Statutory Financial Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Statutory Financial Information [Abstract]

Statutory Net Income, Capital and Surplus, and Dividends

Statutory net income for U.S. life insurance companies is reported in conformity with statutory accounting principles prescribed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) and adopted by applicable domiciliary state laws. The commissioners of the states of domicile have the right to permit other specific practices that may deviate from prescribed practices. In connection with a financial examination of Unum America, which closed at the end of the second quarter of 2020, the Maine Bureau of Insurance (MBOI) concluded that Unum America’s long-term care statutory reserves were deficient by $2,100.0 million as of December 31, 2018, the financial statement date of the examination period. The amount reserves are deficient may increase or decrease over time based on changes in assumed reinvestment rates, policyholder inventories, premium rate increase activity, and the underlying growth in the locked in statutory reserve basis as well as updates to other long term actuarial assumptions. The MBOI granted permission to Unum America on May 1, 2020, to phase in the additional statutory reserves over seven years beginning with year-end 2020 and ending with year-end 2026. The calculation of the premium deficiency reserve (PDR) reflects specific assumptions set by MBOI and results in significant margin above Unum America’s best estimate assumptions. As of December 31, 2023, the PDR calculated under the basis resulting from the MBOI examination has been fully recognized. The phase in amounts for 2023, 2022, and 2021 were funded using cash flows from operations and capital contributions from Unum Group. Our long-term care reserves and financial results reported under generally accepted accounting principles were not affected by the MBOI’s examination conclusion. Additional information regarding the Unum America PDR is as follows:


	Year Ended December 31
	2023		2022		2021
	(in millions of dollars)
Premium Deficiency Reserve
Gross Premium Deficiency Reserve1	$	1,604	$	2,851	$	2,977
Cumulative Gross Premium Deficiency Reserve Recognized	1,604		1,191		667
Remaining Premium Deficiency Reserve to be Recognized	$	—	$	1,660	$	2,310

1The gross PDR decreased by $1,247 million during 2023 due primarily to changes in the assumed reinvestment rate as well as premium rate increase activity. The gross PDR decreased by $126 million during 2022 due primarily to premium rate increase activity and underlying growth in the locked-in statutory reserve basis. The gross PDR increased by $687 million during 2021 due primarily to changes in the assumed reinvestment rate. The increase for 2021 was from a gross PDR of $2,290 million as of December 31, 2020, which was an increase from the original $2,100 million reserve deficiency as of December 31, 2018.

If the permitted practice was not granted by the MBOI to phase in these additional statutory reserves, the impact to the risk-based capital ratio would have triggered a regulatory event for the years under examination prior to the year ended December 31, 2023. Our other traditional U.S. life insurance subsidiaries have no prescribed or permitted statutory accounting practices that differ materially from statutory accounting principles prescribed by the NAIC.

Unum America cedes blocks of long-term care business to Fairwind Insurance Company (Fairwind), which is an affiliated captive reinsurance subsidiary (captive reinsurer) domiciled in the United States, with Unum Group as the ultimate parent. This captive reinsurer was established for the limited purpose of reinsuring risks attributable to specified policies issued or reinsured by Unum America.

Fairwind, which is domiciled in the state of Vermont, is required to follow GAAP in accordance with Vermont reporting requirements for pure captive insurance companies, unless the commissioner permits the use of some other basis of accounting. Fairwind has permission from Vermont to follow accounting practices that are generally consistent with current NAIC statutory accounting principles for its insurance reserves and invested assets supporting reserves. All other assets and liabilities are accounted for in accordance with GAAP, as prescribed by Vermont, which includes the full recognition of deferred tax assets which are more likely than not to be realized. Statutory accounting principles have a stricter limitation for the recognition of deferred tax assets. The impact of following the prescribed and permitted practices of Vermont rather than statutory accounting principles prescribed by the NAIC resulted in higher capital and surplus for Fairwind of approximately $469 million and $351

million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively. The 2023, 2022, and 2021 results for Fairwind include the $413 million, $524 million, and $438 million increases to long-term care statutory reserves assumed from Unum America.

Northwind Re was established for the limited purpose of reinsuring risks attributable to specified policies issued or reinsured by Provident, Paul Revere Life, and Unum America, and had no material state prescribed accounting practices that differ from statutory accounting principles prescribed by the NAIC. In 2021, Northwind Re obtained a Certificate of Dormancy from the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation authorizing it to exist as a dormant captive insurance company, leaving Fairwind as the only remaining active captive reinsurer. Northwind Re was merged with one of our non-insurance U.S. holding companies, Northwind Holdings, with Northwind Holdings remaining as the surviving company. Subsequently during 2022, Northwind Holdings was merged into Unum Group.

The operating results and capital and surplus of our traditional U.S. life insurance subsidiaries and our captive reinsurers, prepared in accordance with prescribed or permitted accounting practices of the NAIC or states of domicile, are presented separately below.


	Year Ended December 31
	2023		2022		2021
	(in millions of dollars)
Combined Net Income (Loss)
Traditional U.S. Life Insurance Subsidiaries	$	1,329.9	$	965.4	$	779.5
Captive Reinsurers	$	(318.3)	$	(432.2)	$	(159.0)

Combined Net Gain (Loss) from Operations, After Tax
Traditional U.S. Life Insurance Subsidiaries	$	1,351.5	$	965.4	$	681.1
Captive Reinsurers	$	(279.4)	$	(428.6)	$	(247.4)


	December 31
	2023		2022
	(in millions of dollars)
Combined Capital and Surplus
Traditional U.S. Life Insurance Subsidiaries	$	3,751.3	$	3,816.3
Captive Reinsurers	$	1,534.9	$	1,229.6

Solvency II, a European Union directive that is part of retained U.K. law pursuant to the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, prescribes capital requirements and risk management standards for the European insurance industry. As derived from the most recent annual financial statements for December 31, 2022, based on Solvency II requirements, regulatory net income and eligible own funds available of our United Kingdom insurance subsidiary, Unum Limited, were £569.2 million and £622.7 million, respectively.

Risk-based capital (RBC) standards for U.S. life insurance companies are prescribed by the NAIC. The domiciliary states of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries have all adopted a version of the RBC model formula of the NAIC, which prescribes a system for assessing the adequacy of statutory capital and surplus for all life and health insurers. The basis of the system is a risk-based formula that applies prescribed factors to the various risk elements in a life and health insurer's business to report a minimum capital requirement proportional to the amount of risk assumed by the insurer. The life and health RBC formula is designed to measure annually (i) the risk of loss from asset defaults and asset value fluctuations, (ii) the risk of loss from adverse mortality and morbidity experience, (iii) the risk of loss from mismatching of asset and liability cash flow due to changing interest rates, and (iv) business risks. The formula is used as an early warning tool to identify companies that are potentially inadequately capitalized. State insurance laws grant insurance regulators the authority to require various actions by, or take various actions against, insurers whose total adjusted capital does not meet or exceed certain RBC levels. The total adjusted capital of each of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries at December 31, 2023 is in excess of those RBC levels.

Restrictions under applicable state insurance laws limit the amount of dividends that can be paid to a parent company from its insurance subsidiaries in any 12-month period without prior approval by regulatory authorities. For life insurance companies domiciled in the U.S., that limitation generally equals, depending on the state of domicile, either ten percent of an insurer's statutory surplus with respect to policyholders as of the preceding year end or the statutory net gain from operations, excluding net realized capital gains and losses, of the preceding year. The payment of dividends to a parent company from a life insurance subsidiary is generally further limited to the amount of unassigned funds.

Based on the restrictions under current law, approximately $1,289 million is available, without prior approval by regulatory authorities, during 2024 for the payment of dividends to Unum Group from its traditional U.S. life insurance subsidiaries. The ability of our captive insurer to pay dividends to Unum Group will depend on the satisfaction of applicable regulatory requirements and on the performance of the business reinsured by Fairwind.

We also have the ability to receive dividends from our foreign subsidiaries, primarily in the U.K., for which the payment may be subject to applicable insurance company regulations and capital guidance. Approximately £140 million is considered distributable from Unum Limited during 2024, subject to local solvency standards and regulatory approval.

Deposits

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries had on deposit with U.S. regulatory authorities securities with a book value of $119.1 million and $118.8 million, respectively, held for the protection of policyholders.