrictions on the operations of our suppliers and regulation of the international movement of goods may prevent us from timely completing customer orders.
If the COVID-19 outbreak continues and conditions worsen, we may continue to experience a decline in sales activities and delays in customer orders. It remains uncertain what impact these declines will have on future sales and customer orders once conditions begin to improve. Many of our customer orders are part of large capital expenditures and the financial uncertainty resulting from COVID-19 and its market impacts may cause customers to delay planned capital expenditures.
The extent to which the COVID-19 outbreak impacts our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including, but not limited to, the duration and spread of the outbreak, the severity of the outbreak, the actions of governments and private sectors to slow the spread of the outbreak, the effect of passed and potential future fiscal stimulus measures, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. We do not yet know the full extent of the impact on our business, our operations or the global economy as a whole. However, the effects could have a material impact on our results of operations, and we will continue to monitor the COVID-19 situation closely.
Our business is significantly international in scope, which subjects us to the political, economic and other risks that are inherent in operating in foreign countries, and addressing these risks may be costly or may otherwise impact our financial position or results of operations.
We have manufacturing facilities in North America, Europe and Asia. Over the past 15 years, approximately 70% of our revenue has been derived from customers outside of the U.S. Although our financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, a large portion of our sales and operating costs are transacted in Euros, Chinese yuan, Japanese yen and other foreign currencies.
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Accordingly, our business is subject to the political, economic and other risks that are inherent in operating in foreign countries. These risks include, but are not limited to:
•exposure to the risk of foreign currency fluctuations, where payment for products is denominated in a currency other than U.S. dollars;
•variability in the U.S. dollar value of foreign currency-denominated assets, earnings and cash flows;
•difficulty enforcing agreements, including patents and trademarks, and collecting receivables through foreign legal systems;
•trade protection measures and import or export licensing requirements;
•tax rates in certain foreign countries that exceed those in the U.S., the imposition of withholding requirements on foreign earnings and restrictions on repatriation of foreign earnings;
•elevated risk of terrorist activity, war or civil unrest;
•the impact of global pandemics;
•imposition of tariffs, exchange controls or other restrictions, including tariffs imposed by the U.S. and responsive tariffs imposed by China and the European Union;
•difficulty in staffing and managing global operations;
•required compliance with a variety of existing and emerging foreign laws and regulations and U.S. laws and regulations, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, applicable to our international operations, and significant compliance costs and penalties for failure to comply with any of these laws and regulations; and
•changes in general economic and political conditions in countries where we operate, including emerging markets, continued volatility in currency exchange rates and uncertainties caused by the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union.
These risks could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In addition, foreign currency fluctuations could also make our products more expensive than competitors' products not subject to these fluctuations, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability in international markets. As further described in Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, revenue for fiscal year 2020 was unfavorably impacted by currency translation.
Our business is subject to competition, which could cause us to have to adjust our product pricing or otherwise adjust our operations in order to remain competitive, and any of these changes could impact our operations and financial condition.
Our products are sold in competitive markets throughout the world. Competition is based on application knowledge, product features and design, brand recognition, reliability, technology, breadth of product offerings, price, delivery, customer relationships and after-market support. If we are not perceived as competitive in overall value as measured by these criteria, our customers would likely choose solutions offered by our competitors or developed internally. In order to remain competitive, we may have to adjust our product pricing or otherwise make changes to our operations, which could potentially impact our financial condition.
Our business is subject to customer demand cycles, and changes in those cycles may impact customer demand for our products, which could cause us to fail to meet our expectations as to revenue.
For many of our products, orders are subject to customers' procurement cycles and their willingness and ability to invest in capital, especially in the cyclical automotive, aircraft, entertainment and machine tool industries. Any event that adversely impacts those customers' new product development activities may reduce their demand for our products, which in turn will impact our revenue. 
We may experience difficulty obtaining materials or components for our products, or the cost of materials or components may increase, which could adversely impact our production cycle and our margins.
We purchase materials and components from third-party suppliers, some of whom may be competitors. Other materials and components may be provided by a limited number of suppliers or by sole sources and could only be replaced with difficulty or at significant added cost. Additionally, some materials or components may become scarce or difficult to obtain in the market or they may increase in price. This could adversely affect the lead time within which we receive the materials or components, and in turn affect our commitments to our customers, or could adversely affect the cost or quality of materials. Our intention is to partner with suppliers who engage in supply chain transparency and responsible sourcing and who support human rights.
If we fail to achieve our long-term growth plans for the expansion of the business, our business and financial condition could be negatively impacted.
In addition to market penetration, our long-term success depends on our ability to expand our business through (a) new product development and service offerings; (b) mergers and acquisitions; and/or (c) geographic expansion. 
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New product development and service offerings require that we maintain our ability to improve existing products, continue to bring innovative products and services to market in a timely fashion, and address changing global trends, to meet the needs and standards of current and potential customers. Our products and services may become less competitive or eclipsed by technologies to which we do not have access, or which render our solutions obsolete. 
Mergers and acquisitions will be accompanied by risks that may include:
•failure to achieve, or delays in achieving, the financial and strategic goals, including growth opportunities and cost synergies, for the acquired and combined businesses;
•difficulty integrating the operations and personnel of the acquired businesses, including the inability to eliminate duplicative costs or the substantial expenses that may be incurred in connection with integration;
•disruption of ongoing business and acquired business and distraction of management from the operation of both businesses;
•dilution of existing shareholders and earnings per share;
•unanticipated, undisclosed or inaccurately assessed liabilities, legal risks and costs;
•reputation risk associated with any pre-existing legal matters resulting from the acquired business;
•legal and regulatory requirements if the acquired business was not formerly a public company; and
•difficulties retaining the key vendors, customers or employees of the acquired business.
Acquisitions of businesses having a significant presence outside the U.S. will increase our exposure to the risks of international operations discussed in the risks relating to our business and operations.
Geographic expansion may be outside of the U.S., and hence will be disproportionately subject to the risks of international operations discussed in the risks relating to our business and operations. 
For further information on our business acquisitions, see Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We initiated several restructuring actions during fiscal year 2020 and if these actions do not provide the results we expect or the cost of such actions is greater than our estimates, our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted.
During fiscal year 2020, we initiated several restructuring actions through a series of global workforce reductions and facility closures, including the reorganization of our European operations within Test & Simulation intended to increase organizational effectiveness, gain operational efficiencies and provide cost savings that can be reinvested in our growth initiatives, a workforce reduction within Test & Simulation to reduce the overall cost structure in response to COVID-19, and a product rationalization of certain product lines in China designed to increase organizational effectiveness, gain operational efficiencies, improve profitability and provide permanent cost savings. We can make no assurances that our current estimates of costs and timing of these restructuring actions will be accurate or that additional costs will not be incurred as we continue the restructuring actions. Any differences from our current estimates could be material and could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations through delays in our timeline or increased costs. Additionally, if these actions fail to provide the operational efficiencies and cost savings that we expect, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially impacted.
Certain Test & Simulation production operations in China are performed by our contract manufacturing partner and may be subject to delays, increased costs or other unanticipated consequences.
We partner with a contract manufacturer in China to provide organizational effectiveness and gain efficiencies in production processes for test systems manufactured in China. While we believe our China contract manufacturing partner to be qualified to manufacture our Test & Simulation segment products, we may need to address quality and delivery issues due to manufacturing performed outside of our control. Significant quality or delivery schedule concerns and unforeseen costs may adversely affect our relationships with customers and our overall business, financial condition or results of operations.
We design and manufacture first-of-a-kind products, and our inability to accurately plan for these new products may result in higher-than-expected costs or damage to our reputation with our customers.
We design and build systems that are unique and innovative and, in some cases, the first created to address complex and unresolved issues. The design, manufacture and support of these systems may involve higher than planned costs. If we are unable to meet our customers' expectations, our reputation and ability to further utilize our expertise will likely be damaged.
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Backlog, sales, delivery and acceptance cycle for many of our products is irregular and may not develop as anticipated, which could require us to incur increased expenses or otherwise result in fluctuations in our periodic financial results.
Many of our products have long sales, delivery and acceptance cycles. In addition, certain contracts within our backlog are subject to order cancellations. If an order is canceled, we typically would only be entitled to receive reimbursement from the customer for actual costs incurred under the arrangement plus a reasonable margin. Events may cause recognition of orders, backlog and results of operations to be irregular over shorter periods of time. These factors include the timing of individual large orders which may be impacted by interest rates, customer capital spending and product development cycles, design and manufacturing problems, capacity constraints, delays in product readiness, damage or delays in transit, problems in achieving technical performance requirements, and various customer-initiated delays. Any such delay or any cancellations may cause fluctuations in our reported periodic financial results and may cause our stated backlog conversion to revenue to be inaccurate. 
We may be subject to product liability or other commercial litigation, which could be expensive, damage our reputation, or otherwise require significant management time and attention, each of which could adversely impact our business.
Our products or services may be claimed to cause or contribute to personal injury or property damage to our customers' facilities, which could damage our reputation or necessitate a product recall. Additionally, we are, at times, involved in commercial disputes with third parties, such as customers, vendors and others. The ensuing claims may arise singularly, in groups of related claims or in class actions involving multiple claimants. Such claims, litigation and product recalls may be expensive and time consuming to resolve and may result in substantial liability to us, and any liability and related costs and expenses may not be recoverable through insurance or other forms of reimbursement. 
We may experience difficulties obtaining and retaining the services of skilled employees, which could require us to incur additional costs to fill such positions or retain such employees, which may then require us to delay planned investments in our business.
We rely on knowledgeable, experienced and skilled technical personnel, particularly engineers, sales management and service personnel, to design, assemble, sell and service our products. We may be unable to attract, retain and motivate a sufficient number of such people, which could require us to incur additional costs to fill such positions or retain such employees, which could then adversely affect our business by delaying our ability to make other investments or changes as planned. The inability to transfer knowledge and transition between roles within these teams could also adversely affect our business by delaying or impacting our ability to fulfill customers' orders. 
Risks Relating to our Indebtedness and Financial Position
We have recently recognized impairment charges for goodwill, indefinite-lived intangibles and long-lived assets, and we may need to recognize further impairments in the future, which could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.
As of October 3, 2020, the net carrying value of goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible and long-lived assets (property and equipment, net and intangible assets, net) totaled $618,845. We periodically assess the value of these assets for impairment in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Significant negative industry or economic trends, disruptions to our businesses, significant unexpected or planned changes in use of the assets, divestitures and market capitalization declines may result in impairments to goodwill and other long-lived assets.
As discussed in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for fiscal year 2020 we recorded an impairment charge to goodwill and long-lived assets of approximately $291,389, which reflects impairments to each of the Test & Simulation excluding E2M and R&D (Legacy Test), E2M and PCB reporting units. This impairment was generally driven by a decline in market conditions, including a sustained decrease in our stock price, and the current outlook for sales and projected profitability in the impacted reporting units. These impairment charges negatively impacted our results of operations for fiscal year 2020 and future impairment charges could have a further adverse effect on our results of operations.
The level and terms of our indebtedness may limit our ability to operate our business as we desire and may require the use of our available cash resources to meet repayment obligations, which could reduce the cash available for other purposes and could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We have a senior secured credit facility that provides for a $200,000 revolving credit facility (the Revolving Credit Facility) and a $460,000 tranche B term loan facility (the Term Facility), both of which require that we pay a variable interest rate on outstanding borrowings, as well as $350,000 in aggregate principal amount of 5.750% senior unsecured notes due 2027. The debt under the tranche B term loan facility amortizes in equal quarterly installments in an aggregate annual amount equal to 1% of the original principal amount and matures on July 5, 2023.
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As of October 3, 2020, we had $244,671 outstanding under our senior secured credit facilities, consisting of $169,095 on our tranche B term loan facility and $75,576 drawn under our revolving credit facility, and we had $350,000 in aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes outstanding. We may, at times, use debt under the revolving credit facility to continue to finance the growth of the business through acquisitions, finance working capital needs or purchase shares of our common stock.
Our substantial debt could have important consequences to us, including:
•increasing our vulnerability to general economic and industry conditions;
•requiring a substantial portion of our cash flow used in operations to be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, which would reduce our liquidity and our ability to use our cash flow to fund our operations, capital expenditures and future business opportunities;
•exposing us to the risk of increased interest rates, and corresponding increased interest expense, because future borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities would be at variable rates of interest;
•reducing funds available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes due to the costs and expenses associated with such debt;
•limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, acquisitions, and general corporate or other purposes;
•limiting our ability to adjust to changing marketplace conditions and placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors who may have less debt; and
•potentially causing us to fail to comply with the financial and other restrictive covenants in our debt instruments, which, among other things, require us to maintain specified financial ratios, which failure could, if not cured or waived, have a material adverse effect on our ability to fulfill our obligations under our senior secured credit facilities and the senior unsecured notes and on our business and prospects generally.
In addition, the credit agreement that governs our senior secured credit facilities and the indenture that governs the senior unsecured notes impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us, including limitations on our ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness (including guarantee obligations); incur liens; engage in mergers, consolidations and certain other fundamental changes; dispose of assets; make advances, investments and loans; engage in certain sale and leaseback transactions; engage in certain transactions with affiliates; pay dividends, distributions and other payments in respect of capital stock; repurchase or retire capital stock, warrants or options; and engage in other actions that we may believe are advisable or necessary for our business. As a result of these restrictions, we are limited as to how we conduct our business and we may be unable to raise additional debt or equity financing to compete effectively or to capitalize on available business opportunities. Further, our tranche B term loan facility is also subject to mandatory prepayments in certain circumstances and requires a prepayment of a certain percentage of our excess cash flow. Any future mandatory prepayments will reduce our cash available for other purposes and could impact our ability to reinvest in other areas of our business. We do not anticipate an excess cash flow payment will be required in the first quarter of fiscal year 2021.
We can provide no assurances that we will maintain a level of liquidity sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium and interest on our indebtedness. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets, seek additional capital, or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations, which could cause us to default on our debt obligations and impair our liquidity. In the event of a default under any of our indebtedness, the holders of the defaulted debt could elect to declare all the funds borrowed to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest, which in turn could result in cross-defaults under our other indebtedness. The lenders under our senior secured credit facilities could also elect to terminate their commitments thereunder and cease making further loans, and such lenders could institute foreclosure proceedings against their collateral, and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.
For further information on our financing arrangements, see Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.
Our senior secured credit facilities bear, and other indebtedness we may incur in the future may bear, interest at a variable rate. As a result, at any given time interest rates on the senior secured credit facilities and any other variable rate debt could be higher or lower than current levels. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on our variable rate indebtedness will increase even though the amount borrowed remains the same, and therefore net income and associated cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, will correspondingly decrease.
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Increases in interest rates may directly impact the amount of interest we are required to pay and reduce earnings accordingly. In addition, developments in tax policy as a part of the Tax Act, such as the disallowance of tax deductions for a portion of the interest paid on outstanding indebtedness, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Despite our current level of indebtedness, the terms of our existing indebtedness allow us, under certain circumstances, to incur substantially more debt, incur substantial ordinary course operating obligations, and enter into other transactions, which would increase our leverage and further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition described above.
We may be able to incur additional indebtedness in the future. Although the credit agreement that governs our senior secured credit facilities and the indenture that governs the senior unsecured notes contain restrictions on incurring additional indebtedness and entering into certain types of other transactions, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions. Additional indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. In addition, these restrictions do not prevent us from incurring obligations, such as certain trade payables, that do not constitute indebtedness as defined under our debt instruments. To the extent we incur additional indebtedness or other obligations, the risks described above may increase.
Risks Relating to Government Regulation, Intellectual Property, Information Security and Other Policies
Our failure to comply with laws and regulations regarding government contracts could adversely impact our ability to continue to do business with the government, which could lead to a decline in revenue and future business opportunities.
Government business is important to us and is expected to increase in the future. Revenue from U.S. government related contracts varies by year. Such revenue as a percent of our total revenue was 11%, 6% and 4% for fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. 
We must comply with procurement laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration and performance of U.S. government contracts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could lead to suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracting or subcontracting and result in administrative, civil or criminal penalties. Failure to comply could also have a material adverse effect on our reputation, our ability to secure future U.S. government contracts and export control licenses, and our results of operations or financial condition. These laws and regulations also create compliance risks and affect how we do business with federal agency clients. U.S. government contracts, as well as contracts with certain foreign governments with which we do business, are also subject to modification or termination by the government, either for the convenience of the government or for default as a result of our failure to perform under the applicable contract. Further, any investigation relating to, or suspension or debarment from, U.S. government contracting could have a material impact on our results of operations as, during the duration of any suspension or debarment, we would be prohibited or otherwise limited in our ability to enter into prime contracts or subcontracts with U.S. government agencies, certain entities that receive U.S. government funds or that are otherwise subject to the Federal Acquisition Regulations, and certain state government or commercial customers who decline to contract with suspended or debarred entities. A federal suspension could also impact our ability to obtain export control licenses which are materially important to our business. 
Compliance with government regulations and policies imposes costs and other constraints, which may impact our financial condition or ability to do business in certain jurisdictions.
Our manufacturing operations and past and present ownership and operation of real property subject us to extensive and changing federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, including laws and regulations pertaining to regulatory compliance, such as environmental, health and safety, employee benefits, import and export compliance, intellectual property, product liability, tax matters and securities regulation. We expect to continue to incur costs to comply with these laws and may incur penalties for any failure to do so.
In particular, some of our export sales require approval from the U.S. government. Recent changes in policy may increase the number of our export sales that require licenses, in particular for certain sales to customers located in China, which would increase both our costs to make such sales and the time to do so. Depending on how these changes in policy are interpreted, this could limit our ability in certain cases to recognize these sales orders at all. Moreover, changes in political relations between the U.S. and foreign countries and/or specific potential customers for which export licenses may be required may cause a license application to be delayed or denied, or a previously issued license withdrawn, rendering us unable to complete a sale or vulnerable to competitors who do not operate under such restrictions.
In addition, the U.S. government has imposed tariffs on certain products imported from China as well as steel and aluminum imported from the European Union, Mexico and Canada. China and the European Union have imposed tariffs on U.S. products in response. These tariffs could force our customers or us to consider various strategic options including, but not limited to, looking for different suppliers, shifting production to facilities in different geographic regions, absorbing the additional costs or
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passing the cost on to customers. Moreover, any retaliatory actions by other countries where we operate could also negatively impact our financial performance.
We may fail to protect our intellectual property effectively or may infringe upon the intellectual property of others, which could result in increased costs to defend our intellectual property rights or could cause us to be unable to pursue new business opportunities.
We have developed significant proprietary technology and other rights that are used in our businesses. We rely on trade secret, copyright, trademark and patent laws and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property. While we take enforcement of these rights seriously, other companies such as competitors or others in markets in which we do not participate may attempt to copy or use our intellectual property for their own benefit. 
The intellectual property of others also has an impact on our ability to offer some of our products and services for specific uses or at competitive prices. Competitors' patents or other intellectual property may limit our ability to offer products and services to our customers. Any infringement on the intellectual property rights of others could result in litigation and adversely affect our ability to continue to provide, or could increase the cost of providing, our products and services. 
Intellectual property litigation can be very costly and could result in substantial expense and diversion of our resources, both of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, there may be no effective legal recourse against infringement of our intellectual property by third parties, whether due to limitations on enforcement of rights in foreign jurisdictions or as a result of other factors. 
If we are unable to protect our information systems against misappropriation of data or breaches of security or we are unable to comply, or are perceived as being unable to comply, with evolving regulations and legal obligations related to data privacy, data protection and information security, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely impacted due to costs we may have to incur to correct such issues or the reputational harm we may face.
Information security risks have generally increased in recent years because of the proliferation of new technologies and the increased sophistication of cyber-attacks. Although we strive to have appropriate security controls in place, prevention of security breaches cannot be assured, particularly as cyber threats continue to evolve. As further discussed in Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in November 2020, we were the victim of a ransomware incident that impacted operations. We have incurred expenses to-date to investigate and resolve the issues resulting from this incident, but as we continue our investigation into this incident, we may also be required to expend additional resources to continue to enhance our privacy and security measures or to resolve any vulnerabilities. The financial and reputational consequences of this incident and these risks could adversely impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.
In addition, our handling of certain data is subject to a variety of existing and emerging laws and regulations, designed by various federal, state and foreign governments to regulate the collection, distribution, use and storage of personal information. Several foreign countries in which we conduct business, including the European Economic Area (EEA), currently have in place, or have recently proposed, laws or regulations concerning privacy, data protection and information security, which are more restrictive than those imposed in the U.S. Some of these laws are in the early stages and we cannot yet determine the impact these laws and regulations, if implemented, may have on our business. However, any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with these privacy laws, regulations, policies or obligations or any security incident that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other customer data in our possession, could result in government enforcement actions, regulatory investigations, litigation, fines and penalties and/or adverse publicity, all of which could require us to change the way we collect and use personal and customer data and/or have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.
We are required to conduct a good faith reasonable country of origin analysis on our use of conflict minerals, which has imposed and may impose additional costs on us and could raise reputational and other risks.
The SEC has promulgated final rules in connection with the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act regarding disclosure of the use of certain minerals, known as conflict minerals, mined from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjoining countries. We have incurred and will continue to incur costs associated with complying with these disclosure requirements, including costs to determine the source of any conflict minerals used in our products. We have adopted a policy relating to conflict minerals, incorporating the standards set forth in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Due Diligence Guidance, which affects the sourcing, supply, and pricing of materials used in our products. As we continue our due diligence, we may face reputational challenges if we are unable to verify the origins for all metals used in our products through the procedures we have and may continue to implement. We may also encounter challenges in our efforts to satisfy customers that may require all of the components of products purchased to be certified as conflict-free. If we are not able to meet customer requirements, customers may choose to disqualify us as a supplier.
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If we fail to maintain effective processes and controls relative to adherence to our Code of Conduct and related company policies, we may incur costs to remedy these violations and may suffer reputational harm, either of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our Code of Conduct and related company policies, which cover topics such as human and labor rights, anti-bribery, product quality and safety, privacy, security and environmental compliance, promote both a culture of ethical business practices and compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. However, there can be no assurance that all of our employees or agents will refrain from acting in violation of such policies and procedures or that our processes and controls will be sufficient to detect any such violations. The investigation into potential violations of these policies, or even allegations of such violations, and the related evaluation of our internal controls, could disrupt our operations, involve significant management distraction, and lead to significant costs and expenses, including legal and accounting fees, and such expenses may have a material adverse effect on our financial results. Further, if our employees or agents violate such policies and procedures, such actions could result in non-compliance with our internal control over financial reporting. If we, or our employees or agents acting on our behalf, are found to have engaged in practices that violate these policies and/or applicable law, we could suffer severe fines and penalties, repayment of ill-gotten gains, injunctions on future conduct, securities litigation, material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, delayed regulatory filings and other consequences that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, our reputation, sales activities or stock price could be adversely affected if we become the subject of any negative publicity related to actual or potential violations of applicable laws and regulations.
Changing environmental regulations and industry standards, as well as the potential physical risks of climate change, create uncertainty and the costs of compliance with such regulations and standards could impact our results of operations and financial position.
Increased public awareness and concern regarding environmental risks, including global climate change, may result in more international, regional, and/or federal requirements or industry standards to reduce or mitigate global warming and other environmental risks. These regulations or standards could be more restrictive than those currently in place. Moreover, there continues to be a lack of consistent climate legislation, which creates economic and regulatory uncertainty. In addition, the physical risks of climate change may impact the availability and cost of materials and natural resources, sources and supply of energy, product demand and manufacturing. While no one product line puts us at substantial risk of climate change, our global operations require us to be cognizant of risks that span the globe and could impact our business as a whole. If the changing environmental laws or regulations or industry standards impose significant operational restrictions and compliance requirements upon us or our products, or our operations are disrupted due to physical impacts of climate change, our business, capital expenditures, results of operations, financial condition and competitive position could be negatively impacted.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS 
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our properties consist of owned and leased facilities for manufacturing, engineering, sales, service administration, research and warehouse space. We own our corporate headquarters, located in Eden Prairie, Minnesota, which is also the primary location for Test & Simulation manufacturing and research. We own facilities in Depew, New York and Cary, North Carolina, which are the primary manufacturing and research locations for Sensors. In addition, we own manufacturing, engineering, sales and service administration facilities in the U.S., Germany and China. We lease space in the U.S., Europe and Asia for manufacturing, engineering, sales, service administration, research and warehouse space. We consider our current facilities suitable for their purpose and adequate to support our business.
Additional information relative to lease obligations is included in Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Discussion of legal matters is incorporated by reference from Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should be considered an integral part of Item 3 of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5.    MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Shares of our common stock are traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the trading symbol MTSC. The number of record holders of our common stock, par value $0.25 per share, as of December 10, 2020 was 610. This number does not reflect shareholders who hold their shares in the name of broker-dealers or other nominees.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Total Number
of Shares
Purchased		Average
Price Paid
per Share		Total Number
of Shares
Purchased
As Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Number
of Shares that May
Yet be Purchased
As Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
June 28, 2020 – August 1, 2020— $— — 438 
August 2, 2020 – August 29, 2020— $— — 438 
August 30, 2020 – October 3, 2020— $— — 438 
We purchase common stock from time to time to mitigate dilution related to new shares issued as equity for employee compensation such as stock options, restricted stock units, performance restricted stock units and employee stock purchase plan activity, as well as to return to shareholders capital not immediately required to fund ongoing operations. 
Share Purchase Plan
Our Board of Directors approved, and on February 11, 2011 announced, a purchase authorization of 2,000 shares. Authority over pricing and timing under this authorization has been delegated to management. The share purchase authorization has no expiration date. We made no purchases during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020. As of October 3, 2020, there were 438 shares available for purchase under the existing authorization.
Capped Calls
In connection with the pricing of the tangible equity units (TEUs) sold in our public offering in fiscal year 2016, we purchased capped calls from third party banking institutions (Capped Calls) for $7,935. On June 13, 2018, we amended the agreements with third party banking institutions for the outstanding Capped Calls (Capped Call Agreements) to modify the timing of settlement to be only upon expiration for all outstanding Capped Calls. Per the Capped Call Agreements, the outstanding Capped Calls automatically settled upon expiration on July 1, 2019 with shares of our common stock based on the average market value of our common stock as defined in the Capped Call Agreements, resulting in us receiving and retiring 223 shares of our common stock. See Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our equity instruments.
Dividends
Our dividend policy has been to maintain a payout ratio that allows dividends to increase in conjunction with the long-term growth of earnings per share, while sustaining dividends through economic cycles. Our dividend practice has been to target, over time, a payout ratio of approximately 25% of net earnings per share. We have historically paid dividends to holders of our common stock on a quarterly basis. The declaration and payment of future dividends will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to, our earnings, financial condition, debt repayment obligations, business development needs and regulatory considerations and are at the discretion of our Board of Directors. During the first two quarters of fiscal year 2020, we declared quarterly cash dividends of $0.30 per share. During the third quarter of fiscal year 2020, we announced the suspension of our quarterly cash dividend to enhance our liquidity position due to the uncertain economic environment created by COVID-19. During fiscal year 2019, we declared quarterly cash dividends of $0.30 per share to holders of our common stock, resulting in a payout ratio of 54% of net earnings per share.
Shareholder Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return of our common stock over the last five fiscal years with the cumulative total shareholder return of the Russell 2000 Index and a peer group of companies in the Laboratory Apparatus and Analytical, Optical, Measuring and Controlling Instruments Standard Industrial Code (SIC Code 3820 Peer Group) that are traded on the Nasdaq, NYSE and NYSE American exchanges. The graph assumes that $100 (in actual dollars) was invested at market close on October 3, 2015 in our common stock, the Russell 2000 Index and the SIC Code 3820 Peer Group and that all dividends were reinvested. The graph is not necessarily indicative of future investment performance.
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COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*
Among MTS Systems Corporation, the Russell 2000 Index, and SIC Code 3820 Peer Group

mtsc-20201003_g2.jpg
* $100 invested on 10/3/2015 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.
Copyright© 2020 Russell Investment Group. All rights reserved.

Fiscal Year
(in actual dollars)
20152
20162
20172
201820192020
MTS Systems Corporation$100.00 $81.62 $96.91 $101.49 $104.83 $38.61 
Russell 2000 Index100.00 114.06 137.72 158.70 144.31 148.22 
SIC Code 3820 Peer Group1
100.00 125.46 158.88 196.19 213.39 274.72 

1    Modified to remove non-exchange traded companies.
2    Fiscal year 2017 refers to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2017, fiscal year 2016 refers to the fiscal year ended October 1, 2016 and fiscal year 2015 refers to the fiscal year ended October 3, 2015.
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ITEM 6.    SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7 and Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 

 
Fiscal Year 1
20202019201820172016
Operating Results     
Revenue$828,586 $892,518 $778,032 $787,955 $650,147 
Gross profit288,388 328,930 305,529 302,278 231,404 
Gross margin %34.8 %36.9 %39.3 %38.4 %35.6 %
Research and development expense$28,109 $30,928 $34,784 $34,999 $25,336 
Research and development expense as a % of revenue3.4 %3.5 %4.5 %4.4 %3.9 %
Effective income tax rate4.1 %11.4 %(38.7)%(9.0)%18.0 %
Net income (loss)$(272,051)$43,067 $61,328 $25,084 $27,494 
Net income (loss) as a % of revenue(32.8)%4.8 %7.9 %3.2 %4.2 %
Earnings (loss) per share     
Basic$(14.16)$2.24 $3.20 $1.32 $1.72 
Diluted$(14.16)$2.21 $3.18 $1.31 $1.70 
Weighted average shares outstanding 2
     
Basic19,212 19,258 19,163 19,040 16,027 
Diluted19,212 19,447 19,293 19,137 16,179 
Depreciation and amortization$46,687 $37,975 $34,492 $35,523 $24,077 
Financial Position     
Total assets$1,150,231$1,297,977$1,139,396$1,189,692$1,188,020
Interest-bearing debt 3
594,671 525,131 400,706 474,309 484,985 
Total shareholders' equity221,183 484,059 477,932 428,777 405,260 
Interest-bearing debt as a % of shareholders' equity268.9 %108.5 %83.8 %110.6 %119.7 %
Return on equity 4
(56.2)%9.0 %14.3 %6.2 %10.7 %
Return on invested capital 5
6.2 %7.6 %9.3 %7.3 %8.6 %
Other Statistics     
Backlog of orders at year end$457,586 $420,115 $415,155 $360,016 $370,523 
Dividends declared per share0.60 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 
Capital Expenditures23,893 30,525 12,321 17,798 20,806 

1    Fiscal years 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016 include 53, 52, 52, 52 and 52 weeks, respectively.
2    Assumes the conversion of potential common shares using the treasury stock method.
3    Interest-bearing debt consists of long-term debt and short-term borrowings for fiscal year 2020 and long-term debt for fiscal years 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
4    Calculated by dividing net income by beginning shareholders' equity. 
5    The measure Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) is not a measure of performance presented in accordance with GAAP. ROIC is calculated by dividing adjusted net income by average adjusted invested capital. Adjusted net income is calculated by excluding after-tax interest expense from reported net income. In addition, adjusted net income also excludes impairment of assets; acquisition-related expense, net of tax; acquisition inventory fair value adjustment, net of tax; contingent consideration fair value adjustment, net of tax; restructuring expense, net of tax; and China investigation expense, net of tax. Average adjusted invested capital is defined as the aggregate of average interest-bearing debt and average adjusted shareholders' equity and is calculated as the sum of current and prior year ending amounts divided by two. Adjusted shareholders' equity is calculated by adjusting shareholder's equity to exclude impairment of assets. Because this ratio is not prescribed or authorized by GAAP, ROIC is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe ROIC is useful to investors as a measure of operating performance and the effectiveness of the use of capital in our operations. We use ROIC as a measure to monitor and evaluate
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operating performance relative to our invested capital. This measure should not be construed as an alternative to, or substitute for, return on equity or any other measure determined in accordance with GAAP.
Presented below is the reconciliation of ROIC to average invested capital, the nearest GAAP measure, and a reconciliation of each underlying non-GAAP financial measure used to its nearest GAAP measure:

 Fiscal Year
20202019201820172016
Net income (loss)$(272,051)$43,067 $61,328 $25,084 $27,494 
Interest expense, net of tax26,787 24,848 19,636 23,133 6,065 
Impairment of assets**291,389 — — — — 
Acquisition-related expense, net of tax***3,851 2,321 — 1,845 9,371 
Acquisition inventory fair value adjustment, net of tax901 1,332 — 5,909 5,692 
Contingent consideration fair value adjustment, net of tax6,312 — — — — 
Restructuring expense, net of tax8,868 635 2,033 2,980 1,465 
China investigation expense, net of tax— — — 6,749 — 
Adjusted net income*
$66,057 $72,203 $82,997 $65,700 $50,087 
Total beginning shareholders' equity$484,059 $477,932 $428,777 $405,260 $258,142 
Total ending shareholders' equity221,183 484,059 477,932 428,777 405,260 
Impairment of assets**291,389 — — — — 
Adjusted total ending shareholders' equity*512,572 484,059 477,932 428,777 405,260 
Average adjusted shareholders' equity*498,316 480,996 453,355 417,019 331,701 
Total beginning interest-bearing debt525,131 400,706 474,309 484,985 21,183 
Total ending interest-bearing debt594,671 525,131 400,706 474,309 484,985 
Average interest-bearing debt$559,901 $462,919 $437,508 $479,647 $253,084 
Average adjusted invested capital*
$1,058,217 $943,914 $890,862 $896,666 $584,785 
Return on invested capital*
6.2 %7.6 %9.3 %7.3 %8.6 %
*    Denotes non-GAAP financial measures.
**    Impairment of assets is non-deductible for tax purposes; therefore, there is no tax impact associated with the adjustment.
*** Acquisition-related expense includes prior year acquisition integration expense recognized in fiscal years 2017 and 2016.

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Presented below is a reconciliation of adjusted net income to net income, which reconciles the tax impact of the non-GAAP financial measure of adjusted net income presented in the table above:

 Fiscal Year
202020192018
Pre-taxTaxNetPre-taxTaxNetPre-taxTaxNet
Net income (loss)$(283,706)$(11,655)$(272,051)$48,613 $5,546 $43,067 $44,223 $(17,105)$61,328 
Interest expense««
34,564 7,777 26,787 32,062 7,214 24,848 26,464 6,828 19,636 
Impairment of assets **291,389 — 291,389 — — — — — — 
Acquisition-related expense †«
4,899 1,048 3,851 2,938 617 2,321 — — — 
Acquisition inventory fair value adjustment«
1,140 239 901 1,601 269 1,332 — — — 
Contingent consideration fair value adjustment«
8,092 1,780 6,312 — — — — — — 
Restructuring expense«
11,848 2,980 8,868 830 195 635 2,730 697 2,033 
Adjusted net income*
$68,226 $2,169 $66,057 $86,044 $13,841 $72,203 $73,417 $(9,580)$82,997 
Fiscal Year
20172016
Pre-taxTaxNetPre-taxTaxNet
Net income$23,011 $(2,073)$25,084 $33,512 $6,018 $27,494 
Interest expense««
31,218 8,085 23,133 8,424 2,359 6,065 
Acquisition-related expense †«
3,577 1,732 1,845 13,016 3,645 9,371 
Acquisition inventory fair value adjustment«
7,975 2,066 5,909 7,916 2,224 5,692 
Restructuring expense«
4,079 1,099 2,980 2,165 700 1,465 
China investigation expenseª
9,209 2,460 6,749 — — — 
Adjusted net income*
$79,069 $13,369 $65,700 $65,033 $14,946 $50,087 


««    In determining the tax impact of interest expense, we applied a U.S. marginal income tax rate.
**    Impairment of assets is non-deductible for tax purposes; therefore, there is no tax impact associated with the adjustment.
†    Acquisition-related expense includes prior year acquisition integration expense recognized in fiscal years 2017 and 2016.
«    In determining the tax impact of acquisition-related expense, acquisition inventory fair value adjustment, contingent consideration fair value adjustment and restructuring expense, we applied the statutory rate in effect for each jurisdiction where the expense was incurred.
ª    In determining the tax impact of China investigation expense, we applied a U.S. effective income tax rate before discrete items.
*    Denotes non-GAAP financial measures.
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ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS 
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is designed to provide a reader of our financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect our future results. Our MD&A is presented in nine sections: 
•Overview
•Financial Results
•Cash Flow Comparison
•Liquidity and Capital Resources
•Off-balance Sheet Arrangements
•Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
•Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
•Quarterly Financial Information
•Forward-looking Statements
Our MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All dollar amounts are in thousands unless otherwise noted. 
The following discussion includes a comparison of our Financial Results, Cash Flow Comparisons and Liquidity and Capital Resources for fiscal year 2020 and fiscal year 2019. A discussion of changes in our financial results and cash flow comparisons from fiscal year 2018 to fiscal year 2019 has been omitted from this Form 10-K, but may be found in Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 28, 2019, filed with the SEC on November 25, 2019.
Overview 
MTS Systems Corporation's testing and simulation hardware, software and service solutions help customers accelerate and improve their design, development and manufacturing processes and are used to determine the mechanical behavior of materials, products and structures, or create a desired human experience such as amusement rides, vehicle simulators or flight training simulators. Our precision sensors provide measurements of vibration, pressure, position, force and sound in a variety of applications.
Further globalization and expansion of many industries along with growth in emerging markets, such as China and India, provide a strong and vibrant market base from which we can grow revenue. We have aligned our organizational structure to be more flexible to the demands of globalized and volatile markets by adjusting our structure to be more cost effective and nimble in responding to our customers' needs. We continue to deliver distinctive business performance through our commitment to sustain the differentiated competitive advantage that comes from offering an innovative portfolio of Test & Simulation and Sensor solutions that create value for customers and are delivered with total customer satisfaction. 
Fiscal Year
We have a 5-4-4 week, quarterly accounting cycle with the fiscal year ending on the Saturday closest to September 30. Fiscal years 2020 ended October 3, 2020 and included 53 weeks and fiscal year 2019 ended September 28, 2019 and included 52 weeks.
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Global Pandemic
The global spread of COVID-19 has created significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption. As an essential critical infrastructure business, we have continued to operate in the U.S. and other parts of the world as permitted. Our production capacity continues to recover as jurisdictions ease work restrictions throughout the world; however, restrictions on our employees' ability to access our customers, temporary closures of customer facilities and delays in customer spending negatively impact our sales and operating results in fiscal year 2020. We anticipate these challenges to continue to negatively impact our fiscal year 2021 revenue and operating results. The future impact COVID-19 will have on our business, operations and financial results remains unknown at this time, and we are unable to accurately quantify the impact due to the significant global economic uncertainty. In response, we continue to right-size our operations and manage short-term business risk to allow for bottom-line improvement through the execution of cost savings initiatives previously discussed, including temporary salary and cash compensation reduction by senior executives and non-employee directors; other employee salary or work schedule reductions and temporary furloughs; and the reduction in discretionary spending, capital expenditures and a strong focus on working capital management in fiscal year 2020. Additionally, we continue to evaluate our global business operations and may take future actions as deemed necessary to improve our profitability and optimize our overall cost structure. See Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of COVID-19.
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Ransomware Incident
In November 2020, we were the victim of a ransomware incident that temporarily impacted our operations. As a result of the incident, certain of our data was encrypted, some of our data was exfiltrated from our systems, and business activities at several of our facilities were temporarily disrupted. As of the date hereof, our investigation indicates that the incident has been contained. We recovered the impacted data from the unauthorized actor, and we are not currently aware of any evidence of the impacted data being publicly released. We continue to investigate what information the unauthorized actor may have accessed or exfiltrated and resolve open items related to the incident. We expect expenses, net of insurance, to be approximately $2.0 to $3.0 million, with the majority incurred in the first quarter of fiscal 2021. We do not expect the temporary operational disruption that occurred to have a material impact on our financial results. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with applicable privacy or security laws, regulations, policies or obligations in connection with this incident, could result in government enforcement actions, regulatory investigations, litigation, fines and penalties and/or adverse publicity, which could impact expenses associated with the incident.
Impairment of Assets
In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020, we recorded impairment charges of $291,389 on goodwill, long-lived assets and an indefinite-lived asset in our Legacy Test, E2M and PCB reporting units. The charges relate to goodwill, technology and patents, trademarks and trade names, customer lists and other intangible assets that experienced a decline in market conditions as a result of COVID-19, including a sustained decrease in our stock price and significant declines in the flight simulation and entertainment markets. These charges are included in the impairment of assets line of the Consolidated Statements of Income.
See Note 1 and Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on the impairment analysis and corresponding impairment charges recorded.
Acquisition
Effective December 31, 2019, we acquired R&D for an upfront cash purchase price of $58,373 primarily funded through our existing Revolving Credit Facility. The remaining purchase price is based on earn-out payments of up to an additional $26,000 contingent on financial performance through June 2021. See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of the acquisition of R&D.

Restructuring Initiatives
Throughout fiscal year 2020, we initiated a series of global workforce reductions and facility closures in Test & Simulation, including the reorganization of our European operations and a product rationalization of certain product lines in China, intended to increase organizational effectiveness, improve profitability and reduce our overall cost structure in response to COVID-19. As a result, during fiscal year 2020, we recorded $11,848 of pre-tax severance and related expense.
See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of restructuring initiatives.
Foreign Currency
Over the past 15 years, approximately 60 to 70% of our revenue has been derived from customers outside of the U.S. Our financial results are principally exposed to changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the Euro, the Japanese yen and the Chinese yuan. A change in foreign exchange rates could positively or negatively affect our reported financial results. The discussion below quantifies the impact of foreign currency translation on our financial results for the periods discussed.
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Financial Results 
Total Company 
Results of Operations
The following table compares results of operations, separately identifying the estimated impact of currency translation, the acquisition of R&D in the second quarter of fiscal year 2020, restructuring costs incurred in fiscal year 2020 and acquisition-related costs associated with Endevco incurred in fiscal year 2020. Overall, our business was negatively impacted by COVID-19 resulting from our employees' inability to access our customers, reduced production capacity, temporary closures of customer facilities and delayed spending by our customers.

  Estimated 
2020Business
Change
Acquisition /Restructuring 1
Currency
Translation		2019
Revenue$828,586 $(108,534)$47,586 $(2,984)$892,518 
Cost of sales540,198 (62,050)41,193 (2,533)563,588 
Gross profit288,388 (46,484)6,393 (451)328,930 
Gross margin34.8 %   36.9 %
Operating expenses     
Selling and marketing120,288 (16,414)5,097 (34)131,639 
General and administrative96,089 (13,651)23,225 (143)86,658 
Research and development28,109 (2,564)(231)(24)30,928 
Impairment of assets291,389 291,389 — — — 
Total operating expenses535,875 258,760 28,091 (201)249,225 
Income (loss) from operations$(247,487)$(305,244)$(21,698)$(250)$79,705 
1    The Acquisition / Restructuring column includes operating results and costs incurred as part of the acquisition of R&D, costs incurred as part of the acquisition of Endevco and $11,848 of restructuring costs. Endevco operating results are not separately identifiable as Endevco has been integrated into the existing Sensors business. See Note 17 and Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on restructuring and related expenses and the R&D acquisition, respectively.
Revenue  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Revenue$828,586 $892,518 $(63,932)(7.2)%
The decrease in revenue of 7.2% was primarily driven by a decline in Test & Simulation and the unfavorable impact of currency translation, partially offset by growth in Sensors. Our business was negatively impacted by COVID-19 resulting from our employees' inability to access our customers, reduced production capacity, temporary closures of customer facilities and delayed spending by our customers.
Test & Simulation revenue decreased $68,274 or 12.2%, primarily driven by lower volume from weakness in our ground vehicles sector, materials sector and service experienced in all regions, and the unfavorable impact of currency translation. This decline was partially offset by contributions of $47,586 from the R&D acquisition.
Sensors revenue increased $4,247, or 1.3%, primarily due to growth in our test sector from contracts with the U.S. Department of Defense and a full year of contributions from the Endevco acquisition. This increase was partially offset by weakness in the other three sectors, specifically in Europe, and the unfavorable impact of currency translation.
Excluding the impact of currency translation and the R&D acquisition, revenue decreased 12.2%.

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Revenue by geography is as follows:
   Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Americas$323,626 $346,538 $(22,912)(6.6)%
Europe236,428 224,982 11,446 5.1 %
Asia268,532 320,998 (52,466)(16.3)%
Total Revenue$828,586 $892,518 $(63,932)(7.2)%
Gross Profit  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Gross profit$288,388 $328,930 $(40,542)(12.3)%
Gross margin34.8 %36.9 %(2.1)ppts

Gross profit declined 12.3% primarily driven by lower revenue volume in Test & Simulation, higher restructuring costs of $6,651 and costs associated with the Endevco integration, partially offset by contributions from the R&D acquisition, lower compensation expense in Test & Simulation and the realization of temporary and permanent cost savings from initiatives taken in fiscal year 2020. Gross margin decreased 2.1 percentage points primarily due to leverage on lower revenue volume in Test & Simulation, higher restructuring costs and the costs associated with the Endevco integration, partially offset by lower compensation expense in Test & Simulation and the realization of temporary and permanent cost savings from initiatives taken in both businesses. Excluding the impact of currency translation, R&D expenses, restructuring costs in both fiscal years and the acquisition inventory fair value adjustment in both fiscal years, gross profit declined 14.6% and the gross margin declined 1.1 percentage points. 

Selling and Marketing Expense  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Selling and marketing$120,288 $131,639 $(11,351)(8.6)%
% of Revenue14.5 %14.7 %  
Selling and marketing expenses declined 8.6% primarily due to lower compensation, marketing and travel expense driven by the realization of permanent and temporary cost savings from initiatives taken in fiscal year 2020 in response to COVID-19 and lower commission expense on fewer orders, partially offset by higher restructuring costs of $3,720 and the addition of R&D expenses. Excluding the impact of currency translation, R&D expenses, restructuring costs in both fiscal years and acquisition-related expenses in both fiscal years, selling and marketing expense decreased 12.4%. 
General and Administrative Expense  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
General and administrative$96,089 $86,658 $9,431 10.9 %
% of Revenue11.6 %9.7 %  
General and administrative expense increased 10.9% primarily due to the addition of R&D expenses, the R&D contingent consideration fair value adjustment of $8,092, higher acquisition-related expenses of $1,653 and higher restructuring costs of $509, partially offset by lower compensation expense driven by realization of permanent and temporary cost savings from initiatives taken in fiscal year 2020 in response to COVID-19 and the stock-based compensation forfeitures associated with our former CEO. Excluding the impact of currency translation, R&D expenses, the R&D contingent consideration fair value adjustment, restructuring costs in both fiscal years and acquisition-related expenses in both fiscal years, general and administrative expense decreased 12.6%.

Research and Development Expense  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Research and development$28,109 $30,928 $(2,819)(9.1)%
% of Revenue3.4 %3.5 %  

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Research and development expense decreased 9.1% primarily due to the shift of internal resources to larger, capitalizable Test & Simulation projects and lower compensation expense driven by the realization of permanent and temporary cost savings from initiatives taken in fiscal year 2020 in response to COVID-19, partially offset by investment in new product development during the first half of fiscal year 2020 and the acquisition of Endevco. Excluding the impact of currency translation, restructuring costs in the current fiscal year and acquisition-related expense in the prior fiscal year, research and development expense decreased 7.8%. 
Impairment of Assets  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Impairment of assets$291,389 $— $291,389 NM
Impairment charges of $291,389 related to goodwill, long-lived assets and an indefinite-lived asset in our Legacy Test, E2M and PCB reporting units were recorded in fiscal year 2020. Specifically, these charges relate to goodwill, technology and patents, trademarks and trade names, customer lists and other intangible assets that experienced a decline in market conditions as a result of COVID-19, including a sustained decrease in our stock price and significant declines in the flight simulation and entertainment markets.
Income (Loss) from Operations  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Income (loss) from operations$(247,487)$79,705 $(327,192)(410.5)%
% of Revenue(29.9)%8.9 %  

Income (loss) from operations declined 410.5% primarily due to impairment charges taken in both segments in fiscal year 2020, lower gross profit in both Test & Simulation and Sensors, the R&D contingent consideration fair value adjustment, higher restructuring costs and acquisition-related expenses, partially offset by lower operating compensation expense and the realization of permanent and temporary cost savings from initiatives taken in both businesses during fiscal year 2020. Excluding the impact of currency translation, the R&D acquisition, the R&D contingent consideration fair value adjustment, restructuring costs, the acquisition inventory fair value adjustments and acquisition-related expenses in both fiscal years, income from operations decreased 22.6%.

Interest Expense, Net  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Interest expense, net$33,970 $31,558 $2,412 7.6 %
Interest expense increased primarily due to higher interest expense on an increased debt position related to the issuance of the Notes in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019 and accretion on the contingent consideration purchase price of R&D, partially offset by the acceleration of non-cash debt issuance costs related to the pre-payment on the tranche B term loan facility in the prior year.
Other Income (Expense), Net  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Other income (expense), net$(2,249)$466 $(2,715)(582.6)%
The decrease in other income (expense), net was primarily driven by an increase in losses on foreign currency transactions and losses recognized on the sale of assets.
Income Tax Provision (Benefit)  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Income tax provision (benefit)$(11,655)$5,546 $(17,201)(310.2)%
Effective rate4.1 %11.4 %NM
The effective tax rate was 4.1% primarily due to the current year impairment loss which is non-deductible for tax purposes. Additionally, we recorded certain discrete tax benefits of $2,439 related to our fiscal year 2019 return and the impact of the final regulations issued by the Treasury and Internal Revenue Service regarding global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020. This benefit is partially offset by $583 of discrete tax expense for stock-based compensation expense and $608 for foreign taxes that are not creditable in the U.S. Excluding the impact of the impairment of assets and these discrete items, the effective tax rate for fiscal year 2020 was 2.0%, a decrease compared to the prior year rate primarily driven by a decline in earnings.
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Net Income (Loss)  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Net income (loss)$(272,051)$43,067 $(315,118)(731.7)%
Diluted earnings per share$(14.16)$2.21 $(16.37)(740.7)%
Net income (loss) declined primarily due to impairment charges and lower income from operations in both Test & Simulation and Sensors and increased interest expense, partially offset by lower income tax expense from decreased earnings.
Backlog
Backlog of undelivered orders as of October 3, 2020 was $457,586, an increase of $37,471, or 8.9%, compared to backlog of $420,115 as of September 28, 2019. Based on anticipated manufacturing schedules, we expect to convert approximately 68% of the backlog as of October 3, 2020 into revenue during fiscal year 2021. The expected conversion rate is lower than the prior year rate of 82% primarily due to timing of long-term contracts in Test & Simulation. 
Backlog is not an absolute indicator of future revenue because a portion of the orders in backlog could be canceled at the customer's discretion. While certain contracts within backlog are subject to order cancellation, we have not historically experienced a significant number of order cancellations. During fiscal year 2020, order cancellations did not have a material impact on backlog.
Test & Simulation Segment
Results of Operations
The following tables compare results of operations for Test & Simulation, separately identifying the estimated impact of currency translation and the acquisition of R&D and restructuring costs incurred in fiscal year 2020. See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our reportable segments. Overall, Test & Simulation was negatively impacted by COVID-19 resulting from our employees' inability to access our customers, reduced production capacity, temporary closures of customer facilities and delayed spending by our customers.
  Estimated 
2020Business
Change
Acquisition / Restructuring 1
Currency
Translation		2019
Revenue$490,634 $(113,973)$47,586 $(1,887)$558,908 
Cost of sales357,296 (72,407)40,053 (1,843)391,493 
Gross profit133,338 (41,566)7,533 (44)167,415 
Gross margin27.2 %  30.0 %
Operating expenses    
Selling and marketing65,226 (12,826)5,097 151 72,804 
General and administrative58,506 (9,777)20,682 (120)47,721 
Research and development10,246 (2,329)(231)(4)12,810 
Impairment of assets89,815 89,815 — — — 
Total operating expenses223,793 64,883 25,548 27 133,335 
Income (loss) from operations$(90,455)$(106,449)$(18,015)$(71)$34,080 
1    The Acquisition / Restructuring column includes operating results and costs incurred as part of the acquisition of R&D and $11,848 of restructuring costs. See Note 17 and Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on restructuring and related costs and the R&D acquisition, respectively.
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Revenue  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Revenue$490,634 $558,908 $(68,274)(12.2)%
Revenue decreased 12.2% primarily driven by lower volume from weakness in our ground vehicles sector, materials sector and service experienced in all regions as Test & Simulation was negatively impacted by COVID-19, and the unfavorable impact of currency translation. The decline was partially offset by contributions of $47,586 from the R&D acquisition. Excluding the impact of currency translation and the R&D acquisition, revenue decreased 20.4%.
Revenue by geography is as follows:
Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Americas$144,565 $179,421 $(34,856)(19.4)%
Europe145,758 120,164 25,594 21.3 %
Asia200,311 259,323 (59,012)(22.8)%
Total Revenue$490,634 $558,908 $(68,274)(12.2)%
Gross Profit  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Gross profit$133,338 $167,415 $(34,077)(20.4)%
Gross margin27.2 %30.0 %(2.8)ppts
Gross profit decreased 20.4% primarily due to lower revenue volume and higher restructuring costs of $6,651, partially offset by contributions from the R&D acquisition and lower compensation expense driven by the realization of permanent and temporary cost savings from initiatives taken in fiscal year 2020. Gross margin decreased by 2.8 percentage points primarily driven by leverage on lower revenue volume, higher restructuring costs and additional warranty expense from experience rates on lower revenue volumes. The decrease was partially offset by lower compensation expense and higher gross margin contribution from product mix. Excluding the impact of currency translation, R&D expenses, restructuring costs in both fiscal years and the acquisition inventory fair value adjustment in the prior year, gross profit declined 25.5% and gross margin declined 1.9 percentage points. 
Selling and Marketing Expense  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Selling and marketing$65,226 $72,804 $(7,578)(10.4)%
% of Revenue13.3 %13.0 %  
Selling and marketing expense decreased 10.4% primarily due to lower compensation, reduced commission expense on fewer orders and decreased marketing and travel expenses mainly driven by the realization of permanent and temporary cost savings from initiatives taken in fiscal year 2020 in response to COVID-19, partially offset by higher restructuring costs of $3,720 and the addition of R&D expenses. Excluding the impact of currency translation, R&D expenses, restructuring costs and acquisition-related expenses in both fiscal years, selling and marketing expense decreased 17.5%. 
General and Administrative ExpenseIncreased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
General and administrative$58,506 $47,721 $10,785 22.6 %
% of Revenue11.9 %8.5 %  
General and administrative expense increased 22.6% primarily driven by the addition of R&D expenses, the R&D contingent consideration fair value adjustment of $8,092, higher acquisition-related expenses of $761 and higher restructuring costs of $509, partially offset by lower compensation expense driven by the realization of permanent and temporary cost savings from initiatives taken in fiscal year 2020 in response to COVID-19. Excluding the impact of currency translation, R&D expenses, the R&D contingent consideration fair value adjustment, and restructuring costs in both fiscal years and acquisition-related expenses incurred in both fiscal years, general and administrative expense decreased 17.9%.
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Research and Development Expense  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Research and development$10,246 $12,810 $(2,564)(20.0)%
% of Revenue2.1 %2.3 %  
Research and development expense decreased 20.0% primarily due to the shift of internal resources to larger, capitalizable Test & Simulation projects and lower compensation driven by the realization of permanent and temporary cost savings from initiatives taken in fiscal year 2020 in response to COVID-19, partially offset by investment in new product development. Excluding the impact of currency translation, restructuring costs in the current year and acquisition-related expense in the prior year, research and development expense decreased 17.1%. 
Impairment of Assets  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Impairment of assets$89,815 $— $89,815 NM
Impairment charges of $89,815 related to goodwill and long-lived assets in our Legacy Test and E2M reporting units were recorded in fiscal year 2020. Specifically, these charges relate to goodwill, technology and patents, trademarks and trade names, customer lists and other intangible assets that experienced a decline in market conditions as a result of COVID-19, including a sustained decrease in our stock price and significant declines in the flight simulation and entertainment markets.
Income (Loss) from Operations  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Income (loss) from operations$(90,455)$34,080 $(124,535)(365.4)%
% of Revenue(18.4)%6.1 %  
Income (loss) from operations decreased 365.4% primarily due to impairment charges taken in fiscal year 2020, decreased gross profit on lower revenue volume, higher restructuring costs of $11,018 and the R&D contingent consideration fair value adjustment of $8,092, partially offset by lower operating compensation expense driven by the realization of permanent and temporary cost savings from initiatives taken in fiscal year 2020 in response to COVID-19, the contributions from the R&D acquisition and the E2M acquisition inventory fair value adjustment in the prior year. Excluding the impact of currency translation, the R&D acquisition, restructuring costs in both fiscal years, the acquisition inventory fair value adjustment in the prior year and acquisition-related expenses in both fiscal years, income from operations decreased 53.3%.
Backlog
Backlog of undelivered orders at October 3, 2020 was $385,905, an increase of 12.6% from backlog of $342,652 at September 28, 2019. Based on anticipated manufacturing schedules, we expect to convert approximately 63% of the backlog as of October 3, 2020 into revenue during fiscal year 2021. The expected conversion rate is lower than the prior year rate of 79% primarily due to timing of long-term contracts. Order cancellations in fiscal year 2020 did not have a material impact on backlog.
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Sensors Segment 
Results of Operations
The following table compares results of operations for Sensors, separately identifying the estimated impact of currency translation and the Endevco acquisition-related expenses incurred in fiscal year 2020. See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our reportable segments. Overall, Sensors was negatively impacted by COVID-19 resulting from our employees' inability to access our customers, reduced production capacity, temporary closures of customer facilities and delayed spending by our customers.
  Estimated 
2020Business
Change
Acquisition 1
Currency
Translation		2019
Revenue$339,223 $5,344 $— $(1,097)$334,976 
Cost of sales184,171 10,255 1,140 (690)173,466 
Gross profit155,052 (4,911)(1,140)(407)161,510 
Gross margin45.7 %  48.2 %
Operating expenses    
Selling and marketing55,062 (3,588)— (185)58,835 
General and administrative37,583 (3,874)2,543 (23)38,937 
Research and development17,863 (235)— (20)18,118 
Impairment of assets201,574 201,574 — — — 
Total operating expenses312,082 193,877 2,543 (228)115,890 
Income (loss) from operations$(157,030)$(198,788)$(3,683)$(179)$45,620 
1    The Acquisition column includes costs incurred as part of the acquisition of Endevco. Endevco operating results are not separately identifiable as Endevco has been integrated into the existing Sensors business. See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on the Endevco acquisition.
Revenue  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Revenue$339,223 $334,976 $4,247 1.3 %
Revenue increased 1.3% primarily driven by growth in our test sector from contracts with the U.S. Department of Defense and a full year of contributions from the Endevco acquisition. The increase was partially offset by weakness in the other three sectors, specifically in Europe, as Sensors was negatively impacted by COVID-19, and the unfavorable impact of currency translation. Excluding the impact of currency translation, revenue growth was 1.6%.
Revenue by geography is as follows:
   Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Americas$180,332 $168,483 $11,849 7.0 %
Europe90,670 104,818 (14,148)(13.5)%
Asia68,221 61,675 6,546 10.6 %
Total Revenue$339,223 $334,976 $4,247 1.3 %
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Gross Profit  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Gross profit$155,052 $161,510 $(6,458)(4.0)%
Gross margin45.7 %48.2 %(2.5)ppts 
Gross profit declined 4.0% primarily due to costs associated with the Endevco integration, increased inventory reserve levels for specific product lines, the Endevco acquisition inventory fair value adjustment of $680, higher compensation expense and the unfavorable impact of currency translation, partially offset by increased revenue volume from contracts with the U.S. Department of Defense and a full year of contributions from the Endevco acquisition. Gross margin declined 2.5 percentage points primarily driven by costs associated with the Endevco integration, lower gross margin contribution from product mix, inventory reserve adjustments, the Endevco acquisition inventory fair value adjustment and higher compensation expense. Excluding the impact of currency translation and the Endevco acquisition inventory fair value adjustments in both fiscal years, gross profit declined 3.3% and gross margin declined 2.4 percentage points. 
Selling and Marketing Expense  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Selling and marketing$55,062 $58,835 $(3,773)(6.4)%
% of Revenue16.2 %17.6 %  
Selling and marketing expense declined 6.4% primarily driven by lower compensation, marketing and travel expenses driven by the realization of temporary cost savings from initiatives taken in fiscal year 2020 in response to COVID-19, along with lower commission expense on fewer orders. Excluding the impact of currency translation, selling and marketing expense decreased 6.1%. 
General and Administrative Expense  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
General and administrative$37,583 $38,937 $(1,354)(3.5)%
% of Revenue11.1 %11.6 %  
General and administrative expense declined 3.5% primarily due to lower compensation expense and professional fees driven by the realization of temporary cost savings from initiatives taken in fiscal year 2020 in response to COVID-19, partially offset by higher acquisition-related expenses of $892. Excluding the impact of currency translation and acquisition-related expenses in both fiscal years, general and administrative expense decreased 6.0%.
Research and Development Expense  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Research and development$17,863 $18,118 $(255)(1.4)%
% of Revenue5.3 %5.4 %  
Research and development expense declined 1.4% primarily driven by lower compensation expense driven by the realization of temporary cost savings from initiatives taken in fiscal year 2020 in response to COVID-19, partially offset by the addition of Endevco expenses. Excluding the impact of currency translation, research and development expense decreased 1.3%.
Impairment of Assets  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Impairment of assets$201,574 $— $201,574 NM
Impairment charges of $201,574 related to goodwill and an indefinite-lived asset in our PCB reporting unit were recorded in fiscal year 2020. Specifically, these charges relate to goodwill and trade names that experienced a decline in market conditions as a result of COVID-19, including a sustained decrease in our stock price.
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Income (Loss) from Operations  Increased / (Decreased)
20202019$%
Income (loss) from operations$(157,030)$45,620 $(202,650)(444.2)%
% of Revenue(46.3)%13.6 %  
Income (loss) from operations declined 444.2% primarily due to impairment charges taken in fiscal year 2020, additional expenses related to the Endevco acquisition and lower gross profit, partially offset by lower operating compensation expense and marketing expense driven by the realization of temporary cost savings from initiatives taken in fiscal year 2020 in response to COVID-19. Excluding the impact of currency translation, the Endevco acquisition inventory fair value adjustment, acquisition-related expenses and impairment charges, income from operations increased 1.4%. 
Backlog
Backlog of undelivered orders at October 3, 2020 was $71,681, a decrease of 7.5% compared to backlog of $77,463 at September 28, 2019. We expect to convert approximately 93% of Sensors backlog to revenue in fiscal year 2021.
Cash Flow Comparison
The following table summarizes our cash flows from total operations:
Fiscal Year
20202019
Total cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities
$47,849 $73,463 
Investing activities
(72,219)(182,756)
Financing activities
51,413 97,403 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash
3,933 (1,977)
Increase (decrease) during the period30,976 (13,867)
Cash and cash equivalents balance, beginning of period57,937 71,804 
Cash and cash equivalents balance, end of period$88,913 $57,937 
Operating Activities
The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to lower net income, higher cash used by other assets and liabilities related to accrued project costs and higher accrued payroll and related costs associated with restructuring actions. These increases were partially offset by impairment of goodwill, long-lived assets and indefinite-lived asset, an increase in cash provided by working capital associated with timing fluctuations from accounts receivable payments received and unbilled accounts receivable accruals, advanced payments received from customers, inventory purchases and accounts payable payments and an increase in amortization due to the acquisition of R&D.
Investing Activities
The decrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to the acquisition of E2M in the first quarter of fiscal year 2019, the acquisition of Endevco in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019, and a reduction in cash used to purchase property and equipment due to cost containment measures, partially offset by the acquisition of R&D in the second quarter of fiscal year 2020.
Financing Activities
The decrease in cash provided by financing activities was primarily due to the issuance of the Notes in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019 and borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility used to fund the acquisition of E2M in the first quarter of fiscal year 2019. This decrease was partially offset by the use of the proceeds from the Notes to repay all outstanding debt under the Revolving Credit Facility and repay a portion of the tranche B term loan facility in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019, an increase in borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility used to fund the acquisition of R&D in the second quarter of fiscal year 2020 and a decrease in payment of cash dividends.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources 
We had cash and cash equivalents of $88,913 as of October 3, 2020. Of this amount, $4,400 was located in North America, $55,884 in Europe and $28,629 in Asia. Repatriation of certain foreign earnings is restricted by local law. The North American cash balance was primarily invested in bank deposits. The cash balances in Europe and Asia were primarily invested in money market funds and bank deposits. In accordance with our investment policy, we place cash equivalent investments with issuers who have high-quality investment credit ratings. In addition, we limit the amount of investment exposure we have with any particular issuer. Our investment objectives are to preserve principal, maintain liquidity and achieve the best available return consistent with our primary objectives of safety and liquidity. As of October 3, 2020, we held no short-term investments.
As a result of the transition tax related to the enactment of the Tax Act, we are able to repatriate certain cash held in our foreign subsidiaries without such funds being subject to additional federal income tax liability.
As of October 3, 2020, our capital structure was comprised of $44,600 in short-term debt, $550,071 in long-term debt and $221,183 in shareholders' equity. The Consolidated Balance Sheets also included $10,098 of unamortized debt issuance costs as of October 3, 2020. Total interest-bearing debt as of October 3, 2020 was $594,671 and we had approximately $96,529 of unused borrowing capacity on the Revolving Credit Facility. In October 2020, subsequent to year-end, we paid an additional $7,000 on our outstanding Revolving Credit Facility.
We have a credit agreement with a consortium of financial institutions (the Credit Agreement) that provides for senior secured credit facilities consisting of a Revolving Credit Facility and a Term Facility. The maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility and the loans under the Term Facility is July 5, 2023, unless a term loan lender agrees to extend the maturity date pursuant to a loan modification agreement made in accordance with the terms of the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement also requires mandatory prepayments on our Term Facility in certain circumstances, including the potential for an annual required prepayment of a certain percentage of our excess cash flow.
Under the Credit Agreement, we are subject to customary affirmative and negative covenants, including, among others, restrictions on our ability to incur debt; create liens; dispose of assets; make investments, loans, advances, guarantees and acquisitions; enter into transactions with affiliates; and enter into any restrictive agreements and customary events of default (including payment defaults, covenant defaults, change of control defaults and bankruptcy defaults). The Credit Agreement also contains financial covenants, including the ratio of consolidated total indebtedness to adjusted consolidated earnings before income, taxes, depreciation and amortization (Adjusted EBITDA), as defined in the Credit Agreement, as well as the ratio of Adjusted EBITDA to consolidated interest expense. These covenants restrict our ability to pay dividends and purchase outstanding shares of common stock.
On July 30, 2020, we entered into a fifth amendment to the Credit Agreement, which governs the Term Facility and Revolving Credit Facility, to increase the maximum leverage ratio to 6.0x through March 31, 2021 with step downs thereafter. In addition, we amended the interest coverage ratio to maintain 3.0x through March 31, 2021 with subsequent revisions thereafter. This amendment was completed to maximize flexibility and available liquidity under our current capital structure in the event we would need to access additional funds. As of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, we were in compliance with these financial covenants. Specifically, we ended fiscal year 2020 with a leverage ratio of 4.8x, which is below the current maximum leverage ratio of 6.0x under the Credit Agreement.
In fiscal year 2019, we issued $350,000 in aggregate principal amount of 5.750% senior unsecured notes due in 2027 (the Notes). The Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture dated as of July 16, 2019 among us, the Guarantors (as defined therein) and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (the Indenture). The Notes will mature on August 15, 2027.
The Indenture governing the Notes contains covenants that limit, among other things, our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness or issue certain preferred shares; create liens; pay dividends, redeem stock or make other distributions; make investments; for our restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends to us or make other intercompany transfers; transfer or sell assets; merge or consolidate; enter into certain transactions with our affiliates; and designate subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries. As of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, we were in compliance with these financial covenants.
See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our financing arrangements.
Shareholders' equity decreased by $262,876 during fiscal year 2020 primarily due to $272,051 net loss and $11,510 dividends declared. This decrease was partially offset by other comprehensive income of $13,492 and $7,214 stock-based compensation. 
As discussed, we implemented various permanent and temporary cost reduction initiatives to manage and reduce operating costs and further enhance our financial flexibility in response to COVID-19 and as a part of our general global restructuring
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efforts in Test & Simulation, including the continued suspension of our quarterly dividend. While we cannot predict the overall impact of COVID-19 on our liquidity position, as of October 3, 2020, we believe our current capital resources will be sufficient to fund working capital requirements, capital expenditures and operations for the foreseeable future, including at least the next twelve months.
Contractual Obligations 
As of October 3, 2020, our contractual obligations are as follows:
TotalLess than
1 year		1 - 3 years3 - 5 yearsMore than
5 years
Long-term debt 1
$577,671 $27,600 $200,071 $— $350,000 
Interest payable on long-term debt 2
162,362 29,066 54,472 40,698 38,126 
Financing lease obligations 3
971 484 430 57 — 
Operating lease obligations 4
20,074 7,490 7,523 3,074 1,987 
Contingent consideration 5
26,497 26,497 — — — 
Other long-term obligations 6
25,382 4,602 8,204 2,489 10,087 
Total contractual obligations 7
$812,957 $95,739 $270,700 $46,318 $400,200 
1    Long-term debt includes the Term Facility, the portion of the Revolving Credit Facility that we used to finance the R&D acquisition and the Notes. For the above period of less than one year, no excess cash flow prepayment is required under the provisions of the Term Facility based on fiscal year 2020 results. The Term Facility amounts for periods subsequent to less than one year exclude excess cash flow prepayments, which may be required under the provisions of the Term Facility based on fiscal year 2021 and subsequent fiscal year results as future prepayment amounts, if any, are not reasonably estimable as of October 3, 2020. Refer to Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding our financing arrangements.
2    Interest payable on long-term debt includes interest on the Term Facility, the portion of the Revolving Credit Facility that we used to finance the R&D acquisition, the Notes and financing lease obligations. 
3    Financing lease obligations represent contractual vehicle leases. Refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding our financing lease obligations.
4    Operating leases are primarily for office space, as well as vehicles and equipment. Refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional lease information.
5    In connection with the acquisition of R&D, we are contingently liable for an earn-out payment up to $26,000, subject to fluctuation in exchange rates, which is payable in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2021. While the final payment amount is not certain, the amount included in the table reflects our best estimate as of October 3, 2020. Refer to Note 7 and Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional contingent consideration information.

6    Other long-term obligations include liabilities under pension, other retirement plans and payroll tax payments deferred under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act).
7    Long-term income tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions have been excluded from the contractual obligations table as we are unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of the amount and period of related future payments. As of October 3, 2020, our long-term liability for uncertain tax positions was $4,819. Refer to Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional income tax information. 
As of October 3, 2020, we had letters of credit and guarantees outstanding totaling $30,114 and $39,629, respectively, primarily bond advance payments and performance guarantees related to customer contracts in Test & Simulation. 
Off-balance Sheet Arrangements 
As of October 3, 2020, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which require us to make estimates and assumptions in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported, giving due consideration to materiality, that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures of any contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. We regularly review our estimates and assumptions, which are based on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
We believe that of our significant accounting policies, the following are particularly important to the portrayal of our results of operations and financial position and is subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty as it may require the application of a higher level of judgment by us. Our significant accounting policies are fully described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 
Revenue Recognition (Over Time)
Revenue is recognized either over time as work progresses or at a point-in-time, dependent upon contract-specific terms and the pattern of transfer of control of the product or service to the customer. Contracts with revenue recognized over time use costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying the performance obligation. Incurred cost represents work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Contract costs include materials, component parts, labor and overhead costs. For contracts recognized over time, we estimate the profit on a contract as the difference between the total estimated revenue and expected costs to complete a contract and recognize that profit over time as work progresses. Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to determine the outcome of future events that may span several years. These assumptions include labor productivity and availability, the complexity of the work to be performed, the cost and availability of materials, and internal and subcontractor performance.
As a significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect the profitability of our contracts, we review and update our contract-related estimates regularly. We recognize adjustments in estimated profit on contracts under the cumulative catch-up method. Under this method, the impact of the adjustment on profit recorded to date is recognized in the period the adjustment is identified. Revenue and profit in future periods of contract performance is recognized using the adjusted estimate. If at any time the estimate of contract profitability indicates an anticipated loss on the contract, we recognize the total loss in the period it is identified. Our review of contract-related estimates has not resulted in adjustments that are significant to our results of operations.
See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Business Acquisitions
We account for acquired businesses using the acquisition method of accounting which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded at the date of acquisition at their respective fair values. The judgments made in determining the estimated fair value assigned to each class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as asset lives, can materially impact net income. Accordingly, for significant items, we typically engage a third-party valuation firm. There are several methods that can be used to determine the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. For intangible assets, we historically have utilized the "income method." This method starts with a forecast of all of the expected future net cash flows attributable to the subject intangible asset. These cash flows are then adjusted to present value by applying an appropriate discount rate that reflects the risk factors associated with the cash flow streams. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in the income method (or other methods) include the projected future cash flows (including timing) and the discount rate reflecting the risks inherent in the future cash flows. Estimating the useful life of an intangible asset also requires judgment. For example, different types of intangible assets will have different useful lives, influenced by the nature of the asset, competitive environment and rate of change in the industry. All of these judgments and estimates can significantly impact the determination of the amortization period of the intangible asset, and thus net income. Contingent consideration liabilities are remeasured to fair value each reporting period using projected revenues, discount rates, probabilities of payment and projected payment dates. Increases or decreases in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability can result from changes in the timing and amount of revenue estimates or in the timing or likelihood of achieving value-enhancing milestones, and changes in discount periods and rates. Projected contingent payment amounts are discounted back to the current period using a discount cash flow model.
In connection with the acquisition of Endevco, the final valuation of assets acquired was completed during the second quarter of fiscal year 2020. The valuation of assets acquired and purchase price allocation related to the R&D acquisition, which closed in the second quarter of fiscal year 2020, are considered preliminary and expected to be finalized as soon as possible, but no later than one year from the acquisition date.
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See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Impairment of Goodwill, Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of the identifiable net assets of businesses acquired and allocated to our reporting units at the time of acquisition. Goodwill for each reporting unit is tested for impairment at least annually, during our fourth quarter, and whenever events occur or circumstances change that indicate the carrying value of the reporting unit may not be recoverable.

Evaluating goodwill for impairment involves the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit in which goodwill is recorded using a qualitative or quantitative analysis. A reporting unit is an operating segment or a component of an operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and reviewed by management on a regular basis. For fiscal year 2020, we have identified five reporting units: Legacy Test, E2M, R&D, PCB and Temposonics. Prior to completing a quantitative analysis, we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment of goodwill to determine whether it is more likely than not (i.e. a likelihood of more than 50%) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, including goodwill and other intangible assets. If we conclude the fair value is more likely than not less than the carrying value, a quantitative analysis is performed. Otherwise, no further testing is necessary.

If the quantitative analysis is required or elected, an impairment test is performed to compare the calculated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill and other intangible assets. We estimate the fair value of a reporting unit using both the income approach and the market approach. The income approach uses a discounted cash flow model that requires input of certain estimates and assumptions requiring significant judgment, including projected revenue growth rates, gross profit margins, operating margins, capital expenditures, working capital requirements, terminal growth rates and discount rates. Revenue growth rates, gross profit margins, operating expenses, capital expenditures and working capital requirements are projected based on each reporting unit’s current business, expected developments and operational strategies typically over a five-year period. The discount rates reflect the risk factors associated with the cash flow streams of the reporting unit. The market approach uses a multiple of earnings and revenue based on guidelines for publicly traded companies. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, no further work is required and no impairment loss is recognized. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

For our fiscal year 2020 annual goodwill impairment analysis, performed during the fourth quarter, we elected to bypass the qualitative analysis and performed a quantitative analysis for each of our reporting units. Driven by a decline in market conditions as a result of COVID-19, including a sustained decrease in our stock price and significant declines in the flight simulation and entertainment markets, our Legacy Test, E2M and PCB reporting units were determined to have a carrying value in excess of their fair value, resulting in goodwill impairment charges of $22,509, $30,835 and $188,174, respectively. The fair value exceeded carrying value by a significant margin for our Temposonics and R&D reporting units.

Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets
Intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized. These assets are tested for impairment at least annually, during the fourth quarter, and whenever events occur or circumstances change that indicate the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. Fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets is determined using a relief from royalty method if a quantitative analysis is deemed necessary requiring input of certain estimates and assumptions requiring judgment, including the royalty rate, discount rate and projected revenue growth.

For our fiscal year 2020 annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment analysis, performed during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020, we elected to bypass the qualitative analysis and performed a quantitative analysis. Driven by a decline in market conditions, including a sustained decrease in our stock price as a result of COVID-19, we recorded an impairment charge of $13,400 to our only indefinite-lived intangible asset.
Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets or asset groups, including intangible assets subject to amortization and property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable. We use undiscounted cash flows to determine whether impairment exists and measure any impairment loss using discounted cash flows to determine the fair value of long-lived assets. A long-lived asset impairment charge of $36,471 in amortizing intangible assets was recognized in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020 in Test & Simulation. The impairment was driven by a significant decline in asset value due to an overall decline in market conditions as a result of COVID-19, including significant declines in the flight simulation and entertainment markets.

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See Note 1 and Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Information regarding new accounting pronouncements is included in Note 2 and Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Quarterly Financial Information
Revenue and operating results reported on a quarterly basis do not necessarily reflect trends in demand for our products or our operating efficiency. Revenue and operating results in any quarter may be significantly affected by the timing of revenue recognition for the various performance obligations included in a contract based on transfer of control resulting in revenue being recognized at a point in time rather than over time. Recognition of revenue over time for large, long-term projects generally has the effect of minimizing significant fluctuations quarter-over-quarter. See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our revenue recognition policy. Quarterly earnings also vary as a result of the use of estimates including, but not limited to, the rates used in recording federal, state and foreign income tax expense and impairment of assets. See Note 1 and Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our use of estimates, including impairment of assets and income tax related matters, respectively.
Selected quarterly financial information is as follows:
FirstSecondThirdFourthFull
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Year1
 (unaudited)(unaudited)(unaudited)(unaudited) 
Fiscal Year 2020     
Revenue$205,843 $211,463 $196,225 $215,055 $828,586 
Gross profit76,609 71,241 65,495 75,043 288,388 
Income (loss) before income taxes6,455 (1,069)3,351 (292,443)(283,706)
Net income (loss)$5,306 $(1,071)$4,389 $(280,675)$(272,051)
Earnings (loss) per share    
Basic$0.28 $(0.06)$0.23 $(14.56)$(14.16)
Diluted$0.27 $(0.06)$0.23 $(14.56)$(14.16)
Fiscal Year 2019     
Revenue$203,181 $233,046 $232,209 $224,082 $892,518 
Gross profit78,305 87,350 85,103 78,172 328,930 
Income before income taxes11,197 17,076 16,190 4,150 48,613 
Net income$10,501 $14,160 $13,585 $4,821 $43,067 
Earnings per share     
Basic$0.55 $0.74 $0.70 $0.25 $2.24 
Diluted$0.54 $0.73 $0.70 $0.25 $2.21 
1    The earnings (loss) per share amounts for each quarter may not sum to the fiscal year amounts due to rounding and the effect of weighting.
Forward-looking Statements
Statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K including, but not limited to, the discussion under Item 7 of Part II, that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In addition, certain statements in our future filings with the SEC, in press releases and in oral and written statements made by us or with our approval that are not statements of historical fact also constitute forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: (i) projections of revenue, Adjusted EBITDA, net income or loss, earnings or loss per share, the payment or nonpayment of dividends, our capital structure, the adequacy of our liquidity and reserves, the anticipated level of expenditures required and other statements concerning future financial performance; (ii) statements of plans and objectives by our management or Board of Directors, including those relating to products or services, restructuring initiatives, or merger or acquisition activity; (iii) statements of assumptions underlying such statements; (iv) statements regarding business relationships with vendors, customers or collaborators or statements relating to
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our order cancellation history, our ability to convert our backlog of undelivered orders into revenue, the timing of purchases, competitive advantages and growth in end markets; (v) statements regarding our products and their characteristics, fluctuations in the costs of raw materials for products, our geographic footprint, performance, sales potential or effect in the hands of customers; (vi) statements about the impact of COVID-19 and related economic uncertainty; and (vii) statements about the proposed merger, including the expected timeline to closing and the receipt of certain approvals . Words such as "believes," "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "targeted," "should," "potential," "goals," "strategy" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements.
Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the currently-unknown impact of COVID-19 and related economic uncertainty, the risk that the proposed merger may not be completed in a timely manner or at all, the failure to satisfy the conditions to the consummation of the proposed merger, the impact of the proposed merger on our operations, and those risks described in Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The performance of our business and our securities may be adversely affected by these factors and by other factors common to other businesses and investments, or to the general economy. Forward-looking statements are qualified by some or all of these risk factors. Therefore, you should consider these forward-looking statements with caution and form your own critical and independent conclusions about the likely effect of these risk factors on our future performance. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which such statements are made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such statement is made. You should carefully review the disclosures and the risk factors described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other documents we file from time to time with the SEC, including our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K.
ITEM 7A.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Over the past 15 years, approximately 70% of our revenue has been derived from customers outside of the U.S. Our international subsidiaries have functional currencies other than our U.S. dollar reporting currency and, occasionally, transact business in currencies other than their functional currencies. These non-functional currency transactions expose us to market risk on assets, liabilities and cash flows recognized on these transactions. 
The strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies decreases the value of foreign currency-denominated revenue and earnings when translated into U.S. dollars resulting in an unfavorable currency translation impact on revenue and earnings. Conversely, a weakening of the U.S. dollar increases the value of foreign currency-denominated revenue and earnings resulting in a favorable currency translation impact on revenue and earnings. The following table illustrates financial results utilizing currency exchange rates from the applicable prior years to estimate the impact of currency on the following financial items.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rates 
202020192018
(Unfavorable) favorable impact from currency translation on   
Revenue$(2,984)$(16,176)$17,070 
Net income$350 $(1,122)$933 
The estimated net effect of currency translation on revenue was unfavorable in fiscal year 2020, primarily driven by the unfavorable translation impact associated with the relative strengthening in the value of the U.S. dollar against the Euro, Chinese yuan, and Korean won, and timing of that revenue during 2020.
A hypothetical 10% appreciation or depreciation in foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar, assuming all other variables are held constant, would result in an increase or decrease in revenue recognized of approximately $32,098 in fiscal year 2020. 
We have operational procedures to mitigate these non-functional currency exposures. We also utilize foreign currency exchange contracts to exchange currencies at set exchange rates on future dates to offset expected gains or losses on specifically identified exposures. 
Mark-to-market gains and losses on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges in our currency hedging program are recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Mark-to-market gains and losses are reclassified from AOCI to earnings in the same line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income and in the same period as the recognition of the underlying hedged transaction. Net gains and losses on foreign currency transactions included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income were a net loss of $636 in fiscal year 2020, a net loss of $200 in fiscal
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year 2019 and a net gain of $104 in fiscal year 2018. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our cash flow hedge currency exchange contracts. 
Interest Rates
We are directly exposed to changes in market interest rates on cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term debt, and are indirectly exposed to the impact of market interest rates on overall business activity. 
On floating-rate investments, increases and decreases in market interest rates will increase or decrease future interest income, respectively. On floating-rate debt, increases or decreases in market interest rates will increase or decrease future interest expense, respectively. On fixed-rate investments, increases or decreases in market interest rates do not impact future interest income but may decrease or increase the fair market value of the investments, respectively. On fixed-rate debt, increases or decreases in market interest rates do not impact future interest expense but may decrease or increase the fair market value of the debt, respectively.
As of October 3, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of $88,913, some of which was invested in interest-bearing bank deposits or money market funds. The interest-bearing bank deposits and money market funds have interest rates that reset every 1 to 89 days and generate interest income that will vary based on changes in short-term interest rates. A hypothetical decrease of 100 basis points in market interest rates, assuming all other variables were held constant, would decrease interest income by approximately $90 for fiscal year 2020.
As of October 3, 2020, we had floating interest rate debt of $244,671. Secured floating rate credit facilities require interest payments to be calculated at a floating rate tied in part to LIBOR or, if LIBOR is no longer available, at a replacement rate to be determined by the administrative agent for the Credit Facility and consented to by us. As a result, changes in floating rate can affect our operating results and liquidity to the extent we do not have effective interest rate swap arrangements in place. A hypothetical increase of 100 basis points in floating interest rates, assuming all other variables were held constant, would result in a $2,246 increase in future annual interest expense.
ITEM 8.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 
Our audited financial statements and notes thereto included in Item 15 of Part IV of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and appearing on pages F-1 through F-53 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are incorporated by reference herein. See also "Quarterly Financial Data" in Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated by reference herein. 
ITEM 9.    CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our Interim Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)), as of October 3, 2020. Based on that evaluation, our Interim Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of October 3, 2020, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
For purposes of Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act, the term disclosure controls and procedures means controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer's management, including its Interim Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act.
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting also includes those policies and procedures that:
(a)Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;
(b)Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and
(c)Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors and with the participation of our management, including our Interim Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on our assessment and those criteria, our Interim Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of October 3, 2020.
The Company acquired R&D on December 31, 2019 and management excluded R&D Test Systems, R&D Engineering, R&D Steel, R&D Prague, RGDK Engineering Private Limited and R&D Tools and Structures (collectively, “R&D”) from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of October 3, 2020. R&D represented $73 million of our consolidated total assets at October 3, 2020 and $48 million of our consolidated total revenue for the year ended October 3, 2020.

Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of October 3, 2020, and has issued a report that appears on page 39 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of MTS Systems Corporation

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of MTS Systems Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of October 3, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of October 3, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended October 3, 2020, of the Company and our report dated December 15, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

As described in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management excluded from its assessment the internal control over financial reporting at R&D Test Systems, R&D Engineering, R&D Steel, R&D Prague, RGDK Engineering Private Limited and R&D Tools and Structures (collectively, “R&D”). R&D constitutes $73 million of consolidated total assets and $48 million of consolidated total revenue as of and for the year ended October 3, 2020. Accordingly, our audit did not include the internal control over financial reporting at R&D.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.


/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP


Minneapolis, Minnesota
December 15, 2020

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ITEM 9B.    OTHER INFORMATION
None. 
PART III
ITEM 10.    DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The required information by this Item 10 with respect to our directors, our Code of Conduct, compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act and our Audit Committee, including our Audit Committee financial experts, is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the headings "Election of Directors" and "Other Information – Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" in our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders or a subsequent amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be filed within 120 days of October 3, 2020.
Information regarding our executive officers is included in Item I of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 11.    EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION 
The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the headings "Executive Compensation," "Election of Directors – Non-Employee Director Compensation," and "Other Information – Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" in our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders or a subsequent amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be filed within 120 days of October 3, 2020.
ITEM 12.    SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS 
The information required by this Item 12 is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the headings "Other Information – Security Ownership of Principal Shareholders and Management" and "Other Information – Information Regarding Equity Compensation Plans" in our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders or a subsequent amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be filed within 120 days of October 3, 2020.
ITEM 13.    CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the headings "Election of Directors – Other Information Regarding the Board" and "Other Information – Related Party Transactions" in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders or a subsequent amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be filed within 120 days of October 3, 2020.
ITEM 14.      PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the heading "Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders or a subsequent amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be filed within 120 days of October 3, 2020.
PART IV
ITEM 15.    EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
(1)Consolidated Financial Statements
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Fiscal Years Ended October 3, 2020, September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018
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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Fiscal Years Ended October 3, 2020, September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the Fiscal Years Ended October 3, 2020, September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Fiscal Years Ended October 3, 2020, September 28, 2019 and
September 29, 2018
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Financial Statement Schedules
See accompanying Index to Financial Statements on page F-1
(2)Exhibits
Exhibit  
Number Description
 
2.1 
2.2 
3.1  
   
3.2  
   
4.1 
4.2 
4.3 
10.1 * 
   
10.2 * 
   
10.3 * 
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10.4 * 
   
10.5 * 
   
10.6 * 
   
10.7 * 
   
10.8 * 
10.9 * 
   
10.10 * 
   
10.11 * 
   
10.12 * 
   
10.13 * 
   
10.14 * 
   
10.15 * 
   
10.16 * 
10.17 * 
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10.18* 
10.19* 
   
10.20* 
   
10.21* 
10.22* 
10.23*
10.24 * 
   
10.25 * 
   
10.26 *
10.27 *
10.28 * 
10.29 * 
10.30 * 
10.31  
10.32
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10.33
10.34
10.35
10.36
10.37
21.1  
   
23.1  
   
23.2 
31.1  
31.2  
   
32.1  
   
32.2  
101 The following financial information from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 3, 2020, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the Fiscal Years Ended October 3, 2020, September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Fiscal Years Ended October 3, 2020, September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018; (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the Fiscal Years Ended October 3, 2020, September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018; (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Fiscal Years Ended October 3, 2020, September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018; and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (filed herewith).
   
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104
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101) (filed herewith).
   
* Denotes a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit pursuant to Item 15 of Form 10-K.
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Not applicable.
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SIGNATURES 
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
  
 MTS SYSTEMS CORPORATION
  
Date:December 15, 2020/s/ RANDY J. MARTINEZ
 Randy J. Martinez
 Interim President and Chief Executive Officer
 (Principal Executive Officer)
  
Date:December 15, 2020/s/ BRIAN T. ROSS
 Brian T. Ross
 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
 (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)


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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
 
/s/ RANDY J. MARTINEZ Interim President and December 15, 2020
Randy J. Martinez Chief Executive Officer  
  and Director  
  (Principal Executive Officer)  
     
/s/ BRIAN T. ROSSExecutive Vice President December 15, 2020
Brian T. Rossand Chief Financial Officer  
  (Principal Financial Officer and  
  Principal Accounting Officer)  
     
/s/ DAVID J. ANDERSON Non-Executive December 15, 2020
David J. Anderson Chairman of the Board  
     
/s/ NANCY A. ALTOBELLO DirectorDecember 15, 2020
Nancy A. Altobello  
 
/s/ DAVID D. JOHNSON Director December 15, 2020
David D. Johnson    
     
/s/ MICHAEL V. SCHROCK Director December 15, 2020
Michael V. Schrock    
     
/s/ CHUN HUNG (KENNETH) YU Director December 15, 2020
Chun Hung (Kenneth) Yu    
/s/ LINDA K. ZUKAUCKAS DirectorDecember 15, 2020
Linda K. Zukauckas  
 
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MTS Systems Corporation and Subsidiaries
 
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
 Page
    
 
F-2
    
 
F-6
    
 
F-7
    
 
F-8
    
 
F-9
    
 
F-10
    
 
F-12
    
Financial Statement Schedule  
    
ScheduleDescription  
    
     II 
F-53
    
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Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of MTS Systems Corporation

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of MTS Systems Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of October 3, 2020, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows, for the year ended October 3, 2020, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of and for the year ended October 3, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of October 3, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated December 15, 2020, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Revenue – Test & Simulation Segment Over Time Revenue — Refer to Note 3 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
For the year ended October 3, 2020, the Company's Test & Simulation segment recognized $258.9 million of over time revenue. The Test & Simulation segment includes certain contracts for highly customized, highly engineered testing solutions in which revenue is recognized over time as work progresses dependent upon the contract-specific terms and the pattern of transfer of control of the product or service to the customer. Revenue for these contracts is recognized over time when: (i) control is transferred to the customer over time as work progresses; or (ii) contract terms evidence customer control of the work in process or an enforceable right to payment with no alternative use. Revenue for these contracts, including an estimate of profit, is recognized over time using costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying the contract performance obligations.
The estimates of total costs at completion and profit for the contract performance obligations related to these contracts for the highly customized, highly engineered testing solutions in the Test & Simulation segment are complex. Given the judgments
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used to recognize revenue for these contracts, auditing such estimates required extensive audit effort and a high degree of auditor judgment when performing audit procedures and evaluating the results of those procedures.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to management's estimates of total costs at completion and profit used to recognize revenue for these contract performance obligations in the Test & Simulation segment included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of controls over Test & Simulation segment revenue recognized over time for these contracts, including management's controls over the estimates of total costs at completion and profit for the contract performance obligations.
•We developed an expectation of the amount of Test & Simulation segment revenue recognized over time for these contracts based on prior year margins applied to cost of sales in the current year and compared our expectation to the amount of Test & Simulation over time revenue ultimately recorded by management for these contracts.
•We selected a sample of these Test & Simulation contracts and performed the following:
–Evaluated whether the contracts were properly included in management's calculation of contract revenue based on the terms and conditions of each contract, including whether (i) control was transferred to the customer over time as work progressed; or (ii) contract terms evidenced customer control of the work in process or an enforceable right to payment with no alternative use.
–Compared the transaction prices to the consideration expected to be received based on current rights and obligations under the contracts, including any modifications that were agreed upon with the customer.
–Tested management's identification of distinct performance obligations by evaluating whether the customer can benefit from the goods or services either on its own or together with other resources, or whether the goods and services are separately identifiable from other promises in the contract.
–To the extent a contract did not represent a single distinct performance obligation, we tested the allocation of the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation by evaluating management's determination of relative standalone selling prices.
–Tested the accuracy and completeness of the costs incurred to date for the contract performance obligations.
–Evaluated the estimates of total cost at completion and profit for the contract performance obligations by:
–Observing the equipment and inspecting the progress to completion, when applicable.
–Evaluating management's ability to achieve the estimates of total cost at completion and profit by performing corroborating inquiries with the Company's project managers and engineers, and comparing the estimates to management's work plans, engineering specifications, and supplier contracts.
–Comparing management's estimates for the selected contracts to costs and profits of similar performance obligations, when applicable.
–Testing estimated costs to complete by selecting a sample of estimated costs and tracing the estimate to purchase orders, invoices, labor rates or other relevant support, and evaluating whether management's basis for the estimate was reasonable.
–Tested the mathematical accuracy of management's calculation of revenue recognized over time.
•We evaluated management's ability to estimate total costs at completion and profit for these contracts accurately by comparing actual costs and profits to management's historical estimates for performance obligations that have been fulfilled.
Goodwill — Legacy Test, E2M and PCB Reporting Units - Refer to Notes 1 and 6 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company's evaluation of goodwill for impairment involves the comparison of the calculated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units using both the income approach and the
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market approach. The income approach uses a discounted cash flow model that requires input of certain estimates and assumptions requiring significant judgment, including projected revenue growth rates, projected operating margins and discount rates. Changes in these assumptions could have a significant impact on either the fair value, the amount of any goodwill impairment charge, or both. As of the measurement date in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, driven by a decline in market conditions as a result of COVID-19, including a sustained decrease in the Company's stock price and significant declines in the flight simulation and entertainment markets, the Legacy Test, E2M, and PCB reporting units were each determined to have a carrying value in excess of their fair value, resulting in goodwill impairment charges of $22.5 million, $30.8 million, and $188.2 million, respectively. As of October 3, 2020, the Company's total goodwill balance was $228.6 million.
Given the significant judgments made by management to estimate the fair value of the Legacy Test, E2M, and PCB reporting units, performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management's estimates and assumptions related to selection of the projected revenue growth rates, projected operating margins and discount rates required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the projected revenue growth rates, projected operating margins and discount rates used by management to estimate the fair value of the Legacy Test, E2M, and PCB reporting units included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of controls over management's goodwill impairment evaluation, including those over the determination of the fair value of the reporting units, such as controls related to management's selection of the projected revenue growth rates, projected operating margins and discount rates.
•With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the (1) valuation methodology and (2) discount rates, including testing the source information underlying the determination of the discount rates, testing the mathematical accuracy of the calculation, and developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the discount rates selected by management.
•We evaluated the reasonableness of management's forecasts of revenue growth rates and operating margins by comparing the forecasts to (1) historical results, (2) internal communications to management and the Board of Directors, and (3) forecasted information included in Company press releases as well as in analyst and industry reports of the Company and companies in its peer group.
•We evaluated management's ability to accurately forecast projected revenue growth rates and operating margins by comparing actual results to management's historical forecasts.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP


Minneapolis, Minnesota
December 15, 2020

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2019.

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To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
MTS Systems Corporation:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of MTS Systems Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of September 28, 2019, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the fiscal years in the two-year period ended September 28, 2019 and the related notes and financial statement Schedule II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 28, 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the fiscal years in the two year period ended September 28, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for revenue recognition as of September 30, 2018, due to the adoption of FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.



/s/ KPMG LLP
We served as the Company's auditor from 2002 to 2019.
Minneapolis, Minnesota
November 25, 2019

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Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except per share data)
 October 3, 2020September 28, 2019
Assets  
Current assets  
Cash and cash equivalents$88,913 $57,937 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $4,528 and $5,963, respectively
128,733 121,260 
Unbilled accounts receivable, net84,685 80,331 
Inventories, net174,241 167,199 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets24,429 23,761 
Total current assets501,001 450,488 
Property and equipment, net95,110 101,083 
Goodwill228,640 429,039 
Intangible assets, net295,095 306,585 
Other long-term assets23,313 3,553 
Deferred income taxes7,072 7,229 
Total assets$1,150,231 $1,297,977 
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity  
Current liabilities  
Short-term borrowings$17,000 $— 
Current maturities of long-term debt, net25,843 27,969 
Accounts payable51,562 46,849 
Accrued payroll and related costs39,849 46,760 
Advance payments from customers78,774 70,520 
Accrued warranty costs5,974 3,541 
Accrued income taxes4,782 7,077 
Accrued dividends— 5,695 
Contingent consideration26,497 — 
Other accrued liabilities46,570 43,165 
Total current liabilities296,851 251,576 
Long-term debt, less current maturities, net541,730 484,648 
Deferred income taxes35,513 41,531 
Non-current accrued income taxes4,819 4,414 
Defined benefit pension plan obligation15,982 16,585 
Non-current accrued payroll and related costs5,273 — 
Other long-term liabilities28,880 15,164 
Total liabilities929,048 813,918 
Shareholders' Equity  
Common stock, $0.25 par value; 64,000 shares authorized: 19,264 and 19,124 shares issued and outstanding as of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, respectively
4,816 4,781 
Additional paid-in capital189,580 182,422 
Retained earnings31,768 315,329 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(4,981)(18,473)
Total shareholders' equity221,183 484,059 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity$1,150,231 $1,297,977 
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Income
(in thousands, except per share data)
 
For the fiscal year endedOctober 3, 2020September 28, 2019September 29, 2018
Revenue   
Product$726,028 $782,012 $674,391 
Service102,558 110,506 103,641 
Total revenue828,586 892,518 778,032 
Cost of sales   
Product477,716 494,725 409,525 
Service62,482 68,863 62,978 
Total cost of sales540,198 563,588 472,503 
Gross profit288,388 328,930 305,529 
Operating expenses   
Selling and marketing120,288 131,639 126,333 
General and administrative96,089 86,658 79,240 
Research and development28,109 30,928 34,784 
Impairment of assets291,389 — — 
Total operating expenses535,875 249,225 240,357 
Income (loss) from operations(247,487)79,705 65,172 
Interest expense, net(33,970)(31,558)(25,882)
Other income (expense), net(2,249)466 4,933 
Income (loss) before income taxes(283,706)48,613 44,223 
Income tax provision (benefit)(11,655)5,546 (17,105)
Net income (loss)$(272,051)$43,067 $61,328 
Earnings (loss) per share   
  Basic
     Earnings (loss) per share$(14.16)$2.24 $3.20 
     Weighted average common shares outstanding19,212 19,258 19,163 
  Diluted
     Earnings (loss) per share$(14.16)$2.21 $3.18 
     Weighted average common shares outstanding19,212 19,447 19,293 
Dividends declared per share$0.60 $1.20 $1.20 
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 

 

 
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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(in thousands, except per share data)
For the fiscal year endedOctober 3, 2020September 28, 2019September 29, 2018
Net income (loss)$(272,051)$43,067 $61,328 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax   
Foreign currency translation gain (loss) adjustments16,986 (9,980)(2,174)
Derivative instruments   
Unrealized net gain (loss)(3,968)(2,141)4,325 
Net (gain) loss reclassified to earnings(645)(2,905)(598)
Defined benefit pension plan   
Unrealized net gain (loss)1,193 (5,758)(621)
Net (gain) loss reclassified to earnings856 379 367 
Currency exchange rate gain (loss)(930)456 90 
Other comprehensive income (loss)13,492 (19,949)1,389 
Comprehensive income (loss)$(258,559)$23,118 $62,717 
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
(in thousands, except per share data)
 Common StockAdditional
Paid-In
Capital		 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Total
Shareholders'
Equity
Shares
Issued		AmountRetained
Earnings
Balance, September 30, 201717,760 $4,440 $163,632 $261,258 $(553)$428,777 
Total comprehensive income— — — 61,328 1,389 62,717 
Exercise of stock options19 5 916 — — 921 
Stock-based compensation79 19 7,224 — — 7,243 
Issuance for employee stock purchase plan24 6 1,065 — — 1,071 
Cumulative effect of accounting change— — (33)(607)640 — 
Common stock purchased and retired(26)(6)(1,397)— — (1,403)
Dividends, $1.20 per share
— — — (21,394)— (21,394)
Balance, September 29, 201817,856 $4,464 $171,407 $300,585 $1,476 $477,932 
Total comprehensive income— — — 43,067 (19,949)23,118 
Conversion of tangible equity units1,342 336 (336)— — — 
Settlement of capped calls(223)(57)57 — — — 
Exercise of stock options47 12 2,267 — — 2,279 
Stock-based compensation97 24 9,406 — — 9,430 
Issuance for employee stock purchase plan34 8 1,148 — — 1,156 
Cumulative effect of accounting change— — — (6,227)— (6,227)
Common stock purchased and retired(29)(6)(1,527)— — (1,533)
Dividends, $1.20 per share
— — — (22,096)— (22,096)
Balance, September 28, 201919,124 $4,781 $182,422 $315,329 $(18,473)$484,059 
Total comprehensive income (loss)— — — (272,051)13,492 (258,559)
Exercise of stock options1 — 41 — — 41 
Stock-based compensation123 31 7,183 — — 7,214 
Issuance for employee stock purchase plan53 13 1,133 — — 1,146 
Common stock purchased and retired(37)(9)(1,199)— — (1,208)
Dividends, $0.60 per share
— — — (11,510)— (11,510)
Balance, October 3, 202019,264 $4,816 $189,580 $31,768 $(4,981)$221,183 
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
For the fiscal year endedOctober 3, 2020September 28, 2019September 29, 2018
Cash Flows from Operating Activities   
Net income (loss)$(272,051)$43,067 $61,328 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities   
Stock-based compensation7,150 9,397 7,283 
Fair value adjustment to acquired inventory1,140 1,601 — 
Impairment of assets291,389 — — 
Net periodic pension benefit cost1,876 1,154 1,178 
Depreciation23,843 20,614 20,661 
Amortization22,844 17,361 13,831 
Accretion of contingent consideration499 — — 
Contingent consideration fair value adjustment8,092 — — 
(Gain) loss on sale or disposal of property and equipment4,311 1,442 (4,162)
Amortization of debt issuance costs3,197 6,765 4,644 
Deferred income taxes(17,175)(11,060)(28,252)
Bad debt provision (recovery), net(1,184)1,744 2,271 
Other— (671)(111)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities   
Accounts receivable and unbilled accounts receivable15,698 (21,340)4,763 
Inventories, net(6,085)8,702 (12,343)
Prepaid expenses4,113 (3,194)(375)
Accounts payable(7,428)(4,624)(846)
Accrued payroll and related costs(9,378)2,917 (5,338)
Advance payments from customers4,725 (23,041)3,531 
Accrued warranty costs2,402 (1,861)(594)
Other assets and liabilities(30,129)24,490 (4,222)
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities47,849 73,463 63,247 
Cash Flows from Investing Activities   
Purchases of property and equipment(23,893)(30,525)(12,321)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment948 10 6,793 
Purchases of businesses, net of acquired cash(49,361)(151,956)— 
Other87 (285)823 
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities(72,219)(182,756)(4,705)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities   
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt58,576 430,391 — 
Payment of long-term debt(5,505)(298,659)(64,517)
Payment of debt component of tangible equity units— (7,290)(9,153)
Payment of debt issuance costs for long-term debt(88)(6,561)— 
Payment of debt issuance costs for revolving credit facility(1,344)(667)(125)
Receipts under short-term borrowings150,000 70,000 38,750 
Payments under short-term borrowings(133,000)(70,000)(38,750)
Cash dividends(17,205)(21,713)(21,360)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan1,187 3,435 1,992 
Payments to purchase and retire common stock(1,208)(1,533)(1,403)
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities51,413 97,403 (94,566)
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash and Cash Equivalents3,933 (1,977)(905)
Cash and Cash Equivalents   
Increase (decrease) during the period30,976 (13,867)(36,929)
Balance, beginning of period57,937 71,804 108,733 
Balance, End of Period$88,913 $57,937 $71,804 
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Supplemental Disclosures   
Cash paid during the year for   
Interest$33,250 $22,136 $22,224 
Income taxes13,826 11,406 11,380 
Non-cash investing and financing activities
Contingent consideration assumed in acquisition26,497 — — 
Property and equipment acquired under capital lease— — 67 
Dividends declared not yet paid— 5,695 5,312 
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars and shares in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
NOTE 1     SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Nature of Operations
MTS Systems Corporation is a leading global supplier of advanced test systems, motion simulators and precision sensors. Our testing and simulation hardware, software and service solutions help customers accelerate and improve their design, development and manufacturing processes and are used for determining the mechanical behavior of materials, products and structures. Our high-performance sensors provide measurements of vibration, pressure, position, force and sound in a variety of applications to enable automation, enhance precision and safety, and lower our customers' production costs by improving performance and reducing downtime.
COVID-19
The global spread of COVID-19 has created significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption. See Note 20 for further information regarding our risks and uncertainties related to COVID-19.
Fiscal Year
We have a 5-4-4 week, quarterly accounting cycle with our fiscal year ending on the Saturday closest to September 30. Fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018 ended October 3, 2020, September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018, respectively. Fiscal year 2020 included 53 weeks and fiscal years 2019 and 2018 both included 52 weeks.
Consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of MTS Systems Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Significant intercompany account balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Revenue Recognition
We adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), followed by related amendments, on September 30, 2018 under the modified retrospective transition method. Our revenue recognition accounting policy and disclosures relative to this guidance are included in Note 3.
Research and Development
Research and development costs associated with new products are charged to operations as incurred. We have also allocated certain resources to capitalized software development activities. Total internal software development costs capitalized during fiscal years 2020 and 2019 were $8,403 and $5,883, respectively.
Foreign Currency
The financial position and results of operations of our foreign subsidiaries are measured using local currency as the functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated using fiscal period-end exchange rates, and monthly statements of income are translated using average exchange rates applicable to each month, with the resulting adjustments recorded in foreign currency translation gain (loss) adjustments in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Net gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. We recorded a net foreign currency transaction loss of $636 in fiscal year 2020, a net foreign currency transaction loss of $200 in fiscal year 2019 and a net foreign currency transaction gain of $104 in fiscal year 2018.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents represent cash, demand deposits and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value. Cash equivalents, both within and outside the U.S., are invested in bank deposits or money market funds and are held in local currency. 
Accounts Receivable and Long-term Contracts
We grant credit to customers and generally do not require collateral or other security from domestic customers. When deemed appropriate, receivables from customers located outside the U.S. are supported by letters of credit from financial institutions. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of specific customer accounts and includes consideration of the credit worthiness and financial condition of those specific customers. We record an allowance to reduce receivables to the amount reasonably believed to be collectible and consider factors such as the financial condition of the customer and the aging of the receivables. If there is a deterioration of a customer's financial condition, if we become aware of additional information related to the credit worthiness of a customer or if future actual default rates on trade receivables differ from those currently anticipated, we may adjust the allowance for doubtful accounts, which would affect earnings in the period the adjustments were made.
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We enter into long-term contracts for customized equipment sold to our customers. Under the terms of such contracts, revenue recognized over time may be invoiced upon completion of contractual milestones, shipment to the customer or installation and customer acceptance. Unbilled amounts relating to these contracts are included in unbilled accounts receivable, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amounts unbilled as of October 3, 2020 are expected to be invoiced during fiscal year 2021.
Inventories
Inventories consist of material, labor and overhead costs and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value determined under the first-in, first-out accounting method. Certain inventories are measured using the weighted average cost method. Inventories, net are as follows:
20202019
Components, assemblies and parts$117,865 $112,886 
Customer projects in various stages of completion39,156 39,534 
Finished goods17,220 14,779 
Total inventories, net$174,241 $167,199 
Software Development Costs
We capitalize certain software development costs related to software to be sold or otherwise marketed. Capitalized software development costs include purchased materials and services, salary and benefits of our development and technical support staff and other costs associated with the development of new products and services. Software development costs are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established, at which time future costs incurred are capitalized until the product is available for general release to the public. Based on our product development process, technological feasibility is generally established once product and detailed program designs have been completed, uncertainties related to high-risk development issues have been resolved through coding and testing, and we have the capability to manufacture the end product. Once a software product is available for general release to the public, capitalized development costs associated with that product will begin to be amortized to cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Income over the product's estimated economic life, using the greater of straight-line or a method that results in cost recognition in future periods that is consistent with the anticipated timing of product revenue recognition. 
Our capitalized software development costs are subject to an ongoing assessment of recoverability, which is impacted by estimates and assumptions of future revenues and expenses for these software products, as well as other factors such as changes in product technologies. Any portion of unamortized capitalized software development costs that is determined to be in excess of net realizable value is expensed in the period such a determination is made. We capitalized $13,882, $8,295 and $5,167 of software development costs during fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Amortization expense for software development costs was $264, $176 and $30 for fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. See Note 6 for additional information on capitalized software development costs.
Impairment of Long-lived Assets
Long-lived assets or asset groups, including definite-lived intangible assets ("intangible assets") subject to amortization and property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances such as asset utilization, physical change, legal factors or other matters indicate that the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable. When this review indicates the carrying value of an asset or asset group exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset or asset group, an asset impairment charge in recognized in earnings in the period such a determination is made. The amount of the impairment loss recorded is the amount by which the carrying value of the impaired asset or asset group exceeds its fair value based on discounted cash flows.
An impairment charge of $36,471 in amortizing intangible assets was recognized in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020 in Test & Simulation. These charges relate to technology and patents, trademarks and trade names, and customer lists that experienced a significant decline in asset value due to an overall decline in market conditions as a result of COVID-19, including significant declines in the flight simulation and entertainment markets. These charges are included in the impairment of assets line of the Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 6 for additional information on impairment charges recorded.
In performing this assessment, we have made reasonable accounting estimates based on the facts and circumstances that were available as of the measurement date considering the developing situation driven by COVID-19. However, if actual results are not consistent with the estimates and assumptions used in the calculations, we may be exposed to future impairment losses that could be material.
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Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are capitalized at cost, including additions, replacements and improvements. Repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is recorded over the following estimated useful lives of the asset:
Asset TypeUseful Life
Buildings and improvements
10 to 40 years
Machinery and equipment
3 to 10 years
Building and equipment additions are generally depreciated on a straight-line basis for financial reporting purposes and on an accelerated basis for income tax purposes. See Note 6 for additional information on property and equipment.
Impairment of Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of the identifiable net assets of businesses acquired and allocated to our reporting units at the time of acquisition. Goodwill for each reporting unit is tested for impairment at least annually, during our fourth quarter, and whenever events occur or circumstances change that indicate the carrying value of the reporting unit may not be recoverable.
Evaluating goodwill for impairment involves the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit in which goodwill is recorded using a qualitative or quantitative analysis. A reporting unit is an operating segment or a component of an operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and reviewed by management on a regular basis. For fiscal year 2020, we identified five reporting units: Legacy Test, E2M, R&D, PCB and Temposonics.
Prior to completing the quantitative analysis, we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment of goodwill for impairment to determine whether it is more likely than not (a likelihood of more than 50%) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, including goodwill and other intangible assets. If we conclude the fair value is more likely than not less than the carrying amount, a quantitative analysis is performed. Otherwise, no further testing is needed.
If the quantitative analysis is required or elected, the impairment test is used to compare the calculated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill and other intangible assets. We estimate the fair value of a reporting unit using both the income approach and the market approach. The income approach uses a discounted cash flow model that requires input of certain estimates and assumptions requiring significant judgment, including projected revenue growth rates, gross profit margins, operating expenses, capital expenditures, working capital requirements, terminal growth rates and discount rates. Revenue growth rates, gross profit margins, operating expenses, capital expenditures and working capital requirements are projected based on each reporting unit's current business, expected developments and operational strategies typically over a five-year period. The discount rates reflect the risk factors associated with the cash flow streams of the reporting unit. The market approach uses a multiple of earnings and revenue based on guidelines for publicly traded companies. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, no further work is required and no impairment loss is recognized. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.
For our fiscal year 2020 annual goodwill impairment analysis, performed during the fourth quarter, we elected to bypass the qualitative analysis and performed a quantitative analysis for each of our reporting units given the economic impact from COVID-19 and the sustained decline in our stock price. Based on the analysis, our Legacy Test, E2M and PCB reporting units were determined to have a carrying value in excess of their fair value, resulting in goodwill impairment charges of $22,509, $30,835 and $188,174, respectively. These charges are included in the impairment of assets line of the Consolidated Statements of Income. These impairment charges recorded in fiscal year 2020 were primarily the result of a decline in market conditions as a result of COVID-19, including a sustained decrease in our stock price and significant declines in the flight simulation and entertainment markets. As of October 3, 2020, our Legacy Test, E2M, R&D, PCB and Temposonics reporting units had goodwill balances of $4,011, $7,056, $37,773, $178,328 and $1,472, respectively. The fair value exceeded carrying value by a significant margin for our Temposonics and R&D reporting units.

In performing this assessment, we have made reasonable accounting estimates and assumptions in determining the fair value of our reporting units based on the facts and circumstances available as of the measurement date considering the developing situation driven by COVID-19. However, if actual results are not consistent with the estimates and assumptions used in the calculations, we may be exposed to future impairment losses that could be material. Events and conditions that could negatively impact the estimated fair value include a sustained further decline in our stock price, inability to realize the anticipated sales growth opportunities, lack of development of new products and a decrease in projected profitability.
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In fiscal year 2019, we performed a qualitative analysis of goodwill for each of our reporting units as described above. Based on the analysis, we determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value exceeded the carrying value for all of our reporting units. Therefore, a quantitative analysis was not necessary for any of our reporting units.
See Note 6 for additional information on goodwill.

Intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized. These assets are tested for impairment at least annually, during our fourth quarter, and whenever events occur or circumstances change that indicate the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. If a quantitative analysis is deemed necessary, fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets is determined using a relief from royalty method requiring input of certain estimates and assumptions requiring significant judgment, including the royalty rate, discount rate and projected revenue growth rates.
For our fiscal year 2020 annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment analysis, performed during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020, we elected to bypass the qualitative analysis and performed a quantitative analysis. Driven by a decline in market conditions as a result of COVID-19, including a sustained decrease in our stock price, we recorded an impairment charge of $13,400 to our only indefinite-lived intangible asset included within Sensors. This charge is included in the impairment of assets line of the Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 6 for additional information on intangible assets.
Other Long-term Assets 
Other assets primarily consist of the cash value of security deposits paid on leased property, life insurance policies and debt issuance costs. 
Derivative Financial Instruments
Our results of operations could be materially impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates, as well as interest rates on our floating-rate indebtedness. In an effort to manage exposure to these risks, we periodically enter into forward and option currency exchange contracts, interest rate swaps and forward interest rate swaps. Since the market value of these hedging contracts is derived from current market rates, they are classified as derivative financial instruments. We do not use derivatives for speculative or trading purposes. The derivative contracts contain credit risk to the extent that our bank counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of the agreements. The amount of such credit risk is generally limited to the unrealized gains, if any, in such contracts. Such risk is minimized by limiting those counterparties to major financial institutions of high credit quality. For derivative instruments executed under master netting arrangements, we have the contractual right to offset fair value amounts recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral against obligations to return cash collateral. We do not offset fair value amounts recognized on these derivative instruments. As of both October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, we did not have any foreign exchange contracts with credit risk related contingent features. See Note 8 for additional information on derivatives and hedging activities. 
Income Taxes
We record a tax provision for the anticipated tax consequences of the reported results of operations. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in effect for the years in which those deferred tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. We record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is believed more likely than not to be realized. We believe it is more likely than not that forecasted income, including income that may be generated as a result of certain tax planning strategies, together with the tax effects of the deferred tax liabilities, will be sufficient to fully recover the remaining net realizable value of our deferred tax assets. In the event that all or part of the net deferred tax assets are determined not to be realizable in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would be charged to earnings in the period such determination is made. In addition, the calculation of tax liabilities involves significant judgment in estimating the impact of uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws. Resolution of these uncertainties in a manner inconsistent with our expectations could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results. See Note 12 for additional information on income taxes. 
Stock-based Compensation
We measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for the award of equity instruments based on the fair value of the award at the date of grant. We recognize the cost over the period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award. Forfeitures of stock-based awards are recognized as they occur.
For purposes of determining estimated fair value of stock-based payment awards, we utilize the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the input of certain assumptions requiring management judgment. Because our employee stock option awards have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options and because changes in the input assumptions can materially affect fair value estimates, existing models may not provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of employee stock options. We continue to assess the assumptions and methodologies used to calculate estimated fair value of stock-based compensation. Circumstances may change and additional data may become available over time that could result in
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changes to these assumptions and methodologies and thereby materially impact the fair value determination of future grants of stock-based payment awards. If factors change and we employ different assumptions in future periods, the compensation expense recorded may differ significantly from the stock-based compensation expense recorded in the current period. See Note 10 for additional information on stock-based compensation.
Loss Contingencies
We establish an accrual for loss contingencies when it is both probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. When both of these criteria are not met, we do not establish an accrual. However, when there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss has been incurred, but it is not probable or reasonably estimable, we disclose the nature of the loss contingency and an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss, as applicable. Any adjustment made to a loss contingency accrual during an accounting period affects the earnings of the period. 
Business Acquisitions
Our acquisition accounting policy and disclosures are included in Note 18.

Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, and reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Additionally, we frequently undertake significant technological innovation on certain of our long-term contracts, involving performance risk that may result in delayed delivery of product and/or revenue and gross profit variation due to changes in the ultimate costs of these contracts versus estimates. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates including those related to receivables, inventory, property and equipment, intangible assets, warranties, accrued expenses, stock-based compensation, income taxes and capitalized software, among others. Actual results could differ from those estimates. 
NOTE 2     RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, followed by related amendments, which changes the accounting for credit losses on instruments measured at amortized cost by adding an impairment model that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. An entity will recognize as an allowance its estimate of expected credit losses, which is believed to result in more timely recognition of such losses as the standard eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold. Adoption of the standard is required for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within that annual period, which is our fiscal year 2021. The new guidance is required to be adopted using a modified retrospective approach with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period of adoption.
We will adopt the new credit losses standard for our fiscal year 2021 under the modified retrospective approach. As a result, we will not adjust our comparative period financial information for periods before the effective date. We continue to make progress with preparation for the adoption and implementation of the new credit loss standard, including changes to estimate calculations and assessment of the impact to our control environment. The impact on our financial condition, results of operations and disclosures is being evaluated but is not expected to be significant.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurements (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework–Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which eliminates, amends and adds disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The standard is required to be adopted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within that annual period, which is our fiscal year 2021. Certain disclosures in the new guidance are to be applied using a retrospective approach while other disclosures are to be applied using a prospective approach. Early adoption is permitted. We will adopt the new standard for our fiscal year 2021 with disclosure changes implemented as part of the filing of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the first quarter of fiscal year 2021. The impact to our disclosures is being evaluated but is not expected to be significant.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, Compensation–Retirement Benefits–Defined Benefit Plans–General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework–Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans, which eliminates, amends and adds disclosure requirements for defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. The standard is required to be adopted for annual periods ending after December 15, 2020, which is our fiscal year 2021. The new guidance is to be applied using a retrospective approach with early adoption permitted. We will adopt the new standard under a retrospective approach for our fiscal year 2021 with disclosure changes implemented as part of the filing of our Annual Report on the Form 10-K for fiscal year 2021. The impact to our disclosures is being evaluated but is not expected to be significant.

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In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which eliminates certain exceptions to Topic 740's general principles, improves consistent application and simplifies its application. The standard is required to be adopted for annual periods ending after December 15, 2020, which is our fiscal year 2021. We will adopt the new standard for our fiscal year 2021 with disclosure changes implemented as part of the filing of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the first quarter of fiscal year 2021. The impact to our disclosures is being evaluated but is not expected to be significant.

In April 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides relief for companies preparing for discontinuation of interest rates such as LIBOR. The standard can be applied immediately through December 31, 2022, which is our fiscal year 2023. We have not yet evaluated the impact the adoption of this guidance may have on our financial condition, results of operations or disclosures.
Adopted
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), followed by related amendments (collectively, "the new lease standard"), which requires lessees to recognize most leases on the balance sheet for the rights and obligations created by those leases. We adopted the new lease standard on September 29, 2019 under the modified retrospective transition method and the optional transition method. As a result, we did not adjust our comparative period financial information or make the new required lease disclosures for periods before the effective date. We elected the package of practical expedients to not reassess prior conclusions related to contracts containing leases, lease classification and initial direct costs. In addition, we did not elect to apply the hindsight practical expedient. See Note 4 for our new lease accounting policy and disclosures related to the new lease standard.
NOTE 3     REVENUE
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for transferring those goods or providing those services. We account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are known, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable.
A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account. A contract's transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Many of our contracts have a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual goods or services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and, therefore, not distinct. In situations when our contract includes distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer over time, they are recognized as a series of distinct goods or services. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the contract's transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract.
We do not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if we expect, at contract inception, that the period between when we transfer a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.
Revenue is recorded net of taxes collected from customers, and taxes collected are recorded as current liabilities until remitted to the relevant government authority. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control of a product has transferred are accounted for as a fulfillment cost under the practical expedient and are included in cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
The following is a description of the product offerings, end markets, typical revenue transactions and payment terms for each of our two reportable segments. See Note 16 for further information on reportable segments.
Test & Simulation
Test & Simulation manufactures and sells equipment and related software and services which are used by customers to characterize a product's mechanical properties or performance or to create a desired human experience. Our solutions simulate forces and motions that customers expect their products to encounter in use or are necessary to properly characterize the product's performance. Primary Test & Simulation markets include transportation, infrastructure, energy, aerospace, materials science, medical, flight training and amusement parks. A typical system is a comprehensive solution which includes a platform on which a human or prototype specimen resides or a reaction frame to hold the prototype specimen; a hydraulic or electro-mechanical power source; actuators to create the force or motion; and a computer controller with specialized software to coordinate the actuator movement and to measure, record, analyze and manipulate results. Our portfolio of Test & Simulation
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solutions includes standard, configurable products; engineered products which combine standard product configurations with a moderate degree of customization per customer specifications; and highly customized, highly engineered solutions built to address the customer's unique business need, which can include development of first-of-a-kind technology. To complement our Test & Simulation products, we provide our customers with a spectrum of services to maximize product performance including installation, product life cycle management, professional training, calibration and metrology, technical consulting and onsite and factory repair and maintenance. In addition, we sell a variety of accessories and spare parts. The manufacturing cycle for a typical system ranges from weeks to 12 months, depending on the complexity of the system and the availability of components, and can be several years for larger, more complex systems. For certain contracts, the order to revenue cycle may extend beyond the manufacturing cycle, such as when the manufacturing start date is driven by the customer's project timeline or when the contract terms require equipment installation and commissioning and customer acceptance prior to point-in-time revenue recognition.
Test & Simulation contracts often have multiple performance obligations, most commonly due to the contract covering multiple phases of the product life cycle (i.e., equipment design and production, installation and commissioning, extended warranty and software maintenance). The primary method used to estimate standalone selling price is the expected cost plus a margin approach under which we forecast our expected costs of satisfying a performance obligation and then add an appropriate margin for that distinct good or service.
Test & Simulation revenue is recognized either over time as work progresses or point-in-time, depending on contract-specific terms and the pattern of transfer of control of the product or service to the customer. Revenue from services is recognized in the period the service is performed. Revenue is recognized over time when: (i) control is transferred to the customer over time as work progresses; or (ii) contract terms evidence customer control of the work in process or an enforceable right to payment with no alternative use. Revenue, including an estimate of profit, is recognized over time using costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying the performance obligations. Incurred cost represents work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Contract costs include materials, component parts, labor and overhead costs.
Revenue is recognized point-in-time when either: (i) control is transferred to the customer at a point-in-time when obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied; or (ii) contract terms do not evidence customer control of the work in process or an enforceable right to payment with no alternative uses. Satisfaction of performance obligations under the terms of the contract occurs either upon product shipment (as evidenced by delivery or shipment terms), completion of equipment installation and commissioning, or customer acceptance.
For our Test & Simulation contracts with customers, payment terms vary and are subject to negotiation. Typical payment terms include progress payments based on specified events or milestones. For some contracts, we are entitled to receive an advance payment.
Sensors
Sensors manufactures and sells high-performance sensors which provide measurements of vibration, pressure, position, force and sound in a variety of applications. Our Sensors products are used to enable automation, enhance precision and safety, and lower our customers' production costs by improving performance and reducing downtime. Primary Sensors markets include automotive, aerospace and defense, industrial, and research and development. Our Sensors products are sold as configurable, standard units; utilize piezoelectric or magnetostriction technology; and are ideal for use in harsh operating environments to provide accurate and reliable sensor information. To complement our Sensors products, we also provide spare parts and services. The cycle from contract inception to shipment of equipment is typically one to three months, with the exception of certain high-volume contracts which are fulfilled in a series of shipments over an extended period.
Our Sensors contracts generally have performance obligations which are satisfied at a point in time. The performance obligation is a stand-alone sensor product, accessory, service or software license. Sensors contracts are generally fixed-price purchase order fulfillment contracts, and the transaction price is in the contract. Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of the contract with our customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control upon product shipment (as evidenced by shipment or delivery terms) or with the performance of the service. Certain contracts are measured using the as invoiced practical expedient as we have a right to consideration from a customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of our performance completed to date.
For our Sensors contracts with customers, payment terms are generally within 90 days. The timing of satisfying our Sensors performance obligations does not vary significantly from the typical timing of payment. For certain high-volume contracts, we are entitled to receive an advance payment.
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Disaggregation of Revenue
We disaggregate our revenue by reportable segment, sales type (product or service), the timing of recognition of revenue for transfer of goods or services to customers (point-in-time or over time), and geographic market based on the billing location of the customer. See Note 16 for further information on our reportable segments and intersegment revenue.
20202019
Test & SimulationSensorsIntersegmentTotalTest & SimulationSensorsIntersegmentTotal
Sales type
Product$398,324 $328,944 $(1,240)$726,028 $455,715 $327,663 $(1,366)$782,012 
Service92,310 10,279 (31)102,558 103,193 7,313 — 110,506 
Total revenue$490,634 $339,223 $(1,271)$828,586 $558,908 $334,976 $(1,366)$892,518 
Timing of recognition
Point-in-time$231,738 $303,420 $(1,271)$533,887 $356,907 $313,355 $(1,366)$668,896 
Over time258,896 35,803 — 294,699 202,001 21,621 — 223,622 
Total revenue$490,634 $339,223 $(1,271)$828,586 $558,908 $334,976 $(1,366)$892,518 
Geographic market
Americas$144,565 $180,332 $(1,271)$323,626 $179,421 $168,483 $(1,366)$346,538 
Europe145,758 90,670 — 236,428 120,164 104,818 — 224,982 
Asia200,311 68,221 — 268,532 259,323 61,675 — 320,998 
Total revenue$490,634 $339,223 $(1,271)$828,586 $558,908 $334,976 $(1,366)$892,518 
Contract Assets and Liabilities
Contract assets and contract liabilities are as follows:
20202019
Contract assets$84,685 $80,331 
Contract liabilities90,354 81,045 
The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled accounts receivable (contract assets) and advance payments from customers (contract liabilities). Contract balances are classified as assets or liabilities on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. Contract liabilities represent payments received from customers at contract inception and at milestones per contract provisions. These payments are recorded in advance payments from customers and other long-term liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets (current and non-current portions, respectively) and are liquidated as revenue is recognized. Conversely, when billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition for contracts recognized over time, balances are recorded in unbilled accounts receivable, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. As customers are billed, unbilled accounts receivable balances are transferred to accounts receivable, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Significant changes in contract assets and contract liabilities are as follows:
Contract Assets
Balance, September 28, 2019$80,331 
Changes in estimated stage of completion128,917 
Transfers to accounts receivable, net(131,957)
Acquisitions 1
6,107 
Other1,287 
Balance, October 3, 2020$84,685 
Contract Liabilities
Balance, September 28, 2019$81,045 
Revenue recognized included in balance at beginning of period(55,149)
Increases due to payments received, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during period61,641 
Acquisitions 1
3,182 
Other(365)
Balance, October 3, 2020$90,354 
1    See Note 18 for additional information regarding acquisitions.
Remaining Performance Obligations
As of October 3, 2020, we had approximately $209,294 allocated to remaining performance obligations on contracts with an original expected duration of one year or more which are primarily related to Test & Simulation. As of October 3, 2020, we expect to recognize approximately 46% of these remaining performance obligations as revenue within one year, an additional 32% within two years and the balance thereafter. We do not disclose the value of remaining performance obligations for contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less.
Contract Estimates
For contracts recognized over time, we estimate the profit on a contract as the difference between the total estimated revenue and expected costs to complete a contract and recognize that profit over time as work progresses. Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events that may span several years. These assumptions include labor productivity and availability, the complexity of the work to be performed, the cost and availability of materials, and internal and subcontractor performance.
Pricing is established at the time of sale with our customers, and we record sales at the agreed-upon selling price. The terms of a contract or the historical business practice can give rise to variable consideration due to but not limited to volume discounts, penalties and early payment discounts. We estimate variable consideration at the most likely amount we will receive from customers. We include estimated amounts in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized for such transaction will not occur, or when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. In general, variable consideration in our contracts relates to the entire contract. As a result, the variable consideration is allocated proportionately to all performance obligations. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to us at contract inception. There are no significant instances where variable consideration is constrained and not recorded at the initial time of sale.
As a significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect the profitability of our contracts, we review and update our contract-related estimates regularly. We recognize adjustments in estimated profit on contracts under the cumulative catch-up method. Under this method, the impact of the adjustment on profit recorded to date is recognized in the period the adjustment is identified. Revenue and profit in future periods of contract performance is recognized using the adjusted estimate. If at any time the estimate of contract profitability indicates an anticipated loss on the contract, we recognize the total loss in the period it is identified. Our review of contract-related estimates has not resulted in adjustments that are significant to our results of operations.
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Contract Modifications
When contracts are modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements, we consider whether the modification either creates new, or changes existing, enforceable rights and obligations. Contract modifications that are for goods or services that are not distinct from the existing contract, due to the significant integration with the original product or service provided, are accounted for as if they were part of that existing contract. The effect of a contract modification on the transaction price, and our measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates, is recognized as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) under the cumulative catch-up method. When the modifications include additional performance obligations that are distinct and at a relative stand-alone selling price, they are accounted for as a new contract and performance obligation and recognized prospectively.
Warranties and Returns
Both Test & Simulation and Sensors provide a manufacturer's warranty on our products and systems which is included in customer contracts. At the time a sale is recognized, we record estimated future warranty costs. See Note 5 for further discussion of our product warranty liabilities. We also offer separately-priced extended warranties or service-type contracts on certain products for which revenue is recognized over the contractual period or as services are rendered.
Our sales terms generally do not allow for a right of return except for situations where the product fails. When the right of return exists, we recognize revenue for the transferred products at the expected amount of consideration for which we will be entitled.
Shipping and Handling
Freight revenue billed to customers is reported within revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Expenses incurred for shipping products to customers are reported within cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Pre-contract Costs
We recognize an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer (i.e., pre-contract costs) when costs are considered recoverable. Capitalized pre-contract costs, consisting primarily of Test & Simulation sales commissions, are amortized as the related revenue is recognized. We recognized total capitalized pre-contract costs of $3,581 and $4,297 in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other long-term assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, respectively. We incurred pre-contract expense of $5,302 and $9,003 in the Consolidated Statements of Income during fiscal years 2020 and 2019, respectively.
NOTE 4          LEASES
We determine if an arrangement contains a lease at inception based on whether or not we have the right to control the asset during the contract period and other facts and circumstances. We are the lessee in a lease contract when we obtain the right to control the asset. Operating leases are included in other long-term assets, other accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease, both of which are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. Leases with a lease term of 12 months or less at inception are not recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheet and are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term in our Consolidated Statement of Income. We determine the lease term by assuming the exercise of renewal options that are reasonably certain. Most leases have remaining lease terms of one to ten years, some of which include options to extend the lease terms one to five years or more.
As most of our leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The incremental borrowing rate is used in determining the present value of lease payments, unless an implicit rate is specified. When our contracts contain lease and non-lease components, we account for both components as a single lease component.
We have operating leases for facilities, vehicles and equipment. We also have financing leases for certain vehicles. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees, material bargain purchase options or material restrictive covenants. We have no material sublease arrangements with third parties or lease transactions with related parties.
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Total rent expense was $9,786 for fiscal year 2020, primarily related to operating lease costs. Costs associated with short-term leases, variable rent and subleases were immaterial. Total rent expense was $9,055 and $7,924 for fiscal years 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:
ClassificationOctober 3, 2020September 29, 2019
Assets 
Operating leasesOther long-term assets$18,522 $20,356 
Finance leases
Other long-term assets 1
956 1,436 
Total leased assets $19,478 $21,792 
Liabilities 
Current
   Operating leasesOther accrued liabilities$7,014 $7,447 
   Finance leases
Other accrued liabilities 2
445 570 
Non-current
   Operating leasesOther long-term liabilities11,508 12,909 
   Finance leases
Other long-term liabilities 2
511 866 
Total lease liabilities $19,478 $21,792 
1    Assets held under capital leases were reclassified from property and equipment, net to other long-term assets as part of the adoption of the new lease standard.
2    Finance lease obligations were reclassified from long-term debt, less current maturities, net to other accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities as part of the adoption of the new lease standard.
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:
2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
    Operating cash flows from operating leases$9,664 
    Operating cash flows from finance leases49 
    Financing cash flows from finance leases547 
    Operating leased assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities$3,425 
The weighted average remaining lease terms and weighted average discount rates are as follows:
 2020
Weighted average remaining lease term
   Operating leases4.7 years
   Finance leases2.4 years
Weighted average discount rate
   Operating leases3.2 %
   Finance leases3.7 %
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Future lease payments under non-cancelable leases for the next five years and thereafter are as follows:
2020
Operating LeasesFinance Leases
20227,490 484 
20234,392 311 
20243,131 119 
20252,182 57 
2026892 — 
Thereafter1,987 — 
Total lease payments20,074 971 
Less imputed interest(1,552)(15)
Total reported lease liability$18,522 $956 
As of October 3, 2020, we have no material additional operating or finance leases that have not yet commenced.
Future minimum lease commitments under non-cancelable leases for the next five fiscal years and thereafter were as follows:
2019
Fiscal YearOperating LeasesCapital Leases
2020$7,149 $570 
20215,291 588 
20223,124 278 
20231,602 — 
20241,085 — 
Thereafter1,789 — 
Total$20,040 $1,436 
NOTE 5     WARRANTY OBLIGATIONS
Sales of our products and systems are subject to limited warranty obligations that are included in customer contracts. For sales that include installation services, warranty obligations generally extend for a period of 12 to 24 months from the date of either shipment or acceptance based on the contract terms. Product obligations generally extend for a period of 12 to 24 months from the date of purchase. Certain products offered in our Sensors segment include a lifetime warranty.
Under the terms of these warranties, we are obligated to repair or replace any components or assemblies deemed defective due to workmanship or materials. We reserve the right to reject warranty claims where it is determined that failure is due to normal wear, customer modifications, improper maintenance or misuse. We record general warranty provisions based on an estimated warranty expense percentage applied to current period revenue. The percentage applied reflects our historical warranty claims experience over the preceding 12-month period. Both the experience percentage and the warranty liability are evaluated on an ongoing basis for adequacy. Warranty provisions are also recognized for certain unanticipated product claims that are individually significant.
Changes to accrued warranty costs are as follows: 
20202019
Beginning accrued warranty costs$3,541 $5,418 
Warranty claims(4,948)(4,331)
Warranty provisions7,349 2,485 
Adjustments to preexisting warranties— (15)
Currency translation32 (16)
Ending accrued warranty costs$5,974 $3,541 
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NOTE 6     CAPITAL ASSETS 
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment, net are as follows:
20202019
Land and improvements$3,963 $3,949 
Buildings and improvements75,689 64,140 
Machinery and equipment228,155 224,684 
Assets held under capital leases 1
— 2,796 
Total property and equipment307,807 295,569 
Less: Accumulated depreciation(212,697)(194,486)
Total property and equipment, net$95,110 $101,083 
1    Assets held under capital leases were reclassified from property and equipment, net to other long-term assets as part of the adoption of the new lease standard. See Note 4 for additional information regarding leases.
Goodwill
Changes to the carrying amount of goodwill are as follows:
Test & SimulationSensorsTotal
Balance, September 29, 2018$24,631 $344,644 $369,275 
Acquisitions 2
39,181 23,292 62,473 
Currency translation gain (loss)(2,659)(50)(2,709)
Balance, September 28, 2019$61,153 $367,886 $429,039 
Acquisitions 2
35,887 — 35,887 
Impairment 3
(53,344)(188,174)(241,518)
Currency translation gain (loss)5,144 88 5,232 
Balance, October 3, 2020$48,840 $179,800 $228,640 
2     See Note 18 for additional information regarding acquisitions.
3     See Note 1 for additional information on our goodwill impairment analysis.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets are as follows:
 October 3, 2020
Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net Carrying
Value		Weighted
Average
Useful Life
(in Years)
Software development costs 4
$53,171 $(16,299)$36,872 6.9
Technology and patents 5
58,575 (19,033)39,542 14.7
Trademarks and trade names 5
24,688 (4,752)19,936 17.6
Customer lists 5
196,251 (45,079)151,172 15.7
Land-use rights2,345 (1,223)1,122 26.1
Other 5
5,070 (2,719)2,351 1.7
Trade names 5
44,100 — 44,100 Indefinite
Total intangible assets$384,200 $(89,105)$295,095 14.1
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 September 28, 2019
Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net Carrying
Value		Weighted
Average
Useful Life
(in Years)
Software development costs$39,546 $(16,035)$23,511 6.2
Technology and patents63,015 (15,739)47,276 14.9
Trademarks and trade names20,186 (3,808)16,378 18.4
Customer lists192,488 (34,735)157,753 15.6
Land-use rights2,303 (968)1,335 25.7
Other3,606 (774)2,832 4.0
Trade names57,500 — 57,500 Indefinite
Total intangible assets$378,644 $(72,059)$306,585 14.4
4 The gross carrying amount of software development costs as of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019 includes $35,466 and $21,840, respectively, of software not yet available for general release to the public.
5    In fiscal year 2020, the net carrying values of these intangible assets are net of impairment charges as follows:
Impairment charges
Technology and patents$9,674 
Trademarks and trade names4,470 
Customer lists20,591 
Other1,736 
Trade names13,400 
Total$49,871 
See Note 1 for additional information on impairment of long-lived assets and indefinite-lived asset.
Amortization expense recognized related to finite-lived intangible assets is as follows:
202020192018
Amortization expense$22,844 $17,361 $13,831 
Estimated future amortization expense related to finite-lived intangible assets is as follows:
Fiscal YearAmortization Expense
2021$21,977 
202221,474 
202321,372 
202421,134 
202520,947 
Thereafter144,091 
Future amortization amounts presented above are estimates. Actual future amortization expense may be different due to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, future acquisitions, impairments, changes in amortization periods or other factors.
NOTE 7     FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS 
In determining the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, we currently utilize market data or other assumptions that we believe market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market and adjust for non-performance and/or other risk associated with the company as well as counterparties, as appropriate. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels: 
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•Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices which are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to us at the measurement date.
•Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
•Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.
The hierarchy gives the highest priority to Level 1, as this level provides the most reliable measure of fair value, while giving the lowest priority to Level 3.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring basis are as follows:
 October 3, 2020
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets    
Currency contracts 1
$— $54 $— $54 
Total assets— 54 — 54 
Liabilities    
Currency contracts 1
— 532 — 532 
Cross currency swaps 1
— 4,165 — 4,165 
Contingent consideration 2
— — 26,497 26,497 
Total liabilities$— $4,697 $26,497 $31,194 
 September 28, 2019
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets    
Currency contracts 1
$— $907 $— $907 
Total assets— 907 — 907 
Liabilities    
Currency contracts 1
— 251 — 251 
Total liabilities$— $251 $— $251 
1    Based on observable market transactions of spot currency rates, forward currency rates on equivalently-termed instruments and interest rate curves, as applicable. Carrying amounts of the financial assets and liabilities are equal to the fair value. See Note 8 for additional information on derivative financial instruments.
2    Based on a discounted cash flow analysis that included revenue estimates, probability of financial performance achievement and a discount rate. Carrying amounts of the financial assets and liabilities are equal to the fair value. See Note 18 for additional information on business acquisitions.
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Included in Level 3 fair value measurements as of October 3, 2020 was a current contingent consideration liability related to achievement of revenue and value-creating milestones associated with the acquisition of R&D entities described in Note 18. Changes to the contingent consideration are as follows:
Balance, September 28, 2019$— 
Additions16,903 
Fair value adjustments 3
8,092 
Interest accretion499 
Foreign currency translation1,003 
Balance, October 3, 2020$26,497 
3    Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability are recognized in general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income in the period in which the fair value adjustment was determined.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
We measure certain financial instruments at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets primarily include goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets acquired either as part of a business acquisition, individually or with a group of other assets, as well as property and equipment and right-of-use lease assets. These assets were initially measured and recognized at amounts equal to the fair value determined as of the date of acquisition or purchase subject to changes in value only for foreign currency translation. Periodically, these assets are tested for impairment, by comparing their respective carrying values to the estimated fair value of the reporting unit or asset group in which they reside. In the event any of these assets were to become impaired, we would recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit, impaired asset or asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. Fair value measurements of reporting units are estimated using an income approach involving discounted cash flow models that contain certain Level 3 inputs requiring significant management judgment, including projections of economic conditions, customer demand and changes in competition, revenue growth rates, gross profit margins, operating margins, capital expenditures, working capital requirements, terminal growth rates and discount rates. Fair value measurements of the reporting units associated with our goodwill balances and our indefinite-lived intangible assets are estimated at least annually in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year for purposes of impairment testing if a quantitative analysis is performed. Fair value measurements associated with our intangible assets, other long-lived assets, property and equipment and right-of-use lease assets are estimated when events or changes in circumstances such as market value, asset utilization, physical change, legal factors or other matters indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020, goodwill impairment charges in the amount of $22,509, $30,835 and $188,174 were recorded in our Legacy Test, E2M and PCB reporting units, respectively. No impairment charges were recorded in our Temposonics or R&D reporting units. We also recorded an impairment charge of $13,400 in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020 to our only indefinite-lived intangible asset in Sensors. Additionally, an impairment charge of $36,471 in amortizing intangible assets was recognized in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020 in Test & Simulation. These impairment charges were driven by a significant decline in asset value due to an overall decline in market conditions as a result of COVID-19, including a sustained decrease in our stock price and significant declines in the flight simulation and entertainment markets. See Note 1 and Note 6 for additional information on goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible asset, other long-lived assets, property and equipment and impairment testing. See Note 4 for additional information on right-of-use lease assets.

Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value
Certain financial instruments are not measured at fair value but are recorded at carrying amounts approximating fair value based on their short-term nature or variable interest rate. These financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, unbilled accounts receivable, accounts payable and short-term borrowings.
Other Financial Instruments
Other financial instruments subject to fair value measurements include debt, which is recorded at carrying value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The carrying amount and estimated fair values of our debt are as follows:
October 3, 2020
Carrying ValueFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Tranche B term loan 4
$169,095 $169,940 $— $169,940 $— 
Senior unsecured notes 4
350,000 346,500 — 346,500 — 
Total debt$519,095 $516,440 $— $516,440 $— 
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September 28, 2019
Carrying ValueFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Tranche B term loan 4
$173,695 $174,563 $— $174,563 $— 
Senior unsecured notes 4
350,000 366,625 — 366,625 — 
Total debt$523,695 $541,188 $— $541,188 $— 
4    The fair value of the tranche B term loan and senior unsecured notes is based on the most recently quoted market price for the outstanding debt instrument, adjusted for any known significant deviations in value. The estimated fair value of the debt obligation is not necessarily indicative of the amount that would be realized in a current market exchange. See Note 9 for additional information on financing arrangements.
NOTE 8     DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
Our currency exchange contracts are designated as cash flow hedges and qualify as hedging instruments. We also have derivatives that are not designated as cash flow hedges and, therefore, are accounted for and reported under foreign currency guidance. Regardless of designation for accounting purposes, all of our derivative instruments are hedges of transactional risk exposures. The fair value of our outstanding designated and undesignated derivative assets and liabilities are reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows:
 October 3, 2020
Prepaid Expenses
and Other
Current Assets		Other Accrued
Liabilities
Designated hedge derivatives  
Cash flow derivatives$54 $489 
Cross currency swap— 4,165 
Total designated hedge derivatives54 4,654 
Undesignated hedge derivatives  
Balance sheet derivatives— 43 
Total hedge derivatives$54 $4,697 
 
 September 28, 2019
Prepaid Expenses
and Other
Current Assets		Other Accrued
Liabilities
Designated hedge derivatives  
Cash flow derivatives$907 $133 
Total designated hedge derivatives907 133 
Undesignated hedge derivatives  
Balance sheet derivatives— 118 
Total hedge derivatives$907 $251 
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A reconciliation of the net fair value of designated hedge derivatives subject to master netting arrangements that are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the net fair value that could have been reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets is as follows:
Gross
Recognized
Amount		Gross
Offset
Amount		Net
Amount
Presented		Derivatives
Subject to
Offset		Cash
Collateral
Received		Net
Amount
October 3, 2020      
Assets$54 $— $54 $(54)$— $— 
Liabilities4,654 — 4,654 (54)— 4,600 
September 28, 2019      
Assets$907 $— $907 $(133)$— $774 
Liabilities133 — 133 (133)— — 
Cash Flow Hedging – Currency Risks
Currency exchange contracts utilized to maintain the functional currency value of expected financial transactions denominated in foreign currencies are designated as cash flow hedges. Gains and losses related to changes in the market value of these contracts are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) within shareholders' equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and reclassified to earnings in the same line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income and in the same period as the recognition of the underlying hedged transaction. We periodically assess whether our currency exchange contracts are effective and, when a contract is determined to be no longer effective as a hedge, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively.
As of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, we had outstanding cash flow hedge currency exchange contracts with gross notional U.S. dollar equivalent amounts of $24,983 and $43,033, respectively. Upon netting offsetting contracts to sell foreign currencies against contracts to purchase foreign currencies, irrespective of contract maturity dates, the net notional U.S. dollar equivalent amount of contracts outstanding was $23,874 and $38,177 at October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, respectively. As of October 3, 2020, the net market value of the foreign currency exchange contracts was a net liability of $435, consisting of $54 in assets and $489 in liabilities. As of September 28, 2019, the net market value of the foreign currency exchange contracts was a net asset of $774, consisting of $907 in assets and $133 in liabilities. 
The pretax amounts recognized in AOCI on currency exchange contracts, including (gains) losses reclassified into earnings in the Consolidated Statements of Income and gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI), are as follows:
20202019
Beginning unrealized net gain (loss) in AOCI$566 $672 
Net (gain) loss reclassified into revenue54 (1,026)
Net gain (loss) recognized in OCI(955)920 
Ending unrealized net gain (loss) in AOCI$(335)$566 
As of October 3, 2020, the amount projected to be reclassified from AOCI into earnings in the next 12 months was a net loss of $335. The maximum remaining maturity of any forward or optional contracts as of October 3, 2020 was 0.9 years.
Interest Rate Swaps
On October 20, 2016, we entered into a floating to fixed interest rate swap agreement to mitigate our exposure to interest rate increases related to a portion of our tranche B term loan facility. In connection with the repayment of a portion of the tranche B term loan facility during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019, we terminated the interest rate swap agreement. Prior to termination, every month we paid a fixed interest of 1.256% in exchange for interest received at one month U.S. LIBOR. The interest rate swap was designated as a cash flow hedge. As a result, changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap were recorded in AOCI within shareholders' equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The unrealized gains on the interest rate swap associated with the interest payments on our tranche B term loan facility that are still forecasted to occur are included in AOCI. These gains will be reclassified into interest expense over the life of the original swap agreement as the hedged interest payments occur.
The pretax amounts recognized in AOCI on interest rate swaps, including (gains) losses reclassified into earnings in the Consolidated Statements of Income and gains (losses) recognized in OCI, are as follows:
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20202019
Beginning unrealized net gain (loss) in AOCI$1,079 $7,411 
Net (gain) loss reclassified into interest expense(886)(2,689)
Net gain (loss) recognized in OCI— (3,643)
Ending unrealized net gain (loss) in AOCI$193 $1,079 
As of October 3, 2020, the amount projected to be reclassified from AOCI into earnings in the next 12 months was a net gain of $193.
Foreign Currency Balance Sheet Derivatives
We also use foreign currency derivative contracts to maintain the functional currency value of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in non-functional foreign currencies. The gains and losses related to the changes in the market value of these derivative contracts are included in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. 
As of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, we had outstanding foreign currency balance sheet derivative contracts with gross notional U.S. dollar equivalent amounts of $61,984 and $60,827, respectively. Upon netting offsetting contracts by counterparty banks to sell foreign currencies against contracts to purchase foreign currencies, irrespective of contract maturity dates, the net notional U.S. dollar equivalent amount of contracts outstanding at October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019 was $10,644 and $118, respectively. As of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, the net market value of the foreign exchange balance sheet derivative contracts was a net liability of $43 and $118, respectively. 
The net gain (loss) recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income on foreign exchange balance sheet derivative contracts is as follows:
202020192018
Net gain (loss) recognized in other income (expense), net$(583)$365 $316 
Net Investment Hedge
We have net investments in foreign subsidiaries that are subject to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. In the second quarter of fiscal year 2020, we entered into a cross-currency swap with a gross notional U.S. dollar equivalent amount of $100,485 as a net investment hedge for a portion of our net investments in our Euro denominated subsidiaries. Gains and losses resulting from a change in fair value of the net investment hedge are offset by gains and losses in the underlying foreign currency exposure and included in AOCI in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of October 3, 2020, the deferred foreign currency activity associated with the net investment hedge was not considered material.
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NOTE 9     FINANCING
Long-term debt consists of the following:
20202019
Long-term debt
Tranche B term loan, 1.00% amortizing per year, maturing July 5, 2023
$169,095 $173,695 
Revolving credit facility, non-current portion, expiring July 5, 202358,576 — 
Senior unsecured notes, 5.75% coupon, maturing August 15, 2027
350,000 350,000 
Capital lease obligations 1
— 1,436 
Total long-term debt$577,671 $525,131 
Less: Unamortized underwriting discounts, commissions and other expenses(8,341)(10,313)
Less: Current maturities of tranche B term loan debt 2, 3
(4,600)(29,600)
Less: Current maturities of revolving credit facility(23,000)— 
Less: Current maturities of capital lease obligations 1, 2
— (570)
Total long-term debt, less current maturities, net$541,730 $484,648 
1    Capital lease obligations were reclassified from long-term debt, less current maturities, net and current maturities of long-term debt, net to other accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as part of the adoption of the new lease standard in the first quarter of fiscal year 2020. See Note 4 for additional information on leases.
2    In addition to the current maturities above, current maturities of long-term debt, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets includes the current portion of unamortized underwriting discounts, commissions and other expenses of $1,757 and $2,201 as of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, respectively.
3    As of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, current maturities of tranche B term loan consist of the 1% annual payment and calculated required annual Excess Cash Flow payment as defined below, as well as planned prepayments.
Tranche B Term Loan and Revolving Credit Facility
We have a credit agreement with U.S. Bank National Association and HSBC Bank USA, National Association as Co-Documentation Agents, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Syndication Agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as Administrative Agent and JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC as Joint Bookrunners and Joint Lead Arrangers (the Credit Agreement). The Credit Agreement as amended provides for senior secured credit facilities consisting of a $200,000 revolving credit facility (the Revolving Credit Facility) and a $460,000 tranche B term loan facility (the Term Facility) which expire on July 5, 2023. The proceeds of the Revolving Credit Facility can be drawn upon to refinance existing indebtedness, for working capital and for other general corporate purposes, up to a maximum of $200,000. The Term Facility amortizes in equal quarterly installments equal to 1% of the original principal amount.
In the first quarter of fiscal year 2020, we entered into a fourth amendment to the Credit Agreement to increase the borrowing capacity on the Revolving Credit Facility from $150,000 to $200,000 and extend the expiration date of the Revolving Credit Facility from July 5, 2022 to July 5, 2023. The amendment also reduced letter of credit commitments from $60,000 to $50,000. Additionally, the required performance levels under certain financial covenants were modified. During fiscal year 2020, we incurred debt financing costs of $577 as a result of this amendment which were capitalized in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020, we entered into a fifth amendment to the Credit Agreement, which governs the Term Facility and Revolving Credit Facility, to increase the maximum leverage ratio to 6.0x through March 31, 2021 with step downs thereafter. In addition, we amended the interest coverage ratio to maintain 3.0x through March 31, 2021 with subsequent revisions thereafter. This amendment was completed to maximize flexibility and available liquidity under our current capital structure in the event we would need to access additional funds. As of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, we were in compliance with these financial covenants.
The primary categories of borrowing include Alternate Base Rate (ABR) Borrowings (ABR Term Loans and ABR Revolving Loans), Swingline Loans and Eurocurrency Borrowings (Eurocurrency Term Loans and Eurocurrency Revolving Loans), each as defined in the Credit Agreement. ABR Borrowings and Swingline Loans made in U.S. dollars under the Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the ABR plus the Applicable Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The ABR is defined as the greater of (a) the Prime Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) in effect on such day, (b) the New York Federal Reserve Bank (NYFRB) rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) in effect on such day plus ½ of 1.00%, or (c) the
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Adjusted LIBOR (as defined in the Credit Agreement) for a one-month interest period in dollars on such day plus 1.00%. The ABR for ABR Term Loans is not less than 1.75% per annum. The Applicable Rate for any ABR Revolving Loans will be based upon the leverage ratio applicable on such date. As of October 3, 2020, the Applicable Rate for ABR Term Loans was 2.25% per annum.
Eurocurrency Borrowings made under the Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the Adjusted LIBOR Rate plus the Applicable Rate. The Adjusted LIBOR Rate is defined as an interest rate per annum equal to (a) the LIBOR Rate for such interest period multiplied by (b) the Statutory Reserve Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The Applicable Rate for any Eurocurrency Revolving Loans is based upon the leverage ratio applicable on such date. The Adjusted LIBOR Rate for Eurocurrency Term Loans is not less than 0.75% per annum. Based on our leverage ratio as of October 3, 2020, the Applicable Rate for Eurocurrency Revolving Loans was 3.25%. As of October 3, 2020, the Applicable Rate for Eurocurrency Term Loans was 3.25% per annum, plus the applicable Adjusted LIBOR rate of 0.75%. The weighted average interest rate on the Term Facility debt during fiscal year 2020 was 4.53%.
As of October 3, 2020, there was $75,576 of outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility which is included in short-term borrowings and long-term debt, less current maturities, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of September 28, 2019, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. We had outstanding letters of credit drawn from the Revolving Credit Facility totaling $27,895 and $21,173 as of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, respectively, leaving approximately $96,529 and $128,827, respectively, of unused borrowing capacity. In October 2020, subsequent to year-end, we paid an additional $7,000 on our outstanding Revolving Credit Facility. Commitment fees are payable on the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility at rates between 0.20% and 0.45% based on our leverage ratio. For fiscal years 2020 and 2019, commitment fees incurred totaled $341 and $281, respectively. The weighted average interest rate on the Revolving Credit Facility outstanding balance during fiscal year 2020 was 4.09%.
The Credit Agreement governing the Term Facility requires us to prepay outstanding term loans, subject to certain exceptions, depending on the leverage ratio with (a) up to 50% of the annual Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Credit Agreement) and (b) 100% of the net cash proceeds of (i) certain asset sales and casualty and condemnation events, subject to reinvestment rights and certain other exceptions; and (ii) any incurrence or issuance of certain debt, other than debt permitted under the Credit Agreement. We may voluntarily prepay outstanding loans under the Term Facility at any time without premium or penalty. All obligations under the Term Facility are unconditionally guaranteed by certain of our existing wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries, and are secured, subject to certain exceptions, by substantially all of our assets and the assets of our subsidiary guarantors.
Under the Credit Agreement, we are subject to customary affirmative and negative covenants, including, among others, restrictions on our ability to incur debt; create liens; dispose of assets; make investments, loans, advances, guarantees and acquisitions; enter into transactions with affiliates; and enter into any restrictive agreements and customary events of default (including payment defaults, covenant defaults, change of control defaults and bankruptcy defaults). The Credit Agreement also contains financial covenants, including the ratio of consolidated total indebtedness to adjusted consolidated earnings before income, taxes, depreciation and amortization (Adjusted EBITDA), as defined in the Credit Agreement, as well as the ratio of Adjusted EBITDA to consolidated interest expense. These covenants restrict our ability to purchase outstanding shares of our common stock.
Senior Unsecured Notes
In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019, we issued $350,000 in aggregate principal amount of 5.750% senior unsecured notes due in 2027 (the Notes). The Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture dated as of July 16, 2019 among us, the Guarantors (as defined therein) and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (the Indenture). The Notes will mature on August 15, 2027. Interest accrues at the rate of 5.750% per annum and is payable semi-annually on each February 15 and August 15. We used the net proceeds after discounts and expenses of $343,352 from the offering to repay all outstanding debt under the Revolving Credit Facility, to repay a portion of the Term Facility and for general corporate purposes.
The Notes and the guarantees constitute senior unsecured obligations of us and the Guarantors, respectively. The Notes are: (a) equal in right of payment with all existing or future unsecured indebtedness that is not subordinated to the Notes; (b) senior in right of payment to any existing or future indebtedness that is subordinated to the Notes; (c) unconditionally guaranteed by the Guarantors; (d) effectively subordinated to all existing or future indebtedness this is secured, including borrowings under the Credit Agreement, to the extent of the value of assets securing such indebtedness; and (e) structurally subordinated to all indebtedness, other liabilities and preferred stock, of any of our subsidiaries that are not Guarantors.
The Indenture governing the Notes contains covenants that limit, among other things, our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness or issue certain preferred shares, create liens; pay dividends, redeem stock or make other distributions; make investments; for our restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends to us or make other intercompany
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transfers; transfer or sell assets; merge or consolidate; enter into certain transactions with our affiliates; and designate subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries. If we experience a change of control, we must offer to repurchase all of the Notes (unless otherwise redeemed) at a price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on such Notes to the repurchase date. If we sell assets under certain circumstances, we must use the proceeds to make an offer to repurchase all of the Notes at a price equal to 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of purchase.
See Note 7 for additional information on the fair value of the tranche B term loan and the senior unsecured notes.
Future Maturities of Long-term Debt
Future maturities of long-term debt, excluding unamortized original issue discounts and deferred financing costs, for the next five fiscal years and thereafter are as follows:
Fiscal Year
Future Maturities 4
2021$27,600 
20224,600 
2023195,471 
2024— 
2025— 
Thereafter350,000 
4    Fiscal year 2021 includes the 1% annual payment on the Term Facility. No Excess Cash Flow prepayment is required under the provisions of the Credit Agreement for the Term Facility. Fiscal years 2022 and thereafter exclude any Excess Cash Flow prepayments which may be required under the provisions of the Credit Agreement for the Term Facility based on fiscal year 2021 and subsequent fiscal year results because the amount of future prepayments, if any, is not reasonably estimable as of October 3, 2020.
Letters of Credit and Guarantees
As of October 3, 2020, we had outstanding letters of credit and guarantees totaling $30,114 and $39,629, respectively, primarily to advance payments and performance guarantees related to customer contracts in Test & Simulation.
NOTE 10     STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
We compensate our officers, directors and employees with stock-based compensation under the 2017 Stock Incentive Plan (the 2017 Plan) approved by our shareholders and administered under the supervision of our Board of Directors. The 2017 Plan provides stock incentive awards in the form of stock options (incentive and non-qualified), stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock, performance stock units and other awards. In fiscal year 2017, our shareholders approved the 2017 Plan and authorized 1,500 shares for issuance. During the second quarter of fiscal year 2020, we registered an additional 500 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2017 Plan. As of October 3, 2020, a total of 1,010 shares were available for issuance under the 2017 Plan. Shares will be available for issuance under the 2017 Plan until June 6, 2027. 
We make an annual stock grant under the 2017 Plan of stock options, restricted stock units and performance restricted stock units, as well as stock grants throughout the fiscal year. For fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018, the annual stock grant occurred in December 2019, December 2018 and April 2018.
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Stock-based Compensation Expense
Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income is as follows:
202020192018
Stock-based compensation expense by type of award   
Employee stock options$1,760 $2,415 $1,849 
Employee stock purchase plan438 321 283 
Restricted stock units and performance restricted stock units5,018 6,694 5,112 
Amounts capitalized as inventory(2,619)(2,875)(1,799)
Amounts recognized in income for amounts previously capitalized as inventory2,553 2,842 1,838 
Total stock-based compensation included in income from operations7,150 9,397 7,283 
Income tax benefit on stock-based compensation(1,397)(1,978)(1,763)
Net stock-based compensation expense included in net income$5,753 $7,419 $5,520 
As of October 3, 2020, there was $1,332 of total unrecognized expense related to non-vested awards of stock options which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.0 year. As of October 3, 2020, there was $5,939 of total unrecognized expense related to non-vested awards of restricted stock units and performance restricted stock units which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.0 year.
Stock Options
Stock options are granted at an exercise price equal to the closing market price of our stock on the date of grant. Generally, stock options vest proportionally on the first three anniversaries of the grant date and expire, depending on the date of grant, five or seven years from the grant date. 
The fair value of stock options granted is estimated as of the date of each grant using the multiple option form of the Black-Scholes valuation model based on the exercise price and assumptions regarding the expected grant life, stock price volatility, dividends and risk-free interest rates. Each vesting period of an option award is valued separately and recognized evenly over the respective vesting period. The weighted average per share fair value of stock options granted during fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $9.24, $9.91 and $11.10, respectively.
The weighted average assumptions used to determine fair value of stock options granted are as follows:
202020192018
Expected life (in years)4.13.74.0
Risk-free interest rate1.6 %2.8 %2.6 %
Expected volatility30.1 %29.2 %29.4 %
Dividend yield2.6 %2.5 %2.3 %
The expected life represents the period that the stock option awards are expected to be outstanding and was determined based on historical and anticipated future exercise and expiration patterns. The risk-free interest rate used is based on the yield of constant maturity U.S. Treasury bonds on the grant date with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the grant. Stock price volatility is estimated based on a historical weekly price observation. The dividend yield assumption is based on the annualized current dividend divided by the share price on the grant date.
Stock option activity is as follows:
 202020192018
Shares
WAEP1
Shares
WAEP1
Shares
WAEP1
Options outstanding at beginning of year980 $55.11 881 $56.57 766 $57.86 
Granted278 $46.14 231 $48.58 245 $52.30 
Exercised(1)$46.25 (47)$48.04 (19)$47.26 
Forfeited or expired(402)$48.11 (85)$56.47 (111)$57.64 
Options outstanding at end of year855 $52.06 980 $55.11 881 $56.57 
Options eligible for exercise at year end493 $55.45 565 $59.37 443 $61.61 
1    Weighted Average Exercise Price
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Options outstanding as of October 3, 2020 had a weighted average remaining contractual term of 4.0 years and an aggregate intrinsic value of $0. Options eligible for exercise as of October 3, 2020 had a weighted average remaining contractual term of 2.8 years and an aggregate intrinsic value of $0. 
The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $12, $459 and $121, respectively.
Restricted Stock Units and Performance Restricted Stock Units
We award restricted stock units to non-employee directors. The restricted stock units vest one year from the date of the grant, provided such director continues to serve on the Board of Directors. Directors are entitled to cash dividend equivalents on restricted stock units, but they do not have voting rights on the unvested shares until they become owners of the shares, unless otherwise approved by the Compensation and Leadership Development Committee of the Board of Directors. Restricted stock units are valued based on the market value of the shares as of the date of grant with the value allocated to expense evenly over the restricted period. 
We award restricted stock units to key employees. Employees awarded restricted stock units are not entitled to cash dividends or voting rights on unvested units. Awards are valued based on the market value of our stock as of the date of grant with the value recognized as expense evenly over the restricted period. Restricted stock units vest proportionally on the first three anniversaries of the grant date.
We award performance restricted stock units to key employees. Performance restricted stock units vest based on attainment of average return on invested capital performance targets over a three year performance period. Participants awarded performance restricted stock units are not entitled to cash dividends or voting rights on unvested units. Performance restricted stock units are valued based on the market value of our shares as of the date of grant with the value recognized as an expense over the performance period. The value of the performance restricted stock units is finalized at the end of the performance period once the performance criteria has been met. 
Restricted stock unit and performance restricted stock unit activity are as follows:
 202020192018
Shares
WAGDFV2
Shares
WAGDFV2
Shares
WAGDFV2
Outstanding at beginning of year326 $47.88 267 $48.99 223 $49.95 
Granted219 $39.80 189 $47.41 140 $49.67 
Vested and released(123)$47.68 (97)$50.12 (75)$52.45 
Forfeited(109)$46.15 (33)$47.44 (21)$48.96 
Outstanding at end of year313 $43.01 326 $47.88 267 $48.99 
2     Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per share 
Employee Stock Purchase Plan 
Our U.S. employees are eligible to participate in the 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2012 ESPP). Employee purchases of our stock are funded through payroll deductions over calendar six-month periods. The purchase price is 85% of the lower of the market price at the beginning or end of the six-month period. The shares are required to be held by the employee for at least 18 months subsequent to the purchase. Employee stock purchase plan share awards are valued based on the value of the discount feature plus the fair value of the optional features as of the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The value of these share awards is allocated to expense evenly over each purchase period. 
In fiscal year 2011, our shareholders approved the 2012 ESPP that was effective beginning January 1, 2012. As of October 3, 2020, a total of 530 shares were available for issuance under the 2012 ESPP. Shares will be available for issuance under the 2012 ESPP until December 31, 2021. 
In fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018, purchases under the 2012 ESPP were 52, 34 and 24 shares, respectively, with weighted average prices per share of $22.17, $34.11 and $44.39, respectively. 
NOTE 11     EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Retirement Savings Plan
We sponsor a defined contribution retirement savings plan for certain U.S. employees subject to the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. These employees may contribute a portion of their eligible compensation to the plan on a pre-tax or after-tax basis. We match a portion of certain eligible employee contributions by contributing cash into the investment
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options selected by the employees. The total amount contributed by us is determined by plan provisions for matching contributions, as well as at our discretion. Matching contributions were 75% of eligible compensation for fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018, up to a maximum of 6% of compensation subject to Internal Revenue Service (IRS) limitations. Employer matching and discretionary contributions were $4,921, $5,370 and $5,394 for fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Defined Benefit Pension Plan
We sponsor a non-contributory, defined benefit pension plan for eligible employees of one of our German subsidiaries. This plan provides benefits based on the employee's years of service and compensation during the years immediately preceding retirement, termination, disability or death, as defined in the plan. We use a September 30 measurement date for this defined benefit pension plan.
We recognize the funded status of the defined benefit pension plan in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, recognize changes in the funded status in the year in which the changes occur through comprehensive income and measure the plan's assets and obligations that determine the plan's funded status as of the end of our fiscal year.
The portion of the pre-tax amount in AOCI as of September 28, 2019 that was recognized in earnings during fiscal year 2020 was $1,226. The portion of the pretax amount in AOCI as of October 3, 2020 that is expected to be recognized as a component of net periodic retirement cost during fiscal year 2021 is $1,093. The actuarial gain/(loss) in fiscal year 2020 of $2,993 was primarily a result of the change in the discount rate from 0.72% in fiscal year 2019 to 0.97% in fiscal year 2020. 
Changes in benefit obligations and plan assets are as follows:
20202019
Change in benefit obligation  
Projected benefit obligation, beginning of year$40,918 $33,909 
Service cost1,676 1,271 
Interest cost299 612 
Actuarial (gain) loss(2,993)8,304 
Currency translation3,119 (2,419)
Special termination benefits137 — 
Curtailments(686)— 
Benefits paid(800)(759)
Projected benefit obligation, end of year$41,670 $40,918 
Change in plan assets  
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year$23,481 $23,871 
Actual return on plan assets(805)1,144 
Employer contributions800 759 
Currency translation1,827 (1,534)
Benefits paid(800)(759)
Fair value of plan assets, end of year$24,503 $23,481 
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The funded status of the defined benefit pension plan and amounts included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows:
20202019
Funded status  
Funded status, end of year$(17,167)$(17,437)
Actuarial net loss in AOCI, pre-tax14,945 16,546 
Net amount recognized$(2,222)$(891)
Included in Consolidated Balance Sheets  
Accrued payroll and related costs$(1,047)$(853)
Defined benefit pension plan obligation(15,982)(16,585)
Other long-term liabilities(137)— 
Deferred income taxes4,524 5,008 
AOCI, net of tax10,420 11,539 
Net amount recognized$(2,222)$(891)
The weighted average assumptions used to determine the defined benefit pension plan obligation as of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019 in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the net periodic benefit cost for fiscal year 2021 are as follows:
20202019
Discount rate0.97 %0.72 %
Expected rate of return on plan assets5.30 %5.50 %
Expected rate of increase in future compensation levels3.00 %3.00 %
The discount rate is calculated based on zero-coupon bond yields published by the Deutsche Bundesbank for maturities that match the weighted average duration of the pension liability, adjusted for the average credit spread of corporate bond rates above the government bond yields. 
The expected rate of return on plan assets represents the weighted average of the expected returns on individual asset categories in the portfolio. We use investment advisors to assist with determining the overall expected rate of return on plan assets. Factors considered in our determination include historical long-term investment performance and estimates of future long-term returns by asset class.
The overall objective of our investment policy and strategy for the defined benefit pension plan is to maintain sufficient liquidity to pay benefits and minimize the volatility of returns while earning the highest possible rate of return over time to satisfy the benefit obligations. The plan fiduciaries assist us with setting our long-term strategic investment objectives for the defined benefit pension plan assets. The objectives include preserving the funded status of the trust and balancing risk and return. Investment performance and plan asset mix are reviewed periodically.
As of both October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, plan assets were invested in a single mutual fund, the underlying assets of which were allocated to fixed income and cash and cash equivalents categories as shown in the table below. Any decisions to change the asset allocation are made by the plan fiduciaries. The investment in equity and fixed income securities has a long-term targeted allocation of assets of 50% equity and 50% fixed income.
The actual defined benefit pension plan asset allocations within the balanced mutual fund are as follows:
 Percentage of Plan Assets
 20202019
Fixed income securities1
85.0 %77.8 %
Cash and cash equivalents2
15.0 %22.2 %
Total100.0 %100.0 %
1    Fixed income securities are comprised primarily of international government agency and international corporate bonds with investment grade ratings.
2     Cash and cash equivalents include deposit accounts holding cash in Euros and other currencies and term deposits primarily held as collateral for equity futures. The market values of the equity and futures are linked to the values of equity indices of developed country markets, including the U.S., Great Britain, Europe, Canada, Switzerland and Japan. 
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The fair value of the defined benefit pension plan assets, which are subject to fair value measurement as described in Note 7, are as follows:
 October 3, 2020
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Mutual fund3
$— $24,503 $— $24,503 
  
 September 28, 2019
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Mutual fund3
$— $23,481 $— $23,481 
3    The fair value of the mutual fund is valued based on closing prices from national exchanges, if the underlying securities are traded on an active market, or fixed income pricing models that use observable market inputs.
Net periodic benefit cost for the defined benefit pension plan includes the following components:
202020192018
Service cost$1,676 $1,271 $1,282 
Interest cost299 612 640 
Expected return on plan assets(1,325)(1,271)(1,270)
Net amortization and deferral1,226 542 526 
Net periodic benefit cost$1,876 $1,154 $1,178 
The accumulated benefit obligation of our defined benefit pension plan as of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019 was $38,876 and $37,182, respectively.
Future pension benefit payments, which reflect expected future service for the next five fiscal years and the combined five fiscal years thereafter, are as follows:
Fiscal YearPension Benefit Payments
2021$1,048 
20221,118 
20231,144 
20241,168 
20251,217 
2026 through 20287,034 
Total$12,729 
Other Retirement Plans
Certain of our international subsidiaries have non-contributory, unfunded post-retirement benefit plans that provide retirement benefits for eligible employees and managing directors. Generally, these post-retirement plans provide benefits that accumulate based on years of service and compensation levels. As of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, the aggregate liabilities associated with these post-retirement benefit plans were $3,695 and $3,412, respectively. 
NOTE 12     INCOME TAXES
The components of income (loss) before income taxes are as follows:
202020192018
Domestic$(198,607)$17,474 $6,139 
Foreign(85,099)31,139 38,084 
Total income (loss) before income taxes$(283,706)$48,613 $44,223 
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The income tax provision (benefit) is as follows:
202020192018
Current   
Federal$391 $2,392 $1,613 
State593 1,171 565 
Foreign3,689 11,638 10,331 
Deferred(16,328)(9,655)(29,614)
Income tax provision (benefit)$(11,655)$5,546 $(17,105)
A reconciliation from the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to our effective income tax rate is as follows:
2020 1
20192018
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate21 %21 %25 %
Impact from foreign operations(1)10 3 
State income taxes, net of federal benefit— 1 — 
Research and development tax credits1 (15)(10)
Domestic production activities deduction / foreign derived intangible income1 (5)(2)
Impact of U.S. Tax Act— (2)(57)
Nondeductible stock option expense and other permanent items— 1 2 
Impairment(18)— — 
Effective income tax rate4 %11 %(39)%
1    The fiscal year 2020 effective income tax rate was 4.1%, which includes the impact of the impairment of assets recorded in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020 that are non-deductible for tax purposes. Excluding the impact of the impairment of assets, the fiscal year 2020 effective income tax rate would have been a benefit of 14.3%.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Tax Act) was enacted into law on December 22, 2017 and made significant changes to U.S. federal corporate tax law. Effective January 1, 2018, the Tax Act lowered the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% and prompted various other changes to U.S. federal corporate tax law, including the establishment of a territorial-style system for taxing foreign-source income of domestic multinational corporations and a one-time deemed repatriation tax on untaxed foreign earnings.
Generally, the impacts of new tax legislation would be required to be recorded in the period of enactment, which was our first quarter of fiscal year 2018. However, in March 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, which incorporated various SEC paragraphs from Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 into income tax accounting guidance effective immediately, allowing registrants to record provisional amounts during a one-year measurement period.
As of December 29, 2018, we completed our accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act at the conclusion of the one-year measurement period. As a result, the income tax provision for the three months ended December 29, 2018 included certain discrete benefits of $1,293 for Tax Act measurement period adjustments. The discrete benefits relate to $1,297 of additional dividends received deduction for certain foreign tax credits included in the mandatory deemed repatriation tax calculation, partially offset by $4 of expense for other Tax Act measurement period adjustments. The additional dividends received deduction is based on our assessment of the treatment under the applicable provisions of the Tax Act as written and enacted during the first quarter of fiscal year 2019. The Department of the Treasury provided regulatory updates during the three months ended June 29, 2019, causing us to change our assessment of the benefit associated with the dividends received deduction, and in the third quarter of fiscal year 2019 to reverse the entire benefit of $1,297 that was recorded in the first quarter of fiscal year 2019.
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) was signed into law to help alleviate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Amongst other provisions, the CARES Act allows taxpayers to modify their IRC Section 163(j) business interest limitation in a favorable way that allows for the utilization of more interest deduction for tax years 2019 and 2020. We are analyzing the impacts of these and other provisions of the CARES Act to take full advantage of possible tax savings.
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The fiscal year 2020 effective tax rate was 4.1% primarily due to the current year impairment loss which is non-deductible for tax purposes. Additionally, we recorded certain discrete tax benefits of $2,439 related to the fiscal year 2019 return and the impact of the final regulations issued by the Treasury and Internal Revenue Service regarding global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020. This benefit is partially offset by $583 of discrete tax expense for stock-based compensation expense and $608 for foreign taxes that are not creditable in the U.S. Excluding the impact of the impairment of assets and these discrete items, the effective tax rate for fiscal year 2020 was 2.0%, a decrease compared to the prior year rate primarily driven by a decline in earnings.
The fiscal year 2019 effective tax rate was 11.4% primarily due to certain discrete benefits of $3,547 for the favorable true-up of our previously recorded transition tax estimate, successful closure of prior year audit activity and the reduction in the Netherlands income tax rate resulting in remeasurement of the deferred tax liability associated with their intangible assets. Excluding the impact of these discrete items, the effective tax rate for fiscal year 2019 was 18.7%. Factors that increased the effective tax rate for fiscal year 2019 included impacts of the Tax Act, such as elimination of the domestic manufacturing deduction and the implementation of the global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) provision. These increases were offset by favorable aspects of the Tax Act, such as the decrease in the U.S. income tax rate and provisions for incentivizing foreign-derived intangible income (FDII). In the first quarter of fiscal year 2019, we made an accounting policy election to treat the future tax impacts of the GILTI provisions of the Tax Act as a period cost to the extent applicable.
The fiscal year 2018 effective tax rate was a benefit of 38.7% primarily due to certain discrete benefits of $25,008 for the estimated impact of the Tax Act. The discrete benefits primarily related to $31,647 of estimated benefit from the remeasurement of our estimated net deferred tax liabilities, partially offset by $6,639 of estimated expense associated with the mandatory deemed repatriation tax. Excluding the impact of these discrete benefits, the effective tax rate for fiscal year 2018 was 17.9% and increased compared to the prior year rate excluding the impact of certain discrete benefits primarily due to higher fiscal year 2018 earnings before taxes, partially offset by the lower U.S. corporate tax rate under the Tax Act.
A summary of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
20202019
Deferred tax assets  
Accrued compensation and benefits$14,482 $15,014 
Inventory reserves5,229 4,510 
163(j) interest disallowance3,991 4,253 
Other assets5,893 4,565 
Allowance for doubtful accounts1,152 1,408 
Net operating loss carryovers1,533 2,103 
State and foreign tax credit carryovers870 1,224 
Research and development tax credit carryovers11,612 3,774 
Unrealized derivative instrument gains1,062 311 
Total deferred tax asset before valuation allowance45,824 37,162 
Less valuation allowance(5,933)(5,279)
Total deferred tax assets39,891 31,883 
Deferred tax liabilities  
Property and equipment15,016 13,158 
Foreign deferred revenue and other10,330 5,779 
Intangible assets42,986 47,248 
Total deferred tax liabilities68,332 66,185 
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)$(28,441)$(34,302)
As of October 3, 2020, we had a Minnesota research and development tax credit carryover of $4,892, which may be carried forward fifteen years. We also had New York and North Carolina tax credit carryovers of $1,101. We have determined that the benefit of these tax credits is not likely to be realized before they expire and have recorded a full valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets.
During fiscal year 2020, we repatriated $15,375 of current earnings from various subsidiaries and recorded $404 of corresponding tax expense. During fiscal year 2019, we repatriated $5,943 of current earnings from various foreign subsidiaries
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and recorded $437 of corresponding tax expense. During fiscal year 2018, we repatriated $54,778 of earnings from various foreign subsidiaries and recorded $1,249 of corresponding tax expense. 
We have not recognized a deferred tax liability for the undistributed earnings of certain foreign operations because those subsidiaries have invested or will invest the undistributed earnings indefinitely. As of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, undistributed earnings were $56,948 and $68,784, respectively. Because of the availability of U.S. dividends received deductions, it is impracticable for us to determine the amount of U.S. federal tax liability that would be payable if these earnings were not indefinitely reinvested. Deferred taxes are recorded for earnings of foreign operations when we determine that such earnings are no longer indefinitely reinvested.
A summary of changes to our liability for unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
20202019
Beginning liability for unrecognized tax benefits$4,414 $6,158 
Increase due to tax positions related to the current year577 663 
Increase (decrease) due to tax positions related to prior years775 960 
Decrease due to settlements with tax authorities(947)(2,635)
Decrease due to lapse of statute of limitations— (732)
Ending liability for unrecognized tax benefits$4,819 $4,414 
Included in the liability of unrecognized tax benefits as of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019 are potential benefits of $3,166 and $2,761, respectively, that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate.
As of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, we have accrued interest related to uncertain income tax positions of approximately $517 and $332, respectively. As of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, no accrual for penalties related to uncertain tax positions existed. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are included in interest expense, net and general and administrative expense, respectively, in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of numerous state and foreign jurisdictions. We are no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations for fiscal years ending before fiscal year 2018 and with limited exceptions, state and foreign income tax examinations for fiscal years ending before fiscal year 2016. As of October 3, 2020, we do not expect significant changes in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits for our U.S. or foreign subsidiaries during the next 12 months.
As of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, we expected to receive income tax refunds within the next fiscal year. As a result, we recognized a current income tax receivable of $4,207 and $4,282 as of October 3, 2020 and September 28, 2019, respectively, which is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
NOTE 13     SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Tangible Equity Units
During the third quarter of fiscal year 2016, we issued 1,150 TEUs in a registered public offering primarily to finance the acquisition of PCB, to repay amounts outstanding under our existing revolving credit facility and to pay related costs, fees and expenses. Total proceeds, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and other expenses were $110,926. Each TEU had a stated amount of $100 per TEU and was comprised of a prepaid stock purchase contract and a senior amortizing note having a final installment payment date of July 1, 2019. We allocated the proceeds from the issuance of the TEUs between equity and debt based on the relative fair values of the respective components of each TEU. The fair value of the prepaid stock purchase contracts, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and other expenses, was recorded in additional paid-in capital in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of the senior amortizing notes, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and other expenses, was split between current maturities of long-term debt, net and long-term debt, less current maturities, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Underwriting discounts, commissions and other costs directly associated with the TEU-related debt were amortized using the effective interest rate method over the three-year term of the instrument.
Equity Component
During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2017, certain holders of our TEUs elected to early convert the equity component on 473 of our outstanding TEUs at the minimum conversion rate of 1.9841 which resulted in the issuance of 939 shares of our common stock. During fiscal year 2018, no holders of our TEUs elected to early convert the equity component of our TEUs. During the third quarter of fiscal year 2019, certain holders of our TEUs elected to early convert the equity component on 394 of our outstanding TEUs at the minimum conversion rate of 1.9841 which resulted in the issuance of 781 shares of our common stock. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019, the remaining 283 outstanding TEUs were converted at the minimum conversion
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rate of 1.9841 which resulted in the issuance of 561 shares of our common stock. As of September 28, 2019, no TEUs were outstanding.
Debt Component
During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019, we made the final quarterly cash installment payment of $2.1875 per amortizing note.
Capped Calls
In connection with the pricing of the TEUs sold in our public offering in fiscal year 2016, we purchased capped calls from third party banking institutions (Capped Calls) for $7,935. The initial Capped Calls were for 2,282 equivalent shares of our common stock with a strike price of $50.40, a cap price of $58.80 and an expiration date of July 1, 2019. The value of the Capped Calls is settled with shares of our common stock, based on the approximate market value of our common stock at such time, and could be settled as the TEUs were early converted or settled upon expiration on July 1, 2019 (Capped Call Expiration).
During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2017, we settled approximately 10% of the Capped Calls, which resulted in us receiving and retiring 12 shares of our common stock. During fiscal year 2018, no Capped Calls were settled.
On June 13, 2018, we amended the agreements with third party banking institutions for the outstanding Capped Calls (Capped Call Agreements) to modify the timing of settlement to be only upon expiration for all outstanding Capped Calls. Per the Capped Call Agreements, the outstanding Capped Calls were for 2,054 equivalent shares of our common stock with a strike price of $50.40 and a cap price of $57.97. The Capped Calls automatically settled upon Capped Call Expiration with shares of our common stock based on the average market value of our common stock as defined in the Capped Call Agreements, resulting in us receiving and retiring 223 shares of our common stock in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019.
NOTE 14     EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the daily weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period. In fiscal year 2018, the TEUs were assumed to be settled at the minimum settlement amount of 1.9841 shares per TEU when calculating weighted average common shares outstanding for purposes of basic earnings per share.
Under the treasury stock method, shares associated with certain stock options have been excluded from the diluted weighted average shares outstanding calculation because the exercise of those options would lead to a net reduction in common shares outstanding or anti-dilution. As a result, stock options to acquire 1,113, 805 and 584 weighted common shares have been excluded from the diluted weighted shares outstanding calculation for fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
In connection with the pricing of the TEUs, we purchased capped calls. The capped calls were settled in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019 and have been reflected in the calculation of diluted earnings in fiscal year 2019. See Note 13 for additional information on our equity instruments.
Basic and diluted earnings per share were calculated as follows:
202020192018
Net income (loss)$(272,051)$43,067 $61,328 
Weighted average common shares outstanding19,212 19,258 19,163 
Dilutive impact of stock-based compensation1
— 189 130 
Weighted average dilutive common shares outstanding19,212 19,447 19,293 
Earnings (loss) per share   
Basic$(14.16)$2.24 $3.20 
Diluted$(14.16)$2.21 $3.18 
1    For fiscal year 2020, 120 common stock equivalents of potentially dilutive common stock were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation due to the loss from continuing operations.
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NOTE 15 OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) 
Other comprehensive income (loss), a component of shareholders' equity, consists of foreign currency translation adjustments, gains or losses on derivative instruments and defined benefit pension plan adjustments.
Income tax expense or benefit allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (loss) is as follows:
 202020192018
PretaxTaxNetPretaxTaxNetPretaxTaxNet
Foreign currency translation gain (loss) adjustments$16,986 $— $16,986 $(9,980)$— $(9,980)$(2,174)$— $(2,174)
Derivative instruments
Unrealized net gain (loss)(5,120)1,152 (3,968)(2,723)582 (2,141)5,832 (1,507)4,325 
Net (gain) loss reclassified to earnings(832)187 (645)(3,715)810 (2,905)(805)207 (598)
Defined benefit pension plan
Unrealized net gain (loss)1,709 (516)1,193 (8,247)2,489 (5,758)(890)269 (621)
Net (gain) loss reclassified to earnings1,226 (370)856 542 (163)379 526 (159)367 
Currency exchange rate gain (loss)(930)— (930)456 — 456 90 — 90 
Other comprehensive income (loss)$13,039 $453 $13,492 $(23,667)$3,718 $(19,949)$2,579 $(1,190)$1,389 
The changes in the net-of-tax balances of each component of AOCI are as follows: 
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustments		Unrealized
Derivative
Instrument
Adjustments		Defined
Benefit
Pension Plan
Adjustments		Total
Balance, September 30, 2017$3,946 $1,953 $(6,452)$(553)
Other comprehensive net gain (loss) reclassifications(2,174)4,325 (531)1,620 
Net (gain) loss reclassified to earnings— (598)367 (231)
Other comprehensive income (loss)(2,174)3,727 (164)1,389 
Reclassification to retained earnings1
— 640 — 640 
Balance, September 29, 2018$1,772 $6,320 $(6,616)$1,476 
Other comprehensive net gain (loss) reclassifications(9,980)(2,141)(5,302)(17,423)
Net (gain) loss reclassified to earnings— (2,905)379 (2,526)
Other comprehensive income (loss)(9,980)(5,046)(4,923)(19,949)
Balance, September 28, 2019$(8,208)$1,274 $(11,539)$(18,473)
Other comprehensive net gain (loss) reclassifications16,986 (3,968)263 13,281 
Net (gain) loss reclassified to earnings— (645)856 211 
Other comprehensive income (loss)16,986 (4,613)1,119 13,492 
Balance, October 3, 2020$8,778 $(3,339)$(10,420)$(4,981)
1    Deferred taxes stranded in AOCI as a result of the Tax Act that were reclassified to retained earnings upon adoption of ASU 2018-02.
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The effect on certain line items in the Consolidated Statements of Income of amounts reclassified out of AOCI are as follows: 
202020192018Affected Line Item in the
Consolidated Statements
of Income
Derivative instruments    
Currency exchange contracts gain (loss)$(54)$1,026 $(399)Revenue
Interest rate swap contracts gain (loss)886 2,689 1,204 Interest expense, net
Income tax benefit (expense)(187)(810)(207)Income tax provision (benefit)
Total net gain (loss) on derivative instruments645 2,905 598 Net income
Defined benefit pension plan2
    
Actuarial loss— — (288)Cost of sales
Actuarial loss— — (148)Selling and marketing
Actuarial loss— — (90)General and administrative
Actuarial loss(1,226)(542)— Other income (expense), net
Total actuarial loss(1,226)(542)(526)Income before income taxes
Income tax benefit370 163 159 Income tax provision (benefit)
Total net loss on pension plan(856)(379)(367)Net income
Total net of tax reclassifications out of
AOCI included in net income		$(211)$2,526 $231  
2    Change in classification of actuarial loss on defined benefit pension plan related to the adoption of ASU No. 2017-07 in fiscal year 2019.
NOTE 16     BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION 
Our Interim Chief Executive Officer (the Chief Operating Decision Maker) regularly reviews financial information for our two operating segments, Test & Simulation and Sensors. Test & Simulation manufactures and sells testing and simulation solutions including hardware, software and services that are used by customers in product development to characterize a product's mechanical properties along with simulation systems for human response features. Sensors manufactures and sells precision sensors that provide measurements of vibration, pressure, position, force and sound in a variety of applications.

In evaluating each segment's performance, our Interim Chief Executive Officer focuses on income from operations. This measure excludes interest income and expense, income taxes and other non-operating items. Corporate expenses, including costs associated with various support functions such as human resources, information technology, legal, finance and accounting, and general and administrative costs are allocated to the reportable segments on the basis of revenue. The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in Note 1 and Note 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Intersegment revenue is based on standard costs with reasonable mark-ups established between the reportable segments. All significant intersegment amounts are eliminated to arrive at consolidated financial results.
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Financial information by reportable segment is as follows:
202020192018
Revenue   
Test & Simulation$490,634 $558,908 $464,924 
Sensors339,223 334,976 314,269 
Intersegment eliminations(1,271)(1,366)(1,161)
Total revenue$828,586 $892,518 $778,032 
Income from Operations   
Test & Simulation 1
$(90,455)$34,080 $19,225 
Sensors(157,030)45,620 45,980 
Intersegment eliminations(2)5 (33)
Total income from operations$(247,487)$79,705 $65,172 
Identifiable Assets   
Test & Simulation 2
$442,707 $419,403 $299,242 
Sensors 2
707,554 878,602 840,187 
Intersegment eliminations(30)(28)(33)
Total identifiable assets$1,150,231 $1,297,977 $1,139,396 
Goodwill   
Test & Simulation 3
$48,840 $61,153 $24,631 
Sensors 3
179,800 367,886 344,644 
Total goodwill$228,640 $429,039 $369,275 
Capital Expenditures
Test & Simulation$10,203 $18,792 $8,111 
Sensors13,690 11,733 4,210 
Total capital expenditures$23,893 $30,525 $12,321 
Depreciation and Amortization
Test & Simulation$26,150 $19,529 $16,353 
Sensors20,537 18,446 18,139 
Total depreciation and amortization$46,687 $37,975 $34,492 
1    Test & Simulation income from operations for fiscal year 2020 includes $11,848 of pre-tax severance and related expense. See Note 17 for additional information on restructuring and related costs.
2    Test & Simulation and Sensors identifiable assets for fiscal year 2020 reflects the impact of $89,814 and $201,574, respectively, in impairment of asset charges. See Note 1 for additional information on our impairment analysis.

3    Test & Simulation and Sensors goodwill for fiscal year 2020 reflects the impact of $53,344 and $188,174, respectively, in impairment of asset charges. See Note 1 for additional information on our goodwill impairment analysis.
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Geographic information is as follows:
202020192018
Revenue   
U.S.$288,276 $306,574 $245,909 
Europe236,428 224,982 223,236 
China161,622 189,227 165,421 
Asia, excluding China106,910 131,771 113,953 
Americas, excluding U.S.35,350 39,964 29,513 
Total revenue$828,586 $892,518 $778,032 
Property and Equipment, Net   
U.S.$77,491 $81,119 $69,782 
Europe12,311 13,927 15,130 
China4,750 5,424 4,858 
Asia, excluding China558 613 499 
Total property and equipment, net$95,110 $101,083 $90,269 
Revenue by geographic area is presented based on customer location. The U.S. and China were the only countries with revenue in excess of 10% of total revenue during fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018. No single customer accounted for 10% or more of consolidated revenue for fiscal years 2020, 2019 and 2018. Revenue is not reported for each of our products and services because it is impracticable to do so.
NOTE 17    RESTRUCTURING AND RELATED COSTS
Fiscal Year 2020 Restructuring
In the second quarter of fiscal year 2020, we initiated a series of global workforce reductions and facility closures, including the reorganization of our European operations within Test & Simulation intended to increase organizational effectiveness, gain operational efficiencies and provide cost savings that can be reinvested in our growth initiatives. As a result, during fiscal year 2020, we recorded $5,555 of pre-tax severance and related expense. We expect to incur a total of approximately $6,000 to $7,000 of pre-tax severance and related expense and facility closure costs related to these actions through fiscal year 2021. The majority of the expenses are expected to be paid in the second half of fiscal year 2021.
In the third quarter of fiscal year 2020, we initiated an additional workforce reduction within Test & Simulation to reduce the overall cost structure in response to COVID-19. As a result, during fiscal year 2020, we recorded $2,028 of pre-tax severance and related expense. As of October 3, 2020, substantially all expenses have been paid.
In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020, we initiated further global workforce reductions within Test & Simulation, including a product rationalization of certain product lines in China designed to increase organizational effectiveness, gain operational efficiencies, improve profitability and provide permanent cost savings in response to COVID-19. As a result, during fiscal year 2020, we recorded $4,265 of pre-tax severance and related expense. We expect to incur a total of approximately $4,500 of pre-tax and related expense through the first half of fiscal year 2021. The majority of the expenses are expected to be paid in the first half of fiscal year 2021.
Restructuring expenses included in the Consolidated Statements of Income are as follows:
2020
Test & Simulation
Cost of sales$6,951 
Selling and marketing3,809 
General and administrative950 
Research and development138 
Total restructuring expense$11,848 
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Restructuring expense accruals included in accrued payroll and related costs in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the above restructuring action are as follows:
Test & Simulation
Balance, September 28, 2019$— 
Restructuring expense11,848 
Payments(3,722)
Other adjustments390 
Balance, October 3, 2020$8,516 
NOTE 18 BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS 
Acquisition of R&D Entities
Effective December 31, 2019, we completed the acquisition of R&D Test Systems, R&D Engineering, R&D Steel, R&D Prague, RGDK Engineering Private Limited and R&D Tools and Structures (collectively, R&D) for an upfront cash purchase price of $58,373. The acquisition was primarily funded through our existing Revolving Credit Facility. The remaining purchase price is based on earn-out payments of up to an additional $26,000 contingent on financial performance through June 2021 and further impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates. As of the acquisition date, we estimated the fair value of the earn-out liability (contingent consideration) to be $16,903. As of October 3, 2020, the fair value of the contingent consideration was $26,497. See Note 7 for additional information on the fair value of the contingent consideration. Based out of Denmark, R&D is a leader in high-quality, durable, rotating test systems, serving primarily the wind energy markets. During fiscal year 2020, we included $47,586 of revenue from R&D in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Costs of $2,356 associated with the acquisition of R&D were expensed as incurred. Pro forma information related to the acquisition of R&D has not been included as the impact on our consolidated results of operations was not considered material.
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The following table summarizes the preliminary fair value measurement of the assets acquired as of the date of acquisition:
Fair ValueFinite-Lived Intangible Asset Lives (Years)
Asset (Liability)
  Accounts receivable$13,557 
Unbilled accounts receivable6,325 
  Inventories41 
  Prepaid expenses and other current assets533 
  Property and equipment1,185 
  Intangible assets
Customer lists24,364 15
Trademarks and trade names8,546 15
Technology5,083 10
Other intangible assets4,258 1
Other long-term assets3,122 
Purchased goodwill35,887 
  Accounts payable(12,592)
  Accrued payroll and related costs(2,193)
  Advanced payments from customers(3,203)
Accrued income taxes(1,113)
  Other accrued liabilities(5,074)
  Deferred income taxes(10,138)
  Other long-term liabilities(2,230)
Net assets acquired$66,358 
Supplemental information
Consideration paid at closing$58,373 
Estimated contingent consideration16,903 
Less: Cash acquired(8,918)
Purchase price, net of cash acquired$66,358 
The allocation of purchase price consideration is considered preliminary as of October 3, 2020 with provisional amounts related to intangible assets, accrued income taxes, deferred income taxes and purchase price adjustments included, which includes the contingent consideration, as our allocation process has not been finalized. We expect to finalize the allocation of purchase price as soon as possible, but no later than one year from the acquisition date. Measurement period adjustments were recorded in the third and fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020 and have been reflected in the table above. The measurement period adjustments were not material.
Goodwill was calculated as the difference between the acquisition date fair value of the total purchase price consideration and the fair value of the net assets acquired and represents the future economic benefits that we expect to achieve as a result of the acquisition. This resulted in a purchase price in excess of the fair value of identifiable assets acquired. The purchase price also included the fair value of other assets that were not identifiable, not separately recognizable under accounting rules (e.g., assembled workforce) or of immaterial value. All of the goodwill was assigned to Test & Simulation. None of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes.
The fair value of the acquired intangible assets was $42,251. The acquired intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful lives identified in the table above.
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Endevco Acquisition
On August 5, 2019, we acquired the Endevco sensors business (Endevco) from Meggitt PLC for a cash purchase price of $68,330. We funded the acquisition of Endevco through cash on hand. Endevco is a historic leader in high performance test and measurement sensors used primarily in the testing of new products. This strategic product line purchase brings together two iconic brands in the test and measurement sensors market, in PCB and Endevco, and further enhances our long-term strategy of growth and market leadership in our core businesses. The transaction was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The acquired assets and operating results have been included in our financial statements within Sensors from the date of acquisition. During fiscal years 2020 and 2019, we included approximately $18,300 and $4,409, respectively, of revenue from Endevco in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Pro forma information related to the acquisition of Endevco has not been included as the impact on our consolidated results of operations was not considered material.
The following table summarizes the preliminary fair value measurement of the assets acquired as of the date of acquisition:
Fair ValueFinite-Lived Intangible Asset Lives (Years)
Asset
  Inventories$11,649 
  Property and equipment1,078 
  Intangible assets
Customer lists13,400 15
Trademarks and trade names7,900 15
Technology4,400 15
Purchased goodwill23,324 
Deferred income taxes6,579 
Net assets acquired$68,330 
Supplemental information
Consideration paid at closing$70,000 
Post-closing purchase price adjustment(1,670)
Purchase price$68,330 
The fair value measurement was completed as of March 28, 2020. Measurement period adjustments were recorded in fiscal year 2020 and have been reflected in the table above. The measurement period adjustments were not material.
Goodwill was calculated as the difference between the acquisition date fair value of the total purchase price consideration and the fair value of the net assets acquired and represents the future economic benefits that we expect to achieve as a result of the acquisition. This resulted in a purchase price in excess of the fair value of identifiable assets acquired. The purchase price also included the fair value of other assets that were not identifiable, not separately recognizable under accounting rules (e.g., assembled workforce) or of immaterial value. All of the goodwill was assigned to Sensors. All of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes.
The fair value of the acquired intangible assets was $25,700. The acquired intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful lives identified in the table above.
E2M Technologies B.V. Acquisition
On November 21, 2018, we acquired all ownership interests of E2M Technologies B.V. (E2M) for a cash purchase price of $80,287. Based in Amsterdam, Netherlands, E2M is a leading manufacturer of high force, electrically driven actuation systems, serving primarily the human-rated entertainment and flight training simulation markets. The acquisition of E2M expands our technology and product offerings for human-rated simulation systems and brings key regulatory approvals and customers in the flight simulation and entertainment markets. The transaction was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The acquired assets, liabilities and operating results have been included in our financial statements within Test & Simulation from the date of acquisition. During fiscal year 2019, we included $29,554 of revenue from E2M in our Consolidated Statements of Income. We funded the acquisition of E2M primarily with borrowings on our Revolving Credit Facility. Costs of
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$1,287 associated with the acquisition of E2M were expensed as incurred. Pro forma information related to the acquisition of E2M has not been included as the impact on our consolidated results of operations was not considered material.
The following table summarizes the final fair value measurement of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, net of cash acquired, as of the date of acquisition:
Fair ValueFinite-Lived Intangible Asset Lives (Years)
Asset (Liability)
  Accounts receivable$4,651 
Unbilled accounts receivable1,518 
  Inventories11,063 
  Prepaid expenses and other current assets123 
  Property and equipment672 
  Intangible assets
Customer lists21,652 15
Trademarks and trade names5,926 15
Technology12,650 15
Other intangible assets3,761 4
Other long-term assets60 
Purchased goodwill36,665 
  Accounts payable(3,657)
  Accrued payroll and related costs(1,328)
Advance payments from customers(4,315)
Accrued income taxes(290)
Other accrued liabilities(127)
Deferred income taxes(10,477)
Net assets acquired$78,547 
Supplemental information
Consideration paid at closing$79,772 
Post-closing purchase price adjustment515 
Less: Cash acquired(1,740)
Purchase price, net of cash acquired$78,547 
The fair value measurement was completed as of September 28, 2019. Measurement period adjustments were recorded in fiscal year 2019 and have been reflected in the table above.
Goodwill was calculated as the difference between the acquisition date fair value of the total purchase price consideration and the fair value of the net assets acquired and represents the future economic benefits that we expect to achieve as a result of the acquisition. This resulted in a purchase price in excess of the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired. The purchase price also included the fair value of other assets that were not identifiable, not separately recognizable under accounting rules (e.g., assembled workforce) or of immaterial value. All of the goodwill was assigned to Test & Simulation. None of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes.
The fair value of the acquired intangible assets was $43,989. The acquired intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful lives identified in the table above.
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NOTE 19    CONTINGENCIES
Litigation 
We are subject to various claims, legal actions and complaints arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe the final resolution of legal matters outstanding as of October 3, 2020 will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. We expense legal costs as incurred.
NOTE 20    RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic
The global spread of COVID-19 has created significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption. As an essential critical infrastructure business, we have continued to operate in the U.S. and other parts of the world as permitted. Our production capacity continues to recover as jurisdictions have eased work restrictions throughout the world; however, restrictions on our employees' ability to access our customers, temporary closures of customer facilities and delays in customer spending negatively impacted our sales and operating results in fiscal year 2020.
Impairment charges on our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible asset and long-lived assets were recorded in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020 driven by a decline in market conditions as a result of COVID-19, including a sustained decrease in our stock price and significant declines in the flight simulation and entertainment markets. We continue to monitor the impacts of COVID-19 on the fair value of our assets. While we do not currently anticipate any additional material impairments on assets as a result of COVID-19, future changes in sales, earnings and cash flows related to goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible asset and long-lived assets could cause these assets to become impaired. We anticipate the challenges posed by COVID-19 to continue to negatively impact our fiscal year 2021 revenue and operating results; however, the future impact COVID-19 will have on our business, operations and financial results remains unknown at this time, and we remain unable to accurately quantify the impact due to the significant global economic uncertainty.
The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our business, operations and financial results will depend on numerous evolving factors that we may or may not be able to accurately predict, including: the duration and scope of the pandemic; governmental, business and individual actions that have been and continue to be taken in response to the pandemic; the impact of the pandemic on economic activity and actions taken in response; the effect on our customers' demand for our goods and services; our vendors' ability to supply us with raw materials; our ability to sell and provide our goods and services amidst travel restrictions; the ability of our customers to pay for our goods and services; and any future closures of our facilities or the facilities of our customers. Customers have and may continue to slow down decision-making, delay planned work or seek to terminate existing agreements. Any of these events could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or stock price.
In response to COVID-19 and the economic uncertainty, we have continued to right-size our operations and manage short-term business risk to allow for bottom-line improvement through the execution of cost savings initiatives. We have taken actions to manage and reduce operating costs and further enhance our financial flexibility, including the temporary reduction by senior executives of their salaries by 10% to at least 15% in fiscal year 2020; the temporary reduction by non-employee directors of their cash compensation by 20% in fiscal year 2020; a reduction in workforce in connection with global restructuring efforts in Test & Simulation being executed in specifically targeted areas, including the reorganization of our European operations and product rationalizations in China; other reductions in salaries or work schedules and temporary furloughs for employees, targeted toward specific, short-term impacted areas within each business; and the reduction in discretionary spending, capital expenditures and a strong focus on working capital management in fiscal year 2020. To the extent we are eligible based on actions taken, we have participated in government aid programs in the United States, Europe and Asia, including the employer payroll tax (FICA) deferrals extensions offered under the CARES Act. We also continued the suspension of our quarterly dividend of $0.30 per share, equating to approximately $23 million in annualized cash payments, which will enable us to maximize our liquidity for the foreseeable future as we face uncertain economic times. Lastly, in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020, we entered into a fifth amendment to the Credit Agreement to maximize flexibility and available liquidity under our current capital structure in the event we would need to access additional funds.
Although we believe our financial position is strong, given the level of economic uncertainty, these cost reduction actions have provided and will provide an increased level of flexibility during these challenging times. Certain temporary, incremental cost reduction measures taken will remain in place until we begin to see marked improvement in the markets we serve. While we expect that these actions will be sufficient to provide the needed flexibility, we continue to evaluate the ongoing impact of COVID-19 and may need to take further cost reduction or other actions in the future.
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NOTE 21    SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Ransomware Incident
In November 2020, we were the victim of a ransomware incident that temporarily impacted our operations. As a result of the incident, certain of our data was encrypted, some of our data was exfiltrated from our systems, and business activities at several of our facilities were temporarily disrupted. As of the date hereof, our investigation indicates that the incident has been contained. We recovered the impacted data from the unauthorized actor, and we are not currently aware of any evidence of the impacted data being publicly released. We continue to investigate what information the unauthorized actor may have accessed or exfiltrated and resolve open items related to the incident. We expect expenses, net of insurance, to be approximately $2.0 to $3.0 million, with the majority incurred in the first quarter of fiscal 2021. We do not expect the temporary operational disruption that occurred to have a material impact on our financial results. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with applicable privacy or security laws, regulations, policies or obligations in connection with this incident, could result in government enforcement actions, regulatory investigations, litigation, fines and penalties and/or adverse publicity, which could impact expenses associated with the incident.
Definitive Merger Agreement
On December 8, 2020, we entered into a definitive agreement under which Amphenol Corporation will acquire MTS for $58.50 per share in cash, or approximately $1.7 billion, including the assumption of outstanding debt and liabilities, net of cash. The acquisition is expected to close by the middle of 2021, subject to certain regulatory approvals, shareholder approval and other customary closing conditions.
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Schedule II – Summary of Consolidated Allowances for Doubtful Accounts 
Changes to the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable are as follows:
202020192018
Beginning balance$5,963 $5,004 $5,371 
Provisions / (recoveries)(1,342)1,864 2,142 
Amounts written-off / payments(269)(734)(2,378)
Currency translation176 (171)(131)
Ending balance$4,528 $5,963 $5,004 



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