Realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) includes realized gains and losses from the sale of investments, write-downs for impairments of investments and changes in the allowance for credit losses for financial assets, changes in fair value for mortgage loans on real estate accounted for under the fair value option, changes in fair value of equity securities, certain derivative and embedded derivative gains and losses, gains and losses on the sale of subsidiaries and businesses and net gains and losses on reinsurance-related embedded derivatives and trading securities. Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are determined using the specific identification method. Realized gain (loss) is also net of allocations of investment gains and losses to certain policyholders and certain funds withheld on reinsurance arrangements and certain modified coinsurance arrangements for which we have a contractual obligation. Details underlying realized gain (loss) (in millions) were as follows:



	For the Three
	Months Ended
	March 31,
	2023			2022
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Gross gains	$	26		$	2
Gross losses		(65	)		(4	)
Credit loss benefit (expense) ⁽¹⁾		(17	)		(1	)
Realized gain (loss) on equity securities⁽²⁾		(14	)		2
Credit loss benefit (expense) on mortgage loans on real estate		(4	)		18
Credit loss benefit (expense) on reinsurance-related assets		(1	)		(1	)
Realized gain (loss) on the mark-to-market on certain instruments ⁽³⁾⁽⁴⁾		(111	)		(12	)
Indexed product derivative results ⁽⁵⁾		(153	)		109
Derivative results ⁽⁶⁾		(477	)		73
Other realized gain (loss)		(12	)		(5	)
Total realized gain (loss)	$	(828	)	$	181

⁽¹⁾Includes changes in the allowance for credit losses as well as direct write-downs to amortized cost as a result of negative credit events.

⁽²⁾Includes mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held of $(14) million and $4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

⁽³⁾Represents changes in the fair values of certain derivative investments (not including those associated with our variable and indexed annuity and IUL contracts net derivative results), reinsurance-related embedded derivatives, mortgage loans on real estate accounted for under the fair value option and trading securities.

⁽⁴⁾Includes gains and losses from fair value changes on mortgage loans on real estate accounted for under the fair value option of $2 million and $(3) million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

⁽⁵⁾Represents the change in fair value of the index options that we hold and the change in the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities of our indexed annuity contracts, IUL contracts and index options we may purchase or sell in the future to hedge policyholder index allocations applicable to future reset periods for our indexed annuity products.