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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2012
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]  
Number of common shares reserved for issuance
The number of common shares reserved for issuance are as follows: 
(in millions)
December 31,
 
2012
 
2011
Shares available for granting under the 2002 Plan
26.8
 
19.2
Options outstanding
18.6
 
27.0
Total shares reserved for issuance 1
45.4
 
46.2
1
Shares reserved for issuance under the Director Deferred Stock Ownership Plan are included in the total, but are less than 0.2 million.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation expense and the corresponding tax benefit are as follows: 
(in millions)
Years ended December 31,
 
2012
 
2011
 
2010
Stock option expense
$
10

 
$
19

 
$
18

Restricted stock and unit awards expense
83

 
58

 
33

Total stock-based compensation expense
$
93

 
$
77

 
$
51

Tax benefit
36

 
29

 
20
Assumptions used in valuing the options granted
The following assumptions were used in valuing the options granted (in 2012, stock options were not granted as part of employees' total stock-based incentive awards): 
 
 
 
Years ended December 31,
 
 
 
2011
 
2010
Risk-free average interest rate
 
 
0.2-3.5%

 
0.3-4.2%

Dividend yield
 
 
2.5-3.0%

 
2.9-3.1%

Volatility
 
 
21-51%

 
28-60%

Expected life (years)
 
 
6.1-6.2

 
5.8-7.0

Weighted-average grant-date fair value per option
 
 
$
10.61

 
$
10.02
Stock option activity
Stock option activity is as follows: 
(in millions, except per award amounts)
Shares
 
Weighted average exercise price
 
Weighted-average remaining years of contractual term
 
Aggregate intrinsic value
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2011
27.0

 
$
39.96

 
 
 
 
Granted 1
0.7

1 

—

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(8.4
)
 
$
35.61

 
 
 
 
Canceled, forfeited and expired
(0.7
)
 
$
52.85

 
 
 
 
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2012
18.6

 
$
39.58

 
4.1
 
$
288

Options exercisable as of December 31, 2012
17.5

 
$
39.71

 
3.8
 
$
270

1 
These shares relate to the adjustment in connection with the special dividend announced in the fourth quarter of 2012 and, as such, a weighted average exercise price was not calculated.
(in millions, except per award amounts)
Shares
 
Weighted-average grant-date fair value
Nonvested options outstanding as of December 31, 2011
3.6

 
$
10.41

Vested 1
(2.4
)
 
$
10.34

Forfeited
(0.1
)
 
$
10.41

Nonvested options outstanding as of December 31, 2012
1.1

 
$
10.61

Total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested options
$
1

 
 
Weighted-average years to be recognized over
0.3

 
 

1 
The majority of the share adjustment that was recorded in connection with the special dividend announced in the fourth quarter of 2012 related to options that have previously vested, therefore, the shares granted were offset by the equivalent vested amount.
Stock option exercised
nformation regarding our stock option exercises is as follows: 
(in millions)
Years ended December 31,
 
2012
 
2011
 
2010
Net cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options
$
299

 
$
139

 
$
50

Total intrinsic value of stock option exercises
$
120

 
$
41

 
$
16

Income tax benefit realized from stock option exercises
$
47

 
$
16

 
$
6
Restricted stock and unit activity
estricted stock and unit activity for performance and non-performance awards is as follows: 
(in millions, except per award amounts)
Shares
 
Weighted-average grant-date fair value
Nonvested shares as of December 31, 2011
4.4

 
$
36.78

Granted 1
1.7

 
$
44.38

Vested
(2.5
)
 
$
35.24

Forfeited
(0.2
)
 
$
37.54

Nonvested shares as of December 31, 2012
3.4

 
$
40.49

Total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested options
$
115

 
 
Weighted-average years to be recognized over
1.7

 
 
1 
There are 0.2 million shares within the total amount granted during the year that relate to the adjustment in connection with the special dividend announced in the fourth quarter of 2012.
 
Years ended December 31,
 
2012
 
2011
 
2010
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per award
$
44.38

 
$
37.80

 
$
33.72

Total fair value of restricted stock and unit awards vested
$
90

 
$
1

 
$
1

Tax benefit relating to restricted stock activity
$
32

 
$
22

 
$
13