Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

Debt

The following table represents total debt outstanding by agreement as of December 31, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands):	Current portion of debt		Long term debt		Total
Generate loan	$	3,713	$	10,213	$	13,926
Galaxy loan	784		3,499		4,283
Equipment loan	-		1,075		1,075
Green Cloud secured note	4,361		3,112		7,473
Total Debt	$	8,858	$	17,899	$	26,757

The following table represents total debt outstanding by agreement as of December 31, 2024:

(Dollars in thousands):	Current portion of debt		Long term debt		Total
Convertible Notes	$	—	$	—	$	—
NYDIG financing	9,183		—		9,183
Navitas term loan	137		—		137
Green Cloud secured note	3,922		7,061		10,983
July 2024 additional secured note	1,202		—		1,202
Total Debt	$	14,444	$	7,061	$	21,505

The Company notes as of December 31, 2025, there is approximately $29.7 million in principal outstanding and $2.9 million in debt issuance and discounts costs remaining to be amortized over the life of the loans. The following table represents the future minimum principal payments, which excludes potential cash sweeps, due on debt as of December 31, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands):
Year ending December 31,
2026	$	7,194
2027	7,191
2028	3,278
2029	3,635
2030	8,395
Total	$	29,693

NYDIG financing

(Dollars in thousands)	Maturity Dates	Interest Rate	January 1, 2025 - December 31, 2025		January 1, 2024 - December 31, 2024
NYDIG Loans #1-11	April 25, 2023 thru January 25, 2027*	14% thru 16%	$	9,183	$	9,183
Gain on extinguishment on debt			(9,183)		—
Less: repossession of collateralized assets			—		—
Total outstanding debt			$	—	$	9,183

*Due to event of default- the entire NYDIG Financing became current, see note below.

On December 30, 2021, Soluna MC Borrowing 2021-1 LLC (the “Borrower”), a subsidiary of Soluna MC, LLC, a subsidiary of Soluna Digital, a subsidiary of the Company, entered into a Master Equipment Finance Agreement (the “Master Agreement”) with NYDIG ABL LLC (“NYDIG”) as lender, servicer and collateral agent (the “NYDIG facility”). The Master Agreement provided for up to approximately $14.4 million in total equipment financing (the "NYDIG Loans").

On January 14, 2022, the Borrower effected an initial drawdown under the Master Agreement in the aggregate principal amount of approximately $4.6 million that bore interest at 14% and was to be repaid over 24 months. On January 26, 2022, the Borrower had a subsequent drawdown of $9.8 million. Soluna MC LLC, the Borrower's parent, provided a guaranty, and the Borrower pledged its assets, including a certain digital asset accounts, as collateral for the NYDIG Loans.

On December 20, 2022, after the Borrower defaulted on the NYDIG Loans, NYDIG issued a Notice of Acceleration and Repossession under the Master Agreement. The obligations under this facility were ring-fenced to the Borrower and its direct parent, Soluna MC LLC. The Company itself was not a guarantor of the NYDIG Loans.

On February 23, 2023, NYDIG foreclosed on the collateral, repossessing assets valued at approximately $3.4 million, of which approximately $560 thousand was first used to pay off accrued interest and penalties. On December 7, 2023, NYDIG filed its Motion for Summary Judgment seeking entry of a judgment against Soluna in the approximate amount of $10.3 million for unpaid principal, interest, and penalties. Following court proceedings, the parties agreed that the total outstanding loan principal balance would be approximately $9.2 million (the "Agreed Judgment Amount").

On September 29, 2025, the Borrower, Soluna MC, LLC (the “Guarantor” and together with Borrower, the “NYDIG Defendants”) and NYDIG executed a Settlement Agreement to fully resolve the Agreed Judgment Amount and all related claims. Under the Settlement Agreement, the NYDIG Defendants agreed to make certain settlement payments to NYDIG, and in return, NYDIG and its affiliates released the NYDIG Defendants and its related parties from all claims related to the NYDIG Loans.

As a result, the Company recorded a gain on extinguishment of debt for the remaining principal, accrued interest, and penalties. As of December 31, 2025, the settlement amount had been paid, and no further obligations remain as of the date of this filing.

Green Cloud secured note

(Dollars in thousands)	Maturity Date	Interest Rate		January 1, 2025-  December 31, 2025		June 20, 2024-  December 31, 2024
Term Loan and capitalized interest (excludes debt issuance cost)	June 20, 2027	9	%	$	11,748	$	12,784
Less: principal and capitalized interest payments				(3,945)		(1,036)
Less: debt discount				(99)		(230)
Less: debt issuance costs				(231)		(535)
Total outstanding note				7,473		10,983
(Less) Current note outstanding				(4,361)		(3,922)
Long-term note outstanding				$	3,112	$	7,061

On June 20, 2024, pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of a Note Purchase Agreement (the “June SPA” or "Green Cloud secured note") by and among (i) CloudCo, a Delaware limited liability company and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, (ii) Soluna Cloud, a Nevada corporation, indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, and parent of CloudCo, (iii) the Company and (iv) the accredited investor named therein (the “Investor”, and collectively the “Note Parties”), CloudCo issued to the Investor a secured promissory note in a principal amount equal to $12.5 million (the “Note”). The Note accrues interest at a rate 9.0% per annum, subject to adjustment upon an event of default. The Note matures on June 20, 2027. CloudCo’s obligations under the Note will be secured by all or substantially all of CloudCo’s assets, including pursuant to a security agreement to be executed and delivered by CloudCo in favor of the Investor (the “CloudCo Security Agreement”, and together with the June SPA and the Note, the “CloudCo Agreements”).

As further inducement for the Investor to purchase the Note, Soluna Cloud issued to the Investor a warrant (the “Warrant”) exercisable within three years from June 20, 2024 for a number of shares of common stock of Soluna Cloud equal to the sum of (a) 12.5% of Soluna Cloud’s issued and outstanding common stock as of the date of the Warrant divided by 0.875, plus (b) the percentage of each Qualified Issuance (as defined below) divided by 0.875. For purposes of the Warrant, “Qualified Issuance” means (y) each issuance of common stock of Soluna Cloud during the period commencing on the day after the date of the Warrant and ending on the earlier to occur of (i) the conclusion of up to an additional $112.5 million of capital raised, whether in the form of debt, equity, mixed or otherwise, by Soluna Cloud and its subsidiaries and (ii) December 31, 2025 and (z) the number of shares of common stock of Soluna Cloud issuable upon the exercise or conversion of any convertible securities of CloudCo issued during such period (other than certain issuances pursuant to CloudCo’s equity compensation plans). On June 20, 2024, the Company determined that the warrant should be treated as a warrant liability and based on valuation, the Company booked a warrant liability of approximately $314 thousand and a related debt discount which will be amortized over the life of the loan. Further evaluation of the Warrants under ASC

815-10 was required to determine if the warrants meet the definition of a derivative. The warrants are classified as a liability that are required to be adjusted to fair market value. The Company applied a discounted cash flow method in relation to the valuation of Cloud in which assumptions from forecasted projected cash flow data and other key operating assumptions such as working cash flow were used to determine an enterprise value less any current debt in order to determine an equity value for Cloud. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the warrants were fair valued, and deemed to not have any further value, as such the Company wrote down the liability balance to $0.

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred approximately $1.3 million and $847 thousand in interest expense in relation to the Green Cloud secured note.

June SPA Modification to Green Cloud secured note

On March 23, 2025, the Note Parties entered into a Modification Agreement (the “Modification Agreement”) to, among other things:

(i)     provide for the deposit of 1,000,000 shares (the “Escrow Shares”) of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), into an escrow account maintained by Northland Securities, Inc., pursuant to an escrow agreement (as further described below),

(ii)     provide for the issuance to the Investor of a warrant to purchase shares of Common Stock upon the release by the Investor of its lien on the property of the Company,

(iii)     amend the payment schedule of the Note to provide (a) for each of the six scheduled payments occurring after the earlier of the effectiveness of a registration statement for the resale of the Escrow Shares and the Conversion Shares (as defined below) or the date that the Escrow Shares and the Conversion Shares may be sold pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), without any information requirements, the amount of principal and interest payable on such date shall be reduced by 50% (the aggregate amount of the six months of such reductions, the “Specified Amount”) and (b) if the aggregate amount of payments on the Amended Note applied from the proceeds of the sale of the Escrow Shares on or prior to the last six scheduled payments is less than the Specified Amount (such difference, the “Make Whole Amount”), than the amount of each of the remaining scheduled payments shall be increased by an amount equal to the Make Whole Amount divided by the number of remaining scheduled payments,

(iv)     modify the Note such that the Note is now convertible into up to 2,500,000 shares (the “Conversion Shares”) of Common Stock based on a conversion price of $5.00,

(v)     amend the Note to provide that the Company will be a direct co-obligor with CloudCo under the Note, and

(vi)    amend the SPA to allow the Company to organize or incorporate any subsidiary, over which the Company shall have voting or beneficial control, which is being formed with the intent to engage in a business or line of business substantially similar to that of Soluna Cloud or the Company, without first paying all of the principal and interest due under the Note and without first obtaining Investor’s prior written consent (collectively, the "June SPA Modification").

The joint-and-several liability arrangement is between the Company and CloudCo. While no written agreement has been created to establish the amount that each entity agrees to pay under the obligation, the nature of the relationship is such that the Company has taken a significant role in the economics of the Notes. The Company expects to make any necessary payments on behalf of CloudCo in order to prevent default on the Notes because the Investor has a lien on all property and assets of the Company in connection with the Notes. Based on quantitative analysis performed by the Company, it was determined that the terms of the debt instrument before and after the June SPA Modification were not substantially different. Accordingly, the June SPA Modification is accounted for as a debt modification.

Subsequently, the Company and the Investor mutually agreed that the 1,000,000 Escrow Shares would instead be issued directly to the Investor and, on April 29, 2025, the Company issued 1,000,000 shares of common stock to the Investor. When the Investor sells the 1,000,000 shares in the open market, the net proceeds from dispositions of the Escrow Shares (i) at a price of up to $4.00 per share shall be applied to reduce the outstanding principal balance of the Note and (ii) at a price greater than $4.00 per share shall be applied first to reduce the outstanding principal balance of the Note in an amount equal to $4.00 per share of Common Stock and then to the Investor. The Investor has until March 31, 2026 (the “Sales Period”) to sell the 1,000,000 shares to reduce the outstanding principal balance, or would have to return the shares. As of the date of these consolidated financial statements, the Company and Investor are looking to extend the Sales Period to April 30, 2026.

July 2024 Additional Secured Note

(Dollars in thousands)	Maturity Date	Interest Rate		January 1, 2025-  December 31, 2025		June 20, 2024-  December 31, 2024
Term Loan and capitalized interest (excludes debt issuance cost)	July 12, 2027*	9	%	$	1,209	$	1,278
Less: principal and capitalized interest payments				(658)		(69)
Less: debt discount				—		(7)
Gain on extinguishment				(551)		—
Total outstanding debt				$	—	$	1,202

* On March 14, 2025, the Company satisfied the assignment and assumption agreement, as such a gain on extinguishment was recorded.

On July 12, 2024, the Company, CloudCo, Soluna Cloud, and the Investor entered into a First Amendment to the Note Purchase Agreement (the “June SPA Amendment”). This amendment allows CloudCo to issue additional secured promissory notes totaling $1.25 million (the “Additional Notes”) to new accredited investors (the “Additional Investors”). These Additional Notes are subject to the same terms and conditions as the June SPA financing.

To further incentivize the Additional Investors, Soluna Cloud issued warrants (the “Cloud Additional Warrants”) to each Additional Investor. These Cloud Additional Warrants are exercisable within three years from the effective date of the June SPA Amendment. They allow the purchase of a number of shares of Soluna Cloud common stock equal to 1.25% of Soluna Cloud’s issued and outstanding common stock as of the Cloud Additional Warrant date, divided by 0.9875, plus 1.25% of each Qualified Issuance, divided by 0.9875.

A “Qualified Issuance” includes any issuance of common stock by Soluna Cloud from the day after the date of issuance of the Cloud Additional Warrant until the earlier of raising an additional $111.25 million or December 31, 2024, as well as shares issuable upon exercise or conversion of convertible securities issued during this period, excluding certain equity compensation plan issuances.

On October 1, 2024, CloudCo, Soluna Cloud and the Company entered into assignment and assumption agreements (the “Assignment Agreements”) with the Additional Investors with respect to an aggregate of $1.25 million of notes issued by CloudCo. Pursuant to the Assignment Agreements, the Company will be able to purchase such notes for a purchase price of $750 thousand, or 60% of face value. The assignment and assumption will be effective once all conditions of the agreement are met including fulfilling the purchase price.

On March 14, 2025, the Company fulfilled the purchase obligations, and assumed the Additional Notes through payment of $750 thousand through principal and 50% interest payments and use of 20% SEPA funds. Effectively, the remaining debt assignment was assumed by Soluna Holdings, Inc. and was recorded as an intercompany debt obligation that was eliminated on the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2025. The Company recorded a gain on extinguishment of the July 2024 Additional Secured Notes of approximately $551 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2025. For the years ending December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred approximately $33 thousand and $54 thousand in interest expense in relation to the July Additional Secured Note.

Galaxy Loan

(Dollars in thousands)	Maturity Date	Interest Rate		March 12, 2025- December 31, 2025
Term Loan	March 13, 2030	15	%	$	5,000
Less: principal payments				(375)
Less: debt issuance costs				(342)
Total outstanding note				4,283
(Less) Current note outstanding				(784)
Long-term note outstanding				$	3,499

On March 12, 2025, Soluna SW LLC (the “SW Borrower”), a Delaware limited liability company and subsidiary of Soluna SW Holdings LLC (“SW Holdings”, and together with the SW Borrower, the “SW Loan Parties”), a subsidiary of SDI, a Nevada corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Company, entered into a Loan Agreement (the “Galaxy Loan Agreement”) with SW Holdings and Galaxy Digital LLC (the “Lender”).

The Galaxy Loan Agreement provides for a term loan facility in the principal amount of $5.0 million(the “Term Loan Facility”). The Term Loan Facility bears interest at a rate of 15% per annum, subject to an increase of 5.0% (for a total of 20.0%) if an Event of Default (as defined in the Galaxy Loan Agreement) has occurred and is continuing. The Term Loan Facility matures on March 12, 2030 and includes scheduled payments over a five-year term. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company incurred approximately $694 thousand in interest expense in relation to the Term Loan Facility, which includes interest paid on the note and amortization of deferred financing costs.

The SW Borrower may voluntarily prepay all or part of the Term Loan Facility at any time together with accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount to be prepaid up to the date of prepayment. The SW Borrower shall prepay all or part of the Term Loan Facility with 100% of the Net Cash Proceeds (as defined therein) received upon the occurrence of (i) an Asset Sale or Casualty Event (each as defined therein), (ii) an Equity Issuance (as defined therein), (iii) an issuance or incurrence of Indebtedness (as defined therein), or (iv) an Extraordinary Receipt (as defined therein), each subject to certain exceptions. In addition, certain principal payments are subject to the payment of a premium amount equal to 50% of the remaining amount of interest payable on such principal amount through the scheduled maturity date, if paid on or prior to the 30-month anniversary of the closing date, and 25% of the remaining amount of interest payable on such principal amount through the scheduled maturity date, if paid after the 30-month anniversary of the closing date.

The Galaxy Loan Agreement includes certain restrictions (subject to certain exceptions outlined in the Galaxy Loan Agreement) on the ability of the SW Loan Parties and their subsidiaries to undertake certain activities, including to incur indebtedness and liens, enter into sale or lease-back transactions, merge or consolidate with other entities, dispose or transfer their assets, pay dividends or make distributions, make investments, make Restricted Payments (as defined therein), enter into burdensome agreements or transact with affiliates. In addition, the SW Loan Parties are subject to three financial covenants – a minimum debt service coverage ratio, a minimum current ratio, and cash in customer deposit account must equal or be greater than related customer liabilities. As of the date of these consolidated financial statements, the Company is in compliance with all covenants in relation to the Galaxy Loan Agreement.

Proceeds of the Term Loan Facility will be used to issue a distribution to SW Holdings, the proceeds of which may be used to make a distribution to SDI.

In connection with the Galaxy Loan Agreement, on March 12, 2025, the SW Loan Parties and the Lender entered into a security agreement to secure the obligations under the Term Loan Facility by a lien on substantially all the assets and properties of SW Borrower and SW Holdings, subject to certain exceptions. The SW Borrower is the owner and operator of the Company’s Project Sophie data center.

In connection with the Galaxy Loan Agreement, on March 12, 2025, SDI and the Lender entered into a Limited Guarantee Agreement pursuant to which SDI guarantees the Loss Liabilities (as defined therein) and, after the occurrence of a Recourse Trigger Event (as defined therein), the obligations under the Loan Agreement.

Generate Credit Agreement

(Dollars in thousands)	Maturity Date	Interest Rate	September 12, 2025- December 31, 2025
Tranche A-1	September 12, 2030	13.93% thru 14.17%	$	5,500
Tranche A-3			11,500
Total drawn loan			17,000
Less: principal payments			(810)
Less: debt discount and issuance costs			(2,264)
Total outstanding note			13,926
(Less) Current note outstanding			(3,713)
Long-term note outstanding			$	10,213

On September 12, 2025, the Company caused its subsidiaries Soluna DVSL ComputeCo, LLC (“Dorothy 1A Borrower”), Soluna DVSL II ComputeCo, LLC (“Dorothy 2 Borrower”), and Soluna KK I ComputeCo, LLC (“Tranche B Borrower” and collectively with Dorothy 1A Borrower and Dorothy 2 Borrower, the “Borrowers”) to enter into a Credit and Guaranty Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Generate Lending, LLC, as administrative agent and collateral agent (the “Agent”), and Generate Strategic Credit Master Fund I-A, L.P. (the “Lender”). The Credit Agreement provides for senior secured term loan commitments in an aggregate principal amount of up to $35.5 million, comprised of (i) Tranche A-1 ($5.5 million), (ii) Tranche A-3 ($11.5 million), and (iii) Tranche B ($18.5 million). In addition, the Credit Agreement permits the Borrowers to request one or more Additional Tranche Loan Commitments (as defined in the Credit Agreement), in the aggregate amount of up to $64.5 million, subject to the approval of the Lender and the Agent, for project-level financing of eligible projects. As of December 31, 2025, the Borrowers borrowed approximately $17.0 million under the Credit Agreement, comprised of Tranche A-1 loans and Tranche A-3 loans. The Company can draw upon Tranche B from September 12, 2025 until October 31, 2026, subject to the conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement. The maturity date for the Tranche A and Tranche B loans is the earlier of (i) payment of outstanding principal, interest, and fees and (ii) September 12, 2030. Additional Tranche Loan Commitments will have maturity dates as set forth in their respective amendments to the Credit Agreement. For the year ended December 31, 2025, interest expense was approximately $1.1 million.

Proceeds from the Generate Credit Agreement will be used to finance, refinance, develop and construct the Company’s Dorothy 1A, Dorothy 2 and Kati data center projects, fund a debt service reserve account, and pay fees and expenses. The loans bear interest at a variable rate based on either ABR or Term SOFR, as set forth in the Generate Credit Agreement. The applicable interest rate for SOFR loans is equal to Term SOFR plus a margin of 10.0% per annum, and for ABR loans is equal to the ABR plus a margin of 9.0% per annum. The Generate Credit Agreement provides for a SOFR rate floor of 3.5% per annum. The Borrowers are required to pay a commitment fee of 1.0% per annum on undrawn amounts of the Tranche B Loan Commitments and any Additional Tranche Loan Commitments. During the continuance of an event of default, a default rate applies equal to the otherwise applicable rate plus 2.0% per annum.

The loans are subject to scheduled amortization, fees and prepayment premiums which will be paid through excess cash sweeps. The classification of the outstanding principal balance of the Generate loan balance into current and non-current liabilities is contingent upon management’s estimate of the future application of mandatory debt repayments. The Credit Agreement contains a mandatory prepayment provision, or “cash sweep,” requiring a percentage of free cash flow, as defined in the Credit Agreement, to be applied to principal reduction on a periodic basis. The amount expected to be prepaid via this sweep mechanism during the next twelve months is classified as current debt. This classification relies on management’s internal cash flow forecast, which incorporates assumptions regarding future operating performance, capital expenditures, and working capital needs. Assumptions include market volatility risks, which are inherently unpredictable. Because the classification is dependent upon these management estimates, the actual amount of debt paid down through the cash sweep mechanism may differ materially from the amounts classified as current liabilities. The obligations are guaranteed by certain Company subsidiaries and secured by first-priority liens on substantially all assets of the Borrowers and guarantors, including pledges of equity interests, security interests in deposit and other collateral accounts (subject to control agreements), and mortgages/deeds of trust on the relevant project sites.

The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default for financings of this type. Events of default under the Credit Agreement include, among other things, non-payment of principal, interest or fees, inaccuracy of representations and warranties, breach of covenants, cross-default to certain material indebtedness, bankruptcy and insolvency, and change of control. Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, the lenders may declare all outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest under the Credit Agreement immediately due and payable and may exercise the other rights and remedies provided under the Credit Agreement and related loan documents. Negative covenants in the Credit Agreement include, among other things, restrictions on the Borrowers and guarantors with respect to incurring additional indebtedness, creating liens on assets, selling assets or making fundamental changes, making restricted payments, entering into affiliate transactions, and using loan proceeds for unauthorized purposes. The Credit Agreement also restricts investments, capital expenditures, and speculative transactions, and requires that all deposit and securities accounts be subject to control agreements. Financial covenants require (i) a minimum trailing Debt Service Coverage Ratio of 1.60:1.00 and (ii) a minimum Forward Contracted Debt Service Coverage Ratio of 1.20:1.00, in each case as further described in the Credit Agreement. The facility also includes customary mandatory prepayment provisions. As of the date of these consolidated financial statements, the Company received a waiver and is in compliance with all covenants in relation to the Generate Credit Agreement.

Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the Company issued to Generate Strategic Credit Master Fund I-B, L.P., an affiliate of the Lender and the Agent (the “Holder”), in a private placement (the “Private Placement”): (i) a pre-funded warrant (the “Generate Pre-Funded Warrant”) to purchase up to 2,000,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.0001, terminating on the five year anniversary, September 12, 2030; and (ii) a common warrant (the “Generate Common Warrant” and, together with the Generate Pre-Funded Warrant, the “Generate Warrants”) to purchase up to 2,000,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.18 terminating on the five year anniversary, September 12, 2030. The Holder does not have the right to exercise any portion of the Generate Pre-Funded Warrant or Generate Common Warrant, if the Holder, would beneficially own in excess of 9.99% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise.

Equipment Loan Agreement

On May 16, 2024, SDI SL Borrowing – 1, LLC, an affiliate of Soluna Holdings, Inc. (the “Borrower”) entered into a loan agreement (the “Equipment Loan Agreement” or the “Loan”) with Soluna2 SLC Fund II Project Holdco LLC (the “Lender”, and collectively, the “Parties”). The Equipment Loan Agreement provides for the Company to borrow, from time to time, up to $1.0 million, and further amended on February 28, 2025 to $4.0 million to be used to purchase necessary equipment for the progression of Project Dorothy 2 and Project Kati. Any loans made under the Equipment Loan Agreement have a maturity date of May 16, 2027 and will bear interest at a rate of 15% per annum. The Equipment Loan Agreement includes customary covenants for loans of this nature, as well as a multiple on invested capital (“MOIC”) provision, which requires the Company to pay, in addition to principal and interest, an amount equal to the difference of (i) the greater of (a) the principal amount of the Loan being repaid plus all interest previously paid or simultaneously being paid to Lender in respect of such principal of the Loan, and (b) the principal amount of the Loan being repaid multiplied by three (3.0), minus (ii) the sum of the principal amount of the Loan being repaid plus all interest previously paid or simultaneously being paid to Lender in respect of such principal of the Loan.

On May 17, 2024, the Borrower drew down $720 thousand of the equipment loan with the Lender. On July 22, 2024, the Borrower satisfied and repaid the borrowing amount in full by issuing the Investor Class B Membership Interests in the Dorothy 2 project valued at three times the borrowing amount (i.e., $2.16 million). The redemption of debt through equity created approximately a $1.4 million loss on debt extinguishment for the year ended December 31, 2024.

On March 21, 2025, the SDI Borrower drew down $250 thousand of the Loan with the Lender, in relation to Project Kati. In addition, on June 11, 2025 and July 16, 2025, the SDI Borrower drew down an additional $269.2 thousand and $291.4 thousand, respectively of the Loan with the Lender, in relation to Project Kati. The total amount of equipment loans of $810.6 thousand was outstanding prior to the assignment of equipment and payoff of the loan. The SDI Borrower shall repay the Loans under these Borrowing Requests with a different MOIC Payment than as defined in the Equipment Loan Agreement. The MOIC Payment for these Borrowing Requests only, shall be an amount equal to the difference of (i) the greater of (a) the principal amount of the Loan being repaid plus all interest previously paid or simultaneously being paid to Lender in respect of such principal of the Loan, and (b) the principal amount of the Loan being repaid multiplied by three and three tenths (3.3), minus (ii) the sum of the principal amount of the Loan being repaid plus all interest previously paid or simultaneously being paid to Lender in respect of such principal of the Loan. As of the date prior to the payoff, the

Company had approximately $180.6 thousand in Accrued interest payable in relation to the MOIC and 15% interest accruing on the Loan that was outstanding that was written off.

On August 1, 2025, the SDI Borrower satisfied and repaid the borrowing amount in full by issuing Spring Lane Capital (“SLC”) Class B Membership Interests in Soluna KKSL JVCo LLC (“Kati”) project for 3.3 times the membership units ($810.6 thousand payoff equal to fair value of approximately $2.7 million for Class B membership units issued to SLC), as part of the contribution agreement between the Parties. Through initial contributions of $810.6 thousand (debt repayment), SLC received 2,675 Class B Membership units, which constituted a 100% initial Class B membership interest of Kati. The redemption of debt through equity created approximately a $1.7 million loss on debt extinguishment for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Land Purchase Loan

On October 1, 2025, the Borrower, and Soluna2 Kati Project Holdco LLC ("Kati Lender"), entered into a borrowing request of $1.075 million to cover the purchase of land to support construction of Project Kati Phase 2 under the terms of the Equipment Loan Agreement. For the land purchase, per the terms of a letter agreement between Spring Lane and the Company, the Company is allowed to apply 1.00 MOIC and interest free obligation on the loan in relation to the land purchase.

Per ASC 835-30-S45-1, debt issuance costs related to line of credits should be recorded as an asset and amortized over the life of the line of credit agreement. As such, the Company recorded $64 thousand and $53 thousand within Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and $25 thousand and $75 thousand within Other assets on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, of which $62 thousand and $35 thousand has been amortized and recorded within Interest Expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Navitas term loan

(Dollars in thousands)	Maturity Date	Interest Rate		January 1, 2025- December 31, 2025		January 1, 2024- December 31, 2024
Term Loan and capitalized interest (excludes debt issuance cost)	May 9, 2025	15	%	$	137	$	1,707
Less: principal and capitalized interest payments				(137)		(1,570)
Less: debt issuance costs				—		—
Total outstanding debt				$	—	$	137

On May 9, 2023, DVCC and Navitas West Texas Investments SPV, LLC entered into a 2-year Loan Agreement (“Term Loan”) for $2,050,000. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has paid the remaining outstanding balance of approximately $137 thousand, therefore fulfilling its debt obligation with Navitas. Interest expense related to the Navitas Term Loan for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was approximately $2 thousand and $138 thousand, respectively, which includes interest associated with the debt issuance costs.

Convertible Notes

On October 25, 2021, pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “October SPA”), the Company issued to certain accredited investors (the “Noteholders”) (i) secured convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of $16.3 million for an aggregate purchase price of $15 million (collectively, the “October Secured Notes”), which were, subject to certain conditions, convertible at any time by the investors, into an aggregate of 1,776,073 shares of the Company’s common stock, at a price per share of $9.18 and (ii) Class A, Class B and Class C common stock purchase warrants (collectively, the “October Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,776,073 shares of common stock, at an initial exercise price of $12.50, $15 and $18 per share, respectively. The October Warrants are legally detachable and can be separately exercised immediately for five years upon issuance, subject to applicable Nasdaq rules.

On July 19, 2022 and on September 13, 2022, the Company entered into an Addendum and Addendum Amendment which adjusted the terms such as maturity date, conversion prices, and the issuance of new warrants to the Noteholders. Pursuant

to the Addendum and Addendum Amendment, the Company evaluated whether the new addendums qualified as debt modification or debt extinguishment. Based on ASC 470, Debt, the Company determined the Addendum and Addendum Amendment to fall under Debt Extinguishment treatment and the Company would be required to record the new debt at fair value, and in turn write off the existing debt on the books.

Following the debt extinguishment on July 19, 2022 as noted above, the Convertible Notes have been accounted for under the fair value method on a recurring basis upon issuance (e.g., upon execution of the Addendum) per guidance within ASC 480, and at each subsequent reporting period, with changes in fair value reported in earnings. See below for rollforward of the fair value of the convertible debt:

(Dollars in thousands)	January 1, 2024- December 31, 2024
Beginning fair value balance of convertible notes	$	8,474
Conversions of debt	(9,001)
Revaluation losses and extinguishment of debt, net	202
Extension fee	325
Ending fair value of convertible notes	$	—

On February 28, 2024, the Company and the Noteholders entered into a Fourth Amendment Agreement to amend the Notes, SPA and related agreements to facilitate future financings by the Company. In addition, the Company was permitted to unilaterally extend the maturity date of the Notes for two 3-Month extensions if prior to the then in effect maturity date the Company gives notice to the Noteholders and increases the principal amount of the Notes on the date of each such extension by two percent (2%) the principal amount of the Notes outstanding on the date of such extension.

In consideration of the foregoing, the Company:

•Reduced the conversion price of the Notes to $3.78 per share;

•The Noteholders received an aggregate of 850,000 three year warrants exercisable at $0.01 per share;

•An aggregate of 320,005 warrants held by the Noteholders had the exercise price reduced to $3.78 per share (the “$3.78 Warrants”); and

•An aggregate of 478,951 warrants held by the Noteholders had the exercise price reduced to $6.00 per share (the “$6.00 Repriced Warrants”). For every one $6.00 Repriced Warrant exercised by a Purchaser, such Purchaser shall receive 1.36 new five-year warrants with an exercise price of $0.01, 1.6 new five-year warrants with an exercise price of $4.20, and 1.6 new five-year warrants with an exercise price of $5.70.

In June 2024, pursuant to the Fourth Amendment Agreement, the Company exercised its right to extend the maturity date of the Notes for an additional six months, or until January 24, 2025, to enable the Company to continue to pursue its significant project development opportunities for Soluna Cloud, Dorothy 2, and other projects. The extension of the notes caused an increase in the convertible note balance of approximately $325 thousand and the extension fee was recorded within Other Expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The effect of the additional penny warrants, $3.78 warrants, and the $6.00 repriced warrants including additional warrants if exercised with the Noteholders, created a loss on debt extinguishment of approximately $5.8 million due to the fair value associated as of February 28, 2024. Such amounts were recorded as a loss on debt extinguishment and affected the Company’s warrant liability and additional paid in capital balance account. Due to the requirement of the shareholder approval associated with the Fourth Amendment, the warrants associated were initially treated as a liability. In addition, a warrant revaluation was done on March 31, 2024, which created a gain on revaluation associated with the warrant liability of approximately $1.5 million. On May 30, 2024, shareholder approval was obtained removing the cap containment provision for the warrants, and as such, the liability accounting treatment was no longer required. Since all other criteria were met to be treated as equity, the Company adjusted the warrant liability as of the date of shareholder approval and

reclassified balance to equity. As such, the Company accounted for the change in the fair value of the warrant liability as of the date of the shareholder approval (May 30, 2024), in connection with its loss on revaluation of the warrant of approximately $1.6 million.

Pursuant to additional agreements with holders of another 51,618 outstanding warrants, similar adjustments with those warrants, resulted in a total adjustment to 530,569 warrants. As the 51,618 warrants were not with the Noteholders, the treatment of $6.00 repriced warrants was recorded as a deemed dividend and adjusted the Company’s earnings per share calculation noted in Footnote 11 for the year ended December 31, 2025. The fair value associated with the 51,618 warrants with non-Noteholders totaled approximately $386 thousand. On May 17, 2024, the Company permitted the holders of the Company’s Amended Class C Warrants, previously exercisable at $6 per share, to exercise such warrants at a reduced exercise price of $4 per share, provided that each such holder exercised at least 61.83% of their Amended Class C Warrants by the close of business on May 17, 2024. The Company also agreed to reduce the exercise price on all remaining Amended Class C Warrants. The adjustment in the exercise price, resulted in an additional deemed dividend which amounted to approximately $66 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, 529,161 of the Amended Class C warrants have been exercised by both the Noteholders and non-Noteholders, resulting in the issuance of 719,658 shares of $0.01 warrants, 846,657 shares of $4.20 warrants, and 846,657 shares of $5.70 warrants.

As discussed in Footnote 9, the Company entered into a SEPA with YA II PN, LTD on August 12, 2024. Access to the SEPA was subject to a number of conditions precedent including, but not limited to, various consents from the Company’s Note Holders. On October 1, 2024, the Noteholders entered into a Consent, Waiver, and Mutual Release Agreement (the “Master Consent”) which provides the following:

•consent to the Company’s entry into the SEPA;

•waiver of any rights of first refusal or participation rights in connection with the SEPA;

•standstill of the rights to exercise certain $0.01 warrants pursuant to the SPA;

•the right to prepay the convertible notes with a 20% premium;

•termination of the SPA and related agreements upon the full payoff of the convertible notes; and

•mutual limited release of claims between the Noteholders and the Company.

In return for these consents, the Company agreed to pay a $750 thousand waiver fee and to prepay to the remaining Note Holders the 20% premium for the prepayment of the Notes of approximately $625 thousand. Such amounts were recorded as within Other Expense, net within the Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2024.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued 2,512,581 shares of common stock for conversion of the debt, which includes the final conversion shares noted below.

On December 12, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with the remaining three Note Holders who held an outstanding principal balance as of December 12, 2024, pursuant to which the three remaining Note Holders elected to immediately convert all of the outstanding principal of certain convertible notes into shares of the Company’s common stock. The agreement satisfied the full outstanding debt owed to the remaining three Note Holders under the Convertible Notes. Following the conversion, 335,661 shares of common stock were issued to the Note Holders in accordance with the terms of the Convertible Notes, as amended. The Company recorded a debt inducement conversion expense of approximately $388 thousand within Other Expense, net on the Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2024. No further amounts are owed by the Company under the Convertible Notes as of December 31, 2025.