Summary of business operations and significant accounting policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2017

(a) Consolidation

Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of us and our subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of an entity and therefore required to consolidate, we apply a qualitative approach that determines whether we have both (1) the power to direct the economically significant activities of the entity and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to that entity. We have not been required to consolidate the activity of any entity due to these considerations.

Cash and cash equivalents

(b) Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at acquisition date to be cash equivalents.

Marketable securities

The Company has classified its marketable debt securities as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses (except for other-than-temporarily impairments) on available-for-sale securities are recorded, net of tax, as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Realized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are reported in other income (expense), net, on a specific identification basis. The Company determines the appropriate classification of its investments at acquisition date and reassesses the classifications at each balance sheet date. The Company classifies its marketable debt securities as either short-term or long-term based on each instrument’s underlying contractual maturity date. Marketable debt securities with maturities of 12 months or less are classified as short-term and marketable debt securities with maturities greater than 12 months are classified as long-term. Available-for-sale securities are assessed for impairment quarterly.

Revenue recognition and accounts receivable

(d) Revenue recognition and accounts receivable

The Company recognizes revenue related to product sales upon shipment provided that title and risk of loss have passed to the customer, there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, the sales price is fixed or determinable, collection of the related receivable is reasonably assured and customer acceptance criteria, if any, have been successfully demonstrated.

For persuasive evidence of an arrangement, the Company uses contracts or customer purchase order to determine the existence of an arrangement.

For delivery, the Company’s sales contracts generally provide for the customer to accept title and risk of loss when the product leaves our facilities. When shipping terms or local laws do not allow for passage of title and risk of loss at the shipping point, we defer recognizing revenue until title and risk of loss transfer to the customer. For product sales with acceptance criteria that are not successfully demonstrated upon shipment, revenue is recognized upon customer acceptance, provided all other revenue recognition criteria have been met.

The Company assesses whether the sales price is fixed or determinable at the time of the transaction. Sales prices are documented in the executed sales contract or purchase order received prior to shipment. The Company’s standard terms do not allow for trial or evaluation periods, rights of return or refund, payments contingent upon the customer obtaining financing or other terms that could impact the customer’s obligation.

The company assesses whether collection is reasonably assured based on a number of factors, including the customer’s past transaction history and credit worthiness. We grant credit to domestic and foreign original equipment manufacturers, distributors, and end users, and perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition. We continuously monitor collections and payments from our customers and maintain a provision for estimated credit losses based upon specific customer collection issues that have been identified.

We classify shipping and handling invoiced to customers as revenue and the related costs in cost of sales. Sales and other taxes collected from customers and subsequently remitted to government authorities are recorded as accounts receivable with a corresponding offset recorded to sales taxes payable. These balances are removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheets when the cash is remitted to the tax authority. We include service revenue, related primarily to extended warranty contracts and repairs, in the product revenue line item of our Consolidated Statement of Operations, as it is deemed immaterial for separate classification.

On a limited basis, the Company enters into transactions which involve multiple elements (i.e., products and services such as installation or training). Typically, all products sold to a customer are delivered at the same time. If a partial delivery occurs as authorized by the customer, the Company allocates revenue to the various products based on their vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value, or VSOE, if VSOE exists according to ASC 605-25 as the basis of determining the relative selling price of each element. If VSOE does not exist, the Company may use third party evidence of fair value, or TPE, to determine the relative selling price of each element. If neither VSOE nor TPE exists, the Company may use management’s best estimate of the sales price, or BESP, of each element to determine the relative selling price. The relative selling prices for extended warranty are based on established price lists and separate, stand-alone sales of these elements. Installations and trainings elements are deemed perfunctory. The Company establishes best estimates within a range of selling prices considering multiple factors including, but not limited to, factors such as size of transaction, pricing strategies and market conditions. The Company believes the use of the BESP allows revenue recognition in a manner consistent with the underlying economics of the transaction. The Company’s products do not require maintenance or support. Additionally, from time to time there may be undelivered elements in a multiple element arrangement, such elements generally being training or extended warranty. The Company defers revenue on undelivered elements of an arrangement and recognizes it once all revenue recognition criteria have been met.

Maintenance or service revenues are recognized ratably over the term of the contract.

We provide engineering services to some of our customers on a contractual basis and recognize revenue using the percentage of completion method or the completed contract method. We estimate the progress towards completion on contracts with a fixed-fee arrangement on a monthly basis utilizing costs incurred to date as a percentage of total estimated costs at completion of the project or on a milestone basis based on contractual terms, as appropriate. Short-term unbilled receivables are included in accounts receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Total unbilled receivables at July 31, 2017 and 2016 were $4.2 million and $4.0 million, respectively. There were no long-term unbilled receivables at either July 31, 2017 or 2016. When total cost estimates exceed revenues, we accrue for the estimated losses immediately.

Deferred revenue is primarily comprised of maintenance and other service revenues for which payment has been received and for which services have not yet been performed. In situations where collection of the receivable is not reasonably assured, the inventory is expensed upon shipment and the revenue is recognized as the cash is received. Total deferred revenue at July 31, 2017 and 2016 was $6.8 million and $7.2 million, respectively. At July 31, 2017 and 2016, the long-term portion of deferred revenue of $2.0 million and $1.8 million, respectively, was included in other long-term liabilities.

Use of estimates

(e) Use of estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, equity, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments and methodologies. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which forms the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Significant estimates for which changes in the near term are considered reasonably possible and that may have a material impact on the financial statements are disclosed in these Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Inventories

(f) Inventories

We value our inventory at the lower of the cost of the inventory or market in a manner that approximates the first-in first-out method. Management assesses the recoverability of inventory based on types and levels of inventory held, product life cycles, and changes in technology. A variety of methodologies are used to determine the amount of inventory write-downs necessary to adjust excess and obsolete inventory. Write-downs are based on the age of the inventory, lower of cost or market, along with significant management judgments concerning future demands for the inventory and technological obsolescence. If actual demand for our products is less than our estimates, or we experience a higher incidence of inventory obsolescence because of rapidly changing technology and customer requirements, additional write-downs for existing inventories might be recorded in future periods. Once recorded, inventory adjustments are not subsequently reversed until the inventory is used or disposed of.

Product is held by the sales force in the field both for sales and demonstration purposes. We classify and value such product based on the manner in which it is used by the sales force. Prior to fiscal 2016, demonstration inventory was amortized on a straight line basis over a four year period. Beginning in fiscal 2016, we ceased amortization of demonstration inventory during the first year it was placed in the field, based on our ability and intent to sell such inventory at a normal profit margin. We implemented this policy prospectively in fiscal 2016 based on changes in how the demonstration inventory is being utilized in the field. To the extent that demonstration inventory is unsold after a period of a year, it is reclassified to fixed assets and amortized over its estimated remaining useful life of 36 months. Amortization of demonstration inventory is recorded in sales and marketing expense.

Our inventory write-downs involve uncertainties because the calculation requires management to make assumptions and to apply judgment regarding inventory aging, forecasted customer demand, and technological obsolescence.

Income taxes

(g) Income taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires recognition of deferred tax assets, subject to valuation allowances, and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of asset and liabilities for financial reporting and income tax purposes. A valuation allowance is established if it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. For more information on deferred tax valuation allowance, please refer to Note 15. Income taxes. We do not provide for U.S. Federal income taxes on undistributed earnings of all consolidated foreign subsidiaries as such earnings are considered to be indefinitely reinvested in those operations. For disclosure purposes, calculations of the potential deferred income tax liability on these undistributed earnings is not practicable because such liability, if any, is dependent on circumstances existing if and when remittance occurs.

Concentration of credit risk

(h) Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, derivative instruments and accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents not required for working capital purposes are placed primarily in short-term bank deposits, money market funds, or demand notes of financial institutions or banks that meet stringent credit rating requirements or are collateralized by securities issued by the U.S. government or government agencies. The marketable securities in our portfolio are primarily highly-rated short duration fixed income securities. Marketable securities include commercial paper, U.S. treasury securities, U.S government agency securities, and corporate debt securities. The Company’s investment policy generally requires investments to be investment grade, with the primary objective of minimizing the potential risk of principal loss. We grant credit to domestic and foreign original equipment manufacturers, distributors, and end users, and perform ongoing credit evaluations on our customers’ financial condition. We do not require collateral or other security to be furnished by the counterparties to our derivative instruments.

Property, plant, and equipment

(i) Property, plant, and equipment

Property, plant, and equipment is recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the term of the respective leases. Upon retirement or disposal, the cost of the asset disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in our Consolidated Statement of Operations. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense when incurred while the costs of significant improvements, which extend the life of the underlying asset, are capitalized.

Property, plant, and equipment consisted of the following:

	Estimated Useful Lives	July 31,
(in millions)	(Years)	2017			2016
Property, plant, and equipment:
Land and improvements	15 years for land improvements		7.1			7.0
Building and improvements	10 to 35		86.4			85.0
Leasehold improvements	lesser of useful life or the lease term		9.8			10.1
Equipment and software	3 to 7		147.2			142.7
Furniture and fixtures	5		7.2			7.6
Demonstration Inventory	3		9.9			3.9
		$	267.6		$	256.3
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization			(164.9	)		(148.5	)
Total property, plant and equipment		$	102.7		$	107.8

Land is not depreciated. Total depreciation and amortization of property, plant, and equipment was $17.4 million, $15.0 million, and $14.1 million for fiscal years 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. We did not capitalize any interest in fiscal years 2017, 2016 or 2015.

During fiscal year 2017, we recorded an asset impairment charge of approximately $1.0 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017. These amounts were reported in the asset impairment charges caption in our accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. No impairment charges were recorded in fiscal 2016 and 2015.

Intangible assets and goodwill

(j) Intangible assets and goodwill

Intangible assets consist of intellectual property, licenses, and certain identifiable intangible assets resulting from business combinations, including trade names, customer relationships, backlog, and developed technology. Intangible assets that have finite lives are amortized using either the straight-line method, or if reliably determinable, based on the pattern in which the economic benefit of the asset is expected to be utilized. Finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is measured by comparison of their carrying value to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate over their remaining economic life. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized in earnings equals the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds their fair value determined by either a quoted market price, if any, or a value determined by utilizing a discounted cash flow technique. Evaluation of impairment of long-lived assets requires estimates of future operating results that are used in the preparation of the expected future undiscounted cash flows. Actual future operating results and the remaining economic lives of long-lived assets could differ from the estimates used in assessing the recoverability of these assets. These differences could result in impairment charges, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.

An indefinite-lived intangible asset, such as an in-process research and development, or IPR&D, or trade names acquired in business combinations, is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if indicators of impairment are present. We perform our annual review in our second quarter of each fiscal year. An indefinite-lived intangible asset may be considered impaired if we determine that the carrying value exceeds the assets’ fair value. We may first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative impairment test or bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing the quantitative impairment test. The quantitative impairment test is based on discounted estimated future cash flows. Assessing the impairment of an indefinite-lived intangible asset requires us to make assumptions and judgments regarding the fair value of the asset using a fair value technique such as a discounted cash flow or relief from royalty method.

Goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed for impairment annually or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the reporting unit may exceed its fair value. A reporting unit, for the purpose of the impairment test, is at or below the operating segment level, and constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by segment management. We perform our annual reviews in our second quarter of each fiscal year. We may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value and as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. We may also elect to proceed directly to the two-step impairment test. If an initial qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, an additional quantitative evaluation is performed under the two-step impairment test. If based on the quantitative evaluation the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we perform an analysis of the fair value of all assets and liabilities of the reporting unit. If the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is determined to be less that its carrying amount, impairment is recognized for the difference. As discussed in Note 1(w). Recent accounting pronouncements, during the second quarter of fiscal year 2017, subsequent to the annual impairment test of goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives as of December 31, 2016, we elected early adoption of ASU 2017-04 as of January 01, 2017, “Intangibles─Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” As a result, we removed Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. Accordingly, we recorded impairment charges of $55.2 million to our Ultrasound reporting unit and $6.6 million to our Oncura reporting unit, respectively, in the third quarter of fiscal 2017, based on amount by which the fair value of the reporting unit is below its carrying value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.

Assessing the impairment of goodwill requires us to make assumptions and judgments regarding the fair value of our reporting units. We estimate the fair value of our reporting units using a combination of valuation techniques, including discounted cash flows and cash earnings multiples, and compare the values to our estimated overall market capitalization.

Fair value of financial instruments

(k) Fair value of financial instruments

Our financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and derivative instruments. The carrying amounts of our financial instruments approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. The fair values of marketable securities and investments in pension and deferred compensation plans, if any, are estimated based on quoted market price for these securities.

Asset retirement obligations

(l) Asset retirement obligations

We establish asset retirement obligations (“AROs”) for the present value of estimated future costs to return certain of our facilities to their original condition. The recorded liabilities are accreted to the future value of the estimated restoration costs. The accretion of the liability and the depreciation of the capitalized cost are recognized over the estimated useful lives of the facilities.

Impairment of long-lived assets

(m) Impairment of long-lived assets

We evaluate our long-lived assets whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable or that the useful lives of these assets are no longer appropriate. If indicators of impairment are present with respect to long-lived assets and undiscounted cash flows attributable to such assets are not expected to be sufficient to recover the assets’ carrying amount, additional analysis is performed as appropriate and the carrying value of the long-lived assets is written down to its estimated fair value based on a discounted cash flow analysis or the market value.

Warranty costs

(n) Warranty costs

We provide for the estimated cost of standard product warranties at the time products are shipped. Although we engage in extensive product-quality programs and processes, our warranty obligations are affected by product failure rates and service delivery costs incurred to correct product failures. Should actual product failure rates or service delivery costs differ from our estimates (which are based on specific warranty claims, historical data, and engineering estimates, where applicable), revisions to the estimated warranty liability would be required. Such revisions could adversely affect our operating results. Generally, we warrant that our products will perform in all material respects in accordance with our standard published specifications in effect at the time of delivery of the products to our customer for a period ranging from 12 to 60 months from the date of delivery.

Research and product development and capitalized software development costs

(o) Research and product development and capitalized software development costs

Research and product development costs are expensed as incurred and include primarily engineering salaries, incentive compensation, including share-based compensation, overhead and materials used in connection with research and product development activities. Research and product development costs related to non-recurring engineering projects funded by customers are included within engineering cost of sales if the project is accounted for under the percentage of completion method or under the completed contract method.

Software development costs incurred subsequent to establishing technological feasibility are capitalized. Technological feasibility is demonstrated by the completion of a detailed program design. Capitalized costs are amortized at the higher of (a) straight-line basis over the economic life of the software ranging from 3 to 5 years or (b) the ratio of the product’s current gross revenues to the total of current and expected gross revenues. Unamortized capitalized software costs are both $0.5 million as of July 31, 2017 and 2016. Amortization expense of capitalized software development costs was $0.5 million, $0.2 million, and $0.2 million in fiscal years 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, and is included in product cost of sales.

Derivative instruments and hedging activities

(p) Derivative instruments and hedging activities

We recognize all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities at fair value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recorded each period in current earnings or accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), depending on whether a derivative is designated as part of a hedge transaction. We classify the cash flows from these instruments in the same category as the cash flows from the hedged items. We do not enter into derivative transactions for trading or speculative purposes.

We assess, both at inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting the changes in cash flows or fair values of the hedged items. We also assess hedge ineffectiveness on a quarterly basis and record the gain or loss related to the ineffective portion to current earnings. If we determine that a forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring, we discontinue hedge accounting for the affected portion of the hedge instrument, and any related unrealized gain or loss on the contract is recognized in current earnings.

Translation of foreign currencies

(q) Translation of foreign currencies

The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries, whose cash flows are primarily in their local currency, have been translated into U.S. dollars using the current exchange rates at each balance sheet date. The operating results of these foreign subsidiaries have been translated at average exchange rates that prevailed during each reporting period. Adjustments resulting from translation of foreign currency financial statements are reflected as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We had foreign currency translation adjustments of $1.4 million, $(2.3) million, and $(12.6) million, respectively, included within the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income in fiscal years 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Exchange gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions (transactions denominated in a currency other than that of the entity’s functional currency), excluding intercompany transactions considered to be of a long-term investment nature, are included in the results of operations in the period in which they occur and are reported under the caption “Other income (expense), net”. We had foreign exchange gains (losses) included within the Consolidated Statement of Operations totaling $(0.1) million, $(2.7) million, and $(0.4) million in fiscal years 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Advertising

(r) Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed when incurred, are included in selling and marketing expenses and totaled $0.1 million, $0.3 million and $0.4 million in fiscal years 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Share-based compensation

(s) Share-based compensation

We recognize share-based compensation expense for equity instruments exchanged for employee and director services. Share-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as an expense over the employee’s requisite service period (generally the vesting period of the equity grant), net of estimated forfeitures.

We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes valuation model and the fair value of our restricted stock awards, which include shares of restricted stock and restricted stock units, based on the quoted market price of our common stock or the use of a Monte-Carlo simulation model. For time or service-based awards, we recognize the associated share-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting periods of the awards, net of estimated forfeitures. Forfeiture rates are estimated based on historical pre-vesting forfeitures and are updated on the vesting dates to reflect actual forfeitures.

For performance-based awards with an earnings per share related target, we evaluate the probability of meeting the performance criteria at each balance sheet date and if probable, related compensation cost is amortized over the performance period on a straight-line basis because such awards vest only at the end of the measurement period. Changes to the probability assessment and the estimate of shares expected to vest will result in adjustments to the related share-based compensation expense that will be recorded in the period of the change. If the earnings per share related target performance is not achieved, no compensation cost is recognized and any previously recognized compensation cost is reversed. For market-based awards, the compensation cost is amortized over the performance period on a straight-line basis because the awards vest only at the end of the measurement period. The probability of actual shares expected to be earned is considered in the grant date valuation, therefore the expense is not adjusted to reflect the actual units earned.

Business combinations

(t) Business combinations

In accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are determined and recorded as of the date of the acquisition. Transaction costs related to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Any excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Any excess of the fair value of assets acquired over the purchase price is recorded as a bargain purchase gain in Other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. This methodology involves uncertainties because it requires management to make assumptions and to apply judgment to estimate the fair value of acquired assets, including intangible assets, and liabilities. Management estimates the fair value of assets and liabilities based upon widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flows and market multiple analyses. Furthermore, the fair value of contingent consideration recorded as part of an acquisition is determined through a valuation model that incorporates probability adjusted assumptions related to achieving the related milestones and the likelihood of us making the contingent payments. Unanticipated events or circumstances may occur which could affect the accuracy of our fair value estimates, including assumptions regarding industry economic factors and business strategies.

Net income per share

(u) Net income per share

Basic net income per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed using the weighted average number of common and dilutive common equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive common equivalent shares consist of stock options and restricted stock units.

Segment information

(v) Segment information

We identify a business as an operating segment if: i) it engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses; ii) its operating results are regularly reviewed by our chief operating decision maker who is our chief executive officer, and iii) it has available discrete financial information. We aggregate our operating segments into a reportable segment if the operating segments are determined to have similar economic characteristics and are similar in the nature of products and services, nature of production processes, type or class of customer for their products and services, product or service distribution method and, if applicable, nature of the regulatory environment. We have three reportable segments: Medical Imaging, Ultrasound, and Security and Detection.

Recent accounting pronouncements

(w) Recent accounting pronouncements

Accounting pronouncements issued and recently adopted

Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350)” The amendments remove Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. Goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The amendments are effective for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for any impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. The standard will be effective for us for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning August 1, 2020. We elected early adoption of ASU 2017-04 as of January 1, 2017, subsequent to the annual impairment test of goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives as of December 31, 2016. As a result, we removed Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test during the interim goodwill impairment tests in the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2017. Accordingly, we recorded impairment charges of $55.2 million to our Ultrasound reporting unit and $6.6 million to our Oncura reporting unit, respectively, in the third quarter of fiscal 2017, based on amount by which the fair value of the reporting unit is below its carrying value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.

Cloud computing arrangements

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-05, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other–Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40).” The amendments provide guidance as to whether a cloud computing arrangement (e.g., software as a service, platform as a service, infrastructure as a service, and other similar hosting arrangements) includes a software license and, based on that determination, how to account for such arrangements. The amendments are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2015 and may be applied on either a prospective or retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The provisions were effective for us in the first quarter of our fiscal year ended July 31, 2017. Effective August 1, 2016, we adopted ASU 2015-05. The adoption of this update did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Disclosure of uncertainties about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, “Presentation of Financial Statements — Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40) Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern”. The standard requires management to evaluate an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date of issuance of the entity’s financial statements. The amendments are effective for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016, and for annual periods and interim periods thereafter and should be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The provisions would be effective for us for our annual period ending on July 31, 2017. We elected early adoption of ASU 2014-15 during our first quarter of fiscal year beginning on August 1, 2016 on a prospective basis and have assessed our ability to continue as a going concern. As of July 31, 2017, we have concluded that substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern does not exist.

Not yet effective

Scope of Modification Accounting

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718)”. The amendments provide guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. ASU 2017-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and should be applied prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption date. Early adoption is permitted. The standard will be effective for us in the first quarter of our fiscal year ending July 31, 2019. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this update on our consolidated financial statements.

Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, “Compensation — Retirement Benefits (Topic 715)”. The standard improves the presentation of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost by requiring that an employer that offers to its employees defined benefit pension or other postretirement benefit plans report the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The other components of net benefit cost are required to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations, if one is presented. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The standard will be effective for us in our fiscal year beginning August 1, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this update on our consolidated financial statements.

Clarifying the Definition of a Business

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business.” The amendments provide the requirements needed for a set of transferred assets and activities to be a business and establish a practical way to determine when a set of transferred assets and activities is not a business. To be considered a business, an acquisition would have to include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. An output is the result of inputs and substantive processes that provide goods or services to customers, other revenue, or investment income, such as dividends and interest. The amendments narrow the definition of outputs and align it with how outputs are described in Topic 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. Early adoption is permitted. The standard will be effective for us in our fiscal year beginning August 1, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this update on our consolidated financial statements.

Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, “Income Taxes (Topic 740)”. The standard requires the recognition of the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs. Two common examples of assets included in the scope of this amendment are intellectual property and property, plant, and equipment. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted. The standard will be effective for us in our fiscal year beginning August 1, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this update on our consolidated financial statements.

Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230).” The amendments provide guidance on the eight specific cash flow statement presentation and classification issues as follows: (1) debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; (2) settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing; (3) contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; (4) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; (5) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies; (6) distributions received from equity method investees; (7) beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and (8) separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The standard will be effective for us in the first quarter of our fiscal year ending July 31, 2019. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this update on our consolidated financial statements.

Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)” The amendment modifies the measurement of expected credit losses of certain financial instruments. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities should be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. Available-for-sale accounting recognizes that value may be realized either through collection of contractual cash flows or through sale of the security. Therefore, the amendments limit the amount of the allowance for credit losses to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost because the classification as available for sale is premised on an investment strategy that recognizes that the investment could be sold at fair value, if cash collection would result in the realization of an amount less than fair value. The allowance for credit losses for purchased available-for-sale securities with a more-than-insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination is determined in a similar manner to other available-for-sale debt securities; however, the initial allowance for credit losses is added to the purchase price rather than reported as a credit loss expense. Only subsequent changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded in credit loss expense. Interest income should be recognized based on the effective interest rate, excluding the discount embedded in the purchase price that is attributable to the acquirer’s assessment of credit losses at acquisition. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The standard will be effective for us in the fiscal year beginning after August 1, 2020. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this update on our consolidated financial statements.

Improvements to employee share-based payment accounting

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting,” which amends ASC 718, “Stock Based Compensation.” The amendments require that all excess tax benefits be recorded as an income tax benefit or expense in the income statement and be classified as an operating activity in the statement of cash flows. Entities may also elect to estimate the amount of forfeitures or recognize them as they occur. The amendments are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016. The standard will be effective for us in the first quarter of our fiscal year ending July 31, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. We will adopt ASU 2016-09 in our first quarter of fiscal 2018. Currently, excess tax benefits or deficiencies from the Company’s share-based payment awards are recorded in Capital in excess of par value (APIC) in its Consolidated Balance Sheets. Upon adoption, the Company will record any excess tax benefits or deficiencies from its share-based payments in its Consolidated Statements of Operations in the reporting periods in which they occur. Currently excess tax benefits or deficiencies are classified within financing activities in the statement of cash flows. Upon adoption, the Company will classify any excess tax benefits or deficiencies as an operating activity in the statement of cash flows. We are currently in the process of assessing the adoption method and analyzing the impact of the adoption of this update, but do not believe the adoption of the new standard will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Leases

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”. The standard requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases on the balance sheet. For income statement purposes, the standard requires leases to be classified as either operating or finance. The standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The standard will be effective for us in the first quarter of our fiscal year ending July 31, 2020. Adoption requires application of the new guidance for all periods presented. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue from contracts with customers

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”. This update affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets. This update will supersede existing revenue recognition requirements and most industry-specific guidance. This update also supersedes some cost guidance, including revenue recognition guidance for construction-type and production-type contracts. The update’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In doing so, companies will need to use more judgment and make more estimates than under today’s guidance. These may include identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. This update should be applied either on a retrospective or modified retrospective basis. This update was originally effective for us in the first quarter of our fiscal year ending July 31, 2018. Early adoption was not permitted. In August 2015, the FASB approved a one year delay of the effective date of the new revenue standard for public entities. Therefore, this update would be effective for us in the first quarter of our fiscal year ending July 31, 2019. The standard permits entities to early adopt, but only as of the original effective date (i.e. one year earlier). We are expected to adopt the new standard in the first quarter of our fiscal year 2019 effective August 01, 2018. We are still in the early stage of assessing the adoption method and analyzing the impact of the adoption of this update on our consolidated financial statements. We are unable to quantify the impact at this time. We established a project plan and an implementation team. The implementation team continues to apprise both management and the Audit Committee of project status on a recurring basis.

Reclassifications and revisions to prior period financial statements

(x) Reclassifications and revisions to prior period financial statements

We have identified out-of-period adjustments in prior quarterly periods in fiscal 2017 that were corrected in the quarterly period for the three months ended July 31, 2017. These adjustments were not reflected in our prior filings because they were deemed immaterial. These out-of-period adjustments aggregate to approximately $2.2 million, reflecting a $1.1 million increase to cost of sales and a $1.1 million increase to general and administrative expenses.We have determined that these adjustments, individually and in the aggregate, were not material to prior periods or to our consolidated financial statements for the quarterly or full annual periods ended July 31, 2017.