Acquisitions, West Africa investments, goodwill and other intangible assets

Multipro acquisition

On May 2, 2018, the Company (i) acquired an incremental 1% ownership interest in Multipro, a leading distributor of a variety of food products in Nigeria and Ghana, and (ii) exercised its call option (Purchase Option) to acquire a 50% interest in Tolaram Africa Foods, PTE LTD (TAF), a holding company with a 49% equity interest in an affiliated food manufacturer, resulting in the Company having a 24.5% interest in the affiliated food manufacturer. The aggregate cash consideration paid was approximately $419 million and was funded through cash on hand and short-term borrowings, which was refinanced with long-term borrowings in May 2018. As part of the consideration for the acquisition, an escrow established in connection with the original Multipro investment in 2015, which represented a significant portion of the amount paid for the Company’s initial investment, was released by the Company.

As a result of the Company’s incremental ownership interest in Multipro and concurrent changes to the shareholders' agreement, the Company now has a 51% controlling interest in and began consolidating Multipro. Accordingly, the acquisition was accounted for as a business combination and the assets and liabilities of Multipro were included in the March 30, 2019 and December 29, 2018 Consolidated Balance Sheet and the results of its operations have been included in the Consolidated Statement of Income subsequent to the acquisition date within the AMEA reporting segment. The Multipro investment was previously accounted for under the equity method of accounting and the Company recorded our share of equity income or loss from Multipro within Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities. In connection with the business combination, the Company recognized a one-time, non-cash gain in the second quarter of 2018 on the disposition of our previously held equity interest in Multipro of $245 million, which is included within Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities.

The Company's March 31, 2018 quarter-to-date consolidated unaudited pro forma historical net sales and net income, as if Multipro had been acquired at the beginning of 2018 are estimated as follows:



	Quarter ended
(millions)	March 31, 2018
Net sales	$	3,609
Net Income attributable to Kellogg Company	$	444

Investment in TAF

The investment in TAF, our interest in an affiliated food manufacturer, is accounted for under the equity method of accounting with the Company’s share of equity income or loss being recognized within Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities. The $458 million aggregate of the consideration paid upon exercise and the historical cost value of the Put Option was compared to the estimated fair value of the Company’s ownership percentage of TAF and the Company recognized a one-time, non-cash loss in the second quarter of 2018 of $45 million within Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities, which represents an other than temporary excess of cost over fair value of the investment. The difference between the carrying amount of TAF and the underlying equity in net assets is primarily attributable to brand and customer list intangible assets, a portion of which is being amortized over future periods, and goodwill.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, intangible assets subject to amortization, consisting primarily of customer relationships, distribution agreements, and indefinite-lived intangible assets, consisting of brands, are presented in the following tables:

Carrying amount of goodwill



(millions)	North America		Europe			Latin America			AMEA		Consoli- dated
December 29, 2018	$	4,611	$	346		$	218		$	875	$	6,050
Currency translation adjustment	1		(1		)	(1		)	5		4
March 30, 2019	$	4,612	$	345		$	217		$	880	$	6,054

Intangible assets subject to amortization



Gross carrying amount
(millions)	North America			Europe			Latin America			AMEA			Consoli- dated
December 29, 2018	$	74		$	39		$	63		$	432		$	608
Currency translation adjustment	—			(2		)	—			2			—
March 30, 2019	$	74		$	37		$	63		$	434		$	608

Accumulated Amortization
December 29, 2018	$	39		$	18		$	12		$	18		$	87
Amortization	1			1			1			4			7
Currency translation adjustment	—			(1		)	—			—			(1		)
March 30, 2019	$	40		$	18		$	13		$	22		$	93

Intangible assets subject to amortization, net
December 29, 2018	$	35		$	21		$	51		$	414		$	521
Amortization	(1		)	(1		)	(1		)	(4		)	(7		)
Currency translation adjustment	—			(1		)	—			2			1
March 30, 2019	$	34		$	19		$	50		$	412		$	515

For intangible assets in the preceding table, amortization was $7 million and $3 million for the quarters ended March 30, 2019 and March 31, 2018, respectively. The currently estimated aggregate annual amortization expense for full-year 2019 is approximately $27 million.

Intangible assets not subject to amortization



(millions)	North America		Europe			Latin America			AMEA		Consoli- dated
December 29, 2018	$	1,985	$	401		$	73		$	381	$	2,840
Currency translation adjustment	—		(8		)	(1		)	3		(6		)
March 30, 2019	$	1,985	$	393		$	72		$	384	$	2,834

Impairment Testing

Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of the asset may be impaired, including a change in reporting units or composition of reporting units as a result of a re-organization in internal reporting structures.

For the goodwill impairment test, the fair value of the reporting units are estimated based on market multiples. This approach employs market multiples based on either sales or earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization for companies that are comparable to the Company’s reporting units. In the event the fair value determined using the market multiple approach is close to carrying value, the Company may supplement the fair value determination using discounted cash flows. The assumptions used for the impairment test are consistent with those utilized by a market participant performing similar valuations for the Company’s reporting units.

These estimates are made using various inputs including historical data, current and anticipated market conditions, management plans, and market comparables.

On December 30, 2018 the Company reorganized our North American business. The reorganization eliminated the legacy business unit structure and internal reporting. In addition, the Company changed the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and segment manager. As a result, the Company reevaluated its operating segments and reporting units.

In addition, we transferred the management of our Middle East, North Africa, and Turkey businesses from Kellogg Europe to Kellogg AMEA, effective December 30, 2018.

Refer to Note 12, Reportable Segments for further details on these changes. As a result of these changes in operating segments and related reporting units, the Company re-allocated goodwill between reporting units where necessary and compared the carrying value to the fair value of each impacted reporting unit on a before and after basis. This evaluation was only required to be performed on reporting units impacted by the changes noted above.

Effective December 30, 2018 in North America, the previous U.S. Snacks, U.S. Morning Foods, U.S. Specialty Channels, U.S. Frozen Foods, Kashi, Canada and RX operating segments are now a single operating segment (Kellogg North America). At the beginning of 2019, the Company evaluated the related impacted reporting units for impairment on a before and after basis and concluded that the fair values of each reporting unit exceeded their carrying values. On a before basis, the previous Kashi reporting unit's percentage of excess of fair value over carrying value was approximately 18% using the same methodology as the 2018 annual impairment analysis, which was performed as of the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2018. The fair value of the previous Kashi reporting unit was estimated primarily based on a multiple of net sales and discounted cash flows.

Approximately $46 million of goodwill was re-allocated between the impacted reporting units within the Kellogg Europe and Kellogg AMEA related to the transfer of businesses between these operating segments. The Company performed a goodwill evaluation of the impacted reporting units on a before and after basis and concluded that the fair value of the impacted reporting units exceeded their carrying values.

Additionally, as of March 30, 2019, the Company determined that it was more likely than not that the Company would be selling its selected cookies, fruit and fruit-flavored snacks, pie crusts, and ice cream cones businesses within the Kellogg North America reporting unit as previously announced. As a result, the Company performed a goodwill impairment evaluation on the Kellogg North America reporting unit as of March 30, 2019 and concluded that the fair value exceeded the carrying value of the reporting unit.