The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill (in millions) by reportable segment were as follows:



		For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
	Gross			Accumulated
	Goodwill			Impairment								Net
	as of			as of				Acquisition				Goodwill
	Beginning-			Beginning-				Accounting				as of End-
		of-Year			of-Year			Adjustments		Impairment		of-Year
Annuities		$	1,040		$	(600	)	$	-	$	-	$	440
Retirement Plan Services			20			-			-		-		20
Life Insurance			2,188			(1,554	)		-		-		634
Group Protection			688			-			(4)		-		684
Total goodwill		$	3,936		$	(2,154	)	$	(4)	$	-	$	1,778



	For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
	Gross		Accumulated
	Goodwill		Impairment								Net
	as of		as of				Acquisition				Goodwill
	Beginning-		Beginning-				Accounting				as of End-
	of-Year			of-Year			Adjustments		Impairment		of-Year
Annuities	$	1,040		$	(600	)	$	-	$	-	$	440
Retirement Plan Services		20			-			-		-		20
Life Insurance		2,188			(1,554	)		-		-		634
Group Protection		274			-			414		-		688
Total goodwill	$	3,522		$	(2,154	)	$	414	$	-	$	1,782

The fair values of our reporting units (Level 3 fair value estimates) are comprised of the value of in-force (i.e., existing) business and the value of new business. Specifically, new business is representative of cash flows and profitability associated with policies or contracts we expect to issue in the future, reflecting our forecasts of future sales volume and product mix over a 10-year period. To determine the values of in-force and new business, we use a discounted cash flows technique that applies a discount rate reflecting the market expected, weighted-average rate of return adjusted for the risk factors associated with operations to the projected future cash flows for each reporting unit.

As of October 1, 2019 and 2018, we performed our annual quantitative goodwill impairment test for our reporting units, and, as of each such date, the fair value was in excess of each reporting unit’s carrying value for Annuities, Retirement Plan Services, Life Insurance and Group Protection.

As of October 1, 2017, the date of our annual quantitative assessment of goodwill, our Annuities, Retirement Plan Services and Group Protection reporting units had fair values that exceeded the carrying value of each reporting unit. Our early adoption of ASU 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment,” resulted in impairment of the Life Insurance reporting unit goodwill of $905 million during the fourth quarter of 2017 driven primarily from the impact of the December 22, 2017, enactment of the Tax Act that increased the carrying value of the Life Insurance reporting unit in excess of its fair value.

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization (in millions) for each major specifically identifiable intangible asset class by reportable segment were as follows:



	As of December 31, 2019					As of December 31, 2018
	Gross					Gross
	Carrying		Accumulated			Carrying		Accumulated
	Amount		Amortization			Amount		Amortization
Retirement Plan Services:
Mutual fund contract rights ⁽¹⁾	$	5		$	-	$	5		$	-
Life Insurance:
Sales force		100			55		100			51
Group Protection:
VOCRA		576			25		576			5
VODA		31			2		31			-
Insurance licenses ⁽¹⁾		3			-		3			-
Total	$	715		$	82	$	715		$	56

Future estimated amortization of specifically identifiable intangible assets (in millions) as of December 31, 2019, was as follows: