Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with the Company’s customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control of the Company’s cranes or aftermarket parts or completion of performance of services. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The Company recognizes revenue for extended warranties beyond the base warranties over the life of the extended warranty period.

Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, and are collected by the Company from a customer, are excluded from revenue.

Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are categorized as a fulfillment cost and are included in cost of sales on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The following is a description of principle activities from which the Company generates revenue. Disaggregation of the Company’s revenue sources are disclosed in Note 17, “Segments.”

Crane revenue is primarily generated through the sale of new and used cranes. Contracts with customers are generally in the form of a purchase order. Based on the nature of the Company’s contracts, the Company does not have any significant financing terms. Contracts may have variable consideration in the form of early pay discounts or rebates, however the variable consideration is not material to the overall contract with the customer. Revenue is earned under these contracts when control of the product is transferred to the customer. Control transfers to the customer generally upon delivery to the carrier or acceptance through an independent inspection company that acts as an agent of the customer.

Given the nature of the Company’s products, from time to time, the customer may request that the product be held until a delivery location is identified. Under these “bill and hold” arrangements, revenue is recognized when all of the following criteria are met: 1) the reason for the bill-and-hold arrangement is substantive, 2) the product is separately identified as belonging to the customer, 3) the product is ready for transfer to the customer, and 4) the Company does not have the ability to use the product or direct it to another customer.

From time to time, the Company enters into agreements where the customer has the right to exercise a buyback option for the repurchase of a crane by the Company at an agreed upon price. The Company evaluates each agreement at inception to determine if the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right. If it is determined that the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right, the agreement is accounted for as a lease in accordance with ASC Topic 842 “Leases” (“Topic 842”). If it is determined that the customer does not have a significant economic incentive to exercise that right, then revenue is recognized when control of the asset is transferred to the customer. Refer to Note 19, “Guarantees” for additional information.

Aftermarket part sales are generated through the sale of new and used parts to end customers and distributors. Aftermarket parts revenue is recognized when control of the product is transferred to the customer. Control transfers to the customer generally upon delivery to the carrier. Customers generally have a right of return which the Company estimates using historical information. The amount of estimated returns is deducted from revenue.

As it relates to the Company’s other revenues, the Company’s performance obligations generally relate to performing specific agreed upon services. Revenue is earned upon the completion of those services.

The Company records deferred revenue when cash payments are received or due in advance of performance, including amounts which are refundable. The table below shows the change in the customer advances balance for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 which are included in current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

	2019			2018
Balance at beginning of period	$	9.6		$	12.7
Cash received in advance of satisfying performance obligation		112.2			96.5
Revenue recognized		(96.3	)		(98.5	)
Currency translation		0.3			(1.1	)
Balance at end of period	$	25.8		$	9.6

The Company expenses sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would be one year or less. These costs are recorded within engineering, selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which it recognizes revenue at the amount to which it has the right to invoice for services performed.