During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company incurred $9.8 million, $12.9 million and $27.2 million of restructuring expense, respectively. The costs for 2019 related primarily to severance costs for headcount reductions in Europe, North America and India. The costs for 2018 related primarily to severance costs for the departure of an executive officer, costs associated with training of skilled labor as a result of the transfer of crawler production to Shady Grove, PA and costs associated with headcount reductions in Europe. The costs for 2017 related primarily to the closure of manufacturing operations in Manitowoc, WI and Passo Fundo, Brazil and severance costs associated with headcount reductions in North America. The restructuring expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 included zero, $2.0 million and $2.8 million, respectively, of expense related to executive severance.

The following is a summary of the Company's restructuring activities for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:

	2019			2018			2017
Balance at beginning of period	$	3.3		$	5.6		$	8.2
Restructuring expenses		9.8			12.9			27.2
Use of reserve		(10.9	)		(15.1	)		(28.8	)
Reserve reclassification		(0.2	)		—			(1.2	)
Currency translation		—			(0.1	)		0.2
Balance at end of period	$	2.0		$	3.3		$	5.6