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PENSION BENEFITS
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Pension Benefits [Abstract]  
Pension Benefits [Text Block]
PENSION BENEFITS
The Company sponsors a number of U.S. and foreign pension plans to provide retirement benefits for its employees. The majority of these plans are funded or unfunded defined benefit plans, although the Company does participate in a limited number of multiemployer or other defined contribution plans for certain employee groups. See Note 13 for more information regarding the Company’s participation in multiemployer plans. Defined benefits for salaried employees are generally based on salary and years of service, while union employee benefits are generally a negotiated amount for each year of service. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for these plans and, when necessary, adjusts for plan contributions and significant events between December 31 and its fiscal year-end.
Obligations and funded status
The aggregate change in projected benefit obligation, plan assets, and funded status is presented in the following tables.
(millions)20222021
Change in projected benefit obligation
Beginning of year$5,236 $5,675 
Service cost34 36 
Interest cost127 98 
Plan participants’ contributions— 1 
Amendments3 18 
Actuarial (gain)loss(1,297)(130)
Benefits paid(482)(423)
Curtailment and special termination benefits— (1)
Other(1)— 
Foreign currency adjustments(149)(38)
End of year$3,471 $5,236 
Change in plan assets
Fair value beginning of year$4,959 $5,211 
Actual return on plan assets(1,253)184 
Employer contributions3 4 
Plan participants’ contributions1 1 
Benefits paid(454)(397)
Foreign currency adjustments(189)(44)
Fair value end of year$3,067 $4,959 
Funded status$(404)$(277)
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet consist of
Other assets$320 $448 
Other current liabilities(15)(19)
Pension liability(709)(706)
Net amount recognized$(404)$(277)
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income consist of
Prior service cost$57 $61 
Net amount recognized$57 $61 
The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $3.4 billion at December 31, 2022 and $5.2 billion at January 1, 2022.

Information for pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets were:
(millions)20222021
Projected benefit obligation$2,478 $3,623 
Accumulated benefit obligation$2,469 $3,610 
Fair value of plan assets$1,756 $2,906 
Information for pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets were:
(millions)20222021
Projected benefit obligation$2,545 $3,707 
Accumulated benefit obligation$2,517 $3,669 
Fair value of plan assets$1,821 $2,984 
Expense
The components of pension expense are presented in the following table. Service cost is recorded in COGS and SGA expense. All other components of net periodic benefit cost are included in OIE. Pension expense for defined contribution plans relates to certain foreign-based defined contribution plans and multiemployer plans in the United States in which the Company participates on behalf of certain unionized workforces.
(millions)202220212020
Service cost$34 $36 $37 
Interest cost127 98 130 
Expected return on plan assets(258)(301)(340)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost9 8 7 
Other expense (income)(1)— 8 
Recognized net (gain) loss210 (12)184 
Net periodic benefit cost121 (171)26 
Curtailment and special termination benefits— (1)(15)
Pension (income) expense:
Defined benefit plans121 (172)11 
Defined contribution plans5 7 20 
Total$126 $(165)$31 
The Company and certain of its subsidiaries sponsor 401(k) or similar savings plans for active employees. Expense related to these plans was (in millions): 2022 – $41 million; 2021 – $41 million; 2020 – $42 million. These amounts are not included in the preceding expense table. Company contributions to these savings plans approximate annual expense. Company contributions to multiemployer and other defined contribution pension plans approximate the amount of annual expense presented in the preceding table.
Assumptions
The worldwide weighted-average actuarial assumptions used to determine benefit obligations were:
202220212020
Discount rate5.3 %2.6 %2.2 %
Long-term rate of compensation increase3.5 %3.5 %3.4 %

The worldwide weighted-average actuarial assumptions used to determine annual net periodic benefit cost were:
202220212020
Discount rate3.3 %2.3 %2.8 %
Discount rate - interest3.0 %1.8 %2.4 %
Long-term rate of compensation increase3.5 %3.4 %3.4 %
Long-term rate of return on plan assets6.0 %6.0 %6.8 %

To determine the overall expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, the Company models expected returns over a 20-year investment horizon with respect to the specific investment mix of its major plans. The return assumptions used reflect a combination of rigorous historical performance analysis and forward-looking views of the financial markets including consideration of current yields on long-term bonds, price-earnings ratios of the major stock market indices, and long-term inflation. The U.S. model, which corresponds to approximately 69% of consolidated pension and other postretirement benefit plan assets, incorporates a long-term inflation assumption of 2.5% and an active management premium of 0.78% (net of fees) validated by historical analysis. Similar methods are used for various foreign plans with invested assets, reflecting local economic conditions. The expected rate of return for 2022 of 6.25% for the U.S. plans equated to approximately the 65th percentile expectation. Refer to Note 1.

In 2019, the Society of Actuaries (SOA) published updated mortality tables and an updated improvement scale. In 2021, the SOA released an updated improvement scale that incorporates an additional year of data. In determining the appropriate mortality assumptions as of 2022 fiscal year-end, the Company used the 2019 SOA tables with collar adjustments based on Kellogg’s current population, consistent with the prior year. In addition, based on mortality information available from the Social Security Administration and other sources, the Company developed assumptions for future mortality improvement in line with our expectations for future experience. There were no changes to the year-end pension and postretirement benefit obligations due to mortality assumption changes.
To conduct our annual review of discount rates, we selected the discount rate based on a cash-flow matching analysis using Willis Towers Watson’s proprietary RATE:Link tool and projections of the future benefit payments constituting the projected benefit obligation for the plans. RATE:Link establishes the uniform discount rate that produces the same present value of the estimated future benefit payments, as is generated by discounting each year’s benefit payments by a spot rate applicable to that year. We use a December 31 measurement date for our defined benefit plans. Accordingly, we select yield curves to measure our benefit obligations that are consistent with market indices during December of each year.
The Company may experience material actuarial gains or losses due to differences between assumed and actual experience and due to changing economic conditions. During 2022, the Company recognized a net actuarial loss of approximately $210 million driven by lower than expected asset returns and a loss of plan experience, partially offset by assumption changes, including increases in the discount rate.
Plan assets
The Company categorized Plan assets within a three level fair value hierarchy described as follows:
Investments stated at fair value as determined by quoted market prices (Level 1) include:
Cash and cash equivalents:  Value based on cost, which approximates fair value.
Corporate stock, common:  Value based on the last sales price on the primary exchange.
Investments stated at estimated fair value using significant observable inputs (Level 2) include:
Cash and cash equivalents:  Institutional short-term investment vehicles valued daily.
Mutual funds:  Valued at exit prices quoted in active or non-active markets or based on observable inputs.
Collective trusts:  Valued at exit prices quoted in active or non-active markets or based on observable inputs.
Bonds:  Value based on matrices or models from pricing vendors.
Equity options: Value is based on exit prices quoted in active or non-active markets.
Investments stated at estimated fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) include:

Buy-in annuity contract:  Valued based on the estimated cost to enter an equivalent contract at the balance sheet date.

Secure income fund: Valued at exit prices quoted in non-active markets or based on observable inputs.
The preceding methods described may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, although the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.

The Company’s practice regarding the timing of transfers between levels is to measure transfers in at the beginning of the month and transfers out at the end of the month. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had no transfers between Levels 1 and 2.
The fair value of Plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022 within the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
(millions)Fair Value Hierarchy Level20222021
Cash and cash equivalents (a)1, 2$11 $31 
Corporate stock, common1199 318 
Mutual funds:
Debt2— 51 
Collective trusts:
Debt2302 599 
Bonds, corporate2287 396 
Bonds, government2111 597 
Bonds, other266 87 
Buy-in annuity contract3173 269 
Other (b)2, 390 104 
Sub-total$1,239 $2,452 
Investments measured at net asset value (NAV) practical expedient (c)1,828 $2,507 
Total plan assets$3,067 $4,959 
(a) Cash and cash equivalents includes Level 1 assets of $16 million and $36 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively, and Level 2 assets of ($5) million and ($5) million for 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(b) Other includes Level 2 assets of $64 million and $104 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively, and Level 3 assets of $26 million and $0 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(c) Certain assets that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.

There were no unfunded commitments to purchase investments at December 31, 2022 or January 1, 2022.
The Company’s investment strategy for its major defined benefit plans is to maintain a diversified portfolio of asset classes with the primary goal of meeting long-term cash requirements as they become due. Assets are invested in a prudent manner to maintain the security of funds while maximizing returns within the Plan’s investment policy. The investment policy specifies the type of investment vehicles appropriate for the Plan, asset allocation guidelines, criteria for the selection of investment managers, procedures to monitor overall investment performance as well as investment manager performance. Derivatives, including swaps, forward and futures contracts, may be used as asset class substitutes or for hedging or other risk management purposes. It also provides guidelines enabling Plan fiduciaries to fulfill their responsibilities.
The current weighted-average target asset allocation reflected by this strategy is: equity securities–30%; debt securities–38%; real estate and other–32%. Investment in Company common stock represented 2.1% and 1.2% of consolidated plan assets at December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022, respectively. Plan funding strategies are influenced by tax regulations and funding requirements. The Company currently expects to contribute, before consideration of incremental discretionary contributions, approximately $5 million to its defined benefit pension plans during 2023.
Level 3 gains and losses
Changes in fair value of the Plan's Level 3 assets are summarized as follows:
(millions)Annuity ContractOther
January 2, 2021$280 $— 
Realized and unrealized loss(9)— 
Currency translation(2)— 
January 1, 2022$269 $— 
Additions— 27 
Realized and unrealized loss(75)(1)
Currency translation(21)— 
December 31, 2022$173 $26 
Benefit payments
The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid (in millions): 2023–$269; 2024–$280; 2025–$282; 2026–$283; 2027–$284; 2028 to 2032–$1,431.