Restructuring

During 2015 and 2014, we continued to evaluate our cost structure and further identified cost savings associated with streamlining our management structure and our decision to exit non-strategic businesses. Our 2015 and 2014 restructuring plans consisted of a company-wide workforce reduction of approximately 550 positions and 590 positions, respectively, and are further detailed below. The charges for each restructuring plan are classified as selling and general expenses within the consolidated statements of income and the reserves are included in other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

In certain circumstances, reserves are no longer needed because of efficiencies in carrying out the plans or because employees previously identified for separation resigned from the Company and did not receive severance or were reassigned due to circumstances not foreseen when the original plans were initiated. In these cases, we reverse reserves through the consolidated statements of income during the period when it is determined they are no longer needed. There was approximately $7 million of reserves from the 2014 restructuring plan that we have reversed in 2015, which offset the initial charge of $86 million recorded for the 2014 restructuring plan.

The initial restructuring charge recorded and the ending reserve balance as of December 31, 2015 by segment is as follows:



	2015 Restructuring Plan				2014 Restructuring Plan
(in millions)	Initial Charge Recorded		Ending Reserve Balance		Initial Charge Recorded		Ending Reserve Balance
S&P Ratings	$	18	$	15	$	45	6
S&P Capital IQ and SNL	31		23		9		1
C&C ¹	3		2		16		1
Corporate	11		10		16		5
Total	$	63	$	50	$	86	$	13

As part of the sale of McGraw Hill Construction, which has historically been part of our C&C segment, to Symphony Technology Group, described further in Note 2 — Acquisitions and Divestitures, we retained McGraw Hill Construction's restructuring liabilities and the initial charge associated with the reserve has been bifurcated between continuing and discontinued operations. The 2014 restructuring plan includes an initial charge of $3 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2015, we have reduced the reserve for the 2015 restructuring plan by $13 million and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we have reduced the reserve for the 2014 restructuring plan by $64 million and $9 million, respectively. The reductions primarily related to cash payments for employee severance costs.