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Investments (Tables)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2024
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Amortized Cost and Fair Values of Securities by Security Type
At June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all fixed maturity securities were classified as available-for-sale. The amortized cost and fair values of securities by security type are shown as follows:
 June 30, 2024
 
Amortized
Cost, Gross of ACL1
ACL1
Gross
Unrealized
Gain		Gross
Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value
(in millions of dollars)
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities $572.7 $— $13.1 $26.8 $559.0 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions3,915.4 — 80.5 546.6 3,449.3 
Foreign Governments952.9 — 14.6 137.6 829.9 
Public Utilities5,543.1 — 129.1 372.8 5,299.4 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities785.4 — 4.3 37.2 752.5 
All Other Corporate Bonds26,780.8 5.1 481.8 2,198.4 25,059.1 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks4.0 — — 0.4 3.6 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$38,554.3 $5.1 $723.4 $3,319.8 $35,952.8 

December 31, 2023
 
Amortized
Cost, Gross of ACL1
ACL1
Gross
Unrealized
Gain		Gross
Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value
(in millions of dollars)
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities$618.6 $— $25.3 $19.1 $624.8 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions4,041.3 — 135.3 498.2 3,678.4 
Foreign Governments982.1 — 29.8 121.2 890.7 
Public Utilities5,398.2 — 217.1 293.7 5,321.6 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities658.0 — 10.1 24.0 644.1 
All Other Corporate Bonds26,708.4 2.2 771.8 1,807.3 25,670.7 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks4.0 — — 0.4 3.6 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$38,410.6 $2.2 $1,189.4 $2,763.9 $36,833.9 

1 Allowance for Credit Losses
Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments
The following charts indicate the length of time our fixed maturity securities have been in a gross unrealized loss position.

 June 30, 2024
 Less Than 12 Months12 Months or Greater
 Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Loss
(in millions of dollars)
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities$101.7 $2.4 $241.8 $24.4 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions296.3 7.1 2,035.6 539.5 
Foreign Governments120.9 2.5 315.6 135.1 
Public Utilities1,159.9 31.1 1,824.2 341.7 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities187.8 4.6 348.9 32.6 
All Other Corporate Bonds2,972.9 95.4 14,162.7 2,103.0 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks— — 3.6 0.4 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$4,839.5 $143.1 $18,932.4 $3,176.7 

 December 31, 2023
 Less Than 12 Months12 Months or Greater
 Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Gross
Unrealized
Loss
(in millions of dollars)
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities$118.8 $0.7 $197.3 $18.4 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions128.0 4.0 2,035.1 494.2 
Foreign Governments149.9 3.3 312.9 117.9 
Public Utilities373.7 10.4 1,720.6 283.3 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities60.3 2.5 316.7 21.5 
All Other Corporate Bonds1,483.8 26.8 14,215.2 1,780.5 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks— — 3.6 0.4 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$2,314.5 $47.7 $18,801.4 $2,716.2 
Distribution of the Maturity Dates for Fixed Maturity Securities
The following is a distribution of the maturity dates for fixed maturity securities. The maturity dates have not been adjusted for possible calls or prepayments.
 June 30, 2024
 
Amortized Cost, Net of ACL1
Unrealized Gain PositionUnrealized Loss Position
 Gross GainFair ValueGross LossFair Value
(in millions of dollars)
1 year or less$1,192.5 $1.4 $201.5 $11.3 $981.1 
Over 1 year through 5 years7,912.5 111.6 2,754.6 224.3 5,045.2 
Over 5 years through 10 years8,839.7 251.0 3,444.3 660.0 4,986.4 
Over 10 years19,819.1 355.1 5,564.7 2,387.0 12,222.5 
37,763.8 719.1 11,965.1 3,282.6 23,235.2 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities785.4 4.3 215.8 37.2 536.7 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$38,549.2 $723.4 $12,180.9 $3,319.8 $23,771.9 
 December 31, 2023
 
Amortized Cost, Net of ACL1
Unrealized Gain PositionUnrealized Loss Position
 Gross GainFair ValueGross LossFair Value
(in millions of dollars)
1 year or less$935.0 $0.9 $140.8 $7.5 $787.6 
Over 1 year through 5 years7,594.4 128.2 2,685.7 179.0 4,857.9 
Over 5 years through 10 years9,430.3 372.1 4,100.0 610.8 5,091.6 
Over 10 years19,790.7 678.1 8,524.4 1,942.6 10,001.8 
37,750.4 1,179.3 15,450.9 2,739.9 20,738.9 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities658.0 10.1 267.1 24.0 377.0 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$38,408.4 $1,189.4 $15,718.0 $2,763.9 $21,115.9 
1 Allowance for Credit Losses
Distribution by External Credit Rating for Fixed Maturity Securities
The following chart depicts an analysis of our fixed maturity security portfolio between investment-grade and below-investment-grade categories as of June 30, 2024:
Gross Unrealized Loss
Fair ValueGross Unrealized GainAmountPercent of Total Gross Unrealized Loss
(in millions of dollars)
Investment-Grade$34,515.0 $709.6 $3,227.0 97.2 %
Below-Investment-Grade1,437.8 13.8 92.8 2.8 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$35,952.8 $723.4 $3,319.8 100.0 %
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Allowance for Credit Loss
The following tables present a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, which were classified as "all other corporate bonds" during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

Three Months Ended June 30
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Balance, beginning of period$2.2 $— 
Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded2.6 — 
Change in allowance on securities with allowance recorded in previous period0.3 — 
Balance, end of period$5.1 $— 

Six Months Ended June 30
20242023
(in millions of dollars)
Balance, beginning of period$2.2 $— 
Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded2.6 — 
Change in allowance on securities with allowance recorded in previous period0.3 — 
Balance, end of period$5.1 $— 
Mortgage Loans by Property Type and Geographic Region
The carrying amount of mortgage loans by property type and geographic region are presented below.
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
(in millions of dollars)
Carrying AmountPercent of TotalCarrying AmountPercent of Total
Property Type
Apartment$667.5 29.5 %$685.8 29.6 %
Industrial695.8 30.8 706.0 30.5 
Office368.1 16.3 379.9 16.4 
Retail487.7 21.5 503.9 21.7 
Other42.0 1.9 42.6 1.8 
Total$2,261.1 100.0 %$2,318.2 100.0 %
Region
New England$53.9 2.4 %$55.1 2.4 %
Mid-Atlantic164.1 7.3 155.1 6.7 
East North Central295.8 13.1 314.4 13.6 
West North Central160.7 7.1 163.5 7.0 
South Atlantic529.1 23.3 553.0 23.8 
East South Central108.8 4.8 110.7 4.8 
West South Central197.4 8.7 200.9 8.7 
Mountain277.1 12.3 282.7 12.2 
Pacific474.2 21.0 482.8 20.8 
Total$2,261.1 100.0 %$2,318.2 100.0 %
Schedule of Participating Mortgage Loans by Internal Credit Rating and Loan to Value
The following tables present information about mortgage loans by the applicable internal quality indicators:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
(in millions of dollars)
Carrying AmountPercent of TotalCarrying AmountPercent of Total
Internal Mortgage Rating
AA$83.6 3.7 %$85.2 3.7 %
A988.6 43.8 942.5 40.6 
BBB1,133.8 50.1 1,249.5 53.9 
BB55.1 2.4 41.0 1.8 
Total$2,261.1 100.0 %$2,318.2 100.0 %
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<= 65%$1,485.8 65.7 %$1,409.9 60.8 %
> 65% <= 75%588.7 26.0 707.0 30.5 
> 75% <= 85%116.5 5.2 136.5 5.9 
> 85%70.1 3.1 64.8 2.8 
Total$2,261.1 100.0 %$2,318.2 100.0 %

1Loan-to-Value Ratio utilizes the most recent internal valuation of the property
Mortgage Loans by Credit Quality Indicators The following tables present the amortized cost of our mortgage loans by year of origination and internal quality indicators at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively:
June 30, 2024
Prior to 202020202021202220232024Total
(in millions of dollars)
Internal Mortgage Rating
AA$83.7 $— $— $— $— $— $83.7 
A694.4 99.6 134.3 24.5 38.0 — 990.8 
BBB772.6 63.7 200.3 64.1 29.0 10.6 1,140.3 
BB58.4 — — — — — 58.4 
Total Amortized Cost1,609.1 163.3 334.6 88.6 67.0 10.6 2,273.2 
Allowance for credit losses(9.8)(0.5)(1.0)(0.4)(0.4)— (12.1)
Carrying Amount$1,599.3 $162.8 $333.6 $88.2 $66.6 $10.6 $2,261.1 
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$1,147.8 $121.0 $166.3 $15.8 $38.6 $— $1,489.5 
>65<=75%309.3 34.1 136.8 72.8 28.4 10.6 592.0 
>75%<=85%78.5 8.2 31.5 — — — 118.2 
>85%73.5 — — — — — 73.5 
Total Amortized Cost1,609.1 163.3 334.6 88.6 67.0 10.6 2,273.2 
Allowance for credit losses(9.8)(0.5)(1.0)(0.4)(0.4)— (12.1)
Carrying Amount$1,599.3 $162.8 $333.6 $88.2 $66.6 $10.6 $2,261.1 
1Loan-to-Value Ratio utilizes the most recent internal valuation of the property
December 31, 2023
Prior to 2019
20192020202120222023Total
(in millions of dollars)
Internal Mortgage Rating
AA$74.3 $11.0 $— $— $— $— $85.3 
A589.0 100.3 94.1 100.1 23.2 38.0 944.7 
BBB618.4 224.8 71.4 248.0 64.4 29.2 1,256.2 
BB42.2 — — — — — 42.2 
Total Amortized Cost1,323.9 336.1 165.5 348.1 87.6 67.2 2,328.4 
Allowance for credit losses(6.3)(1.3)(0.6)(1.0)(0.6)(0.4)(10.2)
Carrying Amount$1,317.6 $334.8 $164.9 $347.1 $87.0 $66.8 $2,318.2 
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$908.3 $197.7 $116.4 $145.2 $16.2 $30.0 $1,413.8 
>65<=75%252.1 138.4 40.8 171.0 71.4 37.2 710.9 
>75%<=85%97.3 — 8.3 31.9 — — 137.5 
>85%66.2 — — — — — 66.2 
Total Amortized Cost1,323.9 336.1 165.5 348.1 87.6 67.2 2,328.4 
Allowance for credit losses(6.3)(1.3)(0.6)(1.0)(0.6)(0.4)(10.2)
Carrying Amount$1,317.6 $334.8 $164.9 $347.1 $87.0 $66.8 $2,318.2 

1Loan-to-Value Ratio utilizes the most recent internal valuation of the property
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss
The following tables present a roll-forward of the allowance for expected credit losses by loan-to-value ratio for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
Beginning of PeriodCurrent Period ProvisionsWrite-OffsRecoveriesEnd of Period
(in millions of dollars)
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$3.6 $0.1 $— $— $3.7 
>65<=75%3.4 (0.1)— — 3.3 
>75%<=85%1.2 0.5 — — 1.7 
>85%2.5 0.9 — — 3.4 
Total$10.7 $1.4 $— $— $12.1 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Beginning of PeriodCurrent Period ProvisionsWrite-OffsRecoveriesEnd of Period
(in millions of dollars)
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$3.0 $0.3 $— $— $3.3 
>65<=75%5.3 (0.5)— — 4.8 
>75%<=85%1.2 (0.3)— — 0.9 
>85%0.5 1.6 — — 2.1 
Total$10.0 $1.1 $— $— $11.1 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Beginning of YearCurrent Period ProvisionsWrite-OffsRecoveriesEnd of Period
(in millions of dollars)
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$3.8 $(0.1)$— $— $3.7 
>65<=75%3.8 (0.5)— — 3.3 
>75%<=85%1.2 0.5 — — 1.7 
>85%1.4 2.0 — — 3.4 
Total$10.2 $1.9 $— $— $12.1 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Beginning of YearCurrent Period ProvisionsWrite-OffsRecoveriesEnd of Period
(in millions of dollars)
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$3.0 $0.3 $— $— $3.3 
>65<=75%4.7 0.1 — — 4.8 
>75%<=85%1.1 (0.2)— — 0.9 
>85%0.5 1.6 — — 2.1 
Total$9.3 $1.8 $— $— $11.1 

1Loan-to-Value Ratio utilizes the most recent internal valuation of the property
Remaining Contractual Maturity of Securities Lending Agreements
The remaining contractual maturities of our securities lending agreements disaggregated by class of collateral pledged are as follows:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Overnight and Continuous
(in millions of dollars)
Borrowings
Public Utilities$4.2 $1.8 
All Other Corporate Bonds18.5 61.3 
Total Borrowings$22.7 $63.1 
Gross Amount of Recognized Liability for Securities Lending Transactions22.7 63.1 
Amounts Related to Agreements Not Included in Offsetting Disclosure Contained Herein$— $— 
Federal Home Loan Bank Common Stock Carrying Amounts, Amounts Posted, and Advances Received The carrying value of common stock owned, collateral posted, and advances received are as follows:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
(in millions of dollars)
Carrying Value of FHLB Common Stock$20.6 $15.7 
Advances from FHLB186.4 64.5 
Carrying Value of Collateral Posted to FHLB
Fixed Maturity Securities$576.0 $589.0 
Commercial Mortgage Loans957.4 986.8 
Total Carrying Value of Collateral Posted to FHLB$1,533.4 $1,575.8 
Schedule of Financial Instrument and Derivative Offsetting
Shown below are our financial instruments that either meet the accounting requirements that allow them to be offset in our balance sheets or that are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement. Our accounting policy is to not offset these financial instruments in our balance sheets. Net amounts disclosed below have been reduced by the amount of collateral pledged to or received from our counterparties.
June 30, 2024
Gross AmountGross Amount Not
of RecognizedGross AmountNet AmountOffset in Balance Sheet
FinancialOffset inPresented inFinancialCashNet
InstrumentsBalance SheetBalance SheetInstrumentsCollateralAmount
(in millions of dollars)
Financial Assets:
Derivatives$93.8 $— $93.8 $(92.2)$(1.5)$0.1 
Securities Lending57.5 — 57.5 (34.8)(22.7)— 
Total$151.3 $— $151.3 $(127.0)$(24.2)$0.1 
Financial Liabilities:
Derivatives$173.6 $— $173.6 $(155.2)$— $18.4 
Securities Lending22.7 — 22.7 (22.7)— — 
Total$196.3 $— $196.3 $(177.9)$— $18.4 

December 31, 2023
Gross AmountGross Amount Not
of RecognizedGross AmountNet AmountOffset in Balance Sheet
FinancialOffset inPresented inFinancialCashNet
InstrumentsBalance SheetBalance SheetInstrumentsCollateralAmount
(in millions of dollars)
Financial Assets:
Derivatives$99.9 $— $99.9 $(91.9)$(6.4)$1.6 
Securities Lending72.0 — 72.0 (8.9)(63.1)— 
Total$171.9 $— $171.9 $(100.8)$(69.5)$1.6 
Financial Liabilities:
Derivatives$116.2 $— $116.2 $(109.4)$— $6.8 
Securities Lending63.1 — 63.1 (63.1)— — 
Total$179.3 $— $179.3 $(172.5)$— $6.8 
Net Investment Income
Net investment income reported in our consolidated statements of income is presented below.
 Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
 2024202320242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Fixed Maturity Securities$469.2 $470.7 $923.1 $925.8 
Derivatives8.7 11.0 16.9 22.9 
Mortgage Loans22.1 23.5 44.6 46.9 
Policy Loans5.2 5.2 10.6 10.2 
Other Long-term Investments
Perpetual Preferred Securities1
0.1 0.9 0.3 1.8 
Private Equity Partnerships2
32.7 19.8 53.0 34.1 
Other2.4 2.7 5.1 4.5 
Short-term Investments21.8 16.2 41.7 30.3 
Gross Investment Income562.2 550.0 1,095.3 1,076.5 
Less Investment Expenses14.2 15.8 30.8 30.5 
Less Investment Income on Participation Fund Account Assets2.9 3.1 5.9 6.1 
Net Investment Income$545.1 $531.1 $1,058.6 $1,039.9 

1The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 related to perpetual preferred securities still held at June 30, 2024 was $(0.1) million and $(0.2) million, respectively. The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 related to perpetual preferred securities still held at June 30, 2023 was $(0.2) million and $0.5 million, respectively.

2The net unrealized gain recognized in net investment income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 related to private equity partnerships still held at June 30, 2024 was $37.3 million and $62.3 million, respectively, reduced by net management fees and partnership expenses of $(4.6) million and $(9.3) million, respectively. The net unrealized gain recognized in net investment income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 related to private equity partnerships still held at June 30, 2023 was $25.1 million and $42.9 million, respectively, reduced by net management fees and partnership expenses of $(5.3) million and $(8.8) million, respectively. See Note 3 for further discussion of private equity partnerships.
Investment Gains and Losses Reported in Consolidated Statements of Income
Investment gains and losses are as follows:
 Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
 2024202320242023
 (in millions of dollars)
Fixed Maturity Securities
Gross Gains on Sales$— $2.8 $— $3.3 
Gross Losses on Sales(5.4)(13.1)(21.2)(13.3)
Impairment Loss 1
(1.2)— (1.2)— 
Change in Allowance for Credit Losses
(2.9)— (2.9)— 
Mortgage Loans and Other Invested Assets
Gross Gains on Sales— 6.0 — 6.2 
Gross Losses on Sales— (0.3)— (0.3)
Change in Allowance for Credit Losses(1.4)(1.1)(1.9)(1.8)
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement0.8 5.2 6.9 5.5 
All Other Derivatives0.4 0.6 2.0 — 
Foreign Currency Transactions(0.7)0.8 (2.6)1.4 
Other
— — 9.3 — 
Net Investment Gain (Loss)$(10.4)$0.9 $(11.6)$1.0 

1Includes write-down of securities that we intend to sell prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis.