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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Consolidation

Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of all majority owned subsidiaries and joint ventures over which the Corporation exercises control and, when applicable, entities for which the Corporation has a controlling financial interest or is the primary beneficiary. Investments in joint ventures where the Corporation owns 20% to 50% of the voting stock and has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the joint venture are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Investments in joint ventures whereby the Corporation does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the joint venture are accounted for using the cost method of accounting. Investments in joint ventures are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the investment may not be recoverable. If the estimated fair value of the investment is less than the carrying amount and such decline is determined to be “other than temporary,” then the investment may not be fully recoverable potentially resulting in a write-down of the investment value. Intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Securities with purchased original maturities of three months or less are considered to be cash equivalents. The Corporation maintains cash and cash equivalents at various financial institutions which may exceed federally insured amounts.

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value, which is defined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. Cost includes the cost of raw materials, direct labor and overhead for those items manufactured but not yet sold or for which title has not yet transferred. Fixed production overhead is allocated to inventories based on normal capacity of the production facilities. In periods of abnormally high production, the amount of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production is decreased so that inventories are not measured above cost. The amount of fixed overhead allocated to inventories is not increased as a consequence of abnormally low production or plant idling. Costs for abnormal amounts of spoilage, handling costs and freight costs are charged to expense when incurred. Cost of domestic raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods inventories is primarily determined by the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. Cost of domestic supplies and foreign inventories is determined primarily by the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment purchased new is recorded at cost with depreciation computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: land improvements – 15 to 20 years, buildings – 25 to 50 years and machinery and equipment – 3 to 25 years. Property, plant and equipment acquired as part of a business combination is recorded at its estimated fair value with depreciation computed using the straight-line method over the estimated remaining useful lives based in part on third-party valuations. Expenditures that extend economic useful lives are capitalized. Routine maintenance is charged to expense. Gains or losses are recognized on retirements or disposals. Property, plant and equipment are reviewed for impairment at least annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If the undiscounted cash flows generated from the use and eventual disposition of the assets are less than their carrying value, then the asset value may not be fully recoverable potentially resulting in a write-down of the asset value. Estimates of future cash flows are based on expected market conditions over the remaining useful life of the primary asset(s). In addition, the remaining depreciation period for the impaired asset would be reassessed and, if necessary, revised. Proceeds from government grants are recorded as a reduction in the purchase price of the underlying assets and amortized against depreciation over the lives of the related assets.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets primarily consist of developed technology, customer relationships and trade name. Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful life, which is determined by identifying the period over which most of the cash flows are expected to be generated. Additionally, intangible assets, both definite and indefinite lived, are reviewed for impairment at least annually, as of October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If the undiscounted cash flows attributable to the assets are less than their carrying value, then the asset value may not be fully recoverable potentially resulting in a write-down of the asset value. Also, if the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life changes, the remaining carrying value of the intangible asset will be amortized prospectively over the revised remaining useful life.

Goodwill

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the consideration paid in a business combination in excess of the values assigned to the net assets of the acquired entity. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level annually, as of October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment either qualitatively or quantitatively using a two-step approach. Under step one, the fair value of the reporting unit is determined using both a market and income approach. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value of the reporting unit, then goodwill may be impaired causing the second step of the analysis to be completed. Under step two, the fair value of the reporting is allocated to the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit. The unallocated fair value (“implied goodwill”), if any, is compared to the recorded value of goodwill. If the implied goodwill exceeds the recorded value of goodwill, then goodwill is deemed not to be impaired. If the implied goodwill is less than the recorded value of goodwill, then goodwill is deemed to be impaired by the amount that goodwill exceeds implied goodwill. Estimating the fair value of a reporting unit requires the use of significant unobservable inputs, representative of a Level 3 fair value measurement, including market growth and market share, sales volumes and prices, costs to produce, discount rate and estimated capital needs. Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the fair value of the reporting unit is estimated. Assumptions used to estimate future cash flows are subject to a high degree of judgment and complexity.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs are amortized as interest expense over the scheduled maturity period of the debt. The costs related to our line-of-credit arrangement are amortized over the term of the arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings. Unamortized debt issuance costs are either recognized as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt or, if related to a line-of-credit facility, as an other noncurrent asset on the consolidated balance sheet.

Product Warranty

Product Warranty

Provisions for product warranties are recognized at the time the underlying sale is recorded. The provision is based on historical experience as a percentage of sales adjusted for potential claims when a liability is probable and for known claims.

Employee Benefit Plans

Employee Benefit Plans

Funded Status

If the fair value of the plan assets exceeds the projected benefit obligation, the over-funded projected benefit obligation is recognized as an asset (prepaid pensions) on the consolidated balance sheet. Conversely, if the projected benefit obligation exceeds the fair value of the plan assets, the under-funded projected benefit obligation is recognized as a liability (employee benefit obligations) on the consolidated balance sheet. Gains and losses arising from the difference between actuarial assumptions and actual experience and unamortized prior service costs are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Net Periodic Pension and Other Postretirement Costs

Net periodic pension and other postretirement costs includes service cost, interest cost, expected rate of return on the market-related value of plan assets, amortization of prior service costs and recognized actuarial gains or losses. When actuarial gains or losses exceed 10% of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets, they are amortized to net periodic pension and other postretirement costs over the average remaining service period of the employees expected to receive benefits under the plan or over the remaining life expectancy of the employees expected to receive benefits if “all or almost all” of the plan’s participants are inactive. When actuarial gains or losses are less than 10% of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets, they are included in net periodic pension and other postretirement costs indirectly as a result of lower/higher interest costs arising from a decrease/increase in the projected benefit obligation. The market-related value of plan assets is determined using a five-year moving average which recognizes 20% of unrealized gains and losses each year.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Other comprehensive income (loss) includes changes in assets and liabilities from non-owner sources including foreign currency translation adjustments, unamortized prior service costs and unrecognized actuarial gains and losses associated with employee benefit plans, unrealized holding gains and losses on securities designated as available for sale, and changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and effective as cash flow hedges. Certain components of other comprehensive income (loss) are presented net of income tax. Foreign currency translation adjustments exclude the effect of income tax since earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries are deemed to be reinvested for an indefinite period of time.

Reclassification adjustments are amounts which are realized during the year and, accordingly, are deducted from other comprehensive income (loss) in the period in which they are included in net income (loss) or when a transaction no longer qualifies as a cash flow hedge. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included in net income (loss) upon sale or upon complete or substantially complete liquidation of an investment in a foreign entity. With respect to employee benefit plans, unamortized prior service costs are included in net income (loss), either immediately upon curtailment of the employee benefit plan or over the average remaining service period or life expectancy of the employees expected to receive benefits, and unrecognized actuarial gains and losses are included in net income (loss) indirectly as a result of lower/higher interest costs arising from a decrease/increase in the projected benefit obligation. Unrealized holding gains and losses on securities are included in net income (loss) when the underlying security is sold. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are included in net income (loss) when the projected sale occurs or, if a foreign currency purchase contract, over the estimated useful life of the underlying asset.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency Translation

Assets and liabilities of the Corporation’s foreign operations are translated at year-end exchange rates and the statements of operations are translated at the average exchange rates for the year. Gains or losses resulting from translating foreign currency financial statements are accumulated as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss until the entity is sold or substantially liquidated.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

Revenue from sales is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. Persuasive evidence of an arrangement identifies the final understanding between the parties as to the specific nature and terms of the agreed-upon transaction that creates enforceable obligations. It can be in the form of an executed purchase order from the customer, sales agreement issued by the Corporation or a similar arrangement deemed to be normal and customary business practice for that particular customer or class of customer (collectively, a sales agreement).

Delivery and performance is considered to have occurred when the customer has taken title and assumed the risks and rewards of ownership of the product. Typically, this occurs when the product is shipped to the customer (i.e., FOB shipping point), delivered to the customer (i.e., FOB destination), or, for foreign sales, in accordance with trading guidelines known as Incoterms. Incoterms are standard trade definitions used in international contracts and are developed, maintained and promoted by the ICC Commission on Commercial Law and Practice.

The sales price required to be paid by the customer is fixed or determinable from the sales agreement. It is not subject to refund or adjustment except for a variable-index surcharge provision which increases or decreases, as applicable, the selling price of a mill roll for corresponding changes in the published index cost of certain raw materials. The variable-index surcharge is recognized as revenue when the corresponding revenue for the inventory is recognized. Likelihood of collectability is assessed prior to acceptance of an order. There are no customer-acceptance provisions other than customer inspection and testing prior to shipment. Post-shipment obligations are insignificant.

Amounts billed to the customer for shipping and handling are recorded within net sales and the related costs are recorded within costs of products sold (excluding depreciation and amortization). Amounts billed for taxes assessed by various government authorities (e.g., sales tax, value-added tax, etc.) are excluded from the determination of net income (loss) and instead are recorded as a liability until remitted to the government authority.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation, such as stock options, restricted stock units and performance shares, is recognized over the vesting period based upon the fair value of the award at the date of grant. For stock options, the fair value is determined by the Black Scholes option pricing model and is expensed over the vesting period of three years. For restricted stock units, the fair value is equal to the closing price of the Corporation’s common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) on the date of grant and is expensed over the vesting period of three years. For performance share awards that vest subject to a performance condition, the fair value is equal to the closing price of the Corporation’s stock on the NYSE on the date of grant. For performance share awards that vest subject to a market condition, fair value is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The fair value of performance share awards is expensed over the performance period when it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments

Derivative instruments which include forward exchange (for foreign currency sales and purchases) and futures contracts are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as either an asset or a liability measured at their fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative depends on the use of the derivative. To the extent that a derivative is designated and effective as a cash flow hedge of an exposure to future changes in value, the change in the fair value of the derivative is deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Any portion considered to be ineffective, including that arising from the unlikelihood of an anticipated transaction to occur, is reported as a component of earnings (other income/expense) immediately.

Upon occurrence of the anticipated sale, the foreign currency sales contract designated and effective as a cash flow hedge is de-designated as a fair value hedge and the change in fair value previously deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss is reclassified to earnings (net sales) with subsequent changes in fair value recorded as a component of earnings (other income/expense). Upon occurrence of the anticipated purchase, the foreign currency purchase contract is settled and the change in fair value deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss is reclassified to earnings (depreciation and amortization expense) over the life of the underlying assets. Upon settlement of a futures contract, the change in fair value deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss is reclassified to earnings (costs of products sold, excluding depreciation and amortization) when the corresponding inventory is sold and revenue is recognized. To the extent that a derivative is designated and effective as a hedge of an exposure to changes in fair value, the change in the derivative’s fair value will be offset in the statement of operations by the change in the fair value of the item being hedged and is recorded as a component of earnings (other income/expense). Cash flows associated with the derivative instruments are recorded as a component of operating activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows.

The Corporation does not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes and, therefore, holds no derivative instruments for trading purposes.

Fair Value

Fair Value

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. A hierarchy of inputs is used to determine fair value measurements with three levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and are considered the most reliable evidence of fair value. Level 2 inputs are observable prices that are not quoted on active exchanges. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs used for measuring the fair value of assets or liabilities.

Legal Costs

Legal Costs

Legal costs expected to be incurred in connection with loss contingencies are accrued when such costs are probable and estimable.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. federal government enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Reform”), to become effective January 1, 2018, which, among other things, imposed a one-time tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. Accordingly, the tax impact of this deemed repatriation of previously untaxed foreign earnings was included within the U.S. taxable income for 2017, reducing the overall tax loss generated in the current year. Any future income earned in foreign subsidiaries will no longer be subject to U.S. tax under current U.S. law. Any remittance of future earnings to the U.S. will be subject to foreign withholding requirements; however, the Corporation estimates the impact of this would be insignificant.

Income taxes are recognized during the year in which transactions enter into the determination of financial statement income. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the book carrying amount and the tax basis of assets and liabilities including net operating loss carryforwards. A valuation allowance is provided against a deferred income tax asset when it is “more likely than not” the asset will not be realized. Similarly, if a determination is made that it is “more likely than not” the deferred income tax asset will be realized, the related valuation allowance would be reduced and a benefit to earnings would be recorded. Penalties and interest are recognized as a component of the income tax provision.

Tax benefits are recognized in the financial statements for tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return when it is “more likely than not” that the tax authorities will sustain the tax position solely on the basis of the position’s technical merits. Consideration is given primarily to legislation and statutes, legislative intent, regulations, rulings and case law as well as their applicability to the facts and circumstances of the tax position when assessing the sustainability of the tax position. In the event a tax position no longer meets the “more likely than not” criteria, the tax benefit is reversed by recognizing a liability and recording a charge to earnings. Conversely, if a tax position subsequently meets the “more likely than not” criteria, a tax benefit would be recognized by reducing the liability and recording a credit to earnings.

Earnings Per Common Share

Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. The computation of diluted earnings per common share is similar to basic earnings per common share except that the denominator is increased to include the dilutive effect of the net additional common shares that would have been outstanding assuming exercise of outstanding stock awards, calculated using the treasury stock method. The computation of diluted earnings per share would not assume the exercise of an outstanding stock award if the effect on earnings per common share would be antidilutive. Similarly, the computation of diluted earnings per share would not assume the exercise of outstanding stock awards if the Corporation incurred a net loss since the effect on earnings per common share would be antidilutive. The weighted average number of common shares outstanding assuming exercise of dilutive stock awards was 12,330,401 for 2017, 11,951,181 for 2016 and 10,447,066 for 2015. Weighted-average outstanding stock awards excluded from the diluted earnings per common share calculation, since the effect would have been antidilutive, were 1,013,008 for 2017, 1,163,396 for 2016 and 1,138,287 for 2015.

Recently Implemented Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Implemented Accounting Pronouncements

In January 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income, which allows for a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings for the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Reform. A stranded tax effect is defined as the difference in the tax effect of amounts recognized as other comprehensive income (loss) items, using the income tax rate in effect at the time of recognition and the newly enacted income tax rate. ASU 2018-02 is relevant only to the reclassification of the income tax effects of the Tax Reform; accordingly, the underlying guidance that requires that the effect of a change in tax laws or rates be included in income from continuing operations is not affected. The guidance becomes effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018; however, early adoption is permitted. The Corporation adopted the new guidance in its 2017 accounts and, as a result, $6,088 was reclassified between accumulated other comprehensive loss and retained earnings.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which requires all income tax effects of awards to be recognized in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled. The guidance also requires presentation of excess tax benefits as an operating activity on the statement of cash flows rather than as a financing activity. The amended guidance became effective for the Corporation January 1, 2017, and did not have a significant impact on its financial position, operating results or liquidity.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, which revises the measurement of inventory at the lower of cost or market. In accordance with ASU 2015-11, an entity will measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value, which is defined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. The amendment does not apply to inventory that is measured using the last-in, first out (LIFO) method. The guidance became effective for the Corporation January 1, 2017, and did not have a significant impact on its financial position, operating results or liquidity.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging, which amends and simplifies existing guidance to allow companies to more accurately present the economic effects of risk management activities in the financial statements. The amended guidance will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018; however, early adoption is permitted. The Corporation is currently evaluating the impact the guidance will have on its financial position and operating results. It will not, however, affect the Corporation’s liquidity.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Scope of Modification Accounting, which provides guidance about which changes to the terms and conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. The amendment will be applied prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption date. The amended guidance will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The guidance will not affect the Corporation’s financial position, operating results and liquidity as of the date of adoption.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost, which requires an employer who offers defined benefit and postretirement benefit plans to report the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by employees during the period. The other components of net periodic benefit cost are required to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside the subtotal of income from operations. The amendment also allows only for the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost to be eligible for capitalization when applicable. The amended guidance does not change the amount of net periodic benefit cost to be recognized, only where it is to be recognized in the income statement. The amended guidance becomes effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and must be applied retrospectively for the presentation of the service cost component and the other components of net periodic pension and other postretirement costs in the income statement and prospectively for capitalization of the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in inventory. A practical expedient is available permitting employers to use the amounts disclosed in its pension and other postretirement benefit plan footnote (Note 9) as the estimate to apply retrospectively. The guidance will not affect the Corporation’s financial position or liquidity.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which clarifies guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows. The amended guidance will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The guidance will not have a significant impact on the presentation of the Corporation’s cash flow statement, and it will not affect its financial position, operating results or liquidity.

In May 2016, April 2016, March 2016 and May 2014, the FASB issued ASUs 2016-12, 2016-10, 2016-08 and 2014-09, respectively, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which provides a common revenue standard for U.S. GAAP and IFRS. The guidance establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from a company’s contracts with customers. It requires companies to apply a five-step model when recognizing revenue relating to the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the company expects to be entitled to receive for those goods and services. It also requires comprehensive disclosures regarding revenue recognition. The guidance becomes effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and can be implemented on either a full or modified retrospective basis. The Corporation will use the modified retrospective method (a cumulative adjustment to its January 1, 2018 retained earnings). Based on the evaluation of its current contracts and revenue streams, the Corporation determined they will be recorded consistently under both existing generally accepted accounting principles and the new standard. Accordingly, the new guidance will not have a material effect on the Corporation’s financial position, operating results or liquidity. The Corporation’s disclosures, however, will change significantly in response to the requirements of the new guidance.  

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for the rights and obligations created by all leases with a term of more than one year. Accounting by lessors will remain similar to existing generally accepted accounting principles. The guidance becomes effective for the Corporation January 1, 2019. The Corporation is currently evaluating the impact the guidance will have on its financial position, operating results and liquidity.

 

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities, which simplifies the accounting and disclosures related to equity investments. ASU 2016-01 will require entities to carry certain investments in equity securities at fair value with changes in fair value recorded through net income (loss) versus other comprehensive income (loss). ASU 2016-01 does not apply to investments that qualify for the equity method of accounting or to those that result in consolidation of the investee. The guidance becomes effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and must be adopted by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. At December 31, 2017, unrealized holding gains on securities approximated $600 which will be recorded as the cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings. Prospectively, the guidance is not expected to have a significant effect on the Corporation’s financial position, operating results and liquidity.