Accounting Records and Use of Estimates

9 Months Ended

Apr. 30, 2017

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Accounting Records and Use of Estimates

1.	Accounting Records and Use of Estimates:
	The accounting records are maintained in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of the Company’s financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The estimates that we make include allowance for doubtful accounts, depreciation and amortization, income tax assets and liabilities, fair value of marketable securities and revenue recognition. Estimates are based on historical experience where applicable or other assumptions that management believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results may differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
	The interim financial statements are prepared pursuant to the requirements for reporting on Form 10-Q. The July 31, 2016 condensed consolidated balance sheet was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. The interim financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company's latest Form 10-K Annual Report for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2016. In the opinion of management, the interim financial statements reflect all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for a fair statement of the results for interim periods. The results of operations for the current period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the entire fiscal year ending July 31, 2017.
	The computation of the annual expected effective tax rate at each interim period requires certain estimates and assumptions including, but not limited to, the expected operating income for the year and future periods, projections of the proportion of income (or loss), and permanent and temporary differences. The accounting estimates used to compute the provision for income taxes may change as new events occur, more experience is acquired, or as additional information is obtained. To the extent that the estimated annual effective tax rate changes during a quarter, the effect of the change on prior quarters is included in tax expense for the current quarter.
	As of July 31, 2016, the Company had a federal net operating loss carryforward approximating $6,580,000, which is available to offset future taxable income. In addition, as of July 31, 2016, the Company had state and city net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $10,107,000 and $8,274,000, respectively, available to offset future state and city taxable income. The net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire, if not used, in 2035.
	New York State and New York City taxes for years through July 31, 2015 were calculated using the higher of taxes based on income or the respective capital-based franchise taxes. In April 2014, the New York State governor signed into law legislation overhauling the New York State franchise tax on corporations. The changes in the law were effective for the Company’s year ended July 31, 2016. The state capital-based tax will be phased out over a 7-year period. The Company anticipates New York State taxes will be based on capital through 2021, and New York City taxes will be based on capital for the foreseeable future. Capital based franchise taxes are recorded to administrative and general expense.
	Due to the application of the capital-based tax while the net operating loss still applies, or due to the possible absence of State taxable income in the years beyond 2021 to which the State loss can be carried, the Company has not recorded the tax benefit of its New York State and New York City net operating loss carryforwards.

Reclassifications:

The consolidated financial statements for the prior year reflect certain reclassifications to conform with classifications adopted in 2017. These reclassifications have no effect on net income or loss as previously reported.

Recently issued accounting standards not yet adopted:

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASU 2014-09”) establishing ASC Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASU 2014-09 establishes a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most of the existing revenue recognition guidance. ASU 2014-09 requires an entity to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services and also requires certain additional disclosures. ASU 2014-09 is effective for interim and annual reporting in fiscal years that begin after December 15, 2016. ASU 2015-14 extended the implementation date for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2017. The adoption of this ASU on August 1, 2018 is not expected to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Subsequent to the issuance of ASU 2014-09, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)”, ASU No. 2016-10, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing”, ASU No. 2016-12, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients”, and ASU No. 2016-20, "Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers." The additional ASU's clarified certain provisions of ASU 2014-09 in response to recommendations from the Transition Resource Group established by the FASB and have the same effective date and transition requirements as ASU 2014-09. The adoption of these updates on August 1, 2018 is not expected to have significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01 "Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities." ASU 2016-01 amends certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments, including the requirement to measure certain equity investments at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. ASU No. 2016-01 will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a significant impact on our balance sheet and statement of operations.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases.” ASU 2016-02 is intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations of accounting for leasing arrangements. This guidance establishes a right-of-use model that requires a lessee to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than twelve months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. Lessor accounting remains similar to the current model, but updated to align with certain changes to the lessee model and the new revenue recognition standard (ASU 2014-09). ASU 2016-02 offers specific accounting guidance for a lessee, a lessor and sale and leaseback transactions. Lessees and lessors are required to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about leasing arrangements to enable a user of the financial statements to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. Entities will be required to recognize and measure leases as of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The new standard will be effective for the Company for the fiscal year beginning August 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is expected to result in an increase in assets and liabilities on the Company’s balance sheet, with no material impact on the statement of operations. However, the ultimate impact of adopting this ASU will depend on the Company’s lease portfolio as of the adoption date.