Restructuring and cost reduction activities

The Company views its restructuring and cost reduction activities as part of its operating principles to provide greater visibility in achieving its long-term profit growth targets. Initiatives undertaken are currently expected to recover cash implementation costs within a five-year period of completion. Upon completion (or as each major stage is completed in the case of multi-year programs), the project begins to deliver cash savings and/or reduced depreciation.

Total Projects

During the quarter ended April 1, 2017, the Company recorded total charges of $142 million across all restructuring and cost reduction activities. The charges were comprised of $15 million recorded in cost of goods sold (COGS) and $127 million recorded in selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expense.

During the quarter ended April 2, 2016, the Company recorded total charges of $52 million across all restructuring and cost reduction activities. The charges consist of $18 million recorded in COGS and $34 million recorded in SG&A expense.

Project K

In February 2017, the Company announced an expansion and an extension to its previously-announced global efficiency and effectiveness program (“Project K”), to reflect additional and changed initiatives. Project K is expected to continue generating a significant amount of savings that may be invested in key strategic areas of focus for the business or utilized to achieve our 2018 Margin Expansion target. The Company expects that these savings may be used to improve operating margins or drive future growth in the business.

In addition to the original program’s focus on strengthening existing businesses in core markets, increasing growth in developing and emerging markets, and driving an increased level of value-added innovation, the extended program will also focus on implementing a more efficient go-to-market model for certain businesses and creating a more efficient organizational design in several markets. Since inception, Project K has provided significant benefits and is expected to continue to provide a number of benefits in the future, including an optimized supply chain infrastructure, the implementation of global business services, a new global focus on categories, increased agility from a more efficient organization design, and improved effectiveness in go-to-market strategies.

The Company currently anticipates that Project K will result in total pre-tax charges, once all phases are approved and implemented, of $1.5 to $1.6 billion, with after-tax cash costs, including incremental capital investments, estimated to be to $1.1 billion. Based on current estimates and actual charges to date, the Company expects the total project charges will consist of asset-related costs of approximately $500 million which will consist primarily of asset impairments, accelerated depreciation and other exit-related costs; employee-related costs of approximately $500 million which will include severance, pension and other termination benefits; and other costs of approximately $600 million which consists primarily of charges related to the design and implementation of global business capabilities and a more efficient go-to-market model.

The Company currently expects that total pre-tax charges will impact reportable segments as follows: U.S. Morning Foods (approximately 13%), U.S. Snacks (approximately 35%), U.S. Specialty (approximately 1%), North America Other (approximately 11%), Europe (approximately 21%), Latin America (approximately 1%), Asia-Pacific (approximately 6%), and Corporate (approximately 12%).

Since the inception of Project K, the Company has recognized charges of $1,258 million that have been attributed to the program. The charges consist of $6 million recorded as a reduction of revenue, $705 million recorded in COGS and $547 million recorded in SG&A expense.

Other Projects

In 2015 the Company implemented a zero-based budgeting (ZBB) program in its North America business that has deliver ongoing annual savings. During 2016, ZBB was expanded to include the international segments of the business. In support of the ZBB initiative, the Company incurred pre-tax charges of approximately $1 million and $7 million during the quarters ended April 1, 2017 and April 2, 2016, respectively. Total charges of $38 million have been recognized since the inception of the ZBB program.

The tables below provide the details for charges across all restructuring and cost reduction activities incurred during the quarter and year-to-date periods ended April 1, 2017 and April 2, 2016 and program costs to date for programs currently active as of April 1, 2017.



	Quarter ended				Program costs to date
(millions)	April 1, 2017		April 2, 2016		April 1, 2017
Employee related costs	$	111	$	14	$	479
Asset related costs	10		10		202
Asset impairment	—		—		155
Other costs	21		28		460
Total	$	142	$	52	$	1,296

	Quarter ended				Program costs to date
(millions)	April 1, 2017		April 2, 2016		April 1, 2017
U.S. Morning Foods	$	1	$	5	$	242
U.S. Snacks	120		20		322
U.S. Specialty	—		2		19
North America Other	7		9		135
Europe	6		14		305
Latin America	1		—		25
Asia Pacific	1		—		82
Corporate	6		2		166
Total	$	142	$	52	$	1,296

For the quarters ended April 1, 2017 and April 2, 2016 employee related costs consist primarily of severance and other termination related benefits, asset related costs consist primarily of accelerated depreciation, and other costs consist primarily of third-party incremental costs related to the development and implementation of global business capabilities and a more efficient go-to-market model.

At April 1, 2017 total exit cost reserves were $204 million, related to severance payments and other costs of which a substantial portion will be paid out in 2017 and 2018. The following table provides details for exit cost reserves.



	Employee Related Costs			Asset Impairment		Asset Related Costs			Other Costs			Total
Liability as of December 31, 2016	$	102		$	—	$	—		$	29		$	131
2017 restructuring charges	111			—		10			21			142
Cash payments	(16		)	—		—			(39		)	(55		)
Non-cash charges and other	(4		)	—		(10		)	—			(14		)
Liability as of April 1, 2017	$	193		$	—	$	—		$	11		$	204