Realized gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) includes realized gains and losses from the sale of investments, write-downs for impairments of investments and changes in the allowance for credit losses for financial assets, changes in fair value for mortgage loans on real estate accounted for under the fair value option, changes in fair value of equity securities, certain derivative and embedded derivative gains and losses, gains and losses on the sale of subsidiaries and businesses and net gains and losses on reinsurance embedded derivatives and trading securities. Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are determined using the specific identification method. Realized gain (loss) is recognized in net income, net of associated amortization of DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL. Realized gain (loss) is also net of allocations of investment gains and losses to certain contract holders and certain funds withheld on reinsurance arrangements for which we have a contractual obligation. Details underlying realized gain (loss) (in millions) were as follows:



	For the Three						For the Nine
	Months Ended						Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Gross gains	$	11		$	1		$	15		$	17
Gross losses		(15	)		(3	)		(24	)		(21	)
Credit loss benefit (expense) ⁽¹⁾		(5	)		(8	)		(11	)		(9	)
Realized gain (loss) on equity securities⁽²⁾		6			5			(2	)		37
Credit loss benefit (expense) on mortgage loans on real estate		(9	)		40			4			77
Credit loss benefit (expense) on reinsurance-related assets ⁽³⁾		(131	)		(2	)		(136	)		(6	)
Realized gain (loss) on the mark-to-market on certain instruments ⁽⁴⁾⁽⁵⁾		40			8			26			25
Other gain (loss) on investments		(26	)		(1	)		(28	)		1
Associated amortization of DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL
and changes in other contract holder funds		(6	)		(9	)		(13	)		(19	)
Total realized gain (loss) related to financial instruments
and reinsurance-related assets		(135	)		31			(169	)		102
Indexed annuity and IUL contracts net derivative results: ⁽⁶⁾
Gross gain (loss)		(15	)		(24	)		132			16
Associated amortization of DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL		18			19			(75	)		8
Variable annuity net derivative results: ⁽⁷⁾
Gross gain (loss)		386			60			973			(274	)
Associated amortization of DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL		(34	)		(1	)		(90	)		51
Total realized gain (loss)	$	220		$	85		$	771		$	(97	)

⁽¹⁾Includes changes in the allowance for credit losses as well as direct write-downs to amortized cost as a result of negative credit events.

⁽²⁾Includes mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held of $5 million and $4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $3 million and $40 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

⁽³⁾In connection with our recognition of an allowance for credit losses for reinsurance-related assets, we perform a quantitative analysis using a probability of loss approach to estimate expected credit losses for reinsurance recoverables, inclusive of similar assets recognized using the deposit method of accounting. Our allowance for credit losses was $326 million and $190 million as of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. The increase was attributable to updates to policyholder behavior assumptions that impacted ceded reserves.

⁽⁴⁾Represents changes in the fair values of certain derivative investments (not including those associated with our variable and indexed annuity and IUL contracts net derivative results), reinsurance-related embedded derivatives, mortgage loans on real estate accounted for under the fair value option and trading securities.

⁽⁵⁾Includes gains and losses from fair value changes on mortgage loans on real estate accounted for under the fair value option of $(1) million and $2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $(18) million and $2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

⁽⁶⁾Represents the net difference between the change in fair value of the index options that we hold and the change in the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities of our indexed annuity and IUL contracts along with changes in the fair value of embedded derivative liabilities related to index options we may purchase or sell in the future to hedge contract holder index allocations applicable to future reset periods for our indexed annuity products.

⁽⁷⁾Includes the net difference in the change in embedded derivative reserves of our GLB riders and the change in the fair value of the derivative instruments we own to hedge the change in embedded derivative reserves on our GLB riders and the benefit ratio unlocking on our GLB and GDB riders, including the cost of purchasing the hedging instruments.