Changes in the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses are as follows:



	2013			2012			2011
	(in millions of dollars)
Balance at January 1	$	24,567.1		$	24,586.5		$	24,339.4
Less Reinsurance Recoverable	2,006.0			2,042.6			2,028.2
Net Balance at January 1	22,561.1			22,543.9			22,311.2

Incurred Related to
Current Year	4,751.9			4,946.2			4,684.4
Prior Years
Interest	1,230.0			1,247.6			1,262.9
All Other Incurred	(44.7		)	(175.7		)	209.1
Foreign Currency	41.2			101.1			(10.9		)
Total Incurred	5,978.4			6,119.2			6,145.5

Paid Related to
Current Year	(1,657.3		)	(1,715.4		)	(1,588.6		)
Prior Years	(4,419.4		)	(4,386.6		)	(4,324.2		)
Total Paid	(6,076.7		)	(6,102.0		)	(5,912.8		)

Net Balance at December 31	22,462.8			22,561.1			22,543.9
Plus Reinsurance Recoverable	2,072.8			2,006.0			2,042.6
Balance at December 31	$	24,535.6		$	24,567.1		$	24,586.5

The majority of the net balances are related to disability claims with long-tail payouts on which interest earned on assets backing liabilities is an integral part of pricing and reserving. Interest accrued on prior year reserves has been calculated on the opening reserve balance less one-half year's cash payments at our average reserve discount rate used during 2013, 2012, and 2011.

"Incurred Related to Prior Years - All Other Incurred" for the years shown in the preceding chart includes the reserve adjustments as discussed in the following paragraphs, which create variances year over year. Excluding those adjustments, the variability exhibited year over year is caused primarily by the level of claim resolutions in the period relative to the long-term expectations reflected in the reserves. Our claim resolution rate assumption used in determining reserves is our expectation of the resolution rate we will experience over the life of the block of business and will vary from actual experience in any one period, both favorably and unfavorably. Claim resolution rates for 2013 in the Unum US group long-term disability product line were less favorable than the level of 2012, though still above the level of our long-term assumptions.

2013 Unclaimed Death Benefits Reserve Increase

Beginning in 2011, a number of state regulators began requiring insurers to cross-check specified insurance policies with the Social Security Administration’s Death Master File to identify potential matches. If a potential match was identified, insurers were requested to determine if benefits were due, locate beneficiaries, and make payments where appropriate. We initiated this process where requested, and in 2012 we began implementing this process in all states on a forward-looking basis. In addition to implementing this on a forward-looking basis, in 2013 we began an initiative to search for potential claims from previous years.

During the fourth quarter of 2013, we completed our assessment of benefits which we estimate will be paid under this initiative, and as such, established $95.5 million of additional claim reserves for payment of these benefits. Claim reserves were increased $49.1 million for Unum US group life, $26.3 million for Unum US voluntary life, and $20.1 million for Colonial Life voluntary life. The reserves established were attributed to prior year incurred claims, thereby impacting the results shown in the preceding chart.

2013 Group Life Waiver of Premium Benefit Reserve Reduction

Within our Unum US segment, we offer group life insurance coverage which consists primarily of renewable term life insurance and includes a provision for waiver of premium, if disabled. The group life waiver of premium benefit (group life waiver) provides for continuation of life insurance coverage when an insured, or the employer on behalf of the insured, is no longer paying premium because the employee is not actively at work due to a disability. The group life waiver claim reserve is the present value of future anticipated death benefits reflecting the probability of death while remaining disabled. Claim reserves are calculated using assumptions based on past experience adjusted for current trends and any other factors that would modify past experience and are subject to revision as current claim experience emerges and alters our view of future expectations. The two fundamental assumptions in the development of the group life waiver reserve are mortality and recovery. Our emerging experience and that which continues to emerge within the industry indicate an increase in life expectancies, which decreases the ultimate anticipated death benefits to be paid under the group life waiver benefit. Emerging experience also reflects an improvement in claim recovery rates, which also lessens the likelihood of payment of a death benefit while the insured is disabled. During the fourth quarter of 2013, we completed a review of our assumptions and modified our mortality and claim recovery assumptions for our Unum US group life waiver reserves and, as a result, reduced claim reserves by $85.0 million. Of this amount, approximately $78.0 million was attributed to prior year incurred claims, thereby impacting the results shown in the preceding chart.

2011 Long-term Care Loss Recognition

We generally perform loss recognition tests on our deferred acquisition costs and policy reserves in the fourth quarter of each year, but more frequently if appropriate, using best estimate assumptions as of the date of the test without a provision for adverse deviation. Included in our analysis for the long-term care product line during the fourth quarter of 2011 was a review of our reserve discount rate, mortality, and morbidity assumptions. Our analysis of reserve discount rate assumptions considered the significant decline in long-term interest rates which occurred late in 2011. We also considered an updated industry study for long-term care experience which was made available mid-year 2011 from the Society of Actuaries. Our analysis of this study, which was completed during the fourth quarter of 2011, showed that lower termination rates than we had previously assumed were beginning to emerge in industry and in our own company experience. Based on our analysis, as of December 31, 2011 we lowered the discount rate assumption to reflect the low interest rate environment and our expectation of future investment portfolio yield rates. We also changed our mortality assumptions to reflect emerging experience due to an increase in life expectancies which increases the ultimate number of people who will utilize long-term care benefits and also lengthens the amount of time a claimant receives long-term care benefits. We changed our morbidity assumptions to reflect emerging industry experience as well as our own company experience. While our morbidity experience is still emerging and is not fully credible, we modified our assumptions to align more closely with the recently published industry study. Using our revised best estimate assumptions, as of December 31, 2011 we determined that deferred acquisition costs of $196.0 million were not recoverable and that our policy and claim reserves should be increased by $573.6 million to reflect our then current estimate of future benefit obligations. Of this amount, $248.1 million was related to claim reserves, and approximately $215.0 million was attributed to prior year incurred claims, thereby impacting the results shown in the preceding chart.

2011 Claim Reserve Increase for Individual Disability Closed Block Business

In December 2011, we analyzed our reserve assumptions for individual disability closed block claim reserves. Claim resolution rates, which measure the resolution of claims from recovery, deaths, settlements, and benefit expirations, are very sensitive to operational and environmental changes and can be volatile. Our claim resolution rate assumption used in determining reserves is our expectation of the resolution rate we will experience over the life of the block of business. At that time, we were able, with a higher degree of confidence, to assess our own experience for older ages in our long duration lifetime claim block as our data had become credible. There is very little industry experience for lifetime disability benefits, as our insurance companies were the primary disability companies in the insurance industry at the time lifetime disability benefits were offered. These benefits were offered during the 1980s and 1990s, recent enough such that claimants are just reaching the older ages and providing us with data to build our claim experience base. Emerging experience indicated a longer life expectancy for our older age, longer duration disabled claimants, which lengthens the time a claimant receives disability benefits. As a result of this experience, as of December 31, 2011 we adjusted our mortality assumption within our claim resolution rate assumption and, as a result, increased our claim reserves for our individual disability closed block of business by $183.5 million. Of this amount, approximately $176.0 million was attributed to prior year incurred claims, thereby impacting the results shown in the preceding chart.

Reconciliation

A reconciliation of policy and contract benefits and reserves for future policy and contract benefits as reported in our consolidated balance sheets to the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses is as follows:



	December 31
	2013		2012		2011
	(in millions of dollars)
Policy and Contract Benefits	$	1,511.0	$	1,484.6	$	1,494.0
Reserves for Future Policy and Contract Benefits	43,099.1		44,694.4		43,051.9
Total	44,610.1		46,179.0		44,545.9
Less:
Life Reserves for Future Policy and Contract Benefits	7,740.5		7,571.1		7,454.2
Accident and Health Active Life Reserves	8,225.5		7,763.3		7,259.6
Unrealized Adjustment to Reserves for Future Policy and Contract Benefits	4,108.5		6,277.5		5,245.6
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses	$	24,535.6	$	24,567.1	$	24,586.5

The unrealized adjustment to reserves for future policy and contract benefits reflects the changes that would be necessary to policyholder liabilities if the unrealized investment gains and losses related to the available-for-sale securities had been realized. Changes in this adjustment are reported as a component of other comprehensive income or loss.