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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

Commission file number 1-3285

3M COMPANY

State of Incorporation: Delaware I.R.S. Employer Identification No. 41-0417775

Principal executive offices: 3M Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55144

Telephone number: (651) 733-1110

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par Value $.01 Per Share	MMM	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
	MMM	Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.
1.500% Notes due 2026	MMM26	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
Floating Rate Notes due 2020		New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
0.375% Notes due 2022	MMM22A	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
0.950% Notes due 2023	MMM23	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
1.750% Notes due 2030	MMM30	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
1.500% Notes due 2031	MMM31	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.

Note: The common stock of the registrant is also traded on the SWX Swiss Exchange.

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes  ☐     No  ☒

The aggregate market value of voting stock held by nonaffiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price and shares outstanding, was approximately $91.3 billion as of January 31, 2020 (approximately $99.7 billion as of June 30, 2019, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter).

Shares of common stock outstanding at January 31, 2020: 575.6 million

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Parts of the Company’s definitive proxy statement (to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after Registrant’s fiscal year-end of December 31, 2019) for its annual meeting to be held on May 12, 2020, are incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K in response to Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.

3M COMPANY

FORM 10-K

For the Year Ended December 31, 2019

Pursuant to Part IV, Item 16, a summary of Form 10-K content follows, including hyperlinked cross-references (in the EDGAR filing). This allows users to easily locate the corresponding items in Form 10-K, where the disclosure is fully presented. The summary does not include certain Part III information that will be incorporated by reference from the proxy statement, which will be filed after this Form 10-K filing.

		Beginning Page
PART I
ITEM 1	Business	4
ITEM 1A	Risk Factors	10
ITEM 1B	Unresolved Staff Comments	13
ITEM 2	Properties	13
ITEM 3	Legal Proceedings	13
ITEM 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	13
PART II
ITEM 5	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	14
ITEM 6	Selected Financial Data	15
ITEM 7	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	16
	MD&A is designed to provide a reader of 3M’s financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of management. 3M’s MD&A is presented in eight sections:
	Overview	16
	Results of Operations	25
	Performance by Business Segment	30
	Performance by Geographic Area	37
	Critical Accounting Estimates	37
	New Accounting Pronouncements	41
	Financial Condition and Liquidity	41
	Financial Instruments	49
ITEM 7A	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	50
ITEM 8	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	51
	Index to Financial Statements	51
	Management’s Responsibility for Financial Reporting	51
	Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting	52
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	53
	Consolidated Statement of Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017	56
	Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017	57
	Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2019 and 2018	58

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		Beginning Page
ITEM 8	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (continued)
	Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017	59
	Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017	60
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	61
	Note 1. Significant Accounting Policies	61
	Note 2. Revenue	69
	Note 3. Acquisitions and Divestitures	71
	Note 4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets	74
	Note 5. Restructuring Actions	76
	Note 6. Supplemental Income Statement Information	78
	Note 7. Supplemental Balance Sheet Information	79
	Note 8. Supplemental Equity and Comprehensive Income Information	80
	Note 9. Supplemental Cash Flow Information	81
	Note 10. Income Taxes	82
	Note 11. Marketable Securities and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities	85
	Note 12. Long-Term Debt and Short-Term Borrowings	86
	Note 13. Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans	89
	Note 14. Derivatives	98
	Note 15. Fair Value Measurements	106
	Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies	109
	Note 17. Leases	124
	Note 18. Stock-Based Compensation	127
	Note 19. Business Segments and Geographic Information	130
	Note 20. Quarterly Data (Unaudited)	134
ITEM 9	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	135
ITEM 9A	Controls and Procedures	135
ITEM 9B	Other Information	135
PART III
ITEM 10	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	136
ITEM 11	Executive Compensation	136
ITEM 12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	137
ITEM 13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	137
ITEM 14	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	137
PART IV
ITEM 15	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	138
ITEM 16	Form 10-K Summary	140

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3M COMPANY

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

For the Year Ended December 31, 2019

PART I

Item 1. Business.

3M Company was incorporated in 1929 under the laws of the State of Delaware to continue operations begun in 1902. The Company’s ticker symbol is MMM. As used herein, the term “3M” or “Company” includes 3M Company and its subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise. In this document, for any references to Note 1 through Note 20, refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.

Available Information

The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including the Company, that file electronically with the SEC. The public can obtain any documents that the Company files with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. The Company files annual reports, quarterly reports, proxy statements and other documents with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act).

3M also makes available free of charge through its website (http://investors.3M.com) the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and, if applicable, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC.

General

3M is a diversified technology company with a global presence in the following businesses: Safety and Industrial; Transportation and Electronics; Health Care; and Consumer. 3M is among the leading manufacturers of products for many of the markets it serves. Most 3M products involve expertise in product development, manufacturing and marketing, and are subject to competition from products manufactured and sold by other technologically oriented companies.

At December 31, 2019, the Company employed 96,163 people (full-time equivalents), with 39,662 employed in the United States and 56,501 employed internationally.

Business Segments

As described in Notes 4 and 19, effective in the second quarter of 2019, the Company realigned its former five business segments into four to enable the Company to better serve global customers and markets. In addition, certain product lines were moved to better align with their respective end customers. Earlier in the first quarter of 2019, the Company changed its business segment reporting in its continuing effort to improve the alignment of businesses around markets and customers. These changes included the realignment of certain customer account activity in various countries (affecting dual credit reporting), creation of the Closure and Masking Systems and Medical Solutions divisions, and certain other actions that impacted segment reporting. Business segment information presented herein reflects the impact of these changes for all periods presented. 

3M manages its operations in four business segments. The reportable segments are Safety and Industrial, Transportation and Electronics, Health Care, and Consumer. 3M’s four business segments bring together common or related 3M technologies, enhancing the development of innovative products and services and providing for efficient sharing of business resources. Financial information and other disclosures relating to 3M’s business segments and operations in major geographic areas are provided in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Safety and Industrial Business: This segment includes businesses that serve the global industrial, electrical and safety markets. This business segment consists of personal safety, industrial adhesives and tapes, abrasives, closure and masking systems, electrical markets, automotive aftermarket, and roofing granules. This segment also includes the Communication Markets Division (which was substantially sold in 2018) and the refrigeration filtration product lines (within Other Safety and Industrial).

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This segment’s industrial offerings include tapes, a wide variety of coated, non-woven and bonded abrasives, adhesives, sealants, specialty materials, closure systems for personal hygiene products, and acoustic systems products. 3M is also a leading global supplier of precision grinding technology serving customers in the area of hard-to-grind precision applications in industrial, automotive, aircraft and cutting tools. Major products include vinyl, polyester, foil and specialty industrial tapes and adhesives; Scotch® Masking Tape, Scotch® Filament Tape and Scotch® Packaging Tape; packaging equipment; 3M™ VHB™ Bonding Tapes; conductive, low surface energy, sealants, hot melt, spray and structural adhesives; reclosable fasteners; label materials for durable goods; coated, nonwoven and microstructured surface finishing and grinding abrasives for the industrial market. In the first quarter of 2018, 3M divested a polymer additives compounding business and in May 2018 divested an abrasives glass products business.

This segment’s electrical offerings include infrastructure protection and renewable energy solutions. This segment serves the world’s electrical markets, including electrical utilities, electrical construction, maintenance and repair, original equipment manufacturers (OEM), outside plant and enterprise, as well as aerospace, military, automotive and medical markets, with products that enable the efficient transmission of electrical power. Products in this segment include pressure sensitive tapes and resins, electrical insulation, as well as the 3M™ Aluminum Conductor Composite Reinforced (ACCR) electrical power cable that increases transmission capacity for existing power lines. This segment also includes renewable energy component solutions for the solar and wind power industries, as well as infrastructure products solutions that provide municipalities both protection and detection solutions for electrical, oil, natural gas, water, rebar and other infrastructure assets. In June 2018, 3M completed the sale of substantially all of its Communication Markets Division, with the remaining telecommunications systems services portion based in Germany sold in December 2018.

This segment’s safety market offerings include personal protection products, such as certain disposable and reusable respirators, fall protection equipment, personal protective equipment, head and face protection, body protection, hearing protection and protective eyewear, plus reflective materials that are widely used on apparel, footwear and accessories, enhancing visibility in low-light situations. Other segment products include natural and color-coated mineral granules for asphalt shingles. In October 2017, 3M completed the acquisition of the underlying legal entities and associated assets of Scott Safety, a premier manufacturer of innovative products, including self-contained breathing apparatus systems, gas and flame detection instruments, and other safety devices that complement 3M’s personal safety portfolio. In January 2017, 3M sold the assets of its safety prescription eyewear business. In February 2018, 3M sold certain personal safety product offerings primarily focused on noise, environmental, and heat stress monitoring. In August 2019, 3M completed the sale of its gas and flame detection business.

Transportation and Electronics Business: This segment includes businesses that serve global transportation and electronic original equipment manufacturer (OEM) customers. This business segment consists of electronics (display materials and systems, electronic materials solutions), automotive and aerospace, commercial solutions, advanced materials, and transportation safety.

This segment’s transportation-related businesses include components and products that are used in the manufacture, repair and maintenance of automotive, marine, aircraft and specialty vehicles; fluoroelastomers for seals, tubes and gaskets in engines; Thinsulate™ Acoustic Insulation and components for cabin noise reduction and catalytic converters; functional and decorative graphics; abrasion-resistant films; adhesives; sealants; masking tapes; fasteners and tapes for attaching nameplates, trim, moldings, interior panels and carpeting; coated, nonwoven and microstructured finishing and grinding abrasives; structural adhesives; and other specialty materials. In transportation safety, 3M provides reflective sheeting used on highway signs, construction work-zone devices, trucks and other vehicles, and also provides pavement marking systems. In May 2017, 3M completed the divestiture of its identity management business. In June 2017, 3M also completed the sale of its tolling and automated license/number plate recognition business and in October 2017, sold its electronic monitoring business.

This segment’s electronics solutions include the display materials and systems business, which provides films that serve numerous market segments of the electronic display industry. 3M provides distinct products for five market segments, including products for: 1) computer monitors 2) televisions 3) handheld devices such as cellular phones and tablets 4) notebook PCs and 5) automotive displays. This segment also provides computer screen filters that address display light control, privacy, and glare reduction needs. Major electronics products also include packaging and interconnection devices; high performance fluids and abrasives used in the manufacture of computer chips, and for cooling electronics and lubricating computer hard disk drives; and high-temperature and display tapes. Flexible circuits use electronic packaging and interconnection technology, providing more connections in less space, and are used in ink-jet printer cartridges, cell phones and electronic devices. This segment also includes touch systems products, including touch screens, touch monitors, and touch sensor components.

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Other businesses within this segment include major commercial products such as films, inks, and related products used to produce graphics for vehicles, signs and interior surfaces; spill-control sorbents; nonwoven abrasive materials for floor maintenance and commercial cleaning; and floor matting. 3M also develops and produces advanced technical ceramics for demanding applications in the automotive, oil and gas, solar, industrial, electronics and defense industries.

Health Care Business: Products and services provided to these and other markets include medical and surgical supplies, skin health and infection prevention products, oral care solutions (dental and orthodontic products), separation and purification sciences, health information systems, inhalation and transdermal drug delivery systems, and food safety products.

In medical solutions, 3M is a supplier of medical tapes, dressings, wound closure products, and orthopedic casting materials, in addition to acute wound care, skin integrity and disinfecting port protection products. 3M also markets a variety of surgical drapes, masks and preps, electrodes, stethoscopes, as well as sterilization assurance equipment and patient warming solutions designed to prevent hypothermia in surgical settings. In our drug delivery systems business, our products include metered-dose inhalers and transdermal skin patches and related components. This segment also includes a comprehensive line of filtration products for the separation, clarification and purification of fluids and gases. Oral care solutions include restoratives, adhesives, finishing and polishing products, crowns, impression materials, preventive sealants, professional tooth whiteners, prophylaxis and orthodontic appliances, as well as digital workflow solutions to transform traditional impression and analog processes. In health information systems, 3M develops and markets computer software for hospital coding, recording, and data classification and provides related consulting services. 3M provides food safety products that make it faster and easier for food processors to test the microbiological quality of food. In September 2017, 3M purchased all of the ownership interests of Elution Technologies, LLC, a Vermont-based manufacturer of test kits that help enable food and beverage companies ensure their products are free from certain potentially harmful allergens such as peanuts, soy or milk. In February 2019, 3M completed the acquisition of the technology business of M*Model. M*Model’s technology business provides cloud-based, conversational artificial intelligence powered systems that expand 3M’s Health Information Systems business. In October, 2019, 3M completed the acquisition of Acelity Inc. and its KCI subsidiaries. Acelity is a leading global medical technology company focused on advanced wound care and specialty surgical applications marketed under the KCI brand that expand 3M’s presence in advanced and surgical wound care within 3M’s medical solutions division.

Consumer Business: This business serves global consumers and consists of home improvement, stationery and office supplies, home care, and consumer health care. This segment also includes, within the Construction and Home Improvement Division, certain retail auto care product lines. Products in this segment include office supply products, stationery products, home improvement products (do-it-yourself), home care products, protective material products, certain consumer retail personal safety products, and consumer health care products.

Major consumer products include Scotch® brand products, such as Scotch® Magic™ Tape, Scotch® Glue Stick and Scotch® Cushioned Mailer; Post-it® Products, such as Post-it® Flags, Post-it® Extreme Notes, Post-it® Note Pads, Post-it® Labeling & Cover-up Tape, and Post-it® Pop-up Notes and Dispensers; home improvement products, including ScotchBlue™ painter tapes, surface-preparation and wood-finishing materials, Command™ Adhesive Products and Filtrete™ Filters for furnaces and air conditioners and Filtrete™ Room Air Purifiers; home care products, including Scotch-Brite® Scour Pads, Scotch-Brite® Scrub Sponges, Scotch-Brite® Microfiber Cloth products, O-Cel-O™ Sponges; protective material products, such as Scotchgard™ Fabric Protectors; certain maintenance-free respirators; certain consumer retail personal safety products, including safety glasses, hearing protectors, and 3M Thinsulate™ Insulation, which is used in jackets, pants, gloves, hats and boots to keep people warm; Nexcare™ Adhesive Bandages; and ACE® branded (and related brands) elastic bandage, supports and thermometer product lines. Retail auto care product offerings include paint finishing and detailing products, including a complete system of cleaners, dressings, polishes, waxes and other products.

Distribution

3M products are sold through numerous distribution channels, including directly to users and through numerous e-commerce and traditional wholesalers, retailers, jobbers, distributors and dealers in a wide variety of trades in many countries around the world. Management believes the confidence of wholesalers, retailers, jobbers, distributors and dealers in 3M and its products — a confidence developed through long association with skilled marketing and sales representatives — has contributed significantly to 3M’s position in the marketplace and to its growth.

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Research and Patents

Research and product development constitutes an important part of 3M’s activities and has been a major driver of 3M’s sales and profit growth. Research, development and related expenses totaled $1.911 billion in 2019, $1.821 billion in 2018 and $1.870 billion in 2017. Research and development, covering basic scientific research and the application of scientific advances in the development of new and improved products and their uses, totaled $1.253 billion in 2019, $1.253 billion in 2018 and $1.352 billion in 2017. Related expenses primarily include technical support; internally developed patent costs, which include costs and fees incurred to prepare, file, secure and maintain patents; amortization of externally acquired patents and externally acquired in-process research and development; and gains/losses associated with certain corporate approved investments in R&D-related ventures, such as equity method effects and impairments.

The Company’s products are sold around the world under various trademarks. The Company also owns, or holds licenses to use, numerous U.S. and foreign patents. The Company’s research and development activities generate a steady stream of inventions that are covered by new patents. Patents applicable to specific products extend for varying periods according to the date of patent application filing or patent grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained. The actual protection afforded by a patent, which can vary from country to country, depends upon the type of patent, the scope of its coverage and the availability of legal remedies in the country.

The Company believes that its patents provide an important competitive advantage in many of its businesses. In general, no single patent or group of related patents is in itself essential to the Company as a whole or to any of the Company’s business segments.

Raw Materials

In 2019, the Company experienced raw material price inflation across many material markets in all geographies. In response, the Company continued to deploy productivity projects to minimize the impact of raw material inflation and market supply challenges, including input management, reformulations, and multi-sourcing activities. These succeeded in partially offsetting the overall raw material headwinds experienced throughout the year. To date, the Company is receiving sufficient quantities of all raw materials to meet its reasonably foreseeable production requirements. It is difficult to predict future shortages of raw materials or the impact any such shortages would have. 3M has avoided disruption to its manufacturing operations through careful management of existing raw material inventories, strategic relationships with key suppliers, and development as well as qualification of additional supply sources. 3M manages spend category price risks through negotiated supply contracts, price protection agreements and commodity price swaps. In addition, 3M evaluates suppliers’ conformance with environmental and social compliance requirements.

Environmental Law Compliance

3M’s manufacturing operations are affected by national, state and local environmental laws around the world. 3M has made, and plans to continue making, necessary expenditures for compliance with applicable laws. 3M is also involved in remediation actions relating to environmental matters from past operations at certain sites (refer to “Environmental Matters and Litigation” in Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies).

Environmental expenditures relating to existing conditions caused by past operations that do not contribute to current or future revenues are expensed. Reserves for liabilities for anticipated remediation costs are recorded on an undiscounted basis when they are probable and reasonably estimable, generally no later than the completion of feasibility studies, the Company’s commitment to a plan of action, or approval by regulatory agencies. Environmental expenditures for capital projects that contribute to current or future operations generally are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives.

In 2019, 3M expended approximately $59 million for capital projects related to protecting the environment. This amount excludes expenditures for remediation actions relating to existing matters caused by past operations that do not contribute to current or future revenues, which are expensed. Capital expenditures for environmental purposes have included pollution control devices — such as wastewater treatment plant improvements, scrubbers, containment structures, solvent recovery units and thermal oxidizers — at new and existing facilities constructed or upgraded in the normal course of business. The Company places consistent emphasis on environmental responsibility. While capital expenditures (other than for remediation projects) for known projects are presently expected to be approximately $150 million to $220 million over the next two years for new or expanded programs to build facilities or modify manufacturing processes to minimize waste and reduce emissions, 3M cannot predict with certainty whether future costs of

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such cleanup activities, capital expenditures or operating costs for environmental compliance will have a material effect on its capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position.

Information about our Executive Officers

Following is a list of the executive officers of 3M, and their age, present position, the year elected to their present position and other positions they have held during the past five years. No family relationships exist among any of the executive officers named, nor is there any undisclosed arrangement or understanding pursuant to which any person was selected as an officer. This information is presented in the table below as of the date of the 10-K filing (February 6, 2020).

Name	Age	Present Position	Year Elected to Present Position	Other Positions Held During 2015-2019
Michael F. Roman	60	Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer	2019	Chief Executive Officer, 2018-2019 Chief Operating Officer and Executive Vice President, 2017-2018 Executive Vice President, Industrial Business Group, 2014-2017
John P. Banovetz	52	Senior Vice President, Research and Development and Chief Technology Officer	2017	Managing Director, DACH Region, 2016-2017 Vice President, Corporate Research Laboratory, Research and Development, 2015-2016 Global Business Director, Industrial Adhesives and Tapes Division, 2012-2015
Julie L. Bushman	58	Executive Vice President, International Operations	2017	Senior Vice President, Business Transformation and Information Technology, 2013-2017
Ivan K. Fong	58	Senior Vice President, Legal Affairs and General Counsel	2012
Nicholas C. Gangestad	55	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	2014
Eric D. Hammes	45	Senior Vice President, Enterprise Operations	2019	Senior Vice President, Manufacturing & Supply Chain, 2019 Senior Vice President, Business Transformation & Information Technology, 2017-2019 Vice President, Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer, 2014-2017
Paul A. Keel	50	Executive Vice President, Consumer Business Group	2019	Senior Vice President, Business Development and Marketing-Sales, 2017-2019 Senior Vice President, Supply Chain, 2014-2017
Ashish K. Khandpur	52	Executive Vice President, Transportation & Electronics Business Group	2019	Executive Vice President, Electronics & Energy Business Group, 2017-2019 Senior Vice President, Research and Development, and Chief Technology Officer, 2014-2017
Kristen M. Ludgate	57	Senior Vice President, Human Resources	2018	Senior Vice President, Corporate Communications and Enterprise Services, 2018 Vice President, Global Human Resources Business Operations, Human Resources, 2017-2018 Vice President, Associate General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer, Compliance and Business Conduct, 2015-2017 Associate General Counsel, Labor and Employment, Office of General Counsel, 2013-2015
Mojdeh Poul	57	Executive Vice President, Health Care Business Group	2019	Executive Vice President, Safety and Graphics Business Group, 2018-2019 President and General Manager, 3M Canada, 2016-2018 Vice President and General Manager, Infection Prevention Division, 2014-2016

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Name	Age	Present Position	Year Elected to Present Position	Other Positions Held During 2015-2019
Denise R. Rutherford	57	Senior Vice President, Corporate Affairs	2019	Vice President, Research & Development and Commercialization, Industrial Business Group, 2017-2019 Managing Director, 3M Japan, 2016-2017 Vice President, Greater China Area and Managing Director, 3M China, 2015-2016 Vice President, Latin America, 2013-2015
Stephen M. Shafer	44	Senior Vice President, 3M Strategy & Business Development	2019	Senior Vice President, Business Development and Marketing-Sales, 2019 Vice President, Greater China Area and Managing Director, 3M China, 2016-2019 Vice President, Business Transformation, 2014-2016
Ty R. Silberhorn	52	Senior Vice President, Business Transformation and Information Technology	2019	Vice President and General Manager, Industrial Adhesives and Tapes Division, 2015-2019
Michael G. Vale	53	Executive Vice President, Safety and Industrial Business Group	2019	Executive Vice President, Health Care Business Group, 2016-2019 Executive Vice President, Consumer Business Group, 2012-2016

Cautionary Note Concerning Factors That May Affect Future Results

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The Company may also make forward-looking statements in other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in materials delivered to shareholders and in press releases. In addition, the Company’s representatives may from time to time make oral forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements relate to future events and typically address the Company’s expected future business and financial performance. Words such as “plan,” “expect,” “aim,” “believe,” “project,” “target,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “forecast” and other words and terms of similar meaning, typically identify such forward-looking statements. In particular, these include, among others, statements relating to:

● the Company’s strategy for growth, future revenues, earnings, cash flow, uses of cash and other measures of financial performance, and market position,

● worldwide economic, political, regulatory, capital markets and other external conditions, such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, financial conditions of our suppliers and customers, trade restrictions such as tariffs in addition to retaliatory counter measures, and natural and other disasters or climate change affecting the operations of the Company or our suppliers and customers,

● new business opportunities, product development, and future performance or results of current or anticipated products,

● the scope, nature or impact of acquisition, strategic alliance and divestiture activities,

● liabilities related to certain fluorochemicals and the outcome of contingencies, such as legal and regulatory proceedings,

● future levels of indebtedness, common stock repurchases and capital spending,

● future availability of and access to credit markets,

● pension and postretirement obligation assumptions and future contributions,

● asset impairments,

● tax liabilities,

● information technology security, and

● the effects of changes in tax (including the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act), environmental and other laws and regulations in the United States and other countries in which we operate.

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The Company assumes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions and expectations of future events and trends that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual future results and trends may differ materially from historical results or those reflected in any such forward-looking statements depending on a variety of factors. Important information as to these factors can be found in this document, including, among others, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under the headings of “Overview,” “Financial Condition and Liquidity,” and annually in “Critical Accounting Estimates.” Discussion of these factors is incorporated by reference from Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of this document, and should be considered an integral part of Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” For additional information concerning factors that may cause actual results to vary materially from those stated in the forward-looking statements, see our reports on Form 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K filed with the SEC from time to time.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Provided below is a cautionary discussion of what we believe to be the most important risk factors applicable to the Company. Discussion of these factors is incorporated by reference into and considered an integral part of Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations.”

* Results are impacted by the effects of, and changes in, worldwide economic, political, regulatory, capital markets and other external conditions. The Company operates in more than 70 countries and derives approximately 60 percent of its revenues from outside the United States. The Company’s business is subject to global competition and geopolitical risks and has been and will in the future be adversely affected by factors in the United States and other countries that are beyond its control, such as slower economic growth, disruptions in financial markets, economic downturns in the form of either contained or widespread recessionary conditions, inflation, elevated unemployment levels, sluggish or uneven recovery, government actions impacting international trade agreements, imposing trade restrictions such as tariffs, and retaliatory counter measures, government deficit reduction and other austerity measures in specific countries or regions, or in the various industries in which the Company operates; social, political or labor conditions in specific countries or regions; natural and other disasters, including public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, affecting the operations of the Company or its customers and suppliers; or adverse changes in the availability and cost of capital, interest rates, tax rates, tax laws, or exchange control, ability to expatriate earnings and other regulations in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. Natural occurrences and human activities are increasingly releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to changes in the earth’s climate. Climate change, as well as related environmental and social regulations, may negatively impact the Company or its customers and suppliers, in terms of availability and cost of natural resources, sources and supply of energy, product demand and manufacturing, and the health and well-being of individuals and communities in which we operate.

* The Company faces liabilities related to certain fluorochemicals, which could adversely impact our results.

As previously reported, the Company has been voluntarily cooperating with various local, state, federal (primarily the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)), and international agencies in their review of the environmental and health effects of a broad group of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances produced by the Company, collectively known as “PFAS.” The PFAS group contains several categories and classes of durable chemicals and materials with properties that include oil, water, temperature, chemical and fire resistance, as well as electrical insulating properties. The strength of the carbon-fluorine bond also means that these compounds do not easily degrade. These characteristics have made PFAS critical to the manufacture of electronic devices such as cell phones, tablets and semi-conductors. They are also used to help prevent infections in products like surgical gowns and drapes. Commercial aircraft and low-emissions vehicles also rely on PFAS technology. PFAS compounds are manufactured by various companies, including 3M, and are used in everyday products. As science and technology evolve and advance, and in response to evolving knowledge and the understanding that PFAS compounds had the potential to build up over time, 3M announced in 2000 that we would voluntarily phase out production of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) globally as a precautionary measure. We phased out of materials used to produce certain repellants and surfactant products, with most of these activities in the U.S. completed by the end of 2002. Phased out products included Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) and coatings for food packaging, for example. 3M currently is defending lawsuits concerning various PFAS-related products and chemistries, and is subject to unasserted and asserted claims and governmental regulatory proceedings and inquiries related to the production and use of PFAS in a variety of jurisdictions, as discussed in Note 16, “Commitments and Contingencies,” within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. An adverse outcome in any one or more of these matters could be material to our financial results. For example, we recorded a pre-tax charge of $897 million, inclusive of legal fees and other related obligations, in the first quarter of 2018 with respect to the settlement of a matter brought by the State of Minnesota involving the presence of PFAS in the groundwater, surface

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water, fish or other aquatic life, and sediments in the state. Governmental inquiries or lawsuits involving PFAS could lead to our incurring liability for damages or other costs, civil or criminal proceedings, the imposition of fines and penalties, or other remedies, as well as restrictions on or added costs for our business operations going forward, including in the form of restrictions on discharges at our manufacturing facilities or otherwise.

* The Company’s future results may be affected by various asserted and unasserted legal and regulatory proceedings and legal compliance risks, including those involving product liability, antitrust, intellectual property, environmental, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-bribery laws, U.S. trade sanctions compliance, regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and similar foreign agencies, U.S. federal healthcare program-related laws and regulations including the False Claims Act, anti-kickback laws, the Sunshine Act, or other matters. The outcome of these legal proceedings may differ from the Company’s expectations because the outcomes of litigation, including regulatory matters, are often difficult to reliably predict. Although the Company maintains general liability insurance, the amount of liability that may result from certain of these risks may not always be covered by, or could exceed, the applicable insurance coverage. Various factors or developments can lead the Company to change current estimates of liabilities and related insurance receivables where applicable, or make such estimates for matters previously not susceptible of reasonable estimates, such as a significant judicial ruling or judgment, a significant settlement, significant regulatory developments or changes in applicable law. A future adverse ruling, settlement or unfavorable development could result in future charges that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or cash flows in any particular period. In addition, negative publicity related to product liability, environmental, health and safety matters involving the Company may negatively impact the Company’s reputation. For a more detailed discussion of the legal proceedings involving the Company and the associated accounting estimates, see the discussion in Note 16, “Commitments and Contingencies,” within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

* The Company’s results are affected by competitive conditions and customer preferences. Demand for the Company’s products, which impacts revenue and profit margins, is affected by (i) the development and timing of the introduction of competitive products; (ii) the Company’s response to downward pricing to stay competitive; (iii) changes in customer order patterns, such as changes in the levels of inventory maintained by customers and the timing of customer purchases which may be affected by announced price changes, changes in the Company’s incentive programs, or the customer’s ability to achieve incentive goals; (iv) changes in customers’ preferences for our products, including the success of products offered by our competitors, and changes in customer designs for their products that can affect the demand for some of the Company’s products; and (v) changes in the business environment related to disruptive technologies, such as artificial intelligence, block-chain, expanded analytics and other enhanced learnings from increasing volume of available data.

* Foreign currency exchange rates and fluctuations in those rates may affect the Company’s ability to realize projected growth rates in its sales and earnings. Because the Company’s financial statements are denominated in U.S. dollars and approximately 60 percent of the Company’s revenues are derived from outside the United States, the Company’s results of operations and its ability to realize projected growth rates in sales and earnings could be adversely affected if the U.S. dollar strengthens significantly against foreign currencies.

* The Company’s growth objectives are largely dependent on the timing and market acceptance of its new product offerings, including its ability to continually renew its pipeline of new products and to bring those products to market. This ability is subject to difficulties or delays in product development, such as the inability to identify viable new products, obtain adequate intellectual property protection, or gain market acceptance of new products. There are no guarantees that new products will prove to be commercially successful.

* The Company’s future results are subject to fluctuations in the costs and availability of purchased components, compounds, raw materials and energy, including oil and natural gas and their derivatives, due to shortages, increased demand, supply interruptions, currency exchange risks, natural disasters and other factors. The Company depends on various components, compounds, raw materials, and energy (including oil and natural gas and their derivatives) supplied by others for the manufacturing of its products. Supplier relationships have been and could be interrupted in the future due to natural and other disasters and other events, or be terminated. Any sustained interruption in the Company’s receipt of adequate supplies could have a material adverse effect on the Company. In addition, while the Company has a process to minimize volatility in component and material pricing, no assurance can be given that the Company will be able to successfully manage price fluctuations or that future price fluctuations or shortages will not have a material adverse effect on the Company.

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* The Company employs information technology systems to support its business, including ongoing phased implementation of an ERP system as part of business transformation on a worldwide basis over the next several years. Security breaches and other disruptions to the Company’s information technology infrastructure could interfere with the Company’s operations, compromise information belonging to the Company or its customers, suppliers, and employees, exposing the Company to liability which could adversely impact the Company’s business and reputation. In the ordinary course of business, the Company relies on centralized and local information technology networks and systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of businesses. Additionally, the Company collects and stores certain data, including proprietary business information, and has access to confidential or personal information in certain of our businesses that is subject to privacy and security laws, regulations and customer-imposed controls. Despite our cybersecurity measures (including employee and third-party training, monitoring of networks and systems, patching, maintenance, and backup of systems and data), the Company’s information technology networks and infrastructure are still potentially be vulnerable to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to attacks by hackers, breaches, employee error or malfeasance, power outages, computer viruses, ransomware, telecommunication or utility failures, systems failures, service or cloud provider breaches, natural disasters or other catastrophic events. It is possible for such vulnerabilities to remain undetected for an extended period, up to and including several years. While we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, these types of vulnerabilities to the Company’s information technology networks and infrastructure, none of them to date has had a material impact to the Company. There may be other challenges and risks as the Company upgrades and standardizes its ERP system on a worldwide basis. Any such events could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or penalties under privacy laws, disruptions or shutdowns, and damage to the Company’s reputation, which could adversely affect the Company’s business. Although the Company maintains insurance coverage for various cybersecurity and business continuity risks, there can be no guarantee that all costs or losses incurred will be fully insured.

* Acquisitions, strategic alliances, divestitures, and other unusual events resulting from portfolio management actions and other evolving business strategies, and possible organizational restructuring could affect future results. The Company monitors its business portfolio and organizational structure and has made and may continue to make acquisitions, strategic alliances, divestitures and changes to its organizational structure. With respect to acquisitions, including, for example, the recently completed acquisition of Acelity, Inc. and its KCI subsidiaries (a leading global medical technology company), future results will be affected by the Company’s ability to integrate acquired businesses quickly and obtain the anticipated synergies. The Company realigned from five to four business segments, effective in April of 2019, to better serve its global customers and markets. Successful execution of the realignment and the associated adjustments of our portfolio and business operating model, as well as other organizational changes, will be important to the Company’s future results.

* The Company’s future results may be affected by its operational execution, including scenarios where the Company generates fewer productivity improvements than estimated. The Company’s financial results depend on the successful execution of its business operating plans. The Company utilizes various tools, such as Lean Six Sigma, and engages in ongoing global business transformation. Business transformation is defined as changes in processes and internal/external service delivery across 3M to move to more efficient business models to improve operational efficiency and productivity, while allowing 3M to serve customers with greater speed and efficiency. This is enabled by the ongoing multi-year phased implementation of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. There can be no assurance that all of the projected productivity improvements will be realized. Operational challenges, including those related to productivity improvements, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial conditions and results of operations.

* The Company's defined benefit pension and postretirement plans are subject to financial market risks that could adversely impact our results. The performance of financial markets and discount rates impact the Company's funding obligations under its defined benefit plans. Significant changes in market interest rates, decreases in the fair value of plan assets and investment losses on plan assets, and legislative or regulatory changes relating to defined benefit plan funding may increase the Company's funding obligations and adversely impact its results of operations and cash flows.

* Change in the Company’s credit ratings could increase cost of funding. The Company’s credit ratings are important to 3M’s cost of capital. The major rating agencies routinely evaluate the Company’s credit profile and assign debt ratings to 3M. This evaluation is based on a number of factors, which include financial strength, business and financial risk, as well as transparency with rating agencies and timeliness of financial reporting. 3M currently has an A1 credit rating with a stable outlook from Moody’s Investors Service and has an AA- credit rating with Standard & Poor’s; Standard & Poor’s placed 3M on “CreditWatch Negative” in January 2020. The Company’s credit ratings have served to lower 3M’s borrowing costs and facilitate access to a variety of lenders. The addition of further leverage to the Company’s capital structure could impact 3M’s credit ratings in the future. Failure to maintain

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strong investment grade ratings would adversely affect the Company’s cost of funding and could adversely affect liquidity and access to capital markets.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties.

In the U.S., 3M’s general offices, corporate research laboratories, and certain division laboratories are located in St. Paul, Minnesota. The Company operates 71 manufacturing facilities in 29 states. Internationally, the Company operates 100 manufacturing and converting facilities in 35 countries.

3M owns the majority of its physical properties. 3M’s physical facilities are highly suitable for the purposes for which they were designed. Because 3M is a global enterprise characterized by substantial intersegment cooperation, properties are often used by multiple business segments.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Discussion of legal matters is incorporated by reference from Part II, Item 8, Note 16, “Commitments and Contingencies,” of this document, and should be considered an integral part of Part I, Item 3, “Legal Proceedings.”

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Pursuant to Section 1503 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Act”), the Company is required to disclose, in connection with the mines it operates, information concerning mine safety violations or other regulatory matters in its periodic reports filed with the SEC. For the year 2019, the information concerning mine safety violations or other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Act is included in Exhibit 95 to this annual report.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Equity compensation plans’ information is incorporated by reference from Part III, Item 12, “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters,” of this document, and should be considered an integral part of Item 5. At January 31, 2020, there were 73,905 shareholders of record. 3M’s stock ticker symbol is MMM and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, Inc. (NYSE), the Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc., and the SWX Swiss Exchange. Cash dividends declared and paid totaled $1.44 and $1.36 per share for each quarter in 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Repurchases of 3M common stock are made to support the Company’s stock-based employee compensation plans and for other corporate purposes. In November 2018, 3M’s Board of Directors replaced the Company’s February 2016 repurchase program with a new repurchase program. This new program authorizes the repurchase of up to $10 billion of 3M’s outstanding common stock, with no pre-established end date.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

(registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act)

					Maximum
					Approximate
					Dollar Value of
				Total Number of	Shares that May
				Shares Purchased	Yet Be Purchased
	Total Number of	Average Price		as Part of Publicly	under the Plans
	Shares Purchased	Paid per		Announced Plans	or Programs
Period	(1)	Share		or Programs (2)	(Millions)
January 1-31, 2019	1,723,445	$	192.18	1,723,187	$	9,065
February 1-28, 2019	1,052,365	$	204.91	1,048,301	$	8,850
March 1-31, 2019	355,200	$	204.83	355,200	$	8,777
Total January 1-March 31, 2019	3,131,010	$	197.89	3,126,688	$	8,777
April 1-30, 2019	—	$	—	—	$	8,777
May 1-31, 2019	1,172,572	$	170.30	1,172,572	$	8,578
June 1-30, 2019	1,197,673	$	169.25	1,197,673	$	8,375
Total April 1-June 30, 2019	2,370,245	$	169.77	2,370,245	$	8,375
July 1-31, 2019	240,464	$	173.41	240,358	$	8,333
August 1-31, 2019	333,679	$	161.29	332,239	$	8,280
September 1-30, 2019	276,127	$	166.25	276,127	$	8,234
Total July 1-September 30, 2019	850,270	$	166.33	848,724	$	8,234
October 1-31, 2019	279,237	$	161.31	279,237	$	8,189
November 1-30, 2019	322,500	$	170.75	322,500	$	8,134
December 1-31, 2019	358,079	$	171.49	358,079	$	8,072
Total October 1-December 31, 2019	959,816	$	168.28	959,816	$	8,072
Total January 1-December 31, 2019	7,311,341	$	181.22	7,305,473	$	8,072

(1) The total number of shares purchased includes: (i) shares purchased under the Board’s authorizations described above, and (ii) shares purchased in connection with the exercise of stock options.

(2) The total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs includes shares purchased under the Board’s authorizations described above.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data.

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)	2019*		2018**		2017		2016		2015
Years ended December 31:
Net sales	$	32,136	$	32,765	$	31,657	$	30,109	$	30,274
Net income attributable to 3M		4,570		5,349		4,858		5,050		4,833
Per share of 3M common stock:
Net income attributable to 3M — basic		7.92		9.09		8.13		8.35		7.72
Net income attributable to 3M — diluted		7.81		8.89		7.93		8.16		7.58
Cash dividends declared per 3M common share		5.76		5.44		4.70		4.44		3.075
Cash dividends paid per 3M common share		5.76		5.44		4.70		4.44		4.10
At December 31:
Total assets	$	44,659	$	36,500	$	37,987	$	32,906	$	32,883
Long-term debt (excluding portion due within one year) and long-term lease obligations		17,629		13,486		12,156		10,723		8,799

* The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02 and related standards (collectively, Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 842, Leases), as described in Note 1, on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method of adoption. The adoption resulted in the recording of right of use assets and associated lease liabilities of $0.8 billion each as of January 1, 2019, $0.5 billion of which relates to long-term operating lease obligations.

** The Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09 and related standards (collectively, ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers), as described in Note 2, on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method of adoption, the impact of which was not material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition. Prior periods have not been restated.

Cash dividends declared and paid totaled $1.44 and $1.36 per share for each quarter in 2019 and 2018, respectively. 3M typically declares and pays dividends in the same quarter.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is designed to provide a reader of 3M’s financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of management. 3M’s MD&A is presented in eight sections:

● Overview

● Results of Operations

● Performance by Business Segment

● Performance by Geographic Area

● Critical Accounting Estimates

● New Accounting Pronouncements

● Financial Condition and Liquidity

● Financial Instruments

Forward-looking statements in Item 7 may involve risks and uncertainties that could cause results to differ materially from those projected (refer to the section entitled “Cautionary Note Concerning Factors That May Affect Future Results” in Item 1 and the risk factors provided in Item 1A for discussion of these risks and uncertainties).

OVERVIEW

3M is a diversified global manufacturer, technology innovator and marketer of a wide variety of products and services. As more fully described in both the Performance by Business Segment section in MD&A and in Note 19, effective in the second quarter of 2019, the Company realigned its former five business segments into four and moved certain product lines to better align with their respective end customers. Earlier in the first quarter of 2019, the Company changed its business segment reporting in its continuing effort to improve the alignment of businesses around markets and customers. Business segment information presented herein reflects the impact of these changes for all periods presented. 3M manages its operations in four operating business segments: Safety and Industrial; Transportation and Electronics; Health Care; and Consumer. From a geographic perspective, any references to EMEA refer to Europe, Middle East and Africa on a combined basis.

Earnings per share (EPS) attributable to 3M common shareholders – diluted:

The following table provides the increase (decrease) in diluted earnings per share for 2019 compared to the same period last year, in addition to 2018 compared to 2017. As applicable, certain items in the table reflect specific income tax rates associated therewith.

	Year ended December 31,
(Earnings per diluted share)	2019		2018
Same period last year	$	8.89	$	7.93
Significant litigation-related charges		1.28		—
TCJA enactment		0.29		1.24
Same period last year, excluding significant litigation-related charges and TCJA enactment	$	10.46	$	9.17
Increase/(decrease) in earnings per share - diluted, due to:
2017 divestiture of identity management business		—		(0.54)
2018 divestiture of Communication Markets Division, net of related restructuring actions		(0.50)		0.50
Organic growth/productivity and other		(0.60)		0.74
2019 restructuring actions		(0.41)		—
Acquisitions/divestitures		(0.07)		(0.15)
Foreign exchange impacts		—		(0.05)
Income tax rate		—		0.61
Shares of common stock outstanding		0.22		0.18
Current period, excluding significant litigation-related charges, TCJA measurement period adjustment, and Venezuelan deconsolidation	$	9.10	$	10.46
Significant litigation-related charges		(1.01)		(1.28)
TCJA measurement period adjustment		—		(0.29)
Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuelan subsidiary		(0.28)		—
Current period	$	7.81	$	8.89

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Year 2019 EPS:

For year ended December 31, 2019, net income attributable to 3M was $4.570 billion, or $7.81 per diluted share basis, compared to $5.349 billion, or $8.89 per diluted share, for year ended December 31, 2018, a decrease of 12.1 percent on a per diluted share basis.

The Company refers to various “adjusted” amounts or measures on an “adjusted basis”. These exclude the 2019 charge related to the deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary, the 2018 and 2019 significant litigation-related charges, and the 2017 enactment and 2018 measurement period adjustments to the provisional amounts recorded related to the 2017 enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). These non-GAAP measures are further described and reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures in the Certain amounts adjusted for impacts of significant litigation-related charges, deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary, and enactment/measurement period adjustments related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) - (non-GAAP measures) section below.

On an adjusted basis, net income attributable to 3M was $5.322 billion, or $9.10 per diluted share for 2019 compared to $6.295 billion, or $10.46 per diluted share for 2018, a decrease of 13.0 percent on a per diluted share basis.

For 2019, while 3M experienced sales growth in its Consumer and Health Care segments, this was more than offset by declines in 3M’s Safety and Industrial and Transportation and Electronics segments. These two businesses were impacted by softness in certain end markets (China, automotive and electronics) and channel inventory adjustments, particularly within Asia Pacific and the United States. Earnings were also impacted by second quarter restructuring actions taken to address lower sales volumes, as well as inventory reductions to drive improved cash flow. Further restructuring actions were taken in fourth quarter to realign 3M’s organizational structure and operating model to improve growth and operational efficiency. Partially offsetting these impacts were benefits in the second half of 2019 from the second quarter restructuring actions.

Additional discussion related to the components of the year-on-year change in earnings per diluted share follows:

2018 divestiture of Communication Markets Division, net of related restructuring actions:

● In 2018, 3M completed the sale of substantially all of its Communication Markets Division and reflected a pre-tax gain of $509 million as a result of this divestiture and was reported within the Company’s Safety and Industrial business. During 2018, management approved and committed to undertake certain restructuring actions as further described in Note 5, related to addressing corporate functional costs following the Communication Markets Division divestiture resulting in a 2018 pre-tax charge of $127 million, net of adjustments for reductions in cost estimates of $10 million. The aggregate net impact of the gain on sale and related restructuring actions increased earnings per diluted share by 50 cents per diluted share for the full year 2018.

Organic growth/productivity and other:

● Negative organic local-currency sales growth as a result of softness in certain end markets and channel inventory adjustments, along with actions taken by 3M in response to lower sales volumes and high inventory levels, which resulted in lower manufacturing and inventory absorption, reduced earnings per diluted share. Partially offsetting these impacts were benefits from restructuring actions taken in the second quarter of 2019.

● Defined benefit pension and postretirement service cost expense decreased expense year-on-year, which benefited earnings per diluted share.

● Lower income related to non-service cost components of pension and postretirement expense, increased expense year-on-year.

● Interest expense (net of interest income) increased $88 million for 2019, as a result of higher U.S. average debt balances, partially offset by the increase in interest income driven by higher balances in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities during the year resulting from the proceeds from debt issuances in advance of the October 2019 Acelity acquisition.

2019 restructuring actions:

● During the second quarter of 2019, in light of slower than expected 2019 sales, and additionally in the fourth quarter to realign 3M’s organizational structure and operating model to improve growth and operational efficiency, management approved and committed to undertake certain restructuring actions. The Company recorded a fourth quarter 2019 pre-tax

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charge of $134 million and second quarter 2019 pre-tax charge of $148 million, which when combined, resulted in a full year 2019 impact of 41 cents per diluted share. See Note 5 for additional details.

Acquisitions/divestitures:

● Acquisition impacts, which are measured for the first twelve months post-transaction, relate to the acquisitions of M*Modal (first quarter 2019), and Acelity (fourth quarter 2019). These items collectively decreased earnings per diluted share by 19 cents year-on-year for 2019. The net impacts related to these acquisitions included income from operations, more than offset by transaction and integration costs. Interest expense related to financing costs of these acquisitions is also included. Expenses related to the October 2019 acquisition of Acelity also include financing costs and the tax effect of repatriating funds in advance of the close of the acquisition.

● Divestiture impacts include the incremental year-on-year pre-tax gain on divestitures and the lost operating income from divested businesses (other than lost income related to the divestiture of the Communication Markets Division). These items collectively increased earnings per diluted share by 16 cents year-on-year for 2019. The net impacts included 14 cents for 2019 related to the gain from the third quarter 2019 divestiture of the Company’s gas and flame detection business and 7 cents from the second quarter 2019 “held for sale” tax benefit related to the legal entities associated with the divestiture. Other incremental year-on-year gains/losses on divestitures and the lost operating income from divested businesses decreased earnings per share by 5 cents for 2019.

● In addition to divestiture impacts above, remaining stranded costs and lost operating income related to the 2018 divestiture of the Communication Markets Division decreased earnings per diluted share by 4 cents year-on-year for 2019.

Foreign exchange impacts:

● Foreign currency impacts (net of hedging) were essentially flat year-on-year, excluding the impact of foreign currency changes on tax rates.

Income tax rate:

● Certain items above reflect specific income tax rates associated therewith. Overall, the effective tax rate for 2019 was 19.8 percent, a decrease of 3.6 percentage points versus 2018. On an adjusted basis (as discussed below), the effective tax rate decreased 0.5 percentage points year-on-year for 2019.

● Factors that decreased the effective tax rate on a GAAP basis for 2019 included prior year measurement period adjustments related to 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), prior year resolution of the NRD lawsuit (as described in Note 16) and geographical income mix. These decreases were partially offset by the deconsolidation of the Venezuelan subsidiary, adjustments to uncertain tax positions, and significant litigation-related charges. Refer to Note 10 for additional details.

Shares of common stock outstanding:

● Lower shares outstanding increased earnings per share year-on-year by 22 cents per diluted share for 2019. Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding in 2019 declined 2.8 percent year-on-year which benefited earnings per share. The decrease in the outstanding weighted-average diluted shares relates to the Company’s purchase of $1.4 billion of its own stock in 2019.

Year 2018 EPS:

2017 divestiture of identity management business:

● In May 2017, 3M completed the divestiture of its identity management business and reflected a pre-tax gain of $457 million, which was reported within the Company’s Transportation and Electronics business.

Organic growth/productivity and other:

● 2018 year-on-year benefits include higher organic local-currency sales, selling price increases, and business transformation, which had a positive impact on 3M’s productivity efforts. Higher raw material costs partially offset these year-on-year benefits.

● Lower year-on-year restructuring (other than activity related to the Communication Markets Division divestiture), portfolio and footprint actions increased pre-tax earnings by approximately $307 million in 2018. 2017 charges included $99 million in restructuring actions and $207 million in asset charges, accelerated depreciation and other costs.

● Interest expense (net of interest income) increased $8 million year-on-year. While 2017 interest expense included a $96 million early debt extinguishment charge, 2018 net interest expense increased as a result of higher U.S. average debt balances and higher borrowing costs.

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● On a combined basis, higher defined benefit pension and postretirement service cost expense and defined contribution expense, in addition to lower income related to non-service cost components of pension and postretirement expense, increased expense year-on-year.

Acquisitions/other divestiture gains:

● In aggregate, acquisitions, year-on-year divestitures gains (other than the sale of the Communication Markets Division and identity management business), and lost operating income from divested businesses (other than lost income related to the divestiture of the Communication Markets Division) decreased earnings per diluted share by 10 cents in 2018.

● Remaining stranded costs and lost operating income related to the divestiture of the Communication Markets Division decreased earnings per diluted share by 5 cents year-on-year in 2018.

Foreign exchange impacts:

● Foreign currency impacts (net of hedging) decreased pre-tax earnings year-on-year by approximately $42 million, or the equivalent of 5 cents per diluted share, excluding the impact of foreign currency changes on tax rates.

Income tax rate:

● Certain items above reflect specific income tax rates associated therewith. The effective tax rate for full year 2018 was 23.4 percent, a decrease of 12.1 percentage points versus 2017. On an adjusted basis (as described below), the effective income tax rate was 20.1 percent for 2018 versus 25.4 percent for 2017.

● Factors that decreased the effective tax rate on a GAAP basis for 2018 primarily related to the favorable aspects of the TCJA such as the decrease in the U.S. income tax rate and foreign-derived intangible income (FDII), reduced transitional impact of TCJA related to transition tax and remeasurement of deferred tax assets/liabilities and increased benefits from the R&D tax credit. These decreases were partially offset by the elimination of the domestic manufacturing deduction, the global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) provision, and lower excess tax benefits related to employee share-based payments. Refer to Note 10 for additional details.

Shares of common stock outstanding:

● Lower shares outstanding increased earnings per share by 18 cents per diluted share for full year 2018. Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding in 2018 declined 1.8 percent year-on-year, which benefited earnings per share. The decrease in the outstanding weighted-average diluted shares relates to the Company’s purchase of $4.9 billion of its own stock in the 2018.

2018 divestiture of Communication Markets Division, net of related restructuring actions and exit activities:

● As discussed above, in 2018, 3M completed the sale of substantially all of its Communication Markets Division and reflected a pre-tax gain of $509 million as a result of this divestiture. The divestiture was reported within the Company’s Safety and Industrial business. Also as discussed above, during 2018, management approved and committed to undertake certain restructuring actions related to addressing corporate functional costs following the Communication Markets Division divestiture that resulted in a pre-tax charge of $127 million, net of adjustments for reductions in cost estimates. The aggregate net impact of the gain on sale and related restructuring actions increased earnings per diluted share by 50 cents per diluted share for 2018.

Certain amounts adjusted for impacts of significant litigation-related charges, deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary, and enactment/measurement period adjustments related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) - (non-GAAP measures):

In 2019, the Company recorded significant litigation-related charges of $762 million ($590 million after tax) related to PFAS (certain perfluorinated compounds) matters and coal mine dust respirator mask lawsuits of which $214 million ($166 million after tax) occurred in the fourth quarter. The aggregate 2019 pre-tax charge was reflected in cost of sales ($328 million) and selling, general and administrative expense ($434 million). In 2018, 3M recorded significant litigation-related charges of $897 million ($770 million after tax) for PFAS matters related to the previously disclosed agreement reached with the State of Minnesota that resolved the Natural Resource Damages (NRD) lawsuit. Essentially all of the aggregate 2018 pre-tax charge was reflected in selling, general and administrative expense. These charges are further discussed in Note 16.

In the second quarter of 2019, 3M recorded a pre-tax charge of $162 million related to the deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary as further discussed in Note 1.

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With respect to the enactment of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), 3M recorded a $762 million tax expense in 2017 and additional net tax expense of $176 million in 2018 as a measurement period adjustment to the TCJA’s enactment. See Note 10 for details.

In addition to reporting financial results in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company also provides non-GAAP measures that adjust for the impacts of significant litigation-related charges, deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary and measurement period adjustments to the enactment of the TCJA. These items represent significant amounts that impacted the Company’s financial results. Operating income, income before taxes, net income, earnings per share, and effective tax rate are all measures for which 3M provides the reported GAAP measure and an adjusted measure. The adjusted measures are not in accordance with, nor are they a substitute for, GAAP measures. The Company considers these non-GAAP measures in evaluating and managing the Company’s operations. The Company believes that discussion of results adjusted for these items is meaningful to investors as it provides a useful analysis of ongoing underlying operating trends. The determination of these items may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)		Operating Income	Operating Income Margin			Income Before Taxes		Provision for Income Taxes	Effective Tax Rate			Net Income Attributable to 3M		Earnings Per Diluted Share	Earnings per diluted share percent change
Full Year 2017 GAAP	$	7,692	24.3	%	$	7,548	$	2,679	35.5	%	$	4,858	$	7.93
Adjustment for TCJA enactment								(762)				762		1.24
Full Year 2017 adjusted amounts (non-GAAP measures)	$	7,692	24.3	%	$	7,548	$	1,917	25.4	%	$	5,620	$	9.17
Full Year 2018 GAAP	$	7,207	22.0	%	$	7,000	$	1,637	23.4	%	$	5,349	$	8.89	12.1	%
Adjustment for significant litigation-related charges		897				897		127				770		1.28
Adjustment for measurement period accounting for TCJA								(176)				176		0.29
Full Year 2018 adjusted amounts (non-GAAP measures)	$	8,104	24.7	%	$	7,897	$	1,588	20.1	%	$	6,295	$	10.46	14.1	%
Full Year 2019 GAAP	$	6,174	19.2	%	$	5,712	$	1,130	19.8	%	$	4,570	$	7.81	(12.1)	%
Adjustment for significant litigation-related charges		762				762		172				590		1.01
Adjustment for loss on deconsolidation of Venezuelan subsidiary						162		—				162		0.28
Full Year 2019 adjusted amounts (non-GAAP measures)	$	6,936	21.6	%	$	6,636	$	1,302	19.6	%	$	5,322	$	9.10	(13.0)	%

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Year 2019 sales and operating income by business segment:

The following tables contain sales and operating income results by business segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Refer to the section entitled “Performance by Business Segment” later in MD&A for additional discussion concerning both 2019 versus 2018 results and 2018 versus 2017 results, including Corporate and Unallocated. Refer to Note 19 for additional information on business segments, including Elimination of Dual Credit.

													2019 vs 2018
	2019						2018						% change
	Net		% of		Oper.		Net		% of		Oper.		Net		Oper.
(Dollars in millions)	Sales		Total		Income		Sales		Total		Income		Sales		Income
Business Segments
Safety and Industrial	$	11,607	36.1	%	$	2,648	$	12,494	38.1	%	$	3,423	(7.1)	%	(22.6)	%
Transportation and Electronics		9,602	29.9			2,221		10,106	30.8			2,649	(5.0)		(16.1)
Health Care		7,431	23.1			1,863		6,826	20.8			1,921	8.9		(3.0)
Consumer		5,089	15.8			1,105		5,086	15.5			1,071	0.1		3.3
Corporate and Unallocated		110	0.3			(1,243)		50	0.2			(1,409)	—		—
Elimination of Dual Credit		(1,703)	(5.2)			(420)		(1,797)	(5.4)			(448)	—		—
Total Company	$	32,136	100.0	%	$	6,174	$	32,765	100.0	%	$	7,207	(1.9)	%	(14.3)	%

	Year ended December 31, 2019
Worldwide Sales Change	Organic local-								Total sales
By Business Segment	currency sales		Acquisitions		Divestitures		Translation		change
Safety and Industrial	(3.3)	%	—	%	(1.7)	%	(2.1)	%	(7.1)	%
Transportation and Electronics	(3.5)		—		—		(1.5)		(5.0)
Health Care	1.6		9.4		(0.1)		(2.0)		8.9
Consumer	1.3		—		—		(1.2)		0.1
Total Company	(1.5)	%	2.0	%	(0.7)	%	(1.7)	%	(1.9)	%

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Year 2019 sales results by geographic area/business segment:

Percent change information compares the year ended December 31, 2019 with the same period last year, unless otherwise indicated. Additional discussion of business segment results is provided in the Performance by Business Segment section.

	Year ended December 31, 2019
							Europe,			Latin
	United			Asia			Middle East			America/			Other
	States			Pacific			& Africa			Canada			Unallocated		Worldwide
Net sales (millions)	$	13,159		$	9,796		$	6,226		$	2,965		$	(10)	$	32,136
% of worldwide sales		40.9	%		30.5	%		19.4	%		9.2	%		—		100.0	%
Components of net sales change:
Volume — organic		(1.9)	%		(2.8)	%		(2.2)	%		0.3	%		—		(2.1)	%
Price		0.8			(0.1)			1.3			0.8			—		0.6
Organic local-currency sales		(1.1)			(2.9)			(0.9)			1.1			—		(1.5)
Acquisitions		4.1			0.3			1.0			0.8			—		2.0
Divestitures		(0.5)			(0.2)			(1.9)			(0.6)			—		(0.7)
Translation		—			(1.7)			(4.6)			(3.3)			—		(1.7)
Total sales change		2.5	%		(4.5)	%		(6.4)	%		(2.0)	%		—		(1.9)	%
Total sales change:
Safety and Industrial		(5.7)	%		(7.2)	%		(11.0)	%		(3.9)	%		—		(7.1)	%
Transportation and Electronics		(4.3)	%		(5.2)	%		(6.6)	%		(1.5)	%		—		(5.0)	%
Health Care		18.4	%		2.1	%		0.6	%		1.0	%		—		8.9	%
Consumer		2.4	%		(3.6)	%		(5.1)	%		(1.2)	%		—		0.1	%
Organic local-currency sales change:
Safety and Industrial		(4.4)	%		(4.3)	%		(2.4)	%		0.6	%		—		(3.3)	%
Transportation and Electronics		(4.2)	%		(4.0)	%		(2.2)	%		1.1	%		—		(3.5)	%
Health Care		1.1	%		2.8	%		1.4	%		0.9	%		—		1.6	%
Consumer		2.4	%		(1.8)	%		(0.1)	%		2.2	%		—		1.3	%

Additional information beyond what is included in the preceding table is as follows:

● In the Asia Pacific geographic area, China/Hong Kong total sales decreased 7 percent and organic local-currency sales decreased 4 percent. In Japan, total sales decreased 2 percent and organic local currency sales decreased 3 percent.

● In the Latin America/Canada geographic area, total sales in Mexico were flat while organic local-currency sales increased 1 percent. In Canada, total sales and organic local-currency sales increased 3 percent. In Brazil, total sales decreased 4 percent while organic local-currency sales increased 3 percent.

Foreign currency translation decreased year-on-year sales by 1.7 percent, while selling prices increased by 0.6 percent year-on-year for 2019, with price growth in EMEA, Latin America/Canada, and the U.S., while Asia Pacific was flat.

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Year 2018 sales results by geographic area/business segment:

Percent change information compares the full year 2018 with the full year 2017, unless otherwise indicated. Additional discussion of business segment results is provided in the Performance by Business Segment section.

	Year ended December 31, 2018
							Europe,			Latin
	United			Asia			Middle East			America/			Other
	States			Pacific			& Africa			Canada			Unallocated		Worldwide
Net sales (millions)	$	12,840		$	10,254		$	6,654		$	3,024		$	(7)	$	32,765
% of worldwide sales		39.2	%		31.3	%		20.3	%		9.2	%		—		100.0	%
Components of net sales change:
Volume — organic		2.1	%		3.5	%		—	%		2.1	%		—		2.1	%
Price		1.1			0.3			1.7			2.0			—		1.1
Organic local-currency sales		3.2			3.8			1.7			4.1			—		3.2
Acquisitions		1.9			0.5			2.2			0.7			—		1.4
Divestitures		(1.3)			(0.6)			(2.5)			(1.4)			—		(1.3)
Translation		—			0.8			1.7			(3.7)			—		0.2
Total sales change		3.8	%		4.5	%		3.1	%		(0.3)	%		—		3.5	%
Total sales change:
Safety and Industrial		6.9	%		4.0	%		4.6	%		(1.4)	%		—		4.6	%
Transportation and Electronics		1.4	%		3.5	%		1.8	%		(0.8)	%		—		2.5	%
Health Care		0.1	%		8.4	%		3.9	%		1.5	%		—		2.9	%
Consumer		3.4	%		(0.7)	%		(1.8)	%		(0.7)	%		—		1.6	%
Organic local-currency sales change:
Safety and Industrial		3.6	%		2.9	%		1.8	%		2.4	%		—		2.8	%
Transportation and Electronics		4.9	%		3.2	%		2.7	%		5.4	%		—		3.7	%
Health Care		—	%		7.5	%		2.5	%		5.2	%		—		2.6	%
Consumer		3.4	%		(1.6)	%		(3.6)	%		4.5	%		—		1.5	%

Additional information beyond what is included in the preceding table is as follows:

● In the Asia Pacific geographic area, China/Hong Kong total sales increased 10 percent and organic local-currency sales increased 8 percent. In Japan, total sales and organic local currency sales decreased 2 percent.

● In the Latin America/Canada geographic area, total sales increased 1 percent in Mexico, as organic local-currency sales increases of 4 percent were partially offset by lost sales from divested businesses and foreign currency translation impacts. In Canada, total sales and organic local currency increased 5 percent. In Brazil, total sales decreased 8 percent, as organic local-currency sales growth of 5 percent was more than offset by foreign currency translation impacts.

Foreign currency translation increased year-on-year sales by 0.2 percent, with the translation-related sales increase in EMEA and Asia Pacific partially offset by the decreases in Latin America/Canada. Selling prices increased by 1.1 percent year-on-year for 2018, with strong price growth in Latin America/Canada, EMEA and the U.S. In Asia Pacific, price grew slightly, as strong volume growth in electronics had a negative impact on price.

Managing currency risks:

The stronger U.S. dollar had a negative impact on sales in full year 2019 compared to the same period last year. Net of the Company’s hedging strategy, foreign currency was neutral to earnings for full year 2019 compared to the same period last year. 3M utilizes a number of tools to hedge currency risk related to earnings. 3M uses natural hedges such as pricing, productivity, hard currency and hard currency-indexed billings, and localizing source of supply. 3M also uses financial hedges to mitigate currency risk. In the case of more liquid currencies, 3M hedges a portion of its aggregate exposure, using a 12, 24 or 36 month horizon, depending on the currency in question. For less liquid currencies, financial hedging is frequently more expensive with more limitations on tenor. Thus, this risk is

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largely managed via local operational actions using natural hedging tools as discussed above. In either case, 3M’s hedging approach is designed to mitigate a portion of foreign currency risk and reduce volatility, ultimately allowing time for 3M’s businesses to respond to changes in the marketplace.

Financial condition:

3M generated $7.070 billion of operating cash flow in 2019, an increase of $631 million when compared to 2018. This increase was primarily due to significant litigation-related charges and the timing of associated payments that impacted 2019 and 2018. This followed an operating cash flow increase of $199 million when comparing 2018 to 2017. Refer to the section entitled “Financial Condition and Liquidity” later in MD&A for a discussion of items impacting cash flows.

In November 2018, 3M’s Board of Directors replaced the Company’s February 2016 repurchase program with a new repurchase program. This new program authorizes the repurchase of up to $10 billion of 3M’s outstanding common stock, with no pre-established end date. In 2019, the Company purchased $1.4 billion of its own stock, compared to purchases of $4.9 billion in 2018 and $2.1 billion in 2017. The Company expects to purchase approximately $1.0 billion of its own stock in 2020. In February 2020, 3M’s Board of Directors declared a first-quarter 2020 dividend of $1.47 per share, an increase of 2 percent. This marked the 62^nd consecutive year of dividend increases for 3M.

Raw materials:

In 2019, the Company experienced raw material price inflation across many material markets in all geographies. In response, the Company continued to deploy productivity projects to minimize the impact of raw material inflation and market supply challenges, including input management, reformulations, and multi-sourcing activities. These succeeded in partially offsetting the overall raw material headwinds experienced throughout the year. To date, the Company is receiving sufficient quantities of all raw materials to meet its reasonably foreseeable production requirements. It is difficult to predict future shortages of raw materials or the impact any such shortages would have. 3M has avoided disruption to its manufacturing operations through careful management of existing raw material inventories, strategic relationships with key suppliers, and development as well as qualification of additional supply sources. 3M manages spend category price risks through negotiated supply contracts, price protection agreements and commodity price swaps. In addition, 3M evaluates suppliers’ conformance with environmental and social compliance requirements.

Pension and postretirement defined benefit/contribution plans:

On a worldwide basis, 3M’s pension and postretirement plans were 87 percent funded at year-end 2019. The primary U.S. qualified pension plan, which is approximately 67 percent of the worldwide pension obligation, was 93 percent funded and the international pension plans were 87 percent funded. The U.S. non-qualified pension plan is not funded due to tax considerations and other factors. Asset returns in 2019 for the primary U.S. qualified pension plan were 16.3%, as 3M strategically invests in both growth assets and fixed income matching assets to manage its funded status. For the primary U.S. qualified pension plan, the expected long-term rate of return on an annualized basis for 2020 is 6.75%. The primary U.S. qualified pension plan year-end 2019 discount rate was 3.25%, down 1.11 percentage points from the year-end 2018 discount rate of 4.36%. The decrease in U.S. discount rates resulted in an increased valuation of the projected benefit obligation (PBO). The primary U.S. qualified pension plan’s funded status decreased 3 percentage points in 2019 due to the higher PBO resulting from the significant discount rate decrease and partially offset by higher return on assets. Additional detail and discussion of international plan asset returns and discount rates is provided in Note 13 (Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans).

3M expects to contribute approximately $100 million to $200 million of cash to its global defined benefit pension and postretirement plans in 2020. The Company does not have a required minimum cash pension contribution obligation for its U.S. plans in 2020. 3M expects global defined benefit pension and postretirement expense in 2020 (before settlements, curtailments, special termination benefits and other) to increase by approximately $34 million pre-tax when compared to 2019. Refer to “Critical Accounting Estimates” within MD&A and Note 13 (Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans) for additional information concerning 3M’s pension and post-retirement plans.

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2020 closed and recently announced divestitures:

As discussed in Note 3, in December 2019, 3M agreed to sell substantially all of its drug delivery business for approximately $650 million in consideration, subject to closing and other adjustments. 3M expects a pre-tax gain of approximately $400 million as a result of the divestiture that will be reported within the Company’s Health Care business. The sale is expected to close in the first half of 2020.

Also as discussed in Note 3, in January 2020, 3M completed the sale of its advanced ballistic-protection business for $91 million, subject to closing and other adjustments, plus contingent consideration of up to $25 million depending on the outcome of pending tenders. The Company previously reflected an immaterial impact in 2019 as a result of measuring the disposal group at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Net Sales:

Refer to the preceding “Overview” section and the “Performance by Business Segment” section later in MD&A for additional discussion of sales change.

Operating Expenses:

							2019 versus		2018 versus
(Percent of net sales)	2019		2018		2017		2018		2017
Cost of sales	53.4	%	50.9	%	50.8	%	2.5	%	0.1	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	21.9		23.2		20.9		(1.3)		2.3
Research, development and related expenses	5.9		5.6		5.9		0.3		(0.3)
Gain on sale of businesses	(0.4)		(1.7)		(1.9)		1.3		0.2
Operating income margin	19.2	%	22.0	%	24.3	%	(2.8)	%	(2.3)	%

Operating income margins decreased year over year for both 2019 and 2018. The decrease from 2018 to 2019 was primarily driven by softness in certain end markets and channel inventory adjustments, along with actions taken by 3M in response to lower sales volumes and high inventory levels, which resulted in lower manufacturing and inventory absorption. Additionally, higher year-on-year restructuring actions taken decreased operating income margins, partially offset by lower year-on-year significant litigation-related charges. The decrease from 2017 to 2018 was driven primarily by the charge related to the significant litigation-related charges (as discussed in the Selling, General and Administrative Expenses section below). A number of factors impact the various income statement line items, such as raw material cost management, portfolio and footprint actions, divestitures, foreign currency, cost management, and pension and postretirement service cost effects. Expanded discussion of each of the income statement line items follows in the various sections below. Pension and postretirement service cost expense is recorded in cost of sales; selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A); and research, development and related expenses (R&D). In total, 3M’s defined benefit pension and postretirement service cost expense decreased $58 million in 2019, compared to an increase of $21 million in 2018. Refer to Note 13 (Pension and Postretirement Plans) for the service cost components of net periodic benefit costs.

The Company is investing in an initiative called business transformation, with these investments impacting cost of sales, SG&A, and R&D. Business transformation encompasses the ongoing multi-year phased implementation of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system on a worldwide basis, as well as changes in processes and internal/external service delivery across 3M.

Cost of Sales:

Cost of sales includes manufacturing, engineering and freight costs.

Cost of sales, measured as a percent of sales, increased during full year 2019 when compared to full year 2018. Increases primarily related to lower sales volume year-on-year, which resulted in cost absorption penalties from lower sales volumes as all businesses worked to reduce inventories and improve cash flow and significant litigation-related charges taken in 2019 (as discussed earlier in the Certain amounts adjusted for impacts of significant litigation-related charges, deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan

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subsidiary, and enactment/measurement period adjustments related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) - (non-GAAP measures). These factors were partially offset by selling price increases, which increased net sales year-on-year by 0.6 percent for full year 2019.

Cost of sales as a percent of sales, increased during 2018 primarily due to foreign currency effects (net of hedge losses). Additionally, cost of sales for full year 2018 were increased by the 2018 Communication Markets Division related restructuring charges as discussed in Note 5. This increase was partially offset by 2017 portfolio and supply chain footprint optimization charges that did not repeat in 2018 and selling price increases. Selling prices increased net sales year-on-year by 1.1 percent for full year 2018. These were partially offset by raw material cost increases and higher defined benefit pension and postretirement service cost expense and defined contribution expense.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses:

SG&A in dollars decreased 7.5 percent for full year 2019 when compared to full year 2018. The decrease primarily related to indirect cost reductions and lower year-on-year impact related to significant litigation-related charges (as discussed earlier in the Certain amounts adjusted for impacts of significant litigation-related charges, deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary, and enactment/measurement period adjustments related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) - (non-GAAP measures) section).

SG&A in dollars increased 14.7 percent for full year 2018 when compared to full year 2017. The increase is primarily associated with the Communication Markets Division-related restructuring charges (as discussed in Note 5) and the charge related to the Minnesota NRD resolution (as discussed earlier in the Certain amounts adjusted for impacts of significant litigation-related charges, deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary, and enactment/measurement period adjustments related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) - (non-GAAP measures) section and further in Note 16). This increase was partially offset by 2017 portfolio and supply chain footprint optimization charges that did not repeat in 2018.

Research, Development and Related Expenses:

R&D in dollars increased $90 million for the full year 2019 when compared to full year 2018. R&D, measured as a percent of sales was 5.9% in 2019, compared to 5.6% in 2018 and 5.9% in 2017. The increase from 2018 was driven by 3M continued investment in its key initiatives, including R&D aimed at disruptive innovation programs with the potential to create entirely new markets and disrupt existing markets. In addition, R&D increased due to additional spending related to the Company’s acquisitions in 2019.

R&D in dollars decreased $49 million for full year 2018 when compared to full year 2017. The decrease primarily relates to R&D no longer incurred related to the Communication Markets Division, which was divested in 2018.

Gain on Sale of Businesses:

During the first quarter of 2019, the Company sold certain oral care technology comprising a business and reflected an earnout on a previous divestiture resulting in an aggregate immaterial gain. During 2019, the Company sold its gas and flame detection business for a pre-tax gain of $112 million. 3M also divested certain businesses in 2018 and 2017, resulting in gains of $547 million and $586 million, respectively. Refer to Note 3 for additional details on these divestitures.

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Operating Income Margin:

3M uses operating income as one of its primary business segment performance measurement tools. Refer to the table below for a reconciliation of operating income margins for 2019 and 2018.

	Year ended December 31,
(Percent of net sales)	2019		2018
Same period last year	22.0	%	24.3	%
Significant litigation-related charges	2.7		—
Same period last year, excluding significant litigation-related charges	24.7	%	24.3	%
Increase/(decrease) in operating income margin, due to:
2017 divestiture of identity management business	—		(1.3)
2018 divestiture of Communication Markets Division, net of related restructuring actions	(1.2)		1.2
Organic volume/productivity and other	(1.6)		0.7
2019 restructuring actions	(0.8)		—
Acquisitions/divestitures	(0.3)		(0.1)
Selling price and raw material impact	0.4		0.1
Foreign exchange impacts	0.4		(0.2)
Current period, excluding significant litigation-related charges	21.6	%	24.7	%
Significant litigation-related charges	(2.4)		(2.7)
Current period	19.2	%	22.0	%

Year 2019 operating income:

Operating income margins decreased 2.8 percentage points in 2019 when compared to 2018. Excluding the significant litigation-related charges, operating margins decreased 3.1 percentage points to 21.6 percent in 2019 when compared to 2018. Refer to the Certain amounts adjusted for impacts of significant litigation-related charges, deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary, and enactment/measurement period adjustments related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) - (non-GAAP measures) section above for additional details on the significant litigation-related charges.

Additional discussion related to the components of the year-on-year change in operating income margins follows:

2018 divestiture of Communication Markets Division, net of related restructuring actions:

● In 2018, 3M completed the sale of substantially all of its Communication Markets Division and reflected a pre-tax gain of $509 million as a result of this divestiture. During 2018, management approved and committed to undertake certain restructuring actions as described in Note 5 related to addressing corporate functional costs following the Communication Markets Division divestiture resulting in a 2018 pre-tax charge of $127, net of adjustments for reductions in cost estimates of $10 million.

Organic volume/productivity and other:

● Negative organic local sales volume growth as a result of softness in certain end markets and channel inventory adjustments, along with actions taken by 3M in response to lower sales volumes and high inventory levels, which resulted in lower manufacturing and inventory absorption, reduced operating margins. Partially offsetting these impacts were benefits from restructuring actions taken in the second quarter of 2019.

● Operating income margins increased year-on-year due to lower defined benefit pension and postretirement service cost expense.

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2019 restructuring actions:

● During the second quarter of 2019, in light of slower than expected 2019 sales, and additionally in the fourth quarter to realign 3M’s organizational structure and operating model to improve growth and operational efficiency, management approved and committed to undertake certain restructuring actions. Of the total $282 million charge reflected in 2019, $148 million was recorded in the second quarter, of which $35 million was associated with a voluntary retirement incentive program that impacted second quarter other expense (income), and an additional $134 million recorded in the fourth quarter.

Acquisitions/divestitures:

● Acquisition-related impacts relate to the on-going integration of M*Modal and Acelity, which decreased operating income margins year-on-year.

● Divestiture impacts (which is comprised of higher year-on-year divestiture gains other than the Communication Markets Division in addition to lost operating income from divested businesses) increased operating income margins year-on-year and primary related to the gain from the divestiture of the Company’s gas and flame detection business.

● Remaining stranded costs to be addressed from the 2018 divestiture of the Communication Markets Division also reduced operating margins year-on-year.

Selling price and raw material impact:

● Higher selling prices, partially offset by raw material cost increases, benefited operating income margins year-on-year for 2019.

Foreign exchange impacts:

● Foreign currency effects (net of hedge gains) increased operating income margins year-on-year.

Significant litigation-related charges:

● Operating income margins for 2018 and 2019 included the $897 million and $762 million impact, respectively, of significant litigation-related charges (as discussed earlier in the Certain amounts adjusted for impacts of significant litigation-related charges, deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary, and enactment/measurement period adjustments related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) - (non-GAAP measures) section.

Year 2018 operating income:

Operating income margins decreased 2.3 percentage points for the full year 2018 when compared to full year 2017.

2017 divestiture of identity management business:

● Operating income margins decreased year-on-year due to the gain on the May 2017 divestiture of the Company’s former identity management business.

Organic volume/productivity and other:

● Operating income margins increased year-on-year due to benefits from organic local-currency growth and productivity, in addition to lower year-on-year portfolio and supply chain footprint optimization charges.

● Operating income margins decreased year-on-year due to higher defined benefit pension and postretirement service cost expense and defined contribution expense.

Acquisitions/other divestiture gains:

● Acquisition impacts (primarily related to Scott Safety), in addition to lower year-on-year divestiture gains (excluding the identity management business and Communication Markets Division), decreased operating margins year-on-year.

● Remaining stranded costs to be addressed from the divestiture of the Communication Markets Division reduced operating margins year-on-year.

● Operating income margins increased year-on-year due to the lost lower-margin operating income from divested businesses.

Selling price and raw material impact:

● Higher selling prices, partially offset by raw material cost increases, benefited operating income margins year-on-year.

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Foreign exchange impacts:

● Foreign currency effects (net of hedge gains) decreased operating income margins year-on-year for the full year 2018.

2018 divestiture of Communication Markets Division, net of related restructuring actions:

● As discussed above, in 2018, 3M completed the sale of substantially all of its Communication Markets Division and reflected a pre-tax gain of $509 million as a result of this divestiture. Also as discussed above, during 2018, management approved and committed to undertake certain restructuring actions related to addressing corporate functional costs following the Communication Markets Division divestiture that resulted in a pre-tax charge of $127 million, net of adjustments for reductions in cost estimates.

Significant litigation-related charges:

● Operating income margins for 2018 decreased 2.7 percentage points year-on-year as a result of significant litigation-related charges. See the Certain amounts adjusted for impacts of significant litigation-related charges, deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary, and enactment/measurement period adjustments related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) - (non-GAAP measures) section for further details.

Other Expense (Income), Net:

See Note 6 for a detailed breakout of this line item.

Interest expense (net of interest income) increased during 2019 and 2018. The increase in 2019 was driven by higher U.S. average debt balances, partially offset by the year-on-year increase in interest income driven by higher balances in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities during the year resulting from the proceeds from debt issuances in advance of the October 2019 Acelity acquisition. While 2017 interest expense included a $96 million early debt extinguishment charge, 2018 net interest expense increased as a result of higher U.S. average debt balances and higher borrowing costs.

The increase in other expense (income) during 2019 was primarily due to the impact of deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary. Refer to Note 1 for additional details.

In addition, other expense (income) was impacted by lower year-on-year pension and postretirement net periodic benefit non-service benefits of $5 million and $55 million for 2019 and 2018, respectively. The lower year-on-year benefit in 2019 was primarily due to the second quarter 2019 charge associated with the voluntary retirement incentive program in addition to pension settlement charges in the fourth quarter 2019 related to employee retirements. The decrease in 2018 was primarily due to an increase in net actuarial amortization expense. Refer to Note 13 for additional details.

Provision for Income Taxes:

(Percent of pre-tax income)	2019		2018		2017
Effective tax rate	19.8	%	23.4	%	35.5	%

The effective tax rate for 2019 was 19.8 percent, a decrease of 3.6 percentage points when compared to 2018. The effective tax rate for 2018 was 23.4 percent, compared to 35.5 percent in 2017, a decrease of 12.1 percentage points. The changes in the tax rates between years were impacted by many factors, including measurement period adjustments related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), prior year resolution of the NRD lawsuit, and geographical income mix offset by the impact from the deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary as further described in the Overview, Certain amounts adjusted for impacts of significant litigation-related charges, deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary, and enactment/measurement period adjustments related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) - (non-GAAP measures) section and in Note 10. Additional factors that impacted the tax rates between years were adjustments to uncertain tax positions, and significant litigation-related charges.

3M currently estimates its effective tax rate for 2020 will be approximately 20 to 21 percent. The tax rate can vary from quarter to quarter due to discrete items, such as the settlement of income tax audits, changes in tax laws, and employee share-based payment accounting; as well as recurring factors, such as the geographic mix of income before taxes.

Refer to Note 10 for further discussion of income taxes.

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Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest:

(Millions)	2019		2018		2017
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	$	12	$	14	$	11

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest represents the elimination of the income or loss attributable to non-3M ownership interests in 3M consolidated entities. The amount primarily relates to 3M India Limited, of which 3M’s effective ownership is 75 percent.

Currency Effects:

3M estimates that year-on-year currency effects, including hedging impacts, increased pre-tax income by $1 million in 2019 and decreased pre-tax income by $42 million in 2018. These estimates include the effect of translating profits from local currencies into U.S. dollars; the impact of currency fluctuations on the transfer of goods between 3M operations in the United States and abroad; and transaction gains and losses, including derivative instruments designed to reduce foreign currency exchange rate risks. 3M estimates that year-on-year derivative and other transaction gains and losses increased pre-tax income by approximately $201 million in 2019 and decreased pre-tax income by approximately $92 million in 2018. Refer to Note 14 in the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information concerning 3M’s hedging activities.

PERFORMANCE BY BUSINESS SEGMENT

For a detailed discussion of the markets served and types of products offered by 3M’s business segments, see Item 1, Business Segments. Disclosures relating to 3M’s business segments are provided in Note 19. Effective in the second quarter of 2019, to enable the Company to better serve global customers and markets, the Company made the following changes to its business segments:

Realignment of the Company’s business segments from five to four

The Company realigned its former five business segments into four: Safety and Industrial; Transportation and Electronics; Health Care; and Consumer. Existing divisions were largely realigned to this new structure. In addition, certain retail auto care product lines formerly in the Automotive Aftermarket Division (now within the Safety and Industrial business segment) were moved to the Construction and Home Improvement Division (within the Consumer business segment). Also, product lines relating to the refrigeration filtration business, formerly included in the Separation and Purification Sciences Division (now within the Health Care business segment) were moved to Other Safety and Industrial (within the Safety and Industrial business segment). 3M business segment reporting measures include dual credit to business segments for certain sales and operating income. Dual credit, which is based on which business segment provides customer account activity with respect to a particular product sold in a specific country, was reduced as a result of the closer alignment between customer account activity and their respective markets. The four business segments are as follows:

Safety and Industrial: This segment includes businesses that serve the global industrial, electrical and safety markets. This business segment consists of personal safety, industrial adhesives and tapes, abrasives, closure and masking systems, electrical markets, automotive aftermarket, and roofing granules. This segment also includes the Communication Markets Division (which was substantially sold in 2018) and the refrigeration filtration product lines (within Other Safety and Industrial).

Transportation and Electronics: This segment includes businesses that serve global transportation and electronic original equipment manufacturer (OEM) customers. This business segment consists of electronics (display materials and systems, electronic materials solutions), automotive and aerospace, commercial solutions, advanced materials, and transportation safety.

Health Care: This business segment serves the global healthcare industry and includes medical solutions, oral care, separation and purification sciences, health information systems, drug delivery systems, and food safety.

Consumer: This business serves global consumers and consists of home improvement, stationery and office supplies, home care, and consumer health care. This segment also includes, within the Construction and Home Improvement Division, certain retail auto care product lines.

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In addition, as part of 3M’s continuing effort to improve the alignment of its businesses around markets and customers, the Company made the following changes, effective in the first quarter of 2019, and other revisions impacting business segment reporting:

Continued alignment of customer account activity

● As part of 3M’s regular customer-focus initiatives, the Company realigned certain customer account activity (“sales district”) to correlate with the primary divisional product offerings in various countries and reduce complexity for customers when interacting with multiple 3M businesses. This largely impacted the amount of dual credit certain business segments receive as a result of sales district attribution. 3M business segment reporting measures include dual credit to business segments for certain sales and operating income. This dual credit is based on which business segment provides customer account activity with respect to a particular product sold in a specific country.

Creation of Closure and Masking Systems Division and Medical Solutions Division

● 3M created the Closure and Masking Systems Division, which combines the masking tape, packaging tape and personal care portfolios formerly within Industrial Adhesives and Tapes Division in the former Industrial business segment into a separate division also within the former Industrial business segment. 3M created the Medical Solutions Division in the Health Care business segment, which combines the former Critical and Chronic Care Division and Infection Prevention Division (which were also both within the Health Care business segment).

Additional actions impacting business segment reporting

● The business associated with certain safety products sold through retail channels in the Asia Pacific region was realigned from the Personal Safety Division within the former Safety and Graphics business segment to the Construction and Home Improvement Division within the Consumer business segment. In addition, certain previously non-allocated costs related to manufacturing and technology of centrally managed material resource centers of expertise within Corporate and Unallocated are now reflected as being allocated to the business segments.

Business segment information presented herein reflects the impact of these changes for all periods presented. 3M manages its operations in four business segments. The reportable segments are Safety and Industrial; Transportation and Electronics; Health Care; and Consumer.

Corporate and Unallocated:

In addition to these four business segments, 3M assigns certain costs to “Corporate and Unallocated,” which is presented separately in the preceding business segments table and in Note 19. Corporate and Unallocated includes a variety of miscellaneous items, such as corporate investment gains and losses, certain derivative gains and losses, certain insurance-related gains and losses, certain litigation and environmental expenses, corporate restructuring charges and certain under- or over-absorbed costs (e.g. pension) that the Company determines not to allocate directly to its business segments. Corporate and Unallocated also includes sales, costs, and income from contract manufacturing, transition services and other arrangements with the acquirer of the Communication Markets Division following its divestiture in 2018. Because this category includes a variety of miscellaneous items, it is subject to fluctuation on a quarterly and annual basis.

Corporate and Unallocated operating expenses decreased by $166 million in 2019 when compared to 2018. In 2018 and 2019, significant litigation-related charges of $897 million and $762 million, respectively, were reflected in Corporate and Unallocated. In 2018 and 2019, operating expenses included $127 million (net of adjustments for reductions in cost estimates) and $140 million, respectively, of the restructuring actions further discussed in Note 5. In the third quarter, operating expenses were partially offset by a gain related to sales of certain properties. In addition, 3M’s defined benefit pension and postretirement service-cost expense allocation to Corporate and Unallocated decreased year-on-year.

Corporate and Unallocated operating expenses increased by $1 billion in 2018 when compared to 2017. Beginning in the second quarter of 2018, the operating income from contractual manufacturing and other arrangements described in the paragraph above were included in Corporate and Unallocated. In addition, in 2018, operating expenses included the restructuring charge of $127 million, net of adjustments for reductions in cost estimates, as discussed in Note 5 related to addressing corporate functional costs following the Communication Markets Division divestiture. In the first quarter of 2018, the Minnesota NRD resolution ($897 million), inclusive of

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legal fees and other related obligations, was reflected in Corporate and Unallocated. In addition, 3M’s defined benefit pension and postretirement service-cost expense allocation to Corporate and Unallocated increased year-on-year.

Operating Business Segments:

Information related to 3M’s business segments is presented in the tables that follow. Organic local-currency sales include both organic volume impacts plus selling price impacts. Acquisition and divestiture impacts, if any, are measured separately for the first twelve months post-transaction. Foreign currency translation impacts and total sales change are also provided for each business segment. Any references to EMEA relate to Europe, Middle East and Africa on a combined basis.

The following discusses total year results for 2019 compared to 2018 and 2018 compared to 2017, for each business segment. Refer to the preceding year 2019 and 2018 sales results by geographic area/business segment sections for additional sales change information.

Safety and Industrial Business (36.1% of consolidated sales):

	2019			2018			2017
Sales (millions)	$	11,607		$	12,494		$	11,946
Sales change analysis:
Organic local-currency		(3.3)	%		2.8	%
Acquisitions		—			3.7
Divestitures		(1.7)			(2.1)
Translation		(2.1)			0.2
Total sales change		(7.1)	%		4.6	%
Operating income (millions)	$	2,648		$	3,423		$	2,603
Percent change		(22.6)	%		31.5	%
Percent of sales		22.8	%		27.4	%		21.8	%

Year 2019 results:

Sales in Safety and Industrial totaled $11.6 billion, a decrease of 7.1 percent compared to the same period last year. Organic local-currency sales decreased 3.3 percent, divestitures decreased sales by 1.7 percent, and foreign currency translation decreased sales by 2.1 percent.

On an organic local-currency sales basis:

● Sales increased in roofing granules and personal safety, while electrical markets, industrial adhesives and tapes, abrasives, automotive aftermarket, and closure and masking systems declined year-on-year.

Divestitures:

● In February 2018, 3M closed on the sale of certain personal safety product offerings primarily focused on noise, environmental, and heat stress monitoring.

● In May 2018, 3M divested an abrasives glass products business.

● In 2018, 3M completed the sale of substantially all of its Communication Markets Division.

● In August 2019, 3M completed the sale of its gas and flame detection business.

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Operating income:

● Operating income margins decreased 4.6 percentage points, primarily related to the gain on the 2018 divestiture of the Communication Markets Division, partially offset by the gain on the third quarter 2019 divestiture of the gas and flame detection business, resulting in a net year-on-year operating income margin reduction of 3.2 percentage points. Operating income margins were also impacted by sales declines, particularly in Asia Pacific and the U.S, in addition to inventory reductions and restructuring impacts.

Year 2018 results:

Sales in Safety and Industrial totaled $12.5 billion, up 4.6 percent in U.S. dollars, compared to full year 2017. Organic local-currency sales increased 2.8 percent, acquisitions increased sales by 3.7 percent, divestitures decreased sales by 2.1 percent, and foreign currency translation increased sales by 0.2 percent.

On an organic local-currency sales basis:

● Sales growth increased in personal safety, electrical markets, industrial adhesives and tapes, and abrasives, while automotive aftermarket and closure and masking declined.

● Sales also declined in roofing granules, as production slowed within the shingle manufacturing industry when compared to prior year.

Acquisitions and divestitures:

● Acquisition sales growth in 2018 reflects the acquisition of Scott Safety in October 2017. Scott Safety is a premier manufacturer of innovative products, including self-contained breathing apparatus systems.

● In 2018, certain personal safety product offerings primarily focused on noise, environmental, and heat stress monitoring (February 2018), and its abrasives glass products business (May 2018).

● Also in 2018, 3M completed the sale of substantially all of its Communication Markets Division and recorded a pre-tax gain of approximately $509 million. Refer to Note 3 for additional details.

● 2017 divestitures that impacted 2018 results include the sale of its safety prescription eyewear business (first quarter 2017) and assets of its electrical marking/labeling business (fourth quarter 2017).

Operating income:

● Operating income margins increased 5.6 percentage points, primarily driven by the Communication Markets Division divestiture gain.

Transportation and Electronics Business (29.9% of consolidated sales):

	2019			2018			2017
Sales (millions)	$	9,602		$	10,106		$	9,861
Sales change analysis:
Organic local-currency		(3.5)	%		3.7	%
Divestitures		—			(1.7)
Translation		(1.5)			0.5
Total sales change		(5.0)	%		2.5	%
Operating income (millions)	$	2,221		$	2,649		$	2,986
Percent change		(16.1)	%		(11.3)	%
Percent of sales		23.1	%		26.2	%		30.3	%

Year 2019 results:

Sales in Transportation and Electronics totaled $9.6 billion, down 5.0 percent in U.S. dollars. Organic local-currency sales decreased 3.5 percent and foreign currency translation decreased sales by 1.5 percent.

Total sales decreased 6 percent within the electronics-related businesses in addition to a 5 percent decrease in Asia Pacific.

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On an organic local-currency sales basis:

● Sales increased in advanced materials and transportation safety, while commercial solutions and automotive and aerospace solutions declined.

● Automotive and aerospace was impacted by the decline in global car and light truck builds along with channel inventory reductions within its Automotive OEM business, particularly in China.

● Sales decreased 6 percent in 3M’s electronics-related businesses, with decreases in both display materials and systems and electronics materials solutions. Electronics-related growth was impacted by soft consumer electronics and factory automation end markets in addition to channel inventory adjustments.

● Sales decreased 4 percent in Asia Pacific, where 3M’s electronics business is concentrated.

Operating income:

● Operating income margins decreased 3.1 percentage points, primarily impacted by continued sales declines, particularly in Asia Pacific and the U.S, in addition to inventory reductions. Operating income margins were also impacted by the restructuring charges initiated in 2019.

In January 2020, 3M completed the sale of its advanced ballistic-protection business to Avon Rubber p.l.c for $91 million, subject to closing and other adjustments, plus contingent considerations of up to $25 million depending on the outcome of certain tenders. Refer to Note 3 for additional details.

Year 2018 results:

Sales in Transportation and Electronics totaled $10.1 billion, up 2.5 percent in U.S. dollars. Organic local-currency sales increased 3.7 percent, divestitures reduced sales by 1.7 percent, and foreign currency translation increased sales by 0.5 percent.

Total sales within the electronics-related business increased 3 percent and increased 4 percent in Asia Pacific.

On an organic local-currency sales basis:

● Sales increased in advanced materials, commercial solutions, automotive and aerospace and transportation safety.

● Sales also increased 3 percent in 3M’s electronics-related businesses, driven by increases in electronics materials solutions. Sales were flat in display materials and systems due to softness in consumer electronics.

● Sales increased 3 percent in Asia Pacific, where 3M’s electronics business is concentrated.

Divestitures:

● 2017 divestitures that impacted 2018 results included the sale of 3M’s identity management business and tolling and automated license/number plate business (both in second quarter 2017) and electronic monitoring business (fourth quarter 2017).

Operating income:

● Operating income margins decreased 4.1 percentage points, which primarily related to the impact on operating margins from the 2017 gain on sale of the identify management and electronic monitoring businesses.

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Health Care Business (23.1% of consolidated sales):

	2019			2018			2017
Sales (millions)	$	7,431		$	6,826		$	6,635
Sales change analysis:
Organic local-currency		1.6	%		2.6	%
Acquisitions		9.4			—
Divestitures		(0.1)			(0.1)
Translation		(2.0)			0.4
Total sales change		8.9	%		2.9	%
Operating income (millions)	$	1,863		$	1,921		$	1,877
Percent change		(3.0)	%		2.3	%
Percent of sales		25.1	%		28.1	%		28.3	%

Year 2019 results:

Sales in Health Care totaled $7.4 billion, up 8.9 percent in U.S. dollars. Organic local-currency sales increased 1.6 percent, acquisitions increased sales by 9.4 percent, divestitures decreased sales by 0.1 percent, and foreign currency translation decreased sales by 2.0 percent.

On an organic local-currency sales basis:

● Sales increased in health information systems, food safety, and medical solutions, while separation and purification sciences decreased, and oral care was flat.

● Drug delivery declined year-on-year, as continued softness in the business negatively impacted overall Health Care organic growth.

Acquisitions:

● In February 2019, 3M acquired M*Modal, a leading healthcare technology provider of cloud-based, conversational artificial intelligence-powered systems that help physicians efficiently capture and improve the patient narrative.

● In October 2019, 3M completed the acquisition of Acelity Inc. and its KCI subsidiaries, a leading global medical technology company focused on advanced wound care and specialty surgical applications.

Divestitures:

● In the first quarter of 2018, 3M completed the sale of its polymer additives compounding business.

● In the first quarter of 2019, the Company sold certain oral care technology comprising a business.

Operating income:

● Operating income margins decreased 3.0 percentage points year-on-year, driven by a 3.6 percentage point impact related to the M*Modal and Acelity acquisitions. Operating income margin was also impacted by the restructuring charges initiated in 2019.

In December 2019, 3M agreed to sell substantially all of its drug delivery business to an affiliate of Altaris Capital Partners, LLC. Subject to closing and other adjustments, 3M will receive approximately $650 million in consideration. The sale is expected to close in the first half of 2020. See Note 3 for additional details.

Year 2018 results:

Sales in Health Care totaled $6.8 billion, up 2.9 percent in U.S. dollars. Organic local-currency sales increased 2.6 percent, divestitures decreased sales by 0.1 percent, and foreign currency translation increased sales by 0.4 percent.

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On an organic local-currency sales basis:

● Sales growth was led by food safety, health information systems, separation and purification sciences, and medical solutions.

● Oral care sales also increased, with continued positive growth internationally, particularly in developing economies.

● Sales declined in drug delivery systems.

Divestitures:

● In the first quarter of 2018, 3M completed the sale of its polymer additives compounding business.

Operating income:

● Operating income margins decreased 0.2 percentage points year-on-year.

Consumer Business (15.8% of consolidated sales):

	2019			2018			2017
Sales (millions)	$	5,089		$	5,086		$	5,006
Sales change analysis:
Organic local-currency		1.3	%		1.5	%
Acquisitions		—			0.2
Translation		(1.2)			(0.1)
Total sales change		0.1	%		1.6	%
Operating income (millions)	$	1,105		$	1,071		$	1,051
Percent change		3.3	%		1.9	%
Percent of sales		21.7	%		21.0	%		21.0	%

Year 2019 results:

Sales in Consumer totaled $5.1 billion, an increase of 0.1 percent in U.S. dollars. Organic local-currency sales increased 1.3 percent and foreign currency translation decreased sales by 1.2 percent.

On an organic local-currency sales basis:

● Sales grew in home improvement, while stationery and office decreased. Consumer health care and home care were flat.

● Geographically, the U.S. showed particular strength in the Company’s Filtrete^TM and Command^TM brands, while Asia Pacific was impacted by lower consumer demand for respiratory solutions.

Operating income:

● Operating income margins increased 0.7 percentage points year-on-year. Increases in operating income margins were primarily due to benefits from portfolio and footprint actions taken, partially offset by the restructuring charges initiated in 2019.

Year 2018 results:

Sales in Consumer totaled $5.1 billion, an increase of 1.6 percent in U.S. dollars. Organic local-currency sales increased 1.5 percent, acquisitions increased sales by 0.2 percent and foreign currency translation decreased sales by 0.1 percent.

On an organic local-currency sales basis:

● Sales grew in home improvement, building on a track record of strong performance over the past several years.

● Stationery and office supplies and home care were flat, while consumer health care declined.

Acquisitions:

● Acquisition sales growth in 2018 reflects certain safety products sold through retail channels in the Asia Pacific region from the acquisition of Scott Safety in October 2017.

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Operating income:

● Operating income margins were flat year-on-year.

PERFORMANCE BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA

While 3M manages its businesses globally and believes its business segment results are the most relevant measure of performance, the Company also utilizes geographic area data as a secondary performance measure. Export sales are generally reported within the geographic area where the final sales to 3M customers are made. A portion of the products or components sold by 3M’s operations to its customers are exported by these customers to different geographic areas. As customers move their operations from one geographic area to another, 3M’s results will follow. Thus, net sales in a particular geographic area are not indicative of end-user consumption in that geographic area. Financial information related to 3M operations in various geographic areas is provided in Note 19.

Refer to the “Overview” section for a summary of net sales by geographic area and business segment.

Geographic Area Supplemental Information

										Property, Plant and
										Equipment - net
	Employees as of December 31,			Capital Spending						as of December 31,
(Millions, except Employees)	2019	2018	2017	2019		2018		2017		2019		2018
United States	39,662	37,412	36,958	$	1,164	$	994	$	852	$	5,442	$	4,915
Asia Pacific	18,724	18,971	18,283		241		238		209		1,637		1,624
Europe, Middle East and Africa	21,412	20,884	20,869		240		295		256		1,823		1,751
Latin America and Canada	16,365	16,249	15,426		54		50		56		431		448
Total Company	96,163	93,516	91,536	$	1,699	$	1,577	$	1,373	$	9,333	$	8,738

Employment:

Employment increased 2,647 positions in 2019 and increased by 1,980 positions in 2018. The above table includes the impact of acquisitions (which involved approximately 5,500 positions in 2019), net of divestitures and other actions.

Capital Spending/Net Property, Plant and Equipment:

Investments in property, plant and equipment enable growth across many diverse markets, helping to meet product demand and increasing manufacturing efficiency. In 2019, 69% of 3M’s capital spending was within the United States, followed by Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East and Africa; and Latin America/Canada. 3M is increasing its investment in manufacturing and sourcing capability in order to more closely align its product capability with its sales in major geographic areas in order to best serve its customers throughout the world with proprietary, automated, efficient, safe and sustainable processes. Capital spending is discussed in more detail later in MD&A in the section entitled “Cash Flows from Investing Activities.”

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Information regarding significant accounting policies is included in Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements. As stated in Note 1, the preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The Company believes its most critical accounting estimates relate to legal proceedings, pension and postretirement obligations, goodwill and certain long-lived assets, and uncertainty in income tax positions. Senior management has discussed the development, selection and disclosure of its critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of 3M’s Board of Directors.

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Legal Proceedings:

Assessments of lawsuits and claims can involve a series of complex judgments about future events and can rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. The Company accrues an estimated liability for legal proceeding claims that are both probable and estimable in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) 450, Contingencies. Please refer to the section entitled “Process for Disclosure and Recording of Liabilities Related to Legal Proceedings” (contained in “Legal Proceedings” in Note 16) for additional information about such estimates.

Pension and Postretirement Obligations:

The Company makes certain estimates and judgements in relation to its defined benefit pension and postretirement obligations.

The benefit obligation represents the present value of the benefits that employees are entitled to in the future for services already rendered as of the measurement date. The Company measures the present value of these future benefits by projecting benefit payment cash flows for each future period and discounting these cash flows back to the December 31 measurement date, using the yields of a portfolio of high quality, fixed-income debt instruments that would produce cash flows sufficient in timing and amount to settle projected future benefits. Service cost and interest cost are measured separately using the spot yield curve approach applied to each corresponding obligation. Service costs are determined based on duration-specific spot rates applied to the service cost cash flows. The interest cost calculation is determined by applying duration-specific spot rates to the year-by-year projected benefit payments. The spot yield curve approach does not affect the measurement of the total benefit obligations as the change in service and interest costs offset in the actuarial gains and losses recorded in other comprehensive income.

Using this methodology, the Company determined discount rates for its plans as follow:

	U.S. Qualified Pension		International Pension (weighted average)		U.S. Postretirement Medical
December 31, 2019 Liability:
Benefit obligation	3.25	%	1.81	%	3.13	%
2020 Net Periodic Benefit Cost Components:
Service cost	3.44	%	1.61	%	3.35	%
Interest cost	2.88	%	1.61	%	2.73	%

Another significant element in determining the Company’s pension expense is the expected return on plan assets. The expected return on plan assets for the primary U.S. qualified pension plan is based on strategic asset allocation of the plan, long-term capital market return expectations, and expected performance from active investment management. For the primary U.S. qualified pension plan, the expected long-term rate of return on an annualized basis for 2020 is 6.75%, a decrease from 7.00% in 2019. Return on assets assumptions for international pension and other post-retirement benefit plans are calculated on a plan-by-plan basis using plan asset allocations and expected long-term rate of return assumptions. The weighted average expected return for the international pension plan is 4.70% for 2020, compared to 4.90% for 2019. Refer to Note 13 for information on how the 2019 rates were determined.

3M follows ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures in determining the fair value of plan assets within the Company’s pension and postretirement benefit plans. While the Company believes the valuation methods used to determine the fair value of plan assets are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. See Note 13 for additional discussion of actuarial assumptions used in determining defined benefit pension and postretirement health care liabilities and expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized consolidated defined benefit pre-tax pension and postretirement service cost expense of $425 million and a benefit of $68 million related to all non-service pension and postretirement net benefit costs (after settlements, curtailments, special termination benefits and other) for a total consolidated defined benefit pre-tax pension and postretirement expense of $357 million, down from $410 million in 2018.

In 2020, defined benefit pension and postretirement service cost expense is anticipated to total approximately $458 million while non-service pension and postretirement net benefit costs (before settlements, curtailments, special termination benefits and other) is

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anticipated to be a benefit of approximately $67 million, for a total consolidated defined benefit pre-tax pension and postretirement expense of $391 million, an increase of approximately $34 million compared to 2019.

The table below summarizes the impact on 2020 pension expense for the U.S. and international pension plans of a 0.25 percentage point increase/decrease in the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets and discount rate assumptions used to measure plan liabilities and 2019 net periodic benefit cost. The table assumes all other factors are held constant, including the slope of the discount rate yield curves.

	Increase (Decrease) in Net Periodic Benefit Cost
	Discount Rate				Expected Return on Assets
(Millions)	-0.25%		+0.25%		-0.25%		+0.25%
U.S. pension plans	$	36	$	(35)	$	38	$	(38)
International pension plans		24		(24)		17		(17)

Goodwill and Certain Long-Lived Assets:

The Company makes certain estimates and judgments in relation to goodwill and certain long-lived assets. Those include considerations made in the valuation of certain acquired identifiable definite-lived and indefinite-lived assets as a result of business combinations as well as considerations in the recoverability and impairment assessments of long-lived assets and goodwill.

Acquisition of certain identifiable definite-lived and indefinite-lived assets

In conjunction with an acquisition of a business, the Company records identifiable definite-lived and indefinite-lived intangible assets acquired at their respective fair values as of the date of acquisition. The corresponding fair value estimates for these assets acquired include projected future cash flows, associated discount rates used to calculate present value, asset life cycles, royalty rates, and customer retention rates. The fair value calculated for indefinite-lived intangible assets such as certain tradenames, in addition to intangible assets that are definite-lived such as patents, customer relationships, tradenames and other technology-based assets may change during the finalization of the purchase price allocation, due to the significant estimates used in determining their fair value. As a result, the Company may make adjustments to the provisional amounts recorded for certain items as part of the purchase price allocation subsequent to the acquisition, not to exceed one year after the acquisition date, until the purchase accounting allocation is finalized.

Assessments of long-lived assets and goodwill

As of December 31, 2019, net property, plant and equipment totaled $9.3 billion and net identifiable intangible assets totaled $6.4 billion, of which $0.6 billion related to indefinite-lived tradenames. In addition, 3M goodwill totaled approximately $13.4 billion as of December 31, 2019. Long-lived assets with a definite life are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset (asset group) may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted cash flows from the asset’s or asset group’s ongoing use and eventual disposition. If an impairment is identified, the amount of the impairment loss recorded is calculated by the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value. Fair value is generally determined using a discounted cash flow analysis. Intangible assets with an indefinite life, namely certain tradenames, are not amortized. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually and are tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate that the carrying amount may be impaired. An impairment loss would be recognized when the fair value is less than the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of each year, as further discussed below, and is tested between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate the carrying amount may be impaired. If future non-cash asset impairment charges are taken, 3M would expect that only a portion of the long-lived assets or goodwill would be impaired.

Management makes estimates and assumptions in preparing the consolidated financial statements for which actual results will emerge over long periods of time. This includes the recoverability of long-lived assets employed in the business, including assets of acquired businesses. These estimates and assumptions are closely monitored by management and periodically adjusted as circumstances warrant. For instance, expected asset lives may be shortened or an impairment recorded based on a change in the expected use of the asset or performance of the related asset group. Factors which could result in future impairment charges include, among others, changes in worldwide economic conditions, changes in competitive conditions and customer preferences, and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. These risk factors are discussed in Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of this document. In addition, changes in the weighted average cost of capital could also impact impairment testing results.

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As of December 31, 2019, the $0.6 billion of indefinite-lived tradenames primarily relates to Capital Safety (acquired in 2015), whose tradenames ($520 million at acquisition date) have been in existence for over 55 years (refer to Note 4 for more detail). The primary valuation technique used in estimating the fair value of indefinite lived intangible assets (tradenames) is a discounted cash flow approach. Specifically, a relief of royalty rate is applied to estimated sales, with the resulting amounts then discounted using an appropriate market/technology discount rate. The relief of royalty rate is the estimated royalty rate a market participant would pay to acquire the right to market/produce the product. Based on impairment testing in the third quarter of 2019, no impairment was indicated. The discounted cash flows related to the Capital Safety tradenames exceeded its book value by more than 20 percent in aggregate.

3M goodwill totaled approximately $13.4 billion as of December 31, 2019. 3M’s annual goodwill impairment testing is performed in the fourth quarter of each year. Impairment testing for goodwill is done at a reporting unit level, with all goodwill assigned to a reporting unit. Reporting units are one level below the business segment level, but are required to be combined when reporting units within the same segment have similar economic characteristics. At 3M, reporting units correspond to a division. 3M did not combine any of its reporting units for impairment testing. An impairment loss would be recognized when the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s net assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the reporting unit, and the loss would equal that difference. The estimated fair value of a reporting unit is determined using earnings for the reporting unit multiplied by a price/earnings ratio for comparable industry groups, or by using a discounted cash flow analysis. 3M typically uses the price/earnings ratio approach for stable and growing businesses that have a long history and track record of generating positive operating income and cash flows. 3M uses the discounted cash flow approach for start-up, loss position and declining businesses, in addition to using for businesses where the price/earnings ratio valuation method indicates additional review is warranted. 3M also uses discounted cash flow as an additional tool for businesses that may be growing at a slower rate than planned due to economic or other conditions. Where applicable, 3M used a weighted-average discounted cash flow analysis for certain divisions, using projected cash flows that were weighted based on different sales growth and terminal value assumptions, among other factors. The weighting was based on management’s estimates of the likelihood of each scenario occurring.

As described in Note 19, effective in the second quarter of 2019, the Company realigned its former five business segments into four to enable the Company to better serve global customers and markets. In addition, effective in the first quarter of 2019, 3M made business segment reporting changes to align its businesses around markets and customers. For any product moves that resulted in reporting unit changes, the Company applied the relative fair value method to determine the impact on goodwill of the associated reporting units. During both the first and second quarters of 2019, the Company completed its assessment of any potential goodwill impairment for reporting units impacted by this new structure and determined that no impairment existed. The discussion that follows relates to the separate fourth quarter 2019 annual impairment test and is in the context of the reporting unit structure that existed at that time.

Based on the annual test in the fourth quarter of 2019, no goodwill impairment was indicated for any of the reporting units. As of October 1, 2019, 3M had 23 primary reporting units, with ten reporting units accounting for approximately 91 percent of the goodwill. These ten reporting units were comprised of the following divisions: Advanced Materials, Display Materials and Systems, Electronics Materials Solutions, Health Information Systems, Industrial Adhesives and Tapes, Medical Solutions, Oral Care Solutions, Personal Safety, Separation and Purification Sciences, and Transportation Safety.

3M is a highly integrated enterprise, where businesses share technology and leverage common fundamental strengths and capabilities, thus many of 3M’s businesses could not easily be sold on a stand-alone basis. 3M’s focus on research and development has resulted in a portion of 3M’s value being comprised of internally developed businesses that have no goodwill associated with them.

3M will continue to monitor its reporting units and asset groups in 2020 for any triggering events or other indicators of impairment.

Uncertainty in Income Tax Positions:

The extent of 3M’s operations involves dealing with uncertainties and judgments in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions. The final taxes paid are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions and resolution of disputes arising from federal, state, and international tax audits. The Company recognizes potential liabilities and records tax liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the United States and other tax jurisdictions based on its estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. The Company follows guidance provided by ASC 740, Income Taxes, a subset of which relates to uncertainty in income taxes, to record these liabilities (refer to Note 10 for additional

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information). The Company adjusts these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances; however, due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from the Company’s current estimate of the tax liabilities. If the Company’s estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, an additional charge to expense would result. If payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be less than the recorded amounts, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period when the Company determines the liabilities are no longer necessary.

NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Information regarding new accounting pronouncements is included in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND LIQUIDITY

The strength and stability of 3M’s business model and strong free cash flow capability, together with proven capital markets access, positions the Company to be able to add further leverage to its capital structure. Investing in 3M’s businesses to drive organic growth remains the first priority for capital deployment, including research and development, capital expenditures, and commercialization capability. Investment in organic growth will be supplemented by complementary acquisitions. 3M will also continue to return cash to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. Sources for cash availability in the United States, such as ongoing cash flow from operations and access to capital markets, have historically been sufficient to fund dividend payments to shareholders, as well as funding U.S. acquisitions and other items as needed. The TCJA creates additional repatriation opportunities for 3M to access international cash positions on a continual and on-going basis and will help support U.S. capital deployments needs. For those international earnings still considered to be reinvested indefinitely, the Company currently has no plans or intentions to repatriate these funds for U.S. operations. See Note 10 for further information on earnings considered to be reinvested indefinitely.

3M’s primary short-term liquidity needs are met through cash on hand and U.S. commercial paper issuances. 3M believes it will have continuous access to the commercial paper market. 3M’s commercial paper program permits the Company to have a maximum of $5 billion outstanding with a maximum maturity of 397 days from date of issuance. At December 31, 2019, there was approximately $150 million in commercial paper issued and outstanding.

Total Debt:

The strength of 3M’s capital structure and significant ongoing cash flows provide 3M proven access to capital markets. Additionally, the Company’s maturity profile is staggered to help ensure refinancing needs in any given year are reasonable in proportion to the total portfolio. 3M currently has an A1 credit rating with a stable outlook from Moody’s Investors Service and has an AA- credit rating with Standard & Poor’s; Standard & Poor’s placed 3M on “CreditWatch Negative” in January 2020.

The Company’s total debt was $5.7 billion higher at December 31, 2019 when compared to December 31, 2018. Increases in debt related to the first quarter and third quarter 2019 issuances of $2.25 billion of medium-term notes and $3.25 billion of other registered notes, respectively, in addition to the 69 billion Japanese Yen (approximately $632 million at December 31, 2019 exchange rates) outstanding from the 80 billion Japanese Yen credit facility established in September 2019 and the 150 million Euro (approximately $168 million at December 31, 2019 exchange rates) outstanding credit facility established in November 2019. Total debt also increased as a result of debt assumed from the October 2019 Acelity Inc. acquisition that was not settled at close as discussed below. These increases were partially offset by the June 2019 repayment of $625 million aggregate principal amount of fixed-rate medium-term notes that matured in addition to lower commercial paper outstanding. For discussion of repayments of and proceeds from debt refer to the following “Cash Flows from Financing Activities” section.

In conjunction with the October 2019 acquisition of Acelity Inc. of the debt assumed, 3M did not immediately settle at close $0.5 billion of notes and, instead, satisfied and discharged those notes via an in-substance defeasance. Refer to Note 12 for additional information.

In July 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority announced that it would no longer require banks to submit rates for the London InterBank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) after 2021. The Company is in the process of reviewing its debt securities, bank facilities, derivative instruments and commercial contracts that utilize LIBOR as the reference rate. 3M will continue its impact assessment and monitor regulatory developments during the transition period.

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Effective February 24, 2017, the Company updated its “well-known seasoned issuer” (WKSI) shelf registration statement, which registers an indeterminate amount of debt or equity securities for future issuance and sale. This replaced 3M’s previous shelf registration dated May 16, 2014. In May 2016, in connection with the WKSI shelf, 3M entered into an amended and restated distribution agreement relating to the future issuance and sale (from time to time) of the Company’s medium-term notes program (Series F), up to the aggregate principal amount of $18 billion, which was an increase from the previous aggregate principal amount up to $9 billion of the same Series.

As of December 31, 2019, the total amount of debt issued as part of the medium-term notes program (Series F), inclusive of debt issued in February 2019 and prior years is approximately $17.6 billion (utilizing the foreign exchange rates applicable at the time of issuance for the Euro denominated debt). Additionally, the August 2019 debt was issued under the WKSI shelf registration, but not as part of the medium-term notes program (Series F). Information with respect to long-term debt issuances and maturities for the periods presented is included in Note 12.

In November 2019, 3M amended and restated its existing $3.75 billion five-year revolving credit facility expiring in March 2021 to a $3.0 billion five-year revolving credit facility expiring in November 2024. The revolving credit agreement includes a provision under which 3M may request an increase of up to $1.0 billion (at lender’s discretion), bringing the total facility up to $4.0 billion. In addition, 3M entered into a $1.25 billion 364-day credit facility expiring in November 2020. The 364-day credit agreement includes a provision under which 3M may convert any advances outstanding on the maturity date into term loans with a maturity date one year later. These credit facilities were undrawn at December 31, 2019. Under both the $3.0 billion and $1.25 billion credit agreements, the Company is required to maintain its EBITDA to Interest Ratio as of the end of each fiscal quarter at not less than 3.0 to 1. This is calculated (as defined in the agreement) as the ratio of consolidated total EBITDA for the four consecutive quarters then ended to total interest expense on all funded debt for the same period. At December 31, 2019, this ratio was approximately 17 to 1. Debt covenants do not restrict the payment of dividends.

Apart from the committed credit facilities described above, in September 2019, 3M entered into a credit facility expiring in July 2020 in the amount of 80 billion Japanese Yen. At December 31, 2019, 69 billion Japanese Yen, or approximately $632 million at December 31, 2019 exchange rates, was drawn and outstanding. In November 2019, 3M entered into a credit facility expiring in November 2020 in the amount of 150 million Euros. At December 31, 2019, 150 million Euros, or $168 million at December 31, 2019 exchange rates, was drawn and outstanding. The Company also had an additional $268 million in stand-alone letters of credit and bank guarantees were also issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019. These instruments are utilized in connection with normal business activities.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities:

At December 31, 2019, 3M had $2.5 billion of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, of which approximately $2.4 billion was held by the Company’s foreign subsidiaries and approximately $100 million was held by the United States. These balances are invested in bank instruments and other high-quality fixed income securities. At December 31, 2018, 3M had $3.3 billion of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, of which approximately $3.1 billion was held by the Company’s foreign subsidiaries and approximately $160 million was held by the United States. Specifics concerning marketable securities investments are provided in Note 11.

Net Debt (non-GAAP measure):

Net debt is not defined under U.S. GAAP and may not be computed the same as similarly titled measures used by other companies. The Company defines net debt as total debt less the total of cash, cash equivalents and current and long-term marketable securities.

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3M believes net debt is meaningful to investors as 3M considers net debt and its components to be important indicators of liquidity and financial position. The following table provides net debt as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

	December 31,					2019 versus
(Millions)	2019		2018		2018
Total debt	$	20,313	$	14,622	$	5,691
Less: Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities		2,494		3,270		(776)
Net debt (non-GAAP measure)	$	17,819	$	11,352	$	6,467

Refer to the preceding “Total Debt” and “Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities” sections for additional details.

Balance Sheet:

3M’s continuous focus on its balance sheet and liquidity provide the Company with significant flexibility to fund its numerous opportunities going forward. The Company will continue to invest in its operations to drive growth, including continual review of acquisition opportunities.

The Company uses working capital measures that place emphasis and focus on certain working capital assets, such as accounts receivable and inventory activity.

Working Capital (non-GAAP measure):

	December 31,					2019 versus
(Millions)		2019		2018		2018
Current assets	$	12,971	$	13,709	$	(738)
Less: Current liabilities		9,222		7,244		1,978
Working capital (non-GAAP measure)	$	3,749	$	6,465	$	(2,716)

Various assets and liabilities, including cash and short-term debt, can fluctuate significantly from month to month depending on short-term liquidity needs. Working capital is not defined under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and may not be computed the same as similarly titled measures used by other companies. The Company defines working capital as current assets minus current liabilities. 3M believes working capital is meaningful to investors as a measure of operational efficiency and short-term financial health.

Working capital decreased $2,716 million compared with December 31, 2018. Current asset balance changes decreased working capital by $738 million, driven by reductions in cash and cash equivalents. Working capital decreases also relate to decreases in accounts receivable and in inventories (discussed further below). Current liability balance changes decreased working capital by $1,978 million, primarily due to increases the current portion of long-term debt due to upcoming maturities in 2020, accruals related to respirator mask/asbestos and other environmental liabilities, net of related subsequent payments (refer to Note 16 for additional details on these accruals), in addition to the current portion of operating lease liabilities due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02, Leases (refer to Note 17 for additional details on leases).

Accounts receivable decreased $229 million from December 31, 2018, primarily due to lower year-on-year sales in addition to continued focus on improving cash flows, partially offset by the receivables acquired from the M*Modal and Acelity Inc. acquisitions. Inventory decreased $232 million from December 31, 2018 as a result of the Company’s commitment to improve its response to slowing growth conditions in several key end markets and channel inventory adjustments by customers partially offset by inventory from the Acelity Inc. acquisition.

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Return on Invested Capital (non-GAAP measure):

Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) is not defined under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Therefore, ROIC should not be considered a substitute for other measures prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. The Company defines ROIC as adjusted net income (net income including non-controlling interest plus after-tax interest expense) divided by average invested capital (equity plus debt). The Company believes ROIC is meaningful to investors as it focuses on shareholder value creation. The calculation is provided in the below table.

In 2019, ROIC of 17.5 percent was lower than 2018. The decrease in 2019 when compared to 2018 was driven by lower net income from the 2019 impact of significant litigation-related charges in addition to the charge from the deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuela subsidiary. ROIC was also negatively impacted by the increase in cash and cash equivalents in anticipation of the funding of the acquisition of Acelity.

In 2018, ROIC of 22.2 percent was higher than 2017. The increase in 2018 when compared to 2017 was negatively impacted by the measurement period adjustments taken in 2018 to the expense recorded in December 2017 from the enactment of the TCJA, the impact from the resolution of the Minnesota natural resource damages (NRD) resolution, and the impact from the gain on sale of the Communication Markets Division, net of restructuring actions related to addressing corporate functional costs following the divestiture, which combined reduced ROIC by 2 percentage points in 2018.

Years ended December 31
(Millions)	2019			2018			2017
Return on Invested Capital (non-GAAP measure)
Net income including non-controlling interest	$	4,582		$	5,363		$	4,869
Interest expense (after-tax) (1)		359			268			208
Adjusted net income (Return)	$	4,941		$	5,631		$	5,077
Average shareholders' equity (including non-controlling interest) (2)	$	10,198		$	10,407		$	11,627
Average short-term and long-term debt (3)		17,982			14,912			12,156
Average invested capital	$	28,180		$	25,318		$	23,783
Return on invested capital (non-GAAP measure)		17.5	%		22.2	%		21.3	%
(1) Effective income tax rate used for interest expense		19.8	%		23.4	%		35.5	%
(2) Calculation of average equity (includes non-controlling interest)
Ending total equity as of:
March 31	$	9,757		$	11,039		$	11,040
June 30		10,142			10,428			11,644
September 30		10,764			10,311			12,202
December 31		10,126			9,848			11,622
Average total equity	$	10,198		$	10,407		$	11,627
(3) Calculation of average debt
Ending short-term and long-term debt as of:
March 31	$	16,370		$	15,660		$	11,711
June 30		15,806			14,519			11,301
September 30		19,439			14,846			11,663
December 31		20,313			14,622			13,949
Average short-term and long-term debt	$	17,982		$	14,912		$	12,156

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Cash Flows:

Cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities are provided in the tables that follow. Individual amounts in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows exclude the effects of acquisitions, divestitures and exchange rate impacts on cash and cash equivalents, which are presented separately in the cash flows. Thus, the amounts presented in the following operating, investing and financing activities tables reflect changes in balances from period to period adjusted for these effects.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities:

Years Ended December 31
(Millions)	2019		2018		2017
Net income including noncontrolling interest	$	4,582	$	5,363	$	4,869
Depreciation and amortization		1,593		1,488		1,544
Company pension and postretirement contributions		(210)		(370)		(967)
Company pension and postretirement expense		357		410		334
Stock-based compensation expense		278		302		324
Gain on sale of businesses		(111)		(545)		(586)
Income taxes (deferred and accrued income taxes)		(68)		77		1,074
Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuelan subsidiary		162		—		—
Accounts receivable		345		(305)		(245)
Inventories		370		(509)		(387)
Accounts payable		(117)		408		24
Other — net		(111)		120		256
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	7,070	$	6,439	$	6,240

Cash flows from operating activities can fluctuate significantly from period to period, as pension funding decisions, tax timing differences and other items can significantly impact cash flows.

In 2019, cash flows provided by operating activities increased $631 million compared to the same period last year, with this increase primarily due to lower year-on-year significant litigation-related charges and the timing of associated payments. Additional factors that increased operating cash flows were decreases in inventory and accounts receivable. The combination of accounts receivable, inventories and accounts payable increased working capital by $598 million in 2019, compared to the working capital decreases of $406 million in 2018. Additional discussion on working capital changes is provided earlier in the “Financial Condition and Liquidity” section.

In 2018, cash flows provided by operating activities increased $199 million compared to the same period last year, with the increase primarily made up of higher net income and lower year-on-year pension and postretirement contributions. The increase was partially offset primarily due to the significant litigation-related charges from the previously disclosed resolution of the Minnesota natural resource damages (NRD) in the first quarter of 2018 and year-on-year increases in income tax payments. Additional factors that decreased operating cash flows were increases in inventory and accounts receivable. The combination of accounts receivable, inventories and accounts payable increased working capital by $406 million in 2018, compared to the working capital increases of $608 million in 2017. Additional discussion on working capital changes is provided earlier in the “Financial Condition and Liquidity” section.

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Cash Flows from Investing Activities:

Years ended December 31
(Millions)	2019		2018		2017
Purchases of property, plant and equipment (PP&E)	$	(1,699)	$	(1,577)	$	(1,373)
Proceeds from sale of PP&E and other assets		123		262		49
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired		(4,984)		13		(2,023)
Purchases and proceeds from maturities and sale of marketable securities and investments, net		(192)		669		(798)
Proceeds from sale of businesses, net of cash sold		236		846		1,065
Other — net		72		9		(6)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	(6,444)	$	222	$	(3,086)

Investments in property, plant and equipment enable growth across many diverse markets, helping to meet product demand and increasing manufacturing efficiency. The Company expects 2020 capital spending to be approximately $1.6 billion to $1.8 billion as 3M continues to invest in its businesses.

3M invests in renewal and maintenance programs, which pertain to cost reduction, cycle time, maintaining and renewing current capacity, eliminating pollution, and compliance. Costs related to maintenance, ordinary repairs, and certain other items are expensed. 3M also invests in growth, which adds to capacity, driven by new products, both through expansion of current facilities and new facilities. Finally, 3M also invests in other initiatives, such as information technology (IT), laboratory facilities, and a continued focus on investments in sustainability.

Refer to Note 3 for information on acquisitions and divestitures. The Company is actively considering additional acquisitions, investments and strategic alliances, and from time to time may also divest certain businesses. Acquisitions, net of cash acquired, in 2019 primarily includes the purchase of M*Modal and Acelity Inc. Proceeds from sale of businesses in 2019 primarily relate to the sale of 3M’s gas and flame detection business and the sale of certain oral care technology comprising a business.

Purchases of marketable securities and investments and proceeds from maturities and sale of marketable securities and investments are primarily attributable to asset-backed securities, certificates of deposit/time deposits, commercial paper, and other securities, which are classified as available-for-sale. Purchases of marketable securities and investments include the purchase of a $0.5 billion of held-to-maturity treasury security (further discussed in Note 11) that was transferred to a trust as part of the in-substance defeasance of a portion of the debt assumed as a result of the Company’s acquisition of Acelity Inc. Refer to Note 11 for more details about 3M’s diversified marketable securities portfolio. Purchases of investments include additional survivor benefit insurance, plus investments in equity securities.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities:

Years ended December 31
(Millions)	2019		2018		2017
Change in short-term debt — net	$	(316)	$	(284)	$	578
Repayment of debt (maturities greater than 90 days)		(2,716)		(1,034)		(962)
Proceeds from debt (maturities greater than 90 days)		6,281		2,251		1,987
Total cash change in debt	$	3,249	$	933	$	1,603
Purchases of treasury stock		(1,407)		(4,870)		(2,068)
Proceeds from issuances of treasury stock pursuant to stock option and benefit plans		547		485		734
Dividends paid to stockholders		(3,316)		(3,193)		(2,803)
Other — net		(197)		(56)		(121)
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(1,124)	$	(6,701)	$	(2,655)

2019 Debt Activity:

Total debt was approximately $20.3 billion at December 31, 2019 and $14.6 billion at December 31, 2018. Increases in debt related to the first quarter and third quarter 2019 issuances of $2.25 billion of medium-term notes and $3.25 billion of other registered notes,

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respectively, 69 billion Japanese Yen (approximately $632 million at December 31, 2019 exchange rates) outstanding from the 80 billion Japanese Yen credit facility established in September 2019, 150 million Euro (approximately $168 million at December 31, 2019 exchange rates) outstanding credit facility established in November 2019, and $0.5 billion of debt assumed and not yet repaid as a result of the Company’s acquisition of Acelity Inc. Repayment of debt primarily consists of the June 2019 repayment of $625 million aggregate principal amount of fixed-rate medium-term notes that had matured, in addition to debt assumed and subsequently repaid as a result of the Company’s acquisitions of M*Modal and Acelity Inc. as discussed in Note 3. Outstanding commercial paper was $150 million at December 31, 2019, as compared to $435 million at December 31, 2018. Net commercial paper issuances, repayments and borrowings by international subsidiaries are largely reflected in “Change in short-term debt – net” in the preceding table. 3M’s primary short-term liquidity needs are met through cash on hand and U.S. commercial paper issuances. Refer to Note 12 for more detail regarding debt issuances.

2018 Debt Activity:

The Company’s total debt was $0.7 billion higher at December 31, 2018 when compared to December 31, 2017. Increases in debt related to the third quarter 2018 issuance of $2.25 billion of medium-term notes, which was partially offset by the $450 million third quarter repayment and 500 million Euro fourth quarter repayment of maturing medium-term notes, the net impact of repayments and borrowings of international subsidiaries along with foreign currency effects, and lower year on year commercial paper balance. Outstanding commercial paper decreased $310 million from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Net commercial paper issuances and repayments and borrowings by international subsidiaries are largely reflected in “Change in short-term debt – net” in the preceding table. 3M’s primary short-term liquidity needs are met through cash on hand and U.S. commercial paper issuances. Refer to Note 12 for more detail regarding debt issuances.

Repurchases of Common Stock:

Repurchases of common stock are made to support the Company’s stock-based employee compensation plans and for other corporate purposes. In November 2018, 3M’s Board of Directors replaced the Company’s February 2016 repurchase program with a new repurchase program. This new program authorizes the repurchase of up to $10 billion of 3M’s outstanding common stock, with no pre-established end date. In 2019, the Company purchased $1.4 billion of its own stock, compared to purchases of $4.9 billion and $2.1 billion in 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company expects full-year 2020 gross share repurchases to be approximately $1.0 billion. For more information, refer to the table titled “Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” in Part II, Item 5. The Company does not utilize derivative instruments linked to the Company’s stock.

Dividends Paid to Shareholders:

Cash dividends paid to shareholders totaled $3.316 billion ($5.76 per share) in 2019, $3.193 billion ($5.44 per share) in 2018, and $2.803 billion $4.70 per share) in 2017. 3M has paid dividends since 1916. In February 2020, 3M’s Board of Directors declared a first-quarter 2020 dividend of $1.47 per share, an increase of 2 percent. This is equivalent to an annual dividend of $5.88 per share and marked the 62^nd consecutive year of dividend increases.

Other cash flows from financing activities may include various other items, such as cash paid associated with certain derivative instruments, distributions to or sales of noncontrolling interests, changes in cash overdraft balances, and principal payments for finance leases.

Free Cash Flow (non-GAAP measure):

Free cash flow and free cash flow conversion are not defined under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Therefore, they should not be considered a substitute for income or cash flow data prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. The Company defines free cash flow as net cash provided by operating activities less purchases of property, plant and equipment. It should not be inferred that the entire free cash flow amount is available for discretionary expenditures. The Company defines free cash flow conversion as free cash flow divided by net income attributable to 3M. The Company believes free cash flow and free cash flow conversion are meaningful to investors as they are useful measures of performance and the Company uses these measures as an indication of the strength of the company and its ability to

47

generate cash. The first quarter of each year is typically 3M’s seasonal low for free cash flow and free cash flow conversion. Below find a recap of free cash flow and free cash flow conversion for 2019, 2018 and 2017.

In 2019, free cash flow conversion was impacted by the $762 million pre-tax charge related to the significant litigation-related charges, the $162 million pre-tax impact from the deconsolidation of the Company’s Venezuelan subsidiary, and the $112 million pre-tax divestiture gain from the gas and flame detection business.

In 2018, free cash flow conversion was impacted by the $176 million measurement period adjustment to the tax expense recorded in December 2017 from the enactment of the TCJA, the $897 million pre-tax charge related to the significant litigation-related charges from the previously disclosed resolution of the Minnesota natural resource damages (NRD), and the $381 million pre-tax gain on sale of the Communication Markets Division, net of restructuring actions related to addressing corporate functional costs following the divestiture.

Refer to the preceding “Cash Flows from Operating Activities” section for discussion of additional items that impacted operating cash flow. Refer to the preceding “Cash Flows from Investing Activities” section for discussion on capital spending for property, plant and equipment.

Years ended December 31
(Millions)	2019			2018			2017
Major GAAP Cash Flow Categories
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	7,070		$	6,439		$	6,240
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(6,444)			222			(3,086)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(1,124)			(6,701)			(2,655)
Free Cash Flow (non-GAAP measure)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	7,070		$	6,439		$	6,240
Purchases of property, plant and equipment (PP&E)		(1,699)			(1,577)			(1,373)
Free cash flow	$	5,371		$	4,862		$	4,867
Net income attributable to 3M	$	4,570		$	5,349		$	4,858
Free cash flow conversion		118	%		91	%		100	%

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations:

As of December 31, 2019, the Company has not utilized special purpose entities to facilitate off-balance sheet financing arrangements. Refer to the section entitled “Warranties/Guarantees” in Note 16 for discussion of accrued product warranty liabilities and guarantees.

In addition to guarantees, 3M, in the normal course of business, periodically enters into agreements that require the Company to indemnify either major customers or suppliers for specific risks, such as claims for injury or property damage arising out of the use of 3M products or the negligence of 3M personnel, or claims alleging that 3M products infringe third-party patents or other intellectual property. While 3M’s maximum exposure under these indemnification provisions cannot be estimated, these indemnifications are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.

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Contractual Obligations

A summary of the Company’s significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2019, follows:

			Payments due by year
													After
(Millions)	Total		2020		2021		2022		2023		2024		2024
Total debt (Note 12)	$	20,313	$	2,795	$	1,682	$	1,603	$	1,811	$	1,101	$	11,321
Interest on long-term debt		6,185		508		471		424		398		362		4,022
Operating leases (Note 17)		931		267		191		138		97		65		173
Finance leases (Note 17)		138		21		17		16		15		14		55
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) transition tax (Note 10)		686		33		69		69		129		172		214
Unconditional purchase obligations and other		1,689		990		280		159		187		45		28
Total contractual cash obligations	$	29,942	$	4,614	$	2,710	$	2,409	$	2,637	$	1,759	$	15,813

Long-term debt payments due in 2020 include floating rate notes totaling $149 million as a result of put provisions associated with these debt instruments.

During the fourth quarter of 2017, 3M recorded a net tax expense related to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). The expense is primarily related to the TCJA’s transition tax. The transition tax is payable over 8 years at the election of the taxpayer. See Note 10 for additional details.

Unconditional purchase obligations are defined as agreements to purchase goods or services that are enforceable and legally binding on the Company. Included in the unconditional purchase obligations category above are certain obligations related to take or pay contracts, capital commitments, service agreements and utilities. These estimates include both unconditional purchase obligations with terms in excess of one year and normal ongoing purchase obligations with terms of less than one year. Many of these commitments relate to take or pay contracts, in which 3M guarantees payment to ensure availability of products or services that are sold to customers. The Company expects to receive consideration (products or services) for these unconditional purchase obligations. Contractual capital commitments are included in the preceding table, but these commitments represent a small part of the Company’s expected capital spending. The purchase obligation amounts do not represent the entire anticipated purchases in the future but represent only those items for which the Company is contractually obligated. The majority of 3M’s products and services are purchased as needed, with no unconditional commitment. For this reason, these amounts will not provide a reliable indicator of the Company’s expected future cash outflows on a stand-alone basis.

Other obligations, included in the preceding table within the caption entitled “Unconditional purchase obligations and other” include the current portion of the liability for uncertain tax positions under ASC 740, which is expected to be paid out in cash in the next 12 months, when applicable. The Company is not able to reasonably estimate the timing of the long-term payments, or the amount by which the liability will increase or decrease over time; therefore, the long-term portion of the total net tax liability of $961 million is excluded from the preceding table. In addition, the transition tax prescribed under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) is separately included in the table above. Refer to Note 10 for further details. Additionally, included within the caption entitled “Unconditional purchase obligations and other” are operating lease commitments that have not yet commenced, which as of December 31, 2019, totaled approximately $23 million. These commitments pertain to 3M’s right of use buildings.

As discussed in Note 13, the Company does not have a required minimum cash pension contribution obligation for its U.S. plans in 2019 and Company contributions to its U.S. and international pension plans are expected to be largely discretionary in future years; therefore, amounts related to these plans are not included in the preceding table.

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The Company enters into foreign exchange forward contracts, options and swaps to hedge against the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash flows denominated in foreign currencies and certain intercompany financing transactions. The Company manages interest rate risks using a mix of fixed and floating rate debt. To help manage borrowing costs, the Company may enter into interest rate swaps. Under these arrangements, the Company agrees to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed and

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floating interest amounts calculated by reference to an agreed-upon notional principal amount. The Company manages commodity price risks through negotiated supply contracts, price protection agreements and commodity price swaps.

Refer to Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk”, for further discussion of foreign exchange rates risk, interest rates risk, commodity prices risk and value at risk analysis.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

In the context of Item 7A, 3M is exposed to market risk due to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices. Changes in those factors could impact the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. Senior management provides oversight for risk management and derivative activities, determines certain of the Company’s financial risk policies and objectives, and provides guidelines for derivative instrument utilization. Senior management also establishes certain associated procedures relative to control and valuation, risk analysis, counterparty credit approval, and ongoing monitoring and reporting.

The Company is exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by counterparties in interest rate swaps, currency swaps, commodity price swaps, and forward and option contracts. However, the Company’s risk is limited to the fair value of the instruments. The Company actively monitors its exposure to credit risk through the use of credit approvals and credit limits, and by selecting major international banks and financial institutions as counterparties. The Company does not anticipate nonperformance by any of these counterparties.

Foreign Exchange Rates Risk:

Foreign currency exchange rates and fluctuations in those rates may affect the Company’s net investment in foreign subsidiaries and may cause fluctuations in cash flows related to foreign denominated transactions. 3M is also exposed to the translation of foreign currency earnings to the U.S. dollar. The Company enters into foreign exchange forward and option contracts to hedge against the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash flows denominated in foreign currencies. These transactions are designated as cash flow hedges. 3M may dedesignate these cash flow hedge relationships in advance of the occurrence of the forecasted transaction. The maximum length of time over which 3M hedges its exposure to the variability in future cash flows of the forecasted transactions is 36 months. In addition, 3M enters into foreign currency forward contracts that are not designated in hedging relationships to offset, in part, the impacts of certain intercompany activities (primarily associated with intercompany licensing arrangements and intercompany financing transactions). As circumstances warrant, the Company also uses foreign currency forward contracts and foreign currency denominated debt as hedging instruments to hedge portions of the Company’s net investments in foreign operations. The dollar equivalent gross notional amount of the Company’s foreign exchange forward and option contracts designated as either cash flow hedges or net investment hedges was $3.0 billion at December 31, 2019. The dollar equivalent gross notional amount of the Company’s foreign exchange forward and option contracts not designated as hedging instruments was $2.7 billion at December 31, 2019. In addition, as of December 31, 2019, the Company had 4.1 billion Euros in principal amount of foreign currency denominated debt designated as non-derivative hedging instruments in certain net investment hedges as discussed in Note 14 in the “Net Investment Hedges” section.

Interest Rates Risk:

The Company may be impacted by interest rate volatility with respect to existing debt and future debt issuances. 3M manages interest rate risk and expense using a mix of fixed and floating rate debt. In addition, the Company may enter into interest rate swaps that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges. Under these arrangements, the Company agrees to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed and floating interest amounts calculated by reference to an agreed-upon notional principal amount. The dollar equivalent (based on inception date foreign currency exchange rates) gross notional amount of the Company’s interest rate swaps at December 31, 2019 was $1.1 billion. Additional details about 3M’s long-term debt can be found in Note 12, including references to information regarding derivatives and/or hedging instruments, further discussed in Note 14, associated with the Company’s long-term debt.

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Commodity Prices Risk:

The Company manages commodity price risks through negotiated supply contracts, price protection agreements and commodity price swaps. The related mark-to-market gain or loss on qualifying hedges was included in other comprehensive income to the extent effective, and reclassified into cost of sales in the period during which the hedged transaction affected earnings. The Company may enter into other commodity price swaps to offset, in part, fluctuation and costs associated with the use of certain commodities and precious metals. These instruments are not designated in hedged relationships and the extent to which they were outstanding at December 31, 2019 was not material.

Value At Risk:

The value at risk analysis is performed annually to assess the Company’s sensitivity to changes in currency rates, interest rates, and commodity prices. A Monte Carlo simulation technique was used to test the impact on after-tax earnings related to financial instruments (primarily debt), derivatives and underlying exposures outstanding at December 31, 2019. The model (third-party bank dataset) used a 95 percent confidence level over a 12-month time horizon. The exposure to changes in currency rates model used 9 currencies, interest rates related to three currencies, and commodity prices related to five commodities. This model does not purport to represent what actually will be experienced by the Company. This model does not include certain hedge transactions, because the Company believes their inclusion would not materially impact the results. The following table summarizes the possible adverse and positive impacts to after-tax earnings related to these exposures.

	Adverse impact on after-tax				Positive impact on after-tax
	earnings				earnings
(Millions)	2019		2018		2019		2018
Foreign exchange rates	$	(133)	$	(290)	$	137	$	305
Interest rates		(11)		(20)		10		17
Commodity prices		(2)		(6)		1		8

An analysis of the global exposures related to purchased components and materials is performed at each year-end. A one percent price change would result in a pre-tax cost or savings of approximately $70 million per year. The global energy exposure is such that a ten percent price change would result in a pre-tax cost or savings of approximately $40 million per year. Global energy exposure includes energy costs used in 3M production and other facilities, primarily electricity and natural gas.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Index to Financial Statements

A complete summary of Form 10-K content, including the index to financial statements, is found at the beginning of this document.

Management’s Responsibility for Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for the integrity and objectivity of the financial information included in this report. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Where necessary, the financial statements reflect estimates based on management’s judgment.

Management has established and maintains a system of internal control over financial reporting for the Company and its subsidiaries. This system and its established accounting procedures and related controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance that assets are safeguarded, that the books and records properly reflect all transactions, that policies and procedures are implemented by qualified personnel, and that published financial statements are properly prepared and fairly presented. The Company’s system of internal control over financial reporting is supported by widely communicated written policies, including business conduct policies, which are designed to require all employees to maintain high ethical standards in the conduct of Company affairs. Internal auditors continually review the accounting and control system.

3M Company

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Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining an adequate system of internal control over financial reporting. Management conducted an assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013). Management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 excluded M*Modal and Acelity, which were acquired by the Company in February 2019 and October 2019, respectively. The total assets and total net sales of M*Modal and Acelity collectively represent 2 percent and 2 percent, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of December 31, 2019. Companies are allowed to exclude acquisitions from their assessment of internal control over financial reporting during the year of acquisition while integrating the acquired company under guidelines established by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Based on the assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective.

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019.

3M Company

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of 3M Company

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of 3M Company and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management has excluded M*Modal and Acelity Inc. from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 because they were acquired by the Company in purchase business combinations during 2019. We have also excluded M*Modal and Acelity Inc. from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. M*Modal and Acelity Inc. are wholly-owned subsidiaries whose total assets and total net sales excluded from management’s assessment and our audit of internal control over financial reporting collectively represent 2

53

percent and 2 percent, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Legal Proceedings Contingencies

As described in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements, management records liabilities for legal proceedings in those instances where it can reasonably estimate the amount of the loss and when the liability is probable. Where the reasonable estimate of the probable loss is a range, management records the most likely estimate of the loss, or the low end of the range if there is no one best estimate. Management either discloses the amount of a possible loss or range of loss in excess of established accruals if estimable, or states that such an estimate cannot be made. Management discloses significant legal proceedings even where liability is not probable or the amount of the liability is not estimable, or both, if management believes there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss may be incurred.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to legal proceedings contingencies is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management when assessing the likelihood of a loss being incurred and when estimating the loss or range of loss for each claim, which in turn led to significant auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s assessment of the liabilities and disclosures associated with legal proceedings.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s evaluation of the liability related to legal proceedings, including controls over determining the likelihood of a loss and whether the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated, as well as financial statement disclosures. These procedures also included, among others, obtaining and evaluating the letters of audit inquiry with internal and external legal counsel, evaluating the reasonableness of management’s assessment regarding whether an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible or probable and reasonably estimable, and evaluating the sufficiency of the Company’s disclosures related to legal proceedings.

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Valuation of Acelity Inc. Intangible Assets

As described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed the acquisition of Acelity Inc. resulting in net assets acquired of approximately $4.3 billion, including $3.6 billion of intangible assets. Management disclosed that the fair value of intangible assets acquired involved the use of significant estimates and assumptions with respect to projected future cash flows, associated discount rates used to calculate present value, asset life cycles, royalty rates, and customer retention rates. As disclosed by management, the allocation of purchase consideration related to Acelity Inc. is considered preliminary with provisional amounts.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of Acelity Inc. intangible assets is a critical audit matter are there was significant auditor judgment and subjectivity in applying procedures relating to the fair value measurement of intangible assets acquired due to the significant amount of judgment by management when developing the estimate; significant audit effort was required in evaluating the significant assumptions relating to the estimate, such as the projected future cash flows, associated discount rates used to calculate present value, asset life cycles, royalty rates, and customer retention rates; and the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the acquisition accounting, including controls over management’s valuation of the intangible assets and controls over development of the assumptions related to the valuation of the intangible assets, including projected future cash flows, associated discount rates used to calculate present value, asset life cycles, royalty rates, and customer retention rates. These procedures also included, among others, reading the purchase agreement and testing management’s process for estimating the fair value of intangible assets. Testing management’s process included evaluating the appropriateness of the valuation methods and the reasonableness of significant assumptions, including the projected future cash flows, associated discount rates used to calculate present value, asset life cycles, royalty rates, and customer retention rates. Evaluating the reasonableness of the projected cash flows, asset life cycles, royalty rates, and customer retention rates involved considering economic and industry factors and the past performance of the acquired businesses. The discount rates were evaluated by considering the cost of capital of comparable businesses and other industry factors. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of management’s valuation methods and certain significant assumptions.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Minneapolis, Minnesota

February 6, 2020

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1975.

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3M Company and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statement of Income

Years ended December 31

(Millions, except per share amounts)	2019		2018		2017
Net sales	$	32,136	$	32,765	$	31,657
Operating expenses
Cost of sales		17,136		16,682		16,055
Selling, general and administrative expenses		7,029		7,602		6,626
Research, development and related expenses		1,911		1,821		1,870
Gain on sale of businesses		(114)		(547)		(586)
Total operating expenses		25,962		25,558		23,965
Operating income		6,174		7,207		7,692
Other expense (income), net		462		207		144
Income before income taxes		5,712		7,000		7,548
Provision for income taxes		1,130		1,637		2,679
Net income including noncontrolling interest	$	4,582	$	5,363	$	4,869
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest		12		14		11
Net income attributable to 3M	$	4,570	$	5,349	$	4,858
Weighted average 3M common shares outstanding — basic		577.0		588.5		597.5
Earnings per share attributable to 3M common shareholders — basic	$	7.92	$	9.09	$	8.13
Weighted average 3M common shares outstanding — diluted		585.1		602.0		612.7
Earnings per share attributable to 3M common shareholders — diluted	$	7.81	$	8.89	$	7.93

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this statement.

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3M Company and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

Years ended December 31

(Millions)	2019		2018		2017
Net income including noncontrolling interest	$	4,582	$	5,363	$	4,869
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Cumulative translation adjustment		211		(467)		373
Defined benefit pension and postretirement plans adjustment		(560)		444		52
Cash flow hedging instruments		(72)		176		(203)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(421)		153		222
Comprehensive income (loss) including noncontrolling interest		4,161		5,516		5,091
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest		(11)		(8)		(14)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to 3M	$	4,150	$	5,508	$	5,077

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this statement.

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3M Company and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheet

At December 31

(Dollars in millions, except per share amount)	2019		2018
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,353	$	2,853
Marketable securities — current		98		380
Accounts receivable — net of allowances of $161 and $95		4,791		5,020
Inventories
Finished goods		2,003		2,120
Work in process		1,194		1,292
Raw materials and supplies		937		954
Total inventories		4,134		4,366
Prepaids		704		741
Other current assets		891		349
Total current assets		12,971		13,709
Property, plant and equipment		26,124		24,873
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(16,791)		(16,135)
Property, plant and equipment — net		9,333		8,738
Operating lease right of use assets		858		—
Goodwill		13,444		10,051
Intangible assets — net		6,379		2,657
Other assets		1,674		1,345
Total assets	$	44,659	$	36,500
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt	$	2,795	$	1,211
Accounts payable		2,228		2,266
Accrued payroll		702		749
Accrued income taxes		194		243
Operating lease liabilities — current		247		—
Other current liabilities		3,056		2,775
Total current liabilities		9,222		7,244
Long-term debt		17,518		13,411
Pension and postretirement benefits		3,911		2,987
Operating lease liabilities		607		—
Other liabilities		3,275		3,010
Total liabilities	$	34,533	$	26,652
Commitments and contingencies (Note 16)
Equity
3M Company shareholders’ equity:
Common stock par value, $.01 par value; 944,033,056 shares issued	$	9	$	9
Shares outstanding - 2019: 575,184,835
Shares outstanding - 2018: 576,575,168
Additional paid-in capital		5,907		5,643
Retained earnings		42,135		40,636
Treasury stock		(29,849)		(29,626)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		(8,139)		(6,866)
Total 3M Company shareholders’ equity		10,063		9,796
Noncontrolling interest		63		52
Total equity	$	10,126	$	9,848
Total liabilities and equity	$	44,659	$	36,500

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this statement.

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3M Company and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity

Years Ended December 31

			3M Company Shareholders
			Common						Accumulated
			Stock and						Other
			Additional						Comprehensive		Non-
			Paid-in		Retained		Treasury		Income		controlling
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)	Total		Capital		Earnings		Stock		(Loss)		Interest
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	10,343	$	5,070	$	37,907	$	(25,434)	$	(7,245)	$	45
Net income		4,869				4,858						11
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Cumulative translation adjustment		373								370		3
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans adjustment		52								52		—
Cash flow hedging instruments - unrealized gain (loss)		(203)								(203)		—
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		222
Dividends declared ($4.70 per share, Note 8)		(2,803)				(2,803)
Stock-based compensation		291		291
Reacquired stock		(2,044)						(2,044)
Issuances pursuant to stock option and benefit plans		744				(847)		1,591
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	11,622	$	5,361	$	39,115	$	(25,887)	$	(7,026)	$	59
Net income		5,363				5,349						14
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Cumulative translation adjustment		(467)								(461)		(6)
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans adjustment		444								444		—
Cash flow hedging instruments - unrealized gain (loss)		176								176		—
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		153
Dividends declared ($5.44 per share, Note 8)		(3,193)				(3,193)
Transfer of ownership involving non-wholly owned subsidiaries		—				14				1		(15)
Stock-based compensation		291		291
Reacquired stock		(4,888)						(4,888)
Issuances pursuant to stock option and benefit plans		500				(649)		1,149
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	9,848	$	5,652	$	40,636	$	(29,626)	$	(6,866)	$	52
Impact of adoption of ASU No. 2018-02 (See Note 1)		—				853				(853)
Impact of adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 (See Note 1)		14				14
Net income		4,582				4,570						12
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Cumulative translation adjustment		211								212		(1)
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans adjustment		(560)								(560)		—
Cash flow hedging instruments - unrealized gain (loss)		(72)								(72)		—
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(421)
Dividends declared ($5.76 per share, Note 8)		(3,316)				(3,316)
Stock-based compensation		264		264
Reacquired stock		(1,381)						(1,381)
Issuances pursuant to stock option and benefit plans		536				(622)		1,158
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	10,126	$	5,916	$	42,135	$	(29,849)	$	(8,139)	$	63

Supplemental share information	2019	2018	2017
Treasury stock
Beginning balance	367,457,888	349,148,819	347,306,778
Reacquired stock	7,575,647	23,526,293	10,209,963
Issuances pursuant to stock options and benefit plans	(6,185,314)	(5,217,224)	(8,367,922)
Ending balance	368,848,221	367,457,888	349,148,819

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this statement.

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3M Company and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

Years ended December 31

(Millions)	2019		2018		2017
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income including noncontrolling interest	$	4,582	$	5,363	$	4,869
Adjustments to reconcile net income including noncontrolling interest to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization		1,593		1,488		1,544
Company pension and postretirement contributions		(210)		(370)		(967)
Company pension and postretirement expense		357		410		334
Stock-based compensation expense		278		302		324
Gain on sale of businesses		(111)		(545)		(586)
Deferred income taxes		(273)		(57)		107
Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuelan subsidiary		162		—		—
Changes in assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable		345		(305)		(245)
Inventories		370		(509)		(387)
Accounts payable		(117)		408		24
Accrued income taxes (current and long-term)		205		134		967
Other — net		(111)		120		256
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		7,070		6,439		6,240
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchases of property, plant and equipment (PP&E)		(1,699)		(1,577)		(1,373)
Proceeds from sale of PP&E and other assets		123		262		49
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired		(4,984)		13		(2,023)
Purchases of marketable securities and investments		(1,635)		(1,828)		(2,152)
Proceeds from maturities and sale of marketable securities and investments		1,443		2,497		1,354
Proceeds from sale of businesses, net of cash sold		236		846		1,065
Other — net		72		9		(6)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(6,444)		222		(3,086)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Change in short-term debt — net		(316)		(284)		578
Repayment of debt (maturities greater than 90 days)		(2,716)		(1,034)		(962)
Proceeds from debt (maturities greater than 90 days)		6,281		2,251		1,987
Purchases of treasury stock		(1,407)		(4,870)		(2,068)
Proceeds from issuance of treasury stock pursuant to stock option and benefit plans		547		485		734
Dividends paid to shareholders		(3,316)		(3,193)		(2,803)
Other — net		(197)		(56)		(121)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(1,124)		(6,701)		(2,655)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(2)		(160)		156
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(500)		(200)		655
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		2,853		3,053		2,398
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	2,353	$	2,853	$	3,053

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of this statement.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 1. Significant Accounting Policies

Consolidation: 3M is a diversified global manufacturer, technology innovator and marketer of a wide variety of products. All applicable subsidiaries are consolidated. All intercompany transactions are eliminated. As used herein, the term “3M” or “Company” refers to 3M Company and subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise.

Basis of presentation: Certain amounts in the prior years’ consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Foreign currency translation: Local currencies generally are considered the functional currencies outside the United States with the exception of 3M’s subsidiaries in Argentina, the economy of which was considered highly inflationary beginning in 2018, and accordingly the financial statements of these subsidiaries are remeasured as if their functional currency is that of their parent. Assets and liabilities for operations in local-currency environments are translated at month-end exchange rates of the period reported. Income and expense items are translated at average monthly currency exchange rates in effect during the period. Cumulative translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity.

3M had a consolidating subsidiary in Venezuela, the financial statements of which were remeasured as if its functional currency were that of its parent because Venezuela’s economic environment is considered highly inflationary. The operating income of this subsidiary was immaterial as a percent of 3M’s consolidated operating income for the periods presented. In light of circumstances, including the country’s unstable environment and heightened unrest leading to sustained lack of demand, and expectation that these circumstances will continue for the foreseeable future, during May 2019, 3M concluded it no longer met the criteria of control in order to continue consolidating its Venezuelan operations. As a result, as of May 31, 2019, the Company began reflecting its interest in the Venezuelan subsidiary as an equity investment that does not have a readily determinable fair value. This resulted in a pre-tax charge of $162 million within other expense (income) in the second quarter of 2019. The charge primarily relates to $144 million of foreign currency translation losses associated with foreign currency movements before Venezuela was accounted for as a highly inflationary economy and pension elements previously included in accumulated other comprehensive loss along with write-down of intercompany receivable and investment balances associated with this subsidiary. Beginning May 31, 2019, 3M’s consolidated balance sheets and statements of operations no longer include the Venezuelan entity’s operations other than an immaterial equity investment and associated loss or income thereon largely only to the extent, if any, that 3M provides support or materials and receives funding or dividends.

Use of estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Cash and cash equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and temporary investments with maturities of three months or less when acquired.

Marketable securities: Marketable securities include available-for-sale debt securities and are recorded at fair value. Cost of securities sold use the first in, first out (FIFO) method. The classification of marketable securities as current or non-current is based on the availability for use in current operations. 3M reviews impairments associated with its marketable securities in accordance with the measurement guidance provided by ASC 320, Investments-Debt and Equity Securities, when determining the classification of the impairment as “temporary” or “other-than-temporary”. A temporary impairment charge results in an unrealized loss being recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a component of shareholders’ equity. Such an unrealized loss does not reduce net income for the applicable accounting period because the loss is not viewed as other-than-temporary. The factors evaluated to differentiate between temporary and other-than-temporary include the projected future cash flows, credit ratings actions, and assessment of the credit quality of the underlying collateral, as well as other factors. Amounts are reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income and into earnings upon sale or “other-than-temporary” impairment.

Investments: All equity securities that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method are measured at fair value with changes therein reflected in net income. 3M utilizes the measurement alternative for equity investments that do not

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have readily determinable fair values and measures these investments at cost less impairment plus or minus observable price changes in orderly transactions. The balance of these securities is disclosed in Note 7.

Other assets: Other assets include deferred income taxes, product and other insurance receivables, the cash surrender value of life insurance policies, medical equipment in rental arrangements utilized primarily by hospitals and other medical clinics, prepaid pension and postretirement and other long-term assets. Investments in life insurance are reported at the amount that could be realized under contract at the balance sheet date, with any changes in cash surrender value or contract value during the period accounted for as an adjustment of premiums paid. Cash outflows and inflows associated with life insurance activity are included in “Purchases of marketable securities and investments” and “Proceeds from maturities and sale of marketable securities and investments,” respectively.

Inventories: Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value (NRV), which is defined as estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation market. Cost is determined on a first-in, first-out basis.

Property, plant and equipment: Property, plant and equipment, including capitalized interest and internal direct engineering costs, are recorded at cost. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment generally is computed using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives of buildings and improvements primarily range from ten to forty years, with the majority in the range of twenty to forty years. The estimated useful lives of machinery and equipment primarily range from three to fifteen years, with the majority in the range of five to ten years. Fully depreciated assets other than capitalized internally developed software are retained in property, plant and equipment and accumulated depreciation accounts until disposal. Upon disposal, assets and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and the net amount, less proceeds from disposal, is charged or credited to operations. Property, plant and equipment amounts are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset (asset group) may not be recoverable. An impairment loss would be recognized when the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. The amount of the impairment loss recorded is calculated by the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value. Fair value is generally determined using a discounted cash flow analysis.

Conditional asset retirement obligations: A liability is initially recorded at fair value for an asset retirement obligation associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets in the period in which it is incurred if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. Conditional asset retirement obligations exist for certain long-term assets of the Company. The obligation is initially measured at fair value using expected present value techniques. Over time the liabilities are accreted for the change in their present value and the initial capitalized costs are depreciated over the remaining useful lives of the related assets. The asset retirement obligation liability was $137 million and $122 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Goodwill: Goodwill is the excess of cost of an acquired entity over the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of each year, and is tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate the carrying amount may be impaired. Impairment testing for goodwill is done at a reporting unit level, with all goodwill assigned to a reporting unit. Reporting units are one level below the business segment level, but are required to be combined when reporting units within the same segment have similar economic characteristics. 3M did not combine any of its reporting units for impairment testing. The impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit’s net assets exceeds its estimated fair value, not to exceed the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. The estimated fair value of a reporting unit is determined using earnings for the reporting unit multiplied by a price/earnings ratio for comparable industry groups or by using a discounted cash flow analysis. Companies have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the fair value of a reporting unit is not “more likely than not” less than its carrying amount, which is commonly referred to as “Step 0”. 3M has chosen not to apply Step 0 for its annual goodwill assessments.

Intangible assets: Intangible asset types include customer related, patents, other technology-based, tradenames and other intangible assets acquired from an independent party. Intangible assets with a definite life are amortized over a period ranging from four to twenty years on a systematic and rational basis (generally straight line) that is representative of the asset’s use. The estimated useful lives vary by category, with customer-related largely between twelve to nineteen years, patents largely between six to seventeen years, other technology-based largely between six to fifteen years, definite lived tradenames largely between six and twenty years, and other intangibles largely between five to thirteen years. Intangible assets are removed from their respective gross asset and accumulated

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amortization accounts when they are no longer in use. Refer to Note 4 for additional details on the gross amount and accumulated amortization of the Company’s intangible assets. Costs related to internally developed intangible assets, such as patents, are expensed as incurred, within “Research, development and related expenses.”

Intangible assets with a definite life are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset (asset group) may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted cash flows from the asset’s or asset group’s ongoing use and eventual disposition. If an impairment is identified, the amount of the impairment loss recorded is calculated by the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value. Fair value is generally determined using a discounted cash flow analysis.

Intangible assets with an indefinite life, namely certain tradenames, are not amortized. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually, and are tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate that the carrying amount may be impaired. An impairment loss would be recognized when the fair value is less than the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset.

Restructuring actions: Restructuring actions generally include significant actions involving employee-related severance charges, contract termination costs, and impairment or accelerated depreciation/amortization of assets associated with such actions. Employee-related severance charges are largely based upon distributed employment policies and substantive severance plans. These charges are reflected in the quarter when the actions are probable and the amounts are estimable, which typically is when management approves the associated actions. Severance amounts for which affected employees in certain circumstances are required to render service in order to receive benefits at their termination dates were measured at the date such benefits were communicated to the applicable employees and recognized as expense over the employees’ remaining service periods. Contract termination and other charges primarily reflect costs to terminate a contract before the end of its term (measured at fair value at the time the Company provided notice to the counterparty) or costs that will continue to be incurred under the contract for its remaining term without economic benefit to the Company. Asset impairment charges related to intangible assets and property, plant and equipment reflect the excess of the assets’ carrying values over their fair values.

Revenue (sales) recognition: The Company sells a wide range of products to a diversified base of customers around the world and has no material concentration of credit risk or significant payment terms extended to customers. The vast majority of 3M’s customer arrangements contain a single performance obligation to transfer manufactured goods as the promise to transfer the individual goods is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and, therefore, not distinct. However, to a limited extent 3M also enters into customer arrangements that involve intellectual property out-licensing, multiple performance obligations (such as equipment, installation and service), software with coterminous post-contract support, services and non-standard terms and conditions.

The Company recognizes revenue in light of the guidance of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Revenue is recognized when control of goods has transferred to customers. For the majority of the Company’s customer arrangements, control transfers to customers at a point-in-time when goods/services have been delivered as that is generally when legal title, physical possession and risks and rewards of goods/services transfers to the customer. In limited arrangements, control transfers over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits as 3M completes the performance obligation(s).

Revenue is recognized at the transaction price which the Company expects to be entitled. When determining the transaction price, 3M estimates variable consideration applying the portfolio approach practical expedient under ASC 606. The main sources of variable consideration for 3M are customer rebates, trade promotion funds, and cash discounts. These sales incentives are recorded as a reduction to revenue at the time of the initial sale using the most-likely amount estimation method. The most-likely amount method is based on the single most likely outcome from a range of possible consideration outcomes. The range of possible consideration outcomes are primarily derived from the following inputs: sales terms, historical experience, trend analysis, and projected market conditions in the various markets served. Because 3M serves numerous markets, the sales incentive programs offered vary across businesses, but the most common incentive relates to amounts paid or credited to customers for achieving defined volume levels or growth objectives. There are no material instances where variable consideration is constrained and not recorded at the initial time of sale. Free goods are accounted for as an expense and recorded in cost of sales. Product returns are recorded as a reduction to revenue based on anticipated sales returns that occur in the normal course of business. 3M primarily has assurance-type warranties that do not result in separate performance obligations. Sales, use, value-added, and other excise taxes are not recognized in revenue. The Company has elected to present revenue net of sales taxes and other similar taxes.

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For substantially all arrangements recognized over time, the Company applies the “right to invoice” practical expedient. As a result, 3M recognizes revenue at the invoice amount when the entity has a right to invoice a customer at an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the Company’s performance completed to date.

For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using 3M’s best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract.

The Company did not recognize any material revenue in the current reporting period for performance obligations that were fully satisfied in previous periods.

The Company does not have material unfulfilled performance obligation balances for contracts with an original length greater than one year in any years presented. Additionally, the Company does not have material costs related to obtaining a contract with amortization periods greater than one year for any year presented.

3M applies ASC 606 utilizing the following allowable exemptions or practical expedients:

● Exemption to not disclose the unfulfilled performance obligation balance for contracts with an original length of one year or less.

● Practical expedient relative to costs of obtaining a contract by expensing sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less.

● Portfolio approach practical expedient relative to estimation of variable consideration.

● “Right to invoice” practical expedient based on 3M’s right to invoice the customer at an amount that reasonably represents the value to the customer of 3M’s performance completed to date.

● Election to present revenue net of sales taxes and other similar taxes.

● Sales-based royalty exemption permitting future intellectual property out-licensing royalty payments to be excluded from the otherwise required remaining performance obligations disclosure

The Company recognizes revenue from the rental of durable medical devices in light of the guidance of ASC 842, Leases. The Company recognizes rental revenue based on the length of time a device is used by the patient/organization, (i) at the contracted rental rate for contracted customers and (ii) generally, retail price for non-contracted customers. The leases are short-term in nature, generally providing for daily or monthly pricing, and are all classified as operating leases.

Accounts receivable and allowances: Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The Company maintains allowances for bad debts, cash discounts, product returns and various other items. The allowance for doubtful accounts and product returns is based on the best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in existing accounts receivable and anticipated sales returns. The Company determines the allowances based on historical write-off experience by industry and regional economic data and historical sales returns. The Company reviews the allowance for doubtful accounts monthly. The Company does not have any significant off-balance-sheet credit exposure related to its customers.

Advertising and merchandising: These costs are charged to operations in the period incurred, and totaled $348 million in 2019, $396 million in 2018 and $411 million in 2017.

Research, development and related expenses: These costs are charged to operations in the period incurred and are shown on a separate line of the Consolidated Statement of Income. Research, development and related expenses totaled $1.911 billion in 2019, $1.821 billion in 2018 and $1.870 billion in 2017. Research and development expenses, covering basic scientific research and the application of scientific advances in the development of new and improved products and their uses, totaled $1.253 billion in 2019, $1.253 billion in 2018 and $1.352 billion in 2017. Related expenses primarily include technical support; internally developed patent costs, which include costs and fees incurred to prepare, file, secure and maintain patents; amortization of externally acquired patents and externally acquired in-process research and development; and gains/losses associated with certain corporate approved investments in R&D-related ventures, such as equity method effects and impairments.

Internal-use software: The Company capitalizes direct costs of services used in the development of, and external software acquired for use as, internal-use software. Amounts capitalized are amortized over a period of three to seven years, generally on a straight-line basis, unless another systematic and rational basis is more representative of the software’s use. Amounts are reported as a component

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of either machinery and equipment or finance leases within property, plant and equipment. Fully depreciated internal-use software assets are removed from property, plant and equipment and accumulated depreciation accounts.

Environmental: Environmental expenditures relating to existing conditions caused by past operations that do not contribute to current or future revenues are expensed. Reserves for liabilities related to anticipated remediation costs are recorded on an undiscounted basis when they are probable and reasonably estimable, generally no later than the completion of feasibility studies, the Company’s commitment to a plan of action, or approval by regulatory agencies. Environmental expenditures for capital projects that contribute to current or future operations generally are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives.

Income taxes: The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach. Under this approach, deferred income taxes represent the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax basis of assets and liabilities. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce its deferred tax assets when uncertainty regarding their realizability exists. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had valuation allowances of $158 million and $67 million on its deferred tax assets, respectively. The Company recognizes and measures its uncertain tax positions based on the rules under ASC 740, Income Taxes. As described in the “New Accounting Pronouncements” section, 3M adopted ASU No. 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The Company’s accounting policy for income taxes has been updated to indicate the uses of the portfolio approach for releasing income tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Earnings per share: The difference in the weighted average 3M shares outstanding for calculating basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to 3M common shareholders is the result of the dilution associated with the Company’s stock-based compensation plans. Certain options outstanding under these stock-based compensation plans during the years 2019, 2018 and 2017 were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share attributable to 3M common shareholders because they would have had an anti-dilutive effect (8.9 million average options for 2019, 2.9 million average options for 2018, and 0.8 million average options for 2017). The computations for basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31 follow:

Earnings Per Share Computations

(Amounts in millions, except per share amounts)	2019		2018		2017
Numerator:
Net income attributable to 3M	$	4,570	$	5,349	$	4,858
Denominator:
Denominator for weighted average 3M common shares outstanding – basic		577.0		588.5		597.5
Dilution associated with the Company’s stock-based compensation plans		8.1		13.5		15.2
Denominator for weighted average 3M common shares outstanding – diluted		585.1		602.0		612.7
Earnings per share attributable to 3M common shareholders – basic	$	7.92	$	9.09	$	8.13
Earnings per share attributable to 3M common shareholders – diluted	$	7.81	$	8.89	$	7.93

Stock-based compensation: The Company recognizes compensation expense for its stock-based compensation programs, which include stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (RSUs), performance shares, and the General Employees’ Stock Purchase Plan (GESPP). Under applicable accounting standards, the fair value of share-based compensation is determined at the grant date and the recognition of the related expense is recorded over the period in which the share-based compensation vests. However, with respect to income taxes, the related deduction from taxes payable is based on the award’s intrinsic value at the time of exercise (for an option) or on the fair value upon vesting of the award (for RSUs), which can be either greater (creating an excess tax benefit) or less (creating a tax deficiency) than the deferred tax benefit recognized as compensation cost is recognized in the financial statements. These excess tax benefits/deficiencies are recognized as income tax benefit/expense in the statement of income and, within the statement of cash flows, are classified in operating activities in the same manner as other cash flows related to income taxes. The extent of excess tax benefits/deficiencies is subject to variation in 3M stock price and timing/extent of RSU vestings and employee stock option exercises.

Comprehensive income: Total comprehensive income and the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are presented in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income and the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is composed of foreign currency translation effects (including hedges of net investments in international companies), defined benefit pension and postretirement plan adjustments, unrealized gains and losses on

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available-for-sale debt securities, and unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedging instruments. The Company uses the portfolio approach for releasing income tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income.

Derivatives and hedging activities: All derivative instruments within the scope of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. The Company uses interest rate swaps, currency and commodity price swaps, and foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage risks generally associated with foreign exchange rate, interest rate and commodity market volatility. All hedging instruments that qualify for hedge accounting are designated and effective as hedges, in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. If the underlying hedged transaction ceases to exist, all changes in fair value of the related derivatives that have not been settled are recognized in current earnings. Instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are marked to market with changes recognized in current earnings. Cash flows from derivative instruments are classified in the statement of cash flows in the same category as the cash flows from the items subject to designated hedge or undesignated (economic) hedge relationships. The Company does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes and is not a party to leveraged derivatives.

Credit risk: The Company is exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by counterparties in interest rate swaps, currency swaps, commodity price swaps, and forward and option contracts. However, the Company’s risk is limited to the fair value of the instruments. The Company actively monitors its exposure to credit risk through the use of credit approvals and credit limits, and by selecting major international banks and financial institutions as counterparties. 3M enters into master netting arrangements with counterparties when possible to mitigate credit risk in derivative transactions. A master netting arrangement may allow each counterparty to net settle amounts owed between a 3M entity and the counterparty as a result of multiple, separate derivative transactions. The Company does not anticipate nonperformance by any of these counterparties. 3M has elected to present the fair value of derivative assets and liabilities within the Company’s consolidated balance sheet on a gross basis even when derivative transactions are subject to master netting arrangements and may otherwise qualify for net presentation.

Fair value measurements: 3M follows ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, with respect to assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and nonrecurring basis. Under the standard, fair value is defined as the exit price, or the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. The standard also establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the factors market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability developed based upon the best information available in the circumstances. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs (other than quoted prices) that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Acquisitions: The Company accounts for business acquisitions in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. This standard requires the acquiring entity in a business combination to recognize all (and only) the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transaction and establishes the acquisition-date fair value as the measurement objective for all assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Certain provisions of this standard prescribe, among other things, the determination of acquisition-date fair value of consideration paid in a business combination (including contingent consideration) and the exclusion of transaction and acquisition-related restructuring costs from acquisition accounting. In addition to business combinations, 3M periodically acquires certain tangible and/or intangible assets and purchases interests in certain enterprises that do not otherwise qualify for accounting as business combinations. These transactions are largely reflected as additional asset purchase and investment activity.

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Leases: 3M determines if an arrangement is a lease upon inception. A contract is or contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The right to control the use of an asset includes the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits of the underlying asset and the right to direct how and for what purpose the asset is used. 3M determines certain service agreements that contain the right to use an underlying asset are not leases because 3M does not control how and for what purpose the identified asset is used. Examples of such agreements include master supply agreements, product processing agreements, warehouse and distribution services agreements, power purchase agreements, and transportation purchase agreements.

After adoption of ASU 2016-02 and related standards, operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The discount rate used to calculate present value is 3M’s incremental borrowing rate or, if available, the rate implicit in the lease. 3M determines the incremental borrowing rate for leases using a portfolio approach based primarily on the lease term and the economic environment of the applicable country or region.

As a lessee, the Company leases distribution centers, office space, land, and equipment. Certain 3M lease agreements include rental payments adjusted annually based on changes in an inflation index. 3M’s leases do not contain material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Certain leases include one or more options to renew, with terms that can extend the lease term up to five years. 3M includes options to renew the lease as part of the right of use lease asset and liability when it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise the option. In addition, certain leases contain fair value purchase and termination options with an associated penalty. In general, 3M is not reasonably certain to exercise such options.

For the measurement and classification of its lease agreements, 3M groups lease and non-lease components into a single lease component for all underlying asset classes. Variable lease payments primarily include payments for non-lease components, such as maintenance costs, payments for leased assets used beyond their noncancelable lease term as adjusted for contractual options to terminate or renew, and payments for non-components such as sales tax. Certain 3M leases contain immaterial variable lease payments based on number of units produced.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, and in July 2018, issued ASU No. 2018-10 and 2018-11 and in December 2018, issued ASU No. 2018-20 and in March 2019, issued ASU No. 2019-01, which amended the standard, replacing existing lease accounting guidance. The new standard introduced a lessee model that requires entities to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases, but recognize expenses on their income statements in a manner similar to current accounting. The ASU did not make fundamental changes to previous lessor accounting. However, it modified what qualifies as a sales-type and direct financing lease and related accounting and aligned a number of the underlying principles with those of the ASC 606 revenue standard, such as evaluating how collectability should be considered and determining when profit can be recognized. The guidance eliminated existing real estate-specific provisions and requires expanded qualitative and quantitative disclosures. For 3M, the ASU was effective January 1, 2019. As amended, the ASU provided for retrospective transition applied to earliest period presented or an adoption method by which entities would not need to recast the comparative periods presented. 3M did not recast prior periods as it adopted this ASU. As a result of adopting this ASU, 3M recorded approximately $0.8 billion of lease assets and lease liabilities related to its operating leases and a $14 million adjustment to retained earnings related to transition upon this ASU’s adoption.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which revises guidance for the accounting for credit losses on financial instruments within its scope, and in November 2018, issued ASU No. 2018-19 and in April 2019, issued ASU No. 2019-04 and in May 2019, issued ASU No. 2019-05, and in November 2019, issued ASU No. 2019-11, which amended the standard. The new standard introduces an approach, based on expected losses, to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments and modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities. The new approach to estimating credit losses (referred to as the current expected credit losses model) applies to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, net investments in leases and off-balance-sheet credit exposures. With respect to available-for-sale (AFS) debt securities, the ASU amends the current other-than-temporary impairment model. For such securities with unrealized losses, entities will still consider if a portion of any impairment is related only to credit losses and therefore recognized as a reduction in income. However, rather than also reflecting that

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credit loss amount as a permanent reduction in cost (amortized cost) basis of that AFS debt security, the ASU requires that credit losses be reflected as an allowance. As a result, under certain circumstances, a recovery in value could result in previous allowances, or portions thereof, reversing back into income. For 3M, this ASU is effective January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. Entities are required to apply the standard’s provisions as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is adopted. Based on the conducted analyses and due to the nature and extent of 3M’s financial instruments in scope of this ASU (primarily accounts receivable) and the historical, current and expected credit quality of its customers, the Company does not expect this ASU to have a material impact on its consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities and in October 2018, issued ASU No. 2018-16, which amended the standard. The ASU amends existing guidance to simplify the application of hedge accounting in certain situations and allow companies to better align their hedge accounting with their risk management activities. Existing standards contain certain requirements for an instrument to qualify for hedge accounting relative to initial and ongoing assessments of hedge effectiveness. While an initial quantitative test to establish the hedge relationship is highly effective would still be required, the new ASU permits subsequent qualitative assessments for certain hedges instead of a quantitative test and expands the timeline for performing the initial quantitative assessment. The ASU also simplifies related accounting by eliminating the requirement to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness. Instead, for qualifying cash flow and net investment hedges, the entire change in fair value (including the amount attributable to ineffectiveness) will be recorded within other comprehensive income and reclassified to earnings in the same income statement line that is used to present the earnings effect of the hedged item when the hedged item affects earnings. For fair value hedges, generally, the entire change in fair value of the hedging instrument would also be presented in the same income statement line as the hedged item. The new standard also simplifies the accounting for fair value hedges of interest rate risks and expands an entity’s ability to hedge nonfinancial and financial risk components. In addition, the guidance also eases certain documentation requirements, modifies the accounting for components excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, and requires additional tabular disclosures of derivative and hedge-related information. For 3M, this ASU was effective January 1, 2019, with a modified retrospective transition resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment recorded to the opening balance of retained earnings as of the adoption date. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on 3M’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which permits entities to reclassify, to retained earnings, the one-time income tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) arising from the change in the U.S. federal corporate tax rate as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. An entity that elects to make this reclassification must consider all items in AOCI that have tax effects stranded as a result of the tax rate change, and must disclose the reclassification of these tax effects as well as the entity’s policy for releasing income tax effects from AOCI. The ASU may be applied either retrospectively or as of the beginning of the period of adoption. For 3M, this ASU was effective January 1, 2019 and resulted in a reclassification between retained earnings and AOCI. As a result of adopting this ASU, the Company increased retained earnings by approximately $0.9 billion, with an offsetting increase to accumulated other comprehensive loss for the same amount.

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In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which aligns the accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service arrangement (i.e. hosting arrangement) with the guidance on capitalizing costs in ASC 350-40, Internal-Use Software. The ASU permits either a prospective or retrospective transition approach. For 3M, the ASU is effective as of January 1, 2020 and the Company plans on prospective adoption. While the Company utilized limited cloud-computing services where significant implementation costs were incurred for the periods presented, 3M will apply this ASU to its expected expanded use of applicable services.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (Topic 740). This ASU simplifies the accounting for income taxes by, among other things, eliminating certain existing exceptions related to the general approach in ASC 740 relating to franchise taxes, reducing complexity in the interim-period accounting for year-to-date loss limitations and changes in tax laws, and clarifying the accounting for transactions outside of business combination that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. The transition requirements are primarily prospective and the effective date for 3M is January 1, 2021, with early adoption permitted. As 3M does not have material activity associated with items such as franchise taxes or the types of transactions described above, does not typically have entities subject to relevant loss limitations and is not currently addressing

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enacted tax law changes for which this ASU applies, 3M does not expect this ASU to have a material impact on its consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-01, Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Investments—Equity Securities, Topic 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures, and Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging. This ASU clarifies that when accounting for certain equity securities, a Company should consider observable transactions before applying or upon discontinuing the equity method of accounting for the purposes of applying the measurement alternative. Further, this ASU notes when determining the accounting for certain derivatives, a Company should not consider if the underlying securities would be accounted for under the equity method or fair value option. The transition requirements are prospective and the effective date for 3M is January 1, 2021, with early adoption permitted. As 3M does not currently have a material amount of equity securities and equity method investments or relevant derivatives, 3M does not expect this ASU to have a material impact on its consolidated results of operations and financial condition, but will apply such guidance, where applicable, to future circumstances.

NOTE 2. Revenue

The Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09 and related standards (collectively, ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers), on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method of adoption. Prior periods have not been restated. Due to the cumulative net impact of adopting ASC 606, the January 1, 2018 balance of retained earnings was increased by less than $2 million, primarily relating to the accelerated recognition for software installation service and training revenue. This cumulative impact reflects retrospective application of ASC 606 only to contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Further, the Company applied the practical expedient permitting the effect of all contract modifications that occurred before January 1, 2018 to be aggregated in the transition accounting. The impact of applying ASC 606 as compared with previous guidance applied to revenues and costs was not material for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Contract Balances:

Deferred revenue primarily relates to revenue that is recognized over time for one-year software license contracts. Refer to Note 7 for deferred revenue balances at December 31, 2018 and 2019. Approximately $600 million of the December 31, 2018 balance was recognized as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2019, while approximately $500 million of the December 31, 2017 balance was recognized as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2018.

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Disaggregated revenue information:

The Company views the following disaggregated disclosures as useful to understanding the composition of revenue recognized during the respective reporting periods:

	Year ended
	December 31,
Net Sales (Millions)	2019		2018		2017
Abrasives	$	1,414	$	1,533	$	1,498
Automotive Aftermarket		1,243		1,374		1,388
Closure and Masking Systems		1,111		1,224		1,259
Communication Markets		—		175		387
Electrical Markets		1,200		1,243		1,196
Industrial Adhesives and Tapes		2,737		2,880		2,773
Personal Safety		3,508		3,606		2,960
Roofing Granules		366		353		372
Other Safety and Industrial		28		106		113
Total Safety and Industrial Business Segment	$	11,607	$	12,494	$	11,946
Advanced Materials	$	1,246	$	1,236	$	1,123
Automotive and Aerospace		1,943		2,109		2,047
Commercial Solutions		1,760		1,829		1,743
Electronics		3,710		3,965		3,842
Transportation Safety		949		957		1,103
Other Transportation and Electronics		(6)		10		3
Total Transportation and Electronics Business Segment	$	9,602	$	10,106	$	9,861
Drug Delivery	$	406	$	444	$	486
Food Safety		341		328		303
Health Information Systems		1,177		837		791
Medical Solutions		3,406		3,036		2,934
Oral Care		1,321		1,353		1,322
Separation and Purification Sciences		790		822		797
Other Health Care		(10)		6		2
Total Health Care Business Group	$	7,431	$	6,826	$	6,635
Consumer Health Care	$	383	$	391	$	425
Home Care		991		1,012		1,028
Home Improvement		2,305		2,233		2,118
Stationery and Office		1,373		1,396		1,386
Other Consumer		37		54		49
Total Consumer Business Group	$	5,089	$	5,086	$	5,006
Corporate and Unallocated	$	110	$	50	$	2
Elimination of Dual Credit		(1,703)		(1,797)		(1,793)
Total Company	$	32,136	$	32,765	$	31,657

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	Year ended December 31, 2019
Net Sales (Millions)		United States		Asia Pacific		Europe, Middle East and Africa		Latin America and Canada		Other Unallocated		Worldwide
Safety and Industrial		$	4,643	$	2,877	$	2,672	$	1,419	$	(4)	$	11,607
Transportation and Electronics			2,304		5,228		1,472		601		(3)		9,602
Health Care			3,597		1,490		1,743		603		(2)		7,431
Consumer			3,119		984		545		442		(1)		5,089
Corporate and Unallocated			100		—		1		9		—		110
Elimination of Dual Credit			(604)		(783)		(207)		(109)		—		(1,703)
Total Company		$	13,159	$	9,796	$	6,226	$	2,965	$	(10)	$	32,136

	Year ended December 31, 2018
Net Sales (Millions)		United States		Asia Pacific		Europe, Middle East and Africa		Latin America and Canada		Other Unallocated		Worldwide
Safety and Industrial		$	4,921	$	3,099	$	3,001	$	1,476	$	(3)	$	12,494
Transportation and Electronics			2,406		5,514		1,578		610		(2)		10,106
Health Care			3,039		1,458		1,733		596		—		6,826
Consumer			3,045		1,021		574		447		(1)		5,086
Corporate and Unallocated			48		—		—		3		(1)		50
Elimination of Dual Credit			(619)		(838)		(232)		(108)		—		(1,797)
Total Company		$	12,840	$	10,254	$	6,654	$	3,024	$	(7)	$	32,765

	Year ended December 31, 2017
Net Sales (Millions)		United States		Asia Pacific		Europe, Middle East and Africa		Latin America and Canada		Other Unallocated		Worldwide
Safety and Industrial		$	4,605	$	2,981	$	2,869	$	1,497	$	(6)	$	11,946
Transportation and Electronics			2,372		5,328		1,550		615		(4)		9,861
Health Care			3,037		1,346		1,667		587		(2)		6,635
Consumer			2,943		1,029		585		450		(1)		5,006
Corporate and Unallocated			6		(1)		1		(4)		—		2
Elimination of Dual Credit			(591)		(874)		(216)		(112)		—		(1,793)
Total Company		$	12,372	$	9,809	$	6,456	$	3,033	$	(13)	$	31,657

NOTE 3. Acquisitions and Divestitures

Acquisitions:

3M makes acquisitions of certain businesses from time to time that are aligned with its strategic intent with respect to, among other factors, growth markets and adjacent product lines or technologies. Goodwill resulting from business combinations is largely attributable to the existing workforce of the acquired businesses and synergies expected to arise after 3M’s acquisition of these businesses.

2019 acquisitions:

In February 2019, 3M completed the acquisition of all of the ownership interests of the technology business of M*Modal for $0.7 billion of cash, net of cash acquired, and assumption of $0.3 billion of M*Modal’s debt. Based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, M*Modal is a leading healthcare technology provider of cloud-based, conversational artificial intelligence-powered systems that help physicians efficiently capture and improve the patient narrative. The allocation of purchase consideration related to M*Modal was completed in the fourth quarter of 2019. Net sales and operating loss (inclusive of transaction and integration costs) of this business included in

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3M’s consolidated results of operations in 2019 were approximately $300 million and $25 million, respectively. M*Modal is reported within the Company’s Health Care business.

In October 2019, 3M completed the acquisition of all of the ownership interests of Acelity Inc. and its KCI subsidiaries for consideration of $4.5 billion net of cash acquired as shown in the table below, and assumption of $2.3 billion of debt (see also Note 12). Acelity is a leading global medical technology company focused on advanced wound care and specialty surgical applications marketed under the KCI brand. The allocation of purchase consideration related to Acelity Inc. and its KCI subsidiaries is considered preliminary with provisional amounts primarily related to intangible assets, working capital, certain tax-related and contingent liability amounts. 3M expects to finalize the allocation of purchase price within the one-year measurement-period following the acquisition. Net sales and operating loss (inclusive of transaction and integration costs) of this business included in 3M’s consolidated results of operations in 2019 were approximately $350 million and $45 million, respectively. Acelity is reported within the Company’s Health Care business.

Proforma information related to these acquisitions has not been included as the impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations was not considered material. The following table shows the impact on the consolidated balance sheet of the purchase price allocations related to the 2019 acquisitions and assigned finite-lived asset weighted average lives.

	2019 Acquisition Activity
							Finite-Lived
							Intangible-Asset
(Millions)							Weighted-Average
Asset (Liability)	M*Modal		Acelity		Total		Lives (Years)
Accounts receivable	$	75	$	295	$	370
Inventory		—		186		186
Other current assets		2		65		67
Property, plant, and equipment		8		147		155
Purchased finite-lived intangible assets:
Customer related intangible assets		275		1,760		2,035	18
Other technology-based intangible assets		160		1,390		1,550	10
Definite-lived tradenames		11		485		496	16
Purchased goodwill		517		2,952		3,469
Other assets		58		73		131
Accounts payable and other liabilities		(127)		(438)		(565)
Interest bearing debt		(251)		(2,322)		(2,573)
Deferred tax asset/(liability) and accrued income taxes		(24)		(288)		(312)
Net assets acquired	$	704	$	4,305	$	5,009
Supplemental information:
Cash paid	$	708	$	4,486	$	5,194
Less: Cash acquired		4		206		210
Cash paid, net of cash acquired	$	704	$	4,280	$	4,984
Consideration payable		—		25		25
	$	704	$	4,305	$	5,009

Purchased identifiable finite-lived intangible assets related to acquisitions which closed in 2019 totaled $4.081 billion. The associated finite-lived intangible assets acquired will be amortized on a systematic and rational basis (generally straight line) over a weighted-average life of 14 years (lives ranging from 6 to 19 years).

2018 acquisition:

There were no acquisitions that closed during 2018.

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2017 acquisitions:

In September 2017, 3M purchased all of the ownership interests of Elution Technologies, LLC, a Vermont-based manufacturer of test kits that help enable food and beverage companies ensure their products are free from certain potentially harmful allergens such as peanuts, soy or milk. Elution is reported within the Company’s Health Care business.

In October 2017, 3M completed the acquisition of the underlying legal entities and associated assets of Scott Safety, which is headquartered in Monroe, North Carolina, from Johnson Controls for $2.0 billion of cash, net of cash acquired. Scott Safety is a premier manufacturer of innovative products, including self-contained breathing apparatus systems, gas and flame detection instruments, and other safety devices that complement 3M’s personal safety portfolio.

Divestitures:

3M may divest certain businesses from time to time based upon review of the Company’s portfolio considering, among other items, factors relative to the extent of strategic and technological alignment and optimization of capital deployment, in addition to considering if selling the businesses results in the greatest value creation for the Company and for shareholders.

2019 divestitures, announced divestitures and recently closed divestitures:

During the first quarter of 2019, the Company sold certain oral care technology comprising a business and reflected an earnout on a previous divestiture resulting in an aggregate immaterial gain.

In August 2019, 3M closed on the sale of its gas and flame detection business, a leader in fixed and portable gas and flame detection, to Teledyne Technologies Incorporated. 3M’s gas and flame business was part of the overall October 2017 acquisition of underlying legal entities and associated assets of Scott Safety. This business has annual sales of approximately $120 million. The transaction resulted in a pre-tax gain of $112 million that was reported within the Company’s Safety and Industrial business.

In December 2019, 3M agreed to sell substantially all of its drug delivery business to an affiliate of Altaris Capital Partners, LLC. Subject to closing and other adjustments, 3M will receive approximately $650 million in consideration including cash, an interest-bearing security, and a 17 percent noncontrolling interest in the new company. The business that is being divested has annual sales of approximately $380 million. 3M will retain its transdermal drug delivery components business. The sale is expected to close in the first half of 2020, subject to customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals. 3M expects a pre-tax gain of approximately $400 million as a result of the divestiture that will be reported within the Company’s Health Care business. Following completion of the transaction, 3M’s will reflect its ownership interest in the divested business using the equity method of accounting.

In January 2020, 3M completed the sale of its advanced ballistic-protection business to Avon Rubber p.l.c for $91 million, before closing and other adjustments. Further contingent consideration of up to $25 million may be received depending on the outcome of pending tenders. The business, with annual sales of approximately $85 million, consists of ballistic helmets, body armor, flat armor and related helmet-attachment products serving government and law enforcement. The Company reflected an immaterial impact in the third quarter of 2019 within the Transportation and Electronics business as a result of measuring this disposal group at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.

2018 divestitures:

In February 2018, 3M closed on the sale of certain personal safety product offerings primarily focused on noise, environmental, and heat stress monitoring to TSI, Inc. This business has annual sales of approximately $15 million. The transaction resulted in a pre-tax gain of less than $20 million that was reported within the Company’s Safety and Industrial business. In addition, during the first quarter of 2018, 3M divested a polymer additives compounding business, formerly part of the Company’s Health Care business, and reflected a gain on final closing adjustments from a prior divestiture which, in aggregate, were not material. In May 2018, 3M divested an abrasives glass products business, formerly part of the Company’s Safety and Industrial business, with annual sales of approximately $10 million. The transaction resulted in a pre-tax gain of less than $15 million. The Company also reflected an immaterial gain in the fourth quarter from an earnout on a previous divestiture.

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In June 2018, 3M completed the sale of substantially all of its Communication Markets Division to Corning Incorporated. This business, with annual sales of approximately $400 million, consists of optical fiber and copper passive connectivity solutions for the

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telecommunications industry including 3M’s xDSL, FTTx, and structured cabling solutions and, in certain countries, telecommunications system integration services. 3M received cash proceeds of $772 million and reflected a pre-tax gain of $494 million as a result of this divestiture. In December 2018, the Company completed the sale of the remaining telecommunications system integration services portion of the business based in Germany, resulting in a pre-tax gain of $15 million. These divestiture impacts were reported within the Company’s Safety and Industrial business.

2017 divestitures:

In January 2017, 3M sold the assets of its safety prescription eyewear business, with annual sales of approximately $45 million, to HOYA Vision Care. The Company recorded a pre-tax gain of $29 million in the first quarter of 2017 as a result of this sale, which was reported within the Company’s Safety and Industrial business.

In May 2017, 3M completed the divestiture of its identity management business to Gemalto N.V. This business, with 2016 sales of approximately $205 million, is a leading provider in identity management solutions, including biometric hardware and software that enable identity verification and authentication, as well as secure materials and document readers. In June 2017, 3M also completed the sale of its tolling and automated license/number plate recognition business, with annual sales of approximately $40 million, to Neology, Inc. 3M’s tolling and automated license/number plate recognition business includes RFID readers and tags, automatic vehicle classification systems, lane controller and host software, and back office software and services. It also provides mobile and fixed cameras, software, and services in automated license/number plate recognition. 3M received proceeds of $833 million, or $809 million net of cash sold, and reflected a pre-tax gain of $458 million as a result of these two divestitures, which was reported within the Company’s Transportation and Electronics business.

In October 2017, 3M sold its electronic monitoring business to an affiliate of Apax Partners. This business, with annual sales of approximately $95 million, is a provider of electronic monitoring technologies, serving hundreds of correctional and law enforcement agencies around the world. 3M received proceeds of $201 million, net of cash sold, and reflected a pre-tax gain of $98 million in the fourth quarter of 2017 as a result of this divestiture, which was reported within the Company’s Transportation and Electronics business.

In the fourth quarter of 2017, 3M sold the assets of an electrical marking/labeling business within its Safety and Industrial business. The former activity, proceeds and gain were not considered material.

Operating income and held for sale amounts

The aggregate operating income of these businesses was approximately $40 million, $85 million, and $115 million in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The approximate amounts of major assets and liabilities associated with disposal groups classified as held-for-sale as of December 31, 2018 were not material and as of December 31, 2019 included the following:

	December 31,
(Millions)	2019
Inventory	$	70
Property, plant and equipment		150
Intangible assets		35

In addition, approximately $30 million of goodwill was estimated to be attributable to disposal groups classified as held-for-sale as of December 31, 2019, based upon relative fair value. The amounts above have not been segregated and are classified within the existing corresponding line items on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

NOTE 4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Goodwill from acquisitions total $3.5 billion in 2019, none of which is deductible for tax purposes. There were no acquisitions that closed during 2018. The acquisition activity in the following table also includes the net impact of adjustments to the preliminary allocation of purchase price within the one year measurement-period following prior acquisitions, which increased goodwill by $7 million during 2018. The amounts in the “Translation and other” column in the following table primarily relate to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The goodwill balance by business segment follows:

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(Millions)	Safety and Industrial		Transportation and Electronics		Health Care		Consumer		Total Company
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	5,077	$	1,886	$	3,317	$	233	$	10,513
Acquisition activity		7		—		—		—		7
Divestiture activity		(268)		—		(4)		—		(272)
Translation and other		(100)		(29)		(65)		(3)		(197)
Balance as of December 31, 2018		4,716		1,857		3,248		230		10,051
Acquisition activity		—		—		3,469		—		3,469
Divestiture activity		(49)		—		—		—		(49)
Translation and other		(46)		(27)		22		24		(27)
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	4,621	$	1,830	$	6,739	$	254	$	13,444

Accounting standards require that goodwill be tested for impairment annually and between annual tests in certain circumstances such as a change in reporting units or the testing of recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit. At 3M, reporting units correspond to a division.

As described in Note 19, effective in the second quarter of 2019, the Company realigned its former five business segments into four to enable the Company to better serve global customers and markets. In addition, effective in the first quarter of 2019, the Company changed its business segment reporting in its continuing effort to improve the alignment of its businesses around markets and customers. For any product changes that resulted in reporting unit changes, the Company applied the relative fair value method to determine the impact on goodwill of the associated reporting units. Goodwill balances reported above reflect these business segment reporting changes in the earliest period presented. During the first and second quarters of 2019, the Company completed its assessment of any potential goodwill impairment for reporting units impacted by this new structure and determined that no impairment existed. The Company also completed its annual goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2019 for all reporting units and determined that no impairment existed. In addition, the Company had no impairments of goodwill in 2018 or 2017.

Acquired Intangible Assets

The carrying amount and accumulated amortization of acquired finite-lived intangible assets, in addition to the balance of non-amortizable intangible assets, as of December 31, follow:

	December 31,		December 31,
(Millions)	2019		2018
Customer related intangible assets	$	4,316	$	2,291
Patents		538		542
Other technology-based intangible assets		2,124		576
Definite-lived tradenames		1,158		664
Other amortizable intangible assets		125		125
Total gross carrying amount	$	8,261	$	4,198
Accumulated amortization — customer related		(1,180)		(998)
Accumulated amortization — patents		(499)		(487)
Accumulated amortization — other technology-based		(435)		(333)
Accumulated amortization — definite-lived tradenames		(316)		(276)
Accumulated amortization — other		(90)		(88)
Total accumulated amortization	$	(2,520)	$	(2,182)
Total finite-lived intangible assets — net	$	5,741	$	2,016
Non-amortizable intangible assets (primarily tradenames)		638		641
Total intangible assets — net	$	6,379	$	2,657

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Certain tradenames acquired by 3M are not amortized because they have been in existence for over 55 years, have a history of leading-market share positions, have been and are intended to be continuously renewed, and the associated products of which are expected to generate cash flows for 3M for an indefinite period of time.

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31 follows:

(Millions)	2019		2018		2017
Amortization expense	$	341	$	249	$	238

Expected amortization expense for acquired amortizable intangible assets recorded as of December 31, 2019 follows:

											After
(Millions)	2020		2021		2022		2023		2024		2024
Amortization expense	$	535	$	523	$	511	$	482	$	455	$	3,200

The preceding expected amortization expense is an estimate. Actual amounts of amortization expense may differ from estimated amounts due to additional intangible asset acquisitions, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, impairment of intangible assets, accelerated amortization of intangible assets and other events. The table above excludes the impact of the carrying value of finite-lived intangible assets associated with disposal groups classified as held-for-sale at December 31, 2019. See Note 3 for additional details. 3M expenses the costs incurred to renew or extend the term of intangible assets.

NOTE 5. Restructuring Actions

2019 Restructuring Actions:

During the second quarter of 2019, in light of slower than expected 2019 sales, management approved and committed to undertake certain restructuring actions. These actions impacted approximately 2,000 positions worldwide, including attrition. The Company recorded second quarter 2019 pre-tax charges of $148 million. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2019, to realign 3M’s organizational structure and operating model to improve growth and operational efficiency, management approved and committed to undertake certain restructuring actions. These actions impacted approximately 1,500 positions worldwide. The Company recorded fourth quarter 2019 pre-tax charges of $134 million. These restructuring charges were recorded in the income statement as follows:

(Millions)	Second and Fourth Quarter 2019
Cost of sales	$	72
Selling, general and administrative expenses		137
Research, development and related expenses		37
Total operating income impact		246
Other expense (income), net		36
Total income before income taxes impact	$	282

The second quarter 2019 actions included a voluntary early retirement incentive initial charge (further discussed in Note 13), the charge for which is included in other expense (income), net above.

The operating income impact of these restructuring charges are summarized by business segment as follows:

	Second and Fourth Quarter 2019
(Millions)	Employee-Related		Asset-Related		Total
Safety and Industrial	$	50	$	—	$	50
Transportation and Electronics		31		—		31
Health Care		17		—		17
Consumer		8		—		8
Corporate and Unallocated		100		40		140
Total Operating Expense	$	206	$	40	$	246

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Restructuring actions, including cash and non-cash impacts, follow:

(Millions)	Employee-Related		Asset-Related		Total
Expense incurred in the second quarter and fourth quarter of 2019	$	242	$	40	$	282
Non-cash changes		(36)		(40)		(76)
Cash payments		(52)		—		(52)
Adjustments		(14)		—		(14)
Accrued restructuring action balances as of December 31, 2019	$	140	$	—	$	140

Remaining activities related to this restructuring are expected to be completed largely through 2020.

2018 Restructuring Actions:

During the second quarter and fourth quarter of 2018, management approved and committed to undertake certain restructuring actions related to addressing corporate functional costs following the Communication Markets Division divestiture. These actions affected approximately 1,200 positions worldwide and resulted in a second quarter 2018 pre-tax charge of $105 million and a fourth quarter pre-tax charge of $22 million, net of adjustments for reductions in cost estimates of $10 million, essentially all within Corporate and Unallocated. The restructuring charges were recorded in the income statement as follows:

(Millions)	Second and Fourth Quarter 2018
Cost of sales	$	27
Selling, general and administrative expenses		105
Research, development and related expenses		5
Total	$	137

Restructuring actions, including cash and non-cash impacts, follow:

(Millions)	Employee-Related		Asset-Related		Total
Expense incurred in the second quarter and fourth quarter of 2018	$	125	$	12	$	137
Non-cash changes		—		(12)		(12)
Cash payments		(24)		—		(24)
Adjustments		(17)		—		(17)
Accrued restructuring action balances as of December 31, 2018	$	84	$	—	$	84
Cash payments		(76)		—		(76)
Adjustments		(5)		—		(5)
Accrued restructuring action balances as of December 31, 2019	$	3	$	—	$	3

Remaining activities related to this restructuring were substantially completed in 2019.

2017 Restructuring Actions:

During the second quarter of 2017, management approved and committed to undertake certain restructuring actions primarily focused on portfolio and footprint optimization. These actions affected approximately 1,300 positions worldwide and resulted in a second quarter 2017 pre-tax charge of $99 million. The restructuring charges were recorded in the income statement as follows:

(Millions)	Second Quarter 2017
Cost of sales	$	86
Selling, general and administrative expenses		5
Research, development and related expenses		8
Total	$	99

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The impact of these restructuring charges are summarized by business segment as follows:

	Second Quarter 2017
(Millions)		Employee-Related
Safety and Industrial		45
Transportation and Electronics		10
Health Care		2
Consumer		36
Corporate and Unallocated		6
Total	$	99

Restructuring actions, including cash and non-cash impacts, follow:

(Millions)	Employee-Related
Expense incurred in the second quarter of 2017	$	99
Cash payments		(8)
Adjustments		(3)
Accrued restructuring action balances as of December 31, 2017	$	88
Cash payments		(20)
Adjustments		(28)
Accrued restructuring action balances as of December 31, 2018	$	40
Cash payments		(21)
Adjustments		1
Accrued restructuring action balances as of December 31, 2019	$	20

Remaining activities related to this restructuring were substantially completed in 2019, with payments occurring over time in accordance with applicable severance arrangements into 2020. A portion of the adjustments detailed above include certain severance accruals taken in 2017, the obligation for which was relieved and reflected as part of the gain on divestiture when that business was sold in 2018.

NOTE 6. Supplemental Income Statement Information

Other expense (income), net consists of the following:

(Millions)	2019		2018		2017
Interest expense	$	448	$	350	$	322
Interest income		(80)		(70)		(50)
Pension and postretirement net periodic benefit cost (benefit)		(68)		(73)		(128)
Loss on deconsolidation of Venezuelan subsidiary		162		—		—
Total	$	462	$	207	$	144

Pension and postretirement net periodic benefit costs described in the table above include all components of defined benefit plan net periodic benefit costs except service cost, which is reported in various operating expense lines. Pension and postretirement net periodic benefit costs for 2019 included a second quarter charge related to the voluntary early retirement incentive program announced in May 2019 in addition to U.S. non-qualified pension plan settlement charges of $32 million recognized in the fourth quarter of 2019. Refer to Note 13 for additional details on the voluntary early retirement incentive program in addition to the components of pension and postretirement net periodic benefit costs.

In the second quarter of 2019, the Company incurred a charge of $162 million related to the deconsolidation of its Venezuelan subsidiary. Refer to Note 1 for additional details.

The Company recorded an early debt extinguishment charge of approximately $96 million which was included within interest expense in the fourth quarter of 2017.

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NOTE 7. Supplemental Balance Sheet Information

Additional supplemental balance sheet information is provided in the table that follows.

(Millions)	2019		2018
Other current assets
Derivative assets-current	$	75	$	88
Held-to-maturity debt security held in trust		470		—
Insurance related (receivables, prepaid expenses and other)		172		103
Other		174		158
Total other current assets	$	891	$	349
Property, plant and equipment - at cost
Land	$	351	$	340
Buildings and leasehold improvements		7,877		7,564
Machinery and equipment		16,586		15,776
Construction in progress		1,310		1,193
Gross property, plant and equipment		26,124		24,873
Accumulated depreciation		(16,791)		(16,135)
Property, plant and equipment - net	$	9,333	$	8,738
Other assets
Deferred income taxes	$	521	$	365
Prepaid pension and post retirement		230		208
Insurance related receivables and other		67		68
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies		254		251
Equity method investments		70		70
Equity and other investments		126		118
Other		406		265
Total other assets	$	1,674	$	1,345
Other current liabilities
Accrued rebates	$	594	$	558
Deferred revenue		430		617
Derivative liabilities		17		32
Employee benefits and withholdings		229		228
Contingent liability claims and other		566		244
Property, sales-related and other taxes		247		273
Pension and postretirement benefits		67		76
Other		906		747
Total other current liabilities	$	3,056	$	2,775
Other liabilities
Accrued income taxes – long-term portion	$	1,507	$	1,274
Employee benefits		312		299
Contingent liability claims and other		787		789
Finance lease obligations		111		75
Deferred income taxes		301		279
Other		257		294
Total other liabilities	$	3,275	$	3,010

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NOTE 8. Supplemental Equity and Comprehensive Income Information

Common stock ($.01 par value per share) of 3.0 billion shares is authorized, with 944,033,056 shares issued as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Preferred stock, without par value, of 10 million shares is authorized but unissued.

Cash dividends declared and paid totaled $1.44, $1.36, and $1.175 per share for each quarter in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which resulted in total year declared and paid dividends of $5.76, $5.44, and $4.70 per share, respectively.

Transfer of Ownership Interest Involving Non-Wholly Owned Subsidiaries

During 2018, a wholly owned subsidiary in India was sold to 3M India Limited, which is 75 percent owned by the Company. Because the Company retained its controlling interest in the subsidiary involved, the sale resulted in a deemed dividend to 3M, resulting in an increase in 3M Company shareholders’ equity and a decrease in noncontrolling interest. Refer to the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for further details.

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to 3M by Component

			Defined Benefit		Cash Flow		Total
			Pension and		Hedging		Accumulated
	Cumulative		Postretirement		Instruments,		Other
	Translation		Plans		Unrealized		Comprehensive
(Millions)	Adjustment		Adjustment		Gain (Loss)		Income (Loss)
Balance at December 31, 2016, net of tax:	$	(2,008)	$	(5,328)	$	91	$	(7,245)
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax:
Amounts before reclassifications		91		(604)		(311)		(824)
Amounts reclassified out		—		487		(7)		480
Total other comprehensive income (loss), before tax		91		(117)		(318)		(344)
Tax effect		279		169		115		563
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		370		52		(203)		219
Balance at December 31, 2017, net of tax:	$	(1,638)	$	(5,276)	$	(112)	$	(7,026)
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax:
Amounts before reclassifications		(414)		55		133		(226)
Amounts reclassified out		—		606		96		702
Total other comprehensive income (loss), before tax		(414)		661		229		476
Tax effect		(47)		(217)		(53)		(317)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(461)		444		176		159
Transfer of ownership involving non-wholly owned subsidiaries		1		—		—		1
Balance at December 31, 2018, net of tax:	$	(2,098)	$	(4,832)	$	64	$	(6,866)
Impact of adoption of ASU No. 2018-02 (See Note 1)		(13)		(817)		(23)		(853)
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax:
Amounts before reclassifications		102		(1,227)		(26)		(1,151)
Amounts reclassified out		142		459		(70)		531
Total other comprehensive income (loss), before tax		244		(768)		(96)		(620)
Tax effect		(32)		208		24		200
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		212		(560)		(72)		(420)
Balance at December 31, 2019, net of tax:	$	(1,899)	$	(6,209)	$	(31)	$	(8,139)

Income taxes are not provided for foreign translation relating to permanent investments in international subsidiaries, but tax effects within cumulative translation does include impacts from items such as net investment hedge transactions. Reclassification adjustments are made to avoid double counting in comprehensive income items that are subsequently recorded as part of net income.

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Reclassifications out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Attributable to 3M

	Amounts Reclassified from
Details about Accumulated Other	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive Income Components	Year ended December 31,						Location on Income
(Millions)	2019		2018		2017		Statement
Cumulative translation adjustment
Deconsolidation of Venezuelan subsidiary	$	(142)	$	—	$	—	Other (expense) income, net
Total before tax		(142)		—		—
Tax effect		—		—		—	Provision for income taxes
Net of tax	$	(142)	$	—	$	—
Defined benefit pension and postretirement plans adjustments
Gains (losses) associated with defined benefit pension and postretirement plans amortization
Prior service benefit		69		76		89	See Note 13
Net actuarial loss		(478)		(678)		(570)	See Note 13
Curtailments/Settlements		(48)		(4)		(6)	See Note 13
Deconsolidation of Venezuelan subsidiary		(2)		—		—	Other (expense) income, net
Total before tax		(459)		(606)		(487)
Tax effect		110		145		117	Provision for income taxes
Net of tax	$	(349)	$	(461)	$	(370)
Cash flow hedging instruments gains (losses)
Foreign currency forward/option contracts	$	74	$	(95)	$	8	Cost of sales
Interest rate swap contracts		(4)		(1)		(1)	Interest expense
Total before tax		70		(96)		7
Tax effect		(17)		19		(3)	Provision for income taxes
Net of tax	$	53	$	(77)	$	4
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax	$	(438)	$	(538)	$	(366)

NOTE 9. Supplemental Cash Flow Information

(Millions)	2019		2018		2017
Cash income tax payments, net of refunds	$	1,198	$	1,560	$	1,604
Cash interest payments		370		314		199

Cash interest payments include interest paid on debt and finance lease balances. Cash interest payments exclude the cash paid for early debt extinguishment costs. Additional details are described in Note 12.

Individual amounts in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows exclude the impacts of acquisitions, divestitures and exchange rate impacts, which are presented separately.

Transactions related to investing and financing activities with significant non-cash components are as follows:

● 3M sold and leased-back, under finance leases, certain recently constructed machinery and equipment in return for municipal securities with certain cities in the United States. In aggregate, the values totaled approximately $9 million in 2019, $13 million in 2018, and $13 million in 2017, as of the transaction date.

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NOTE 10. Income Taxes

Income Before Income Taxes

(Millions)	2019		2018		2017
United States	$	3,008	$	3,487	$	4,149
International		2,704		3,513		3,399
Total	$	5,712	$	7,000	$	7,548

Provision for Income Taxes

(Millions)	2019		2018		2017
Currently payable
Federal	$	534	$	698	$	1,022
State		59		109		59
International		673		763		722
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) non-current transition tax provision		—		176		623
Deferred
Federal		(32)		(38)		162
State		(26)		(17)		15
International		(78)		(54)		76
Total	$	1,130	$	1,637	$	2,679

Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

(Millions)	2019		2018
Deferred tax assets:
Accruals not currently deductible
Employee benefit costs	$	169	$	187
Product and other claims		280		228
Miscellaneous accruals		119		113
Pension costs		824		643
Stock-based compensation		218		203
Net operating/capital loss/tax credit carryforwards		150		71
Foreign tax credits		66		—
Inventory		70		54
Other		113		24
Gross deferred tax assets		2,009		1,523
Valuation allowance		(158)		(67)
Total deferred tax assets	$	1,851	$	1,456
Deferred tax liabilities:
Product and other insurance receivables	$	—	$	(7)
Accelerated depreciation		(580)		(521)
Intangible amortization		(1,021)		(799)
Currency translation		(30)		(35)
Other		—		(8)
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	(1,631)	$	(1,370)
Net deferred tax assets	$	220	$	86

The net deferred tax assets are included as components of Other Assets and Other Liabilities within the Consolidated Balance Sheet. See Note 7 “Supplemental Balance Sheet Information” for further details.

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As of December 31, 2019, the Company had tax effected operating losses, capital losses, and tax credit carryovers for federal (approximately $82 million), state (approximately $79 million), and international (approximately $55 million), with all amounts before limitation impacts and valuation allowances. Federal tax attribute carryovers will expire after one to 10 years, the state after one to 11 years, and the international after one year to an indefinite carryover period. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has provided $158 million of valuation allowance against certain of these deferred tax assets based on management’s determination that it is more-likely-than-not that the tax benefits related to these assets will not be realized.

Reconciliation of Effective Income Tax Rate

	2019		2018		2017
Statutory U.S. tax rate	21.0	%	21.0	%	35.0	%
State income taxes - net of federal benefit	0.5		1.0		0.8
International income taxes - net	0.2		0.2		(6.3)
Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (GILTI)	1.8		1.1		—
Foreign Derived Intangible Income (FDII)	(2.9)		(1.3)		—
U.S. TCJA enactment - net impacts	—		2.5		10.1
U.S. research and development credit	(1.7)		(1.5)		(0.7)
Reserves for tax contingencies	2.3		1.2		2.2
Domestic Manufacturer’s deduction	—		—		(1.8)
Employee share-based payments	(1.3)		(1.4)		(3.2)
All other - net	(0.1)		0.6		(0.6)
Effective worldwide tax rate	19.8	%	23.4	%	35.5	%

The effective tax rate for 2019 was 19.8 percent, compared to 23.4 percent in 2018, a decrease of 3.6 percentage points, impacted by several factors. Primary factors that decreased the effective tax rate for 2019 included prior year measurement period adjustments related to 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), prior year resolution of the NRD lawsuit (as described in Note 16), and geographical income mix. These decreases were partially offset by the deconsolidation of the Venezuelan subsidiary, adjustments to uncertain tax positions, and significant litigation-related charges.

The effective tax rate for 2018 was 23.4 percent, compared to 35.5 percent in 2017, a decrease of 12.1 percentage points, impacted by several factors. Primary factors that decreased the Company’s effective tax rate included favorable aspects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) including the decrease in the U.S. income tax rate and foreign-derived intangible income (FDII), reduced transitional impact of TCJA related to transition tax and remeasurement of deferred tax assets/liabilities, increased benefits from the R&D tax credit, and favorable adjustment to prior year uncertain tax provisions. These decreases were partially offset by the elimination of the domestic manufacturing deduction, the global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) provision, and lower excess tax benefits related to employee share-based payments.

The TCJA was enacted in December 2017, after which the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) 118, which provided a measurement period of up to one year from the TCJA’s enactment date for companies to complete their accounting under ASC 740. In connection with the enactment of the TCJA, the Company recorded a net tax expense of $762 million in the fourth quarter of 2017 and additional net charges of $176 million as measurement period adjustments in 2018, which are comprised of both a transition tax in addition to a remeasurement of deferred tax assets/liabilities and other impacts.

The TCJA’s transition tax is payable over eight years beginning in 2018. As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, 3M reflected $653 million and $649 million, respectively, in accrued income taxes – long-term portion and $33 million payable within one year associated with the transition tax.

The Company adopted ASU No. 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, as described in Note 1, on January 1, 2019. The purpose of this ASU was to allow a reclassification to retained earnings of one-time income tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) arising from the change in the U.S. federal corporate tax rate as a result of TCJA. The effect of this adoption resulted in a reclassification between retained earnings and AOCI, which

83

increased retained earnings by approximately $0.9 billion, with an offsetting increase to accumulated other comprehensive loss for the same amount.

The IRS has completed its field examination of the Company’s U.S. federal income tax returns for 2005 through 2015, but the years have not closed as the Company is in the process of resolving issues identified during those examinations. The Company is under examination or in appeals for 2015 through 2018. In addition to the U.S. federal examination, there is also audit activity in several U.S. state and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2019, no taxing authority proposed significant adjustments to the Company’s tax positions for which the Company is not adequately reserved.

It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits could significantly change within the next 12 months. The Company has ongoing federal, state and international income tax audits in various jurisdictions and evaluates uncertain tax positions that may be challenged by local tax authorities and not fully sustained. These uncertain tax positions are reviewed on an ongoing basis and adjusted in light of facts and circumstances including progression of tax audits, developments in case law and closing of statutes of limitation. At this time, the Company expects approximately $50 million of unrecognized tax benefits to be recognized within the next 12 months.

The Company recognizes the amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being ultimately realized upon settlement. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits (UTB) is as follows:

Federal, State and Foreign Tax

(Millions)	2019		2018		2017
Gross UTB Balance at January 1	$	647	$	530	$	319
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year		76		129		119
Additions for tax positions of prior years		132		146		149
Additions related to recent acquisitions		396		—		—
Reductions for tax positions of prior years		(56)		(123)		(38)
Settlements		(4)		(17)		(3)
Reductions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations		(24)		(18)		(16)
Gross UTB Balance at December 31	$	1,167	$	647	$	530
Net UTB impacting the effective tax rate at December 31	$	1,178	$	655	$	526

The total amount of UTB, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate by $1,178 million as of December 31, 2019, $655 million as of December 31, 2018, and $526 million as of December 31, 2017. The ending net UTB results from adjusting the gross balance for deferred items, interest and penalties, and deductible taxes. The net UTB is included as components of Other Assets, Accrued Income Taxes, and Other Liabilities within the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in tax expense. The Company recognized in the consolidated statement of income on a gross basis approximately $33 million of expense, $12 million of expense, and $20 million of expense in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The amount of interest and penalties recognized may be an expense or benefit due to new or remeasured unrecognized tax benefit accruals. At December 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, accrued interest and penalties in the consolidated balance sheet on a gross basis were $102 million and $69 million, respectively. Included in these interest and penalty amounts are interest and penalties related to tax positions for which the ultimate deductibility is highly certain but for which there is uncertainty about the timing of such deductibility.

As a result of certain employment commitments and capital investments made by 3M, income from certain manufacturing activities in the following countries is subject to reduced tax rates or, in some cases, is exempt from tax for years through the following: China (2019), Korea (2019), Switzerland (2023), Singapore (2025), and Brazil (2028). The income tax benefits attributable to the tax status of these subsidiaries are estimated to be $127 million (22 cents per diluted share) in 2019, $227 million (38 cents per diluted share) in 2018, and $228 million (37 cents per diluted share) in 2017.

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The Company has not provided deferred taxes on approximately $14 billion of undistributed earnings from non-U.S. subsidiaries as of December 31, 2019 which are indefinitely reinvested in operations. Because of the multiple avenues in which to repatriate the earnings to minimize tax cost, and because a large portion of these earnings are not liquid, it is not practical to determine the income tax liability that would be payable if such earnings were not reinvested indefinitely.

NOTE 11. Marketable Securities and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities

Marketable Securities

The Company invests in asset-backed securities, certificates of deposit/time deposits, commercial paper, and other securities. The following is a summary of amounts recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet for marketable securities (current and non-current).

(Millions)	December 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Commercial paper	$	85	$	366
Certificates of deposit/time deposits		10		10
U.S. municipal securities		3		3
Asset-backed securities		—		1
Current marketable securities	$	98	$	380
U.S. municipal securities	$	43	$	37
Non-current marketable securities	$	43	$	37
Total marketable securities	$	141	$	417

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, gross unrealized, gross realized, and net realized gains and/or losses (pre-tax) were not material.

The balance at December 31, 2019, for marketable securities by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties.

(Millions)	December 31, 2019
Due in one year or less	$	98
Due after one year through five years		14
Due after five years through ten years		20
Due after ten years		9
Total marketable securities	$	141

Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities

In connection with the in-substance debt defeasance of the Third Lien Notes described in Note 12, the Company purchased a $0.5 billion U.S. Treasury security in the fourth quarter of 2019 that matures in the second quarter of 2020 and transferred it to a trust with irrevocable instructions to use the proceeds from its maturity to satisfy the redemption of the Third Lien Notes in May 2020. This debt security is considered held-to-maturity due to the restrictions in satisfying and discharging the Third Lien Notes, is carried at amortized cost, and is reflected in other current assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2019, the difference between the amortized cost of the U.S. Treasury security and its fair value was not material.

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NOTE 12. Long-Term Debt and Short-Term Borrowings

The following debt tables reflect effective interest rates, which include the impact of interest rate swaps, as of December 31, 2019. If the debt was issued on a combined basis, the debt has been separated to show the impact of the fixed versus floating effective interest rates. Carrying value includes the impact of debt issuance costs and fair value hedging activity. For notes subject to in-substance defeasance, the final maturity reflected below is that associated with the redemption date included in the irrevocable instructions given to the trust. Long-term debt and short-term borrowings as of December 31 consisted of the following:

Long-Term Debt

(Millions)	Currency/	Effective	Final	Carrying Value
Description / 2019 Principal Amount	Fixed vs. Floating	Interest Rate	Maturity Date	2019	2018
Medium-term note (repaid in 2019)