EX-99.D
EXHIBIT D
Government of Jamaica
This description of the Government of Jamaica is dated as of June 16, 2016 and appears as Exhibit (D) to the Government of Jamaica’s
Annual Report on Form 18-K to the US Securities and Exchange Commission for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016.
D-1
EXCHANGE RATES
The following table shows exchange rate information for the selling of US dollars for the periods indicated. The Federal Reserve Bank of New
York does not report a noon buying rate for the JA dollar. The official exchange rate published by the Bank of Jamaica for US dollars on May 25, 2016 was J$125.42 per US$1.00.
Foreign Exchange Rates(1)
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| Foreign Exchange Rates(1)
Year |
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Average for
Period(1) |
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|
End of Period |
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Percentage
Change(2)
(End of Period) |
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| |
|
(spot weighted average ask in J$ for US$) |
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| 2006 |
|
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65.98 |
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67.15 |
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3.98 |
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| 2007 |
|
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69.16 |
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70.62 |
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5.17 |
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| 2008 |
|
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73.36 |
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80.47 |
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13.95 |
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| 2009 |
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88.82 |
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89.60 |
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11.35 |
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| 2010 |
|
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87.34 |
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|
|
85.86 |
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|
(4.17 |
) |
| 2011 |
|
|
86.08 |
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|
|
86.60 |
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|
|
0.86 |
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| 2012 |
|
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88.99 |
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|
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92.98 |
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7.37 |
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| 2013 |
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100.77 |
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106.38 |
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14.41 |
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| 2014 |
|
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111.22 |
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114.66 |
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7.78 |
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| 2015 |
|
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117.28 |
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120.42 |
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|
5.01 |
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| Foreign Exchange Rates(1)
Month/
Year |
|
Average for
Period(1) |
|
|
End of Period |
|
|
Percentage
Change
(End of Period)(3) |
|
| |
|
(spot weighted average ask in J$ for US$) |
|
| January 2016 |
|
|
120.86 |
|
|
|
121.37 |
|
|
|
0.79 |
|
| February 2016 |
|
|
121.66 |
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|
|
121.85 |
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|
|
0.40 |
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| March 2016 |
|
|
121.96 |
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|
|
122.04 |
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|
|
0.16 |
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| April 2016 |
|
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122.41 |
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|
|
123.15 |
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|
|
0.91 |
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| (1) |
The weighted average of the exchange rates for annual periods is calculated as the simple average of end of month rates. |
| (2) |
As compared to the prior year. |
| (3) |
As compared to the prior month. |
Source: Bank of Jamaica
PRESENTATION
OF CERTAIN INFORMATION
All references in the annual report on Form 18-K to
“Jamaica” and the “Government” are to the Government of Jamaica, unless otherwise indicated. All references to “JA dollars” and “J$” are to Jamaica dollars, all references to “US dollars” and
“US$” are to the lawful currency of the United States of America, or US, all references to “€” are to Euro all references to £ are to Great Britain Pounds. Historical amounts translated into JA dollars or US dollars
have been converted at historical rates of exchange. References to annual periods (e.g., “2015”) refer to the calendar year ended December 31, and references to fiscal year or FY (e.g., “FY 2014/15” or “FY
2015/16”) refer to Jamaica’s fiscal year ended March 31. All references to “tonnes” are to metric tonnes. Jamaica publishes external economy information, such as external debt and goods and services exported, in US dollars.
All international currencies, such as external debt denominated in Euro, are translated into US dollars. Domestic economy information is published by Jamaica in JA dollars. Components contained in tabular information in this annual report on Form 18-K may not add to totals due to rounding. The term “N/A” is used to identify economic or financial data that is not presented for a particular period because it is not applicable to such period and
“n.a.” for economic or financial data that is not available.
Statistical information included in this report is the latest
official data publicly available. Financial data provided may be subsequently revised in accordance with Jamaica’s ongoing maintenance of its economic data.
D-2
D-3
SUMMARY
The following is a summary of Jamaica’s economic information for the five years ended and as at December 31, 2015. This summary does
not purport to be complete and is qualified by the more detailed information appearing elsewhere in this document.
Summary of Economic
Information
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2011 |
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2012 |
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2013 |
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2014 |
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2015 |
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| DOMESTIC SECTOR(1) |
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| Nominal GDP (J$ millions) |
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1,239,277.9 |
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1,312,284.2 |
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1,429,669.0 |
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1,544,996.9 |
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|
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1,637,204.0 |
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| Nominal GDP(2) |
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14,447.0 |
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|
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14,828.3 |
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|
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14,261.9 |
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|
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13,891.6 |
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|
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13,956.1 |
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| Real GDP(J$ millions) at basic
price(3) |
|
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734,641.7 |
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730,828.8 |
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732,255.0 |
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736,133.0 |
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742,048.5 |
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| Real GDP at basic price(2)(3) |
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10,683.9 |
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10,628.5 |
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10,649.2 |
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10,705.6 |
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10,791.7 |
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| Percent Change in Real GDP(3) |
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1.4 |
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(0.5 |
) |
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0.2 |
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0.5 |
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0.8 |
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| Real GDP at basic price per capita
(J$/person)(3) |
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272,105.8 |
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269,897.1 |
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269,740.1 |
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270,582.0 |
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272,304.0 |
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| Real GDP (J$ millions) at market price |
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842,080.2 |
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836,997.7 |
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841,584.1 |
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847,371.7 |
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n.a. |
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| Real GDP at market price |
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12,240.2 |
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12,170.8 |
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12,239.12 |
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n.a. |
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n.a. |
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| Percent change in Real GDP at market price |
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1.7 |
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(0.6 |
) |
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0.5 |
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0.7 |
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n.a. |
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| Real GDP at market price per capita (J$/person) |
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311,900.3 |
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309,105.6 |
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310,013.5 |
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311,470.3 |
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n.a. |
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| Inflation Consumer Price Index (Percent Change) |
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6.0 |
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8.0 |
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9.5 |
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6.4 |
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3.7 |
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| Interest Rates (%)(4)
Weighted Average Loan Rate |
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19.4 |
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18.4 |
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17.5 |
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17.2 |
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17.0 |
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| Weighted Average Deposit Rate |
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2.4 |
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2.1 |
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2 |
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2 |
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1.5 |
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| Treasury Bill Yield(5) |
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6.5 |
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7.2 |
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8.3 |
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7.1 |
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7.0 |
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| Unemployment Rate (%)(6) |
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12.6 |
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13.9 |
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15.2 |
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13.7 |
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13.5 |
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| EXTERNAL SECTOR (US$ millions) |
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| Average Annual Nominal Exchange Rate (J$/US$) |
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86.1 |
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88.8 |
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100.9 |
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111.3 |
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117.3 |
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| Export of Goods (f.o.b) |
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1,623.7 |
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1,728.5 |
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1,580.5 |
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1,448.6 |
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1,261.1 |
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| Alumina |
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580.7 |
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508.3 |
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523.7 |
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529.4 |
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542.3 |
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| Sugar |
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62.2 |
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94.1 |
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53.2 |
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55.8 |
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53.8 |
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| Imports of Goods (c.i.f) |
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6,364.8 |
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6,298.3 |
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6,129.9 |
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5,847.3 |
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4,995.9 |
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| Goods Balance |
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(4,111.7 |
) |
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(3,903.9 |
) |
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(3,871.5 |
) |
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(3,759.0 |
) |
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(3,153.3 |
) |
| Current Account Balance |
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(1,913.8 |
) |
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(1,378.6 |
) |
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(1,312.7 |
) |
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(1,128.2 |
) |
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(326.2 |
) |
| Gross Foreign Direct Investments |
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218.2 |
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413.3 |
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594.7 |
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591.5 |
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794.5 |
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| Net Foreign Direct Investments |
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143.6 |
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410.5 |
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680.5 |
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593.6 |
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|
790.1 |
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| Increase/(Decrease) in Reserves |
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(205.2 |
) |
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(840.5 |
) |
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(77.8 |
) |
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953.3 |
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435.9 |
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| Net International Reserves of the Bank of Jamaica |
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1,966.1 |
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1,125.6 |
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1,047.8 |
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2,001.1 |
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2,437.0 |
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| Weeks of Coverage of Goods
Imports(7) |
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25.5 |
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17.8 |
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17.3 |
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26.3 |
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34.6 |
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| PUBLIC FINANCE (J$
millions)(8) |
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| Revenue and Grants |
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322,457.3 |
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344,668.5 |
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396,979.4 |
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411,716.1 |
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455,835.8 |
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| Expenditure |
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403,191.6 |
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399,278.9 |
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395,241.7 |
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418,986.9 |
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460,719.7 |
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| Fiscal Surplus (Deficit) |
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(80,734.2 |
) |
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(54,601.1 |
) |
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1,737.7 |
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(7,270.8 |
) |
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(4,883.7 |
) |
| Fiscal Surplus (Deficit) as a % of Nominal GDP |
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(6.4 |
) |
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(4.1 |
) |
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0.1 |
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(0.5 |
) |
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(0.3 |
) |
| Primary Surplus |
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39,970.1 |
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72,336.5 |
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111,657.2 |
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117,241.8 |
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120,795.9 |
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| Primary Surplus as a % of Nominal GDP |
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3.2 |
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5.3 |
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7.6 |
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7.5 |
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7.4 |
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| Loan Receipts |
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163,519.2 |
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144,347.1 |
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93,527.4 |
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168,705.9 |
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298,600.5 |
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| Amortization |
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128,373.2 |
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88,329.8 |
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106,640.2 |
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87,635.5 |
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342,726.0 |
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D-4
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2011 |
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2012 |
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2013 |
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2014 |
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2015 |
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| Overall Surplus (Deficit) |
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(45,588.3 |
) |
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14,161.2 |
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(11,375.0 |
) |
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73,799.6 |
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(42,938.0 |
) |
| Overall Public Sector Surplus
(Deficit)(9) |
|
|
(80,640.9 |
) |
|
|
(60,135.7 |
) |
|
|
7,765.2 |
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6,500.0 |
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|
22,650.2 |
|
| Overall Public Sector Surplus (Deficit) as a % of Nominal GDP |
|
|
(6.4 |
) |
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(4.2 |
) |
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(0.1 |
) |
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0.5 |
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|
1.4 |
|
| PUBLIC DEBT |
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| Domestic Debt (J$ millions)(10) |
|
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883,388.6 |
|
|
|
995,230.9 |
|
|
|
1,054,174.0 |
|
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|
1,046,850.3 |
|
|
|
860,262.6 |
|
| Percent of Nominal GDP |
|
|
70.2 |
|
|
|
74.5 |
|
|
|
72.1 |
|
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|
66.9 |
|
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|
52.8 |
|
| Public Sector External Debt (US$ millions) |
|
|
8,626.1 |
|
|
|
8,255.5 |
|
|
|
8,310.0 |
|
|
|
8,658.6 |
|
|
|
10,314.0 |
|
| Percent of Nominal GDP |
|
|
59.3 |
|
|
|
57.4 |
|
|
|
60.4 |
|
|
|
63.5 |
|
|
|
76.2 |
|
| Total Public Sector Debt (J$ millions) |
|
|
1,630,414.9 |
|
|
|
1,762,811.2 |
|
|
|
1,938,176.2 |
|
|
|
2,039,650.3 |
|
|
|
2,102,220.0 |
|
| Percent of Nominal GDP |
|
|
129.5 |
|
|
|
131.9 |
|
|
|
132.5 |
|
|
|
130.4 |
|
|
|
128.9 |
|
| External Debt Service Ratio |
|
|
17.0 |
|
|
|
15.6 |
|
|
|
15.1 |
|
|
|
19.4 |
|
|
|
18.4 |
|
| TOURISM |
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| Total Visitor Arrivals |
|
|
3,077,233 |
|
|
|
3,306,168 |
|
|
|
3,273,677 |
|
|
|
3,503,978 |
|
|
|
3,691,744 |
|
| Occupancy Rate (% Hotel Rooms) |
|
|
60.5 |
|
|
|
62.3 |
|
|
|
67.9 |
|
|
|
68.1 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
| Visitor Expenditures(11) (US$
millions) |
|
|
2,008.3 |
|
|
|
2,069.6 |
|
|
|
2,112.7 |
|
|
|
2,244.4 |
|
|
|
2,380.8 |
|
| (1) |
The gross domestic product series has been revised. This revision was made in order to capture the changing structure of industries in the manufacturing, financial and insurance services, business services and the
miscellaneous services sectors. In addition, the base year has been changed from 1996 to 2003. |
| (2) |
Calculated using the average annual nominal exchange rate. |
| (3) |
At constant 2007 prices. |
| (4) |
Loans are in domestic currency. |
| (5) |
Tenors of Treasury Bills are approximately 182 days. |
| (6) |
Includes all persons without jobs, whether actively seeking employment or not. |
| (7) |
Calculated on the basis of gross international reserves. |
| (8) |
Fiscal year data from April 1 to March 31. For example, 2015 refers to the period April 1, 2015 to March 31, 2016. |
| (9) |
Overall Public Sector comprises the central government, the Bank of Jamaica, governmental statutory bodies and authorities and government-owned companies. |
| (10) |
Does not include contingent liabilities in the form of guarantees of certain obligations of public entities. |
| (11) |
Estimate. 2015 Revised. Updated data is as of March 2016. |
Source: Bank of Jamaica, Statistical Institute of Jamaica, Ministry of Finance and Planning and Jamaica Tourist Board
D-5
JAMAICA
History
Originally settled by the Arawak
Indians, Jamaica was first visited by Christopher Columbus in 1494 on his second voyage to the New World. Jamaica’s name derives from the Arawak word “Xaymaca,” which means “Land of Wood and Water.” In 1655 Admiral William
Penn and General Robert Venables led a British force that conquered the island, ousting the Spaniards. Over the next 40 years, Jamaica became the stronghold of the Caribbean buccaneers who transformed Port Royal, then the island’s commercial
center, into the richest city in the New World. The sugar industry, supported to a great extent by slaves transported from Africa until the abolition of slavery in 1834, formed the basis of the island’s economy. During its three centuries as a
British colony, Jamaica was variously administered by a governor and a planter-controlled legislature, by British Crown Colony rule from London, England, and by limited representative government in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The
Government granted universal adult suffrage in 1944. From 1958 to 1961, Jamaica was a member of the now-defunct West Indies Federation, which encompassed all of Britain’s Caribbean colonies. Although plans for independence first appeared in the
1940s, internal self-government did not begin until 1959. On August 6, 1962, Jamaica became an independent country within the British Commonwealth.
The historical development of the island has influenced Jamaican national symbols. Jamaica’s flag, a diagonal cross of gold on a green
and black background, represents the statement, “The sun shineth, the land is green and the people are strong and creative.” The national crest incorporates the original Arawak inhabitants with the legend “Out of Many, One
People,” which reflects the country’s multiracial heritage. Jamaica’s reggae music enjoys international renown.
Territory and
Population
Jamaica, the third largest island in the Caribbean Sea, is located 558 miles (898 kilometers) southeast of Miami, Florida,
90 miles (144.8 kilometers) south of Cuba and 100 miles (160.9 kilometers) southwest of Haiti. The island has an area of 4,411 square miles (11,420 square kilometers), and its highest point is the Blue Mountain Peak, which rises 7,402 feet (2,256
meters) above sea level. The capital city, Kingston, located on the island’s southeast coast, also serves as Jamaica’s major commercial center. The natural harbor in Kingston is the seventh largest in the world. The country’s
second-largest city, Montego Bay, located on the island’s northwest coast, is Jamaica’s main center for tourism. See “The Jamaican Economy—Principal Sectors of the Economy—Tourism.”
From 2010 to 2014, Jamaica’s population grew at an annual growth rate of approximately 0.20% per year. At December 31, 2014,
Jamaica’s population was estimated at 2,723,246, a 0.20% increase over the December 31, 2013 population of 2,717,862. This low rate of population growth is primarily due to declining birth rates, a trend which the Government believes will
continue. The most recent 2011 population and housing census reported that 46% of Jamaica’s population lives in rural areas while 54% lives in urban areas. Jamaica’s official language is English, and the majority of the population speaks a
dialect.
Society
Diverse religious
beliefs are represented in Jamaica, although Christian denominations predominate. Other major religious groups include adherents to the Rastafari, Bahai, Islamic and Jewish faiths.
Jamaica’s educational system is based on the British system. The school system consists of a pre-primary cycle of two years, followed by
a primary cycle of six years and a secondary cycle of five years. In some instances students pursue two years of additional secondary education. The Government of Jamaica has a compulsory education policy designed to support the mandatory engagement
of all children between the ages of 3 and 18 years in a meaningful learning process and in a structured and regulated setting. The quality of secondary school graduates is expected to improve with new curricula established for two (additional)
alternative pathways to be introduced in the 2016 school year and will co-exist with the National Standard Curriculum (“NSC”). The new approach will provide for three pathways for students at varying levels of academic proficiency at the
secondary level. It addresses regular attendance at learning institutions for all children as well as exposure to both academic and
D-6
vocational program at the secondary level. The HEART Trust/NTA (“Trust”) is the facilitating and coordinating body for technical and vocational workforce development in Jamaica. The
Trust provides access to training, development of competence, assessment and certification to working age Jamaicans. It also facilitates career development and employment services island-wide. Training is provided both in the workplace
(enterprise-based), as well as through formal Technical, Vocational and Educational Training (“TVET”) institutions and TVET special programs. As at March 2016 the Trust directly administered training in over 29 institutions island-wide and
over 100 special church based and community based training institutions.
The educational system accommodates a variety of public and
private schools. Post-secondary education is available to qualified candidates at community colleges, the University of Technology, University College of the Caribbean, Northern Caribbean University, International University of the Caribbean, the
Jamaica campus of the University of the West Indies and several private off shore universities.
In addition to the formal school system,
Jamaica has an adult literacy program, which contributed to reducing the illiteracy rate from 32.2% in 1987 to 13.0% in 2008, according to a 2008 Jamaica Survey of Living Condition Survey Literacy Module. Data provided by UNESCO Institute for
Statistics estimates the 2016 adult literacy rate at 89.6 % (85.1 % male and 93.9 % female).
Recent macro- and micro-economic
developments have generally caused the unemployment rate to decrease. In 2015, the average number of unemployed persons was 177,900, a decrease of 1.0% from 179,700 in 2014. The average unemployment rate was 13.5% in 2015, a decrease from 13.7% in
2014. See “The Jamaican Economy—Employment and Labor.” The unemployment rate in Jamaica during the past six years has fluctuated, ranging from a high of 15.2% in 2013 to a low of 12.4% in 2010 and 13.5% in 2015. Unemployment as at
March 31, 2016 was 13.3%.
The following table shows selected social indicators applicable to Jamaica for the five years ended
December 31, 2015:
Social Indicators
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014* |
|
|
2015 |
|
| Real GDP at market price per
capita(1) |
|
J$ |
311,900 |
|
|
J$ |
309,106 |
|
|
J$ |
310,013 |
|
|
J$ |
311,470 |
|
|
|
n.a |
|
| Real GDP at basic price per capita |
|
J$ |
272,106 |
|
|
J$ |
269,897 |
|
|
J$ |
269,740 |
|
|
J$ |
270,582 |
|
|
J$ |
272,304 |
|
| Perinatal Mortality Rate (per
thousand)(2) |
|
|
30.3 |
|
|
|
30.2 |
|
|
|
29.2 |
|
|
|
29.4 |
|
|
|
30.8* |
|
| (1) |
In constant 2007 prices. |
| (2) |
Defined as deaths in government hospitals occurring anytime from 28 weeks of pregnancy until seven days after birth |
Please note that the statistics for Perinatal Mortality Rate are only reflective of the public secondary and tertiary health care facilities; no inference
should be made of the primary health care facilities or Jamaica as a whole. Data marked by an * should be used provisionally.
Source: Statistical
Institute of Jamaica, Planning Institute of Jamaica and Ministry of Health—Planning and Evaluation Branch.
Governmental Structure and
Political Parties
The Jamaica Order in Council 1962 (the “Constitution”) is the supreme law of Jamaica and sets forth the
basic framework and legal underpinnings for governmental activity in Jamaica. The Constitution came into effect when Jamaica became an independent country on August 6, 1962, and includes provisions that safeguard the fundamental freedoms of the
individual. While a simple majority of Parliament can enact amendments to the Constitution, certain amendments require ratification by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Parliament, and amendments altering fundamental rights and freedoms
require the additional approval of a national referendum.
Jamaica is a parliamentary democracy based upon the British Westminster model
and is a member of the British Commonwealth. The Head of State is the British Monarch, who is represented locally by the Governor-General of Jamaica. Traditionally, the British Monarch appoints the Governor-General upon the recommendation of
Jamaica’s Prime Minister. The actions of the Governor-General are, in most cases, of a purely formal and ceremonial nature.
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General elections are constitutionally due every five years, at which time all seats in the House of Representatives will be up for election. The Constitution permits the Prime Minister to call
elections at any time within or shortly beyond the five-year period, consistent with the Westminster model.
National legislative power is
vested in a bicameral Parliament composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate. The House of Representatives comprises 63 members elected by the people in the general elections. The Senate comprises 21 members appointed by the
Governor-General, 13 of whom are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister and eight of whom are appointed on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition. The President of the Senate is elected by its members. The members of the House of
Representatives select their own chairman, known as the Speaker. The Prime Minister, usually the member most likely to command the support of the majority of the members of the House of Representatives, is appointed by the Governor-General.
In addition to the national governing bodies, local government is administered through 12 parish councils and a statutory corporation that
administers the Kingston and St. Andrew (“KSAC”) areas and the Municipality of Portmore. The results of the last local government election, which took place in March 2012, accorded the People’s National Party (“PNP”), 12 of
the 13 parish councils and the KSAC. The PNP and Jamaica Labour Party (“JLP”) shared the Trelawny Council, with one elected independent candidate. The PNP won the Municipality of Portmore.
The principal policy-making body of the Government is the Cabinet, which is responsible for the general direction and control of Jamaica and
whose members are collectively accountable to Parliament. The Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister and no fewer than 11 other members of the two Houses of Parliament. No fewer than two, and no more than four members must be selected from the
Senate. The Governor-General appoints members of the Cabinet upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
The Jamaican judicial system
is based on English common law and practice and consists of a Supreme Court, a Court of Appeal and local courts. Final appeals are made to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom (“UK”). A number of Caribbean
nations, including Jamaica, are currently discussing the establishment of a Caribbean Court of Justice to replace the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for those nations. Jamaica has signed an agreement to establish the Caribbean Court of
Justice. In April 2005, Jamaica passed the Caribbean Court of Justice (Original Jurisdiction) Act 2005. The Act provides for the implementation of the provisions of the agreement establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice in its original
jurisdiction. The Caribbean Court of Justice, in its original jurisdiction, will hear and determine matters relating to the interpretation and application of the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas (“Revised Treaty”) establishing the Caribbean
Community and Common Market.
Two major political parties dominate Jamaica’s political system, the JLP and the PNP. From
Jamaica’s independence on August 6, 1962, until 1972, the JLP formed the government; then the PNP assumed power in 1972. In late 1980, the JLP returned to power until February 1989, when Michael Manley led the PNP to victory and became
Prime Minister. In 1992, Prime Minister Manley resigned as Prime Minister and leader of the PNP and was succeeded by Percival James (“P.J.”) Patterson. The PNP won the 1993 general election and P.J. Patterson returned as Prime Minister. In
1995, a former Chairman of the JLP formed a third political party, the National Democratic Movement. In the 1997 general election, the PNP won 51.7% of the votes cast, and P. J. Patterson returned to the office of Prime Minister. In March 2006,
Prime Minister P.J. Patterson resigned as Prime Minister and leader of the PNP and was succeeded by Portia Simpson-Miller.
Jamaica held
its most recent general election on February 25, 2016. As a result of that election, the JLP won 50.1% of the valid votes cast, and Andrew Holness became Prime Minister. The Constitution requires that a general election be held every five
years, at which time all seats in the House of Representatives are up for election. Given that the last general election was February 25, 2016, an election is to be constitutionally held by February 2021. However, the Prime Minister, as
constitutionally permitted, can decide to call an election before this date. Parliament may consider legislation to create fixed election dates and term limits for the Prime Minister.
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The following table shows the parliamentary electoral results for the past six general elections:
Parliamentary Electoral Results
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
1993 |
|
|
1997 |
|
|
2002 |
|
|
2007 |
|
|
2011(1) |
|
|
2015 |
|
| |
|
(number of representatives) |
|
| People’s National Party |
|
|
52 |
|
|
|
51 |
|
|
|
34 |
|
|
|
28 |
|
|
|
42 |
|
|
|
31 |
|
| Jamaica Labour Party |
|
|
8 |
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
26 |
|
|
|
32 |
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
32 |
|
| (1) |
Following a Boundaries Revision exercise conducted between April 2008 and March 2010, the number of constituencies (parliamentary seats) was increased from sixty to sixty-three. |
Source: Office of the Prime Minister.
As
part of the legislative agenda for FY 2016/17, the Government announced its intention to table a Constitutional (Amendment) Bill to replace Her Majesty The Queen with a non-executive President as Head of State. The Administration also intends to
broaden and deepen Jamaican input into the regional integration movement. See “—International Relationships—Caribbean Community (CARICOM).”
International Relationships
Jamaica
maintains diplomatic relations with almost every nation in the world. Jamaica is a member of the United Nations and its affiliated institutions, including the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Monetary Fund (“IMF”), the
World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Tourism Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization, the International Seabed Authority, the United Nations Environment Program and the United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (“UNCTAD”). It is also a member of several other regional and international bodies, including the World Trade Organization (“WTO”), the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (“ACP”), the Association
of Caribbean States, the Caribbean Community (“CARICOM”), the Commonwealth; the Latin American and Caribbean Economic System, the Organization of American States, and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States.
Jamaica is a signatory to the Cotonou Partnership Agreement (“CPA”); party to the CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership Agreement
(“EPA”) and CARICOM Bilateral Trade Agreements with Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic and Venezuela. It is also a beneficiary of the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act and the Caribbean-Canada Trade Agreement
(“CARIBCAN”). In addition, as a member of the United Nations bloc of developing countries known as the Group of 77, Jamaica is eligible for the Generalized System of Preferences.
Jamaica receives preferential tariff treatment on most of its products pursuant to, among others, the trade agreements described below.
The WTO Agreements
Jamaica
currently trades with the 164 members of the WTO on the basis of the Most Favoured Nation (“MFN”) and National Treatment principles, except in specific cases where it trades with members under preferential trade agreements provided for in
Article 24 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/WTO or where it benefits from preferences under the Enabling Clause.
The WTO
provides a forum for exchanging liberalization commitments through successive rounds of multilateral trade negotiations. The current round, called the Doha Development Agenda (“DDA”), was launched in 2001 and should have ended in 2005.
Limited progress has been made in the DDA to further reform multilateral trade rules. Deep divisions among WTO members, including on the draft modalities for liberalizing trade in agriculture, non-agricultural market access and services and
modalities for strengthening WTO rules, have contributed to the delayed progress.
A breakthrough in the round was reached at the ninth
WTO Ministerial Conference held in Bali, Indonesia, in December 2013, with the adoption of the WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation (“TF”). The TF Agreement will enter into force once two-thirds of the current WTO membership (108 Members
out of 162) accepts the Protocol Amending the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the WTO. To date, 81 WTO members, including Jamaica, have ratified the WTO TF Agreement.
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A further breakthrough in the round was reached at the tenth WTO Ministerial Conference held in
Nairobi, Kenya, from 15 to 19 December 2015. Ministers adopted the historic decision to establish disciplines on export competition. This decision establishes disciplines on export subsidies and other types of export support instruments that
can distort competition i.e. export credits, export credit guarantees and other types of export financing; exporting state trading enterprises; and food aid. This will see the elimination of export subsidies in the area of agriculture, a
practice that was prohibited for non-agricultural products decades ago.
With respect to the other outstanding issues in the DDA, work is
ongoing in Geneva aimed at finding ways to advance negotiations, as mandated by the ministers.
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
The Treaty of Chaguaramas (the “Treaty”) establishing CARICOM was signed in 1973 by four English-speaking Caribbean countries.
Between 1997 and 2001, Member States negotiated a revision of the Treaty to expand the scope of the Common Market by establishing a single
market and economy. Consequently, the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas (the “Revised Treaty”) establishing the Caribbean Community, including the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (“CSME”), was signed by the following Caribbean
countries in July 2001: Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Haiti later signed the
Revised Treaty on July 2, 2002.
The Revised Treaty seeks to establish a common economic space among CARICOM Member States that would
provide for the free movement of goods, services, people and capital, and would give CSME nationals the right to establish businesses and to provide a service in any CARICOM Member State participating in the CSME. In January 2006, the implementation
of the provisions of the CARICOM Single Market (“CSM”) was initiated by Jamaica, Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago, that is, the provisions enabling the free movement of goods, services, people and capital. Other
Member States started the CSM implementation process in July 2006. The Bahamas and Montserrat are members of the Caribbean Community, but are not yet participating in the CSME. A 2009 audit conducted by the CARICOM Secretariat indicates that Jamaica
is far advanced in implementing its obligations under the Revised Treaty.
Additionally, the Revised Treaty provides for the establishment
of the single economy, which would include the harmonization of fiscal and monetary policies and the establishment of a common currency. The single economy requires a great degree of legislative and economic policy harmonization among Member States,
and covers areas in which the region has not yet been able to find policy convergence. At a CARICOM Heads of Government retreat held in May 2011, Heads of the Government agreed to consolidate the gains of the CSM and to put on hold the single
economy.
At the regional level, a number of instruments – draft protocols, model legislation and draft sectoral and regional
policies – relating to the CSM are being negotiated. Jamaica is participating actively in these negotiations. They relate to, inter alia, the Draft Protocol on Contingent Rights, the CARICOM Financial Services Agreement, the Draft
Protocol on Public Procurement, the Model Bill on Consumer Protection, the Draft Framework Policy on the Single Jurisdiction and the Draft Policy Framework on Mergers and Acquisitions.
Efforts are also underway to put in place the CARICOM Administrative Processing System (“CAPS”) at the regional level. The CAPS is a
fully automated system being implemented to enable CARICOM nationals to secure online their Skilled Certificates and Service Providers Certificates.
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Trade with Latin America
Jamaica, as part of CARICOM, has concluded bilateral trade agreements with Venezuela, Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Costa
Rica. These agreements were negotiated pursuant to Article 80 – Coordination of External Trade Policy of the Revised Treaty. Jamaica has only recently formally ratified the Agreements with the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica
and Cuba.
Caribbean-Canada Trade Agreement (CARIBCAN)
The 1986 CARIBCAN is an agreement between all CARICOM countries, except Haiti and Suriname. This agreement establishes a program for trade,
investment and industrial cooperation, and features the unilateral extension by Canada of duty-free access to the Canadian market for a range of eligible imports from beneficiary CARICOM countries. CARIBCAN’s basic objectives are to enhance the
Caribbean region’s existing trade and export earnings, improve its trade and economic development prospects, promote new investment opportunities, and encourage enhanced economic integration and cooperation within the region. After more than
twenty years of CARIBCAN’s existence, the Parties commenced negotiations in 2009 for a CARICOM-Canada Trade and Development Agreement that would allow reciprocal access for Canadian companies to the Caribbean market in a range of areas,
including goods as well as services and investment. The negotiations on the new reciprocal trade agreement were suspended in May 2015. However, the CARIBCAN arrangement remains in force, and Canada applied for and received a new WTO MFN waiver in
July 2015 which extends to 2023.
The Caribbean Basin Initiative
The Caribbean Basin Initiative (“CBI”), which was initially launched in 1983 with the enactment of the Caribbean Basin Economic
Recovery Act (“CBERA”), was amended in 1990 to increase market access to the United States. The benefits under the CBERA are of indefinite duration. In 2000, the United States further expanded the CBI with the enactment of the Caribbean
Basin Trade Partnership Act (“CBTPA”). The CBTPA provides preferential access for a number of products previously excluded from the CBI. The CBTPA will expire on September 30, 2020. The United States applied for and received a new WTO
waiver for CBERA/CBTPA in May 2015. The waiver will expire on December 31, 2019.
Generalized System of Preferences
Under the aegis of the UNCTAD, the Generalized System of Preferences (“GSP”) was designed to afford developing countries preferential
access for a wide range of their exports to the markets of developed countries. The GSP is an export-promotion tool with the objectives of increasing the export earnings of developing countries, promoting industrialization in developing countries
and accelerating the rate of economic growth in developing countries. Jamaica continues to benefit from preferences extended unilaterally under the GSP schemes of Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Norway and Switzerland.
ACP/European Union Cotonou Partnership Agreement
In February 2000, the European Union and the ACP, concluded negotiations for a new 20-year trade, industrial, financial and technical
cooperation agreement. Jamaica ratified the new agreement, known as the CPA, in February 2001 and, following ratification by 75% of ACP Member States and all European Union members, the agreement formally entered into force on April 1, 2003.
The agreement was reviewed in 2005 and 2010. The trade provisions of the CPA have been replaced by the EPA, as described below.
The CPA
will expire in 2020. Article 95 (4) stipulates that eighteen (18) months before the expiry of the agreement, the parties shall enter into negotiations in order to examine what provisions shall subsequently govern their relationship.
D-11
The CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership Agreement
The EPA between the Caribbean Forum of ACP States (CARIFORUM, i.e., CARICOM and the Dominican Republic) and the European Union is a reciprocal
trade agreement, which was signed in October 2008 by the European Union and fourteen (14) CARIFORUM States, with the exception of Haiti, which signed the agreement in December 2009.
The EPA is a comprehensive and development-orientated trading arrangement which replaced the previous non-reciprocal trading arrangement
between the European Union and the ACP countries.
Under the EPA, the European Union committed to remove immediately all tariffs and
quotas on exports from CARIFORUM, with the exception of rice and sugar. In the case of rice, full liberalization took place in 2010; for sugar it took place in 2015. Under the EPA, exporters of CARIFORUM-originated goods are accorded duty-free and
quota-free access to the European Union market.
Unlike the European Union, CARIFORUM States will reduce tariffs on a phased basis. The
European Union’s exports into CARIFORUM are to be liberalized over a period of 25 years with exclusions and long phase–in periods for sensitive products. Seventy-five percent (75%) of all CARIFORUM’s imports of agricultural and
fisheries products have been excluded from liberalization under the EPA. These sensitive products will continue to be protected by tariffs applied by CARIFORUM States. The tariff liberalization process under the EPA must be completed by
January 1, 2033. The first reduction in tariffs began in January 2011. Jamaica implemented the first and second phases of tariff reductions under the EPA in January 2011 and January 2013 respectively. Jamaica commenced the third phase of tariff
reductions on goods imported from the European Union in January 2015. The tariff reductions are now being made automatically.
The EPA
goes beyond trade in goods to include trade in services. The agreement requires the European Union to remove restrictions on CARIFORUM’s services exports, beginning with the liberalization of 29 sectors and sub-sectors.
The EPA establishes provisions to administer trade-related issues between the parties. These trade-related issues are primarily in relation to
agriculture and fisheries, sanitary and phyto-sanitary standards, customs and trade facilitation, investment facilitation, intellectual property rights, competition, electronic commerce and personal data protection. The agreement goes further to
provide for parties to undertake development cooperation in a number of areas, ranging from the development of supply-side capacity, including the development of trade-related infrastructure, to the enhancement of the tourism sector and cultural
cooperation.
There are several institutions established under the EPA to oversee its implementation, monitoring and review. These bodies
are (i) the Joint CARIFORUM-EU Council convened at the ministerial level; (ii) the CARIFORUM-EU Trade and Development Committee convened at the level of senior officials; (iii) the CARIFORUM-EU Parliamentary Committee involving the
parliamentarians; and (iv) the CARIFORUM-EU Consultative Committee to promote dialogue among civil society. Jamaica is currently applying the EPA provisionally, pending ratification.
D-12
THE JAMAICAN ECONOMY
General
Jamaica operates as a mixed, free
market economy with state enterprises as well as private sector businesses. Major sectors of the Jamaican economy include agriculture, mining, manufacturing, tourism, and financial and insurance services. As an open economy, Jamaica is well
integrated into the global economy with intraregional trade contributing prominently to overall economic activity.
Since the early 1980s,
successive governments have implemented structural reforms aimed at fostering private sector activity and increasing the role of market forces in resource allocation. During this period, a large share of the economy has been returned to private
sector ownership through divestment and privatization programs in areas such as agriculture, tourism, transportation, banking, manufacturing and communications. See “—The Jamaican Economy—Privatization.” Deregulation of markets,
the elimination of price subsidies and price controls and the reduction and removal of trade barriers have reduced or eliminated production disincentives and anti-export biases.
In the early 1990s, the reform process in Jamaica gained momentum with, among other developments, the liberalization of the foreign exchange
market and the overhaul and simplification of the tax system. In addition to changes in personal income tax and corporate tax regimes, taxes have been streamlined and simplified and a number of taxes exemptions have been eliminated. The Government
is continuously assessing its current tax legislation and the need for tax reforms. See “Public Finance—Taxes and Tax Reform.”
In 2009, Jamaica introduced a new strategic plan to achieve developed country status by 2030 called Vision 2030 Jamaica. The plan is based on
the following seven guiding principles: transformational leadership, partnership, transparency and accountability, social cohesion, equity, sustainability, and urban and rural development. Vision 2030 Jamaica seeks to redefine the strategic
direction of Jamaica by moving from dependence on lower forms of capital, such as tourism and basic agricultural commodities, to higher forms of capital, such as cultural, human, knowledge and institutional capital stocks. Jamaican business owners
face challenges that primarily stem from global factors that include the price of oil, high energy prices, and, in some sectors, high commodity prices. See “—The Jamaican Economy—Principal Sectors of the Economy.”
D-13
During FY 2015/16, the Government continued on its comprehensive Economic Reform Program
(“ERP”) which it began in FY 2012/13, while continuing to tighten fiscal policy. The ERP is expected to continue beyond FY 2016/17. The main pillars of the ERP are:
| |
• |
|
structural reforms to boost economic growth and employment; |
| |
• |
|
actions to improve price and non-price competitiveness; |
| |
• |
|
upfront fiscal adjustment, supported by extensive fiscal reforms; |
| |
• |
|
debt reduction, including active debt management, to place public debt on a sustainable path, while protecting financial system stability; and |
| |
• |
|
improved social protection programs. |
The ERP includes a heavy and front-loaded reform agenda
to support a prompt economic recovery, maintain social cohesion, build labor capacity and improve productivity. Accordingly, measures are being implemented to improve access to credit, reduce bureaucracy and other limiting factors in the business
environment, and improve labor market flexibility. This reform agenda is focused on actions to strengthen public financial management, introduce a fiscal rule, reform the tax system, improve the business climate, move towards inflation targeting and
reform of the securities dealers sector. See “The Monetary System—Legislation and Regulation” and “Public Finance—Taxes and Tax Reform.” The fiscal reforms are essential for a sustained fiscal consolidation effort to
promote debt reduction. Structural reforms to achieve higher and sustained growth are pivotal to long-term economic stability and increased welfare of the population.
To alleviate the possible adverse impact of fiscal adjustment on the most vulnerable, the program includes a floor on social spending for the
most vulnerable in the population. The Government also recognized that safeguarding the financial sector is critical, and consequently has established a Financial Sector Support Fund to offer assistance, if needed, to financial institutions that
participated in the debt exchange of 2013. See “The Monetary System—Legislation and Regulation.”
A key part of the ERP is
a growth strategy that would focus on investment in:
| |
• |
|
the consolidation of Jamaica as a logistics hub for shipment; |
| |
• |
|
information technology; |
| |
• |
|
infrastructure development; |
| |
• |
|
diversification of the tourism product; |
| |
• |
|
sustainable energy; and |
| |
• |
|
the promotion of a more business-friendly environment with respect to government agency administration, workforce and access to credit for smaller to medium-sized businesses. |
Some of the impact of the ERP has already been reflected in the improvement in Jamaica’s ranking in the ‘Ease of Doing
Business’ report, published by the World Bank. Specifically, based on the Ease of Doing Business 2015 report, Jamaica was ranked 58th for the year 2015 relative to 85th in 2014. This progress is mainly based on improvements in access to
financing, and ease of access to electricity as well as reductions in impediments to starting a business. This improvement also reflects the efforts towards implementing key structural reforms which augur well for a sustainable medium-term growth
path for Jamaica.
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The Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”), which was submitted to the IMF on
April 17, 2013, embodied the tenets of the ERP. Coupled with other measures and prior actions, the board of the IMF approved a four-year Extended Fund Facility (“EFF”) on May 1, 2013 for FY 2013/14 through to FY 2016/17. The IMF
completed its twelfth review of Jamaica under the EFF on May 20, 2016. See “—The Jamaican Economy—IMF Arrangements.”
GDP Outlook
The Jamaican economy
expanded by 0.8% in 2015 following an expansion of 0.5% in 2014. The increase in 2015 was mainly the result of improvement in all industries with the exception of Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing and Producers of Government Services. See
“—The Jamaican Economy—Gross Domestic Product”. Real Gross Domestic Product (“GDP”) is expected to expand and strengthen over the medium term against the background of lower consumer prices, improving consumer
confidence and continued improvements in Jamaica’s external competitiveness.
IMF Arrangements
Standby Arrangement and Extended Fund Facility
In February 2010, the Government entered into a 27-month Standby Arrangement (“SBA”), with the IMF in the amount of
820.5 million (approximately US$1.27 billion) special drawing rights (“SDR”). Prior to the execution of the SBA, the Government had to take several actions, including adopting a tax policy package yielding approximately 2% of GDP;
completing the Jamaica Debt Exchange (“JDX”); and reaching an agreement regarding the divestment of Air Jamaica, all of which the Government completed. The SBA supported the Government’s economic program aimed at restoring
macroeconomic stability and creating conditions for improved growth. This program included critical steps and policy reforms to tackle fiscal and debt imbalances and other underlying vulnerabilities. The program was designed to assist the country in
the establishment of fiscal and debt sustainability over the medium term. As such, the program focused on facilitating tax reform, rationalization of the public sector and reform of public financial systems. See “—Public Sector
Indebtedness—The Jamaica Debt Exchange,” “—Public Finance—Taxes and Tax Reform” and “—The Jamaican Economy—Privatization.”
To achieve these goals, the program focused on a three-pronged strategy of:
| |
• |
|
comprehensive debt management; and |
| |
• |
|
reforms to further strengthen the financial system. |
As part of the SBA, the Government
undertook a structural reform agenda, which included reforms to fiscal institutions, public entities, debt management, and the financial sector. As part of these reforms the Government passed the Fiscal Responsibility Framework (“FRF”),
launched its strategic and comprehensive domestic liability management program, and implemented a variety of reforms impacting the financial system. The SBA approved by the IMF Board in February 2010 went off-track within a year, as the
program’s targets for improving the government’s budget position were missed, which in turn eroded confidence, lowered economic growth, and resulted in acute balance of payments pressures. In the absence of the scheduled reviews under the
SBA, no further performance targets were established to form the basis for further drawdowns. This also resulted in the Government not receiving SDR 285.7 million (US$420 million) from the IMF as well as multilateral funding of approximately
US$550 million and grants of approximately $59.19 million. See “Public Sector Indebtedness—External Debt.”
On May 1,
2013, the Executive Board of the IMF approved a request by the Government for a four-year extended arrangement EFF in an amount of SDR 615.38 million (approximately US$932.3 million) based on exchange rates published by the IMF on
January 31, 2013, the equivalent of 225% of the Government’s quota in the IMF. This EFF is the successor to and supersedes the SBA. The purpose of the EFF is to support the Government’s comprehensive ERP described above. See below for
a description of the disbursements made to date under the EFF.
D-15
Pursuant to the terms of the EFF, its implementation and progress is monitored through the
quarterly review quantitative performance criteria, indicative targets and structural benchmarks. See “—General.” The quantitative performance criteria establishes targets relating to, among other things: the primary balance of the
Central Government; tax revenues; the overall balance of the public sector, the aggregate amount of Government direct debt, the aggregate amount of Government guaranteed debt; the aggregate amount of Government accumulation of domestic arrears, the
aggregate amount of Government accumulation of tax refund arrears, the consolidated Government accumulation of external debt payment arrears, the amount of Government social spending, the cumulative change in the Government’s net international
reserves and the cumulative change in the Government’s net domestic assets.
Progress under the Extended Fund Facility
The first review of performance criteria was completed by the end of September 2013, the Government met all required criteria, targets and
benchmarks and the IMF made a second disbursement in the amount of approximately SDR 19.97 million on October 2, 2013. On each of the following dates, the IMF Board completed its review, found the Government to have met all criteria, and
disbursed the corresponding funds:
| |
• |
|
On December 18, 2013, with a disbursement of SDR 19.97 million (approximately US$30.8 million). |
| |
• |
|
On March 19, 2014 with a disbursement of SDR 46.0 million (approximately US$71.4 million). |
| |
• |
|
On September 24, 2014, with a disbursement of SDR 45.95 million (approximately US$68.6 million). |
| |
• |
|
On December 19, 2014, with a disbursement of SDR 45.95 million (approximately US$67.0 million). |
| |
• |
|
On March 30, 2015, the completion of that review resulted in disbursement of SDR 28.32 million (approximately US$40.0 million). |
| |
• |
|
On June 16, 2015, permitting the disbursement of SDR 28.32 million (approximately US$39.7 million). |
| |
• |
|
On September 23, 2015, with a disbursement of SDR 28.32 million (approximately US$39.7 million). |
| |
• |
|
On December 17, 2015, with a disbursement of SDR 28.32 million (approximately US$39.3 million). |
Further, all quantitative performance targets for end-December 2015 and for end-March 2016 are adjudged to have been met. The structural
benchmarks for the period mid-November 2015 to mid-May 2016 were broadly on track with minor delays as a result of the February 2016 elections.
Fiscal Responsibility Framework
As part of the ERP, Jamaica is committed to strengthening its fiscal discipline by adopting a number of programs, the main one being the FRF.
The FRF requires the Government to adopt a number of initiatives including the following:
| |
• |
|
preparing medium-term goals and explaining deviations, should there be any; |
| |
• |
|
more comprehensive reporting in several areas and empowering the Financial Secretary to obtain fiscal information from all public sector entities; |
| |
• |
|
strengthening accountability to Parliament in areas such as corporate plans and budgets of public bodies and increasing oversight of overall fiscal policy; |
| |
• |
|
establishing quantitative ceilings on debt stock, fiscal balance and wages within a specific time frame; and |
D-16
| |
• |
|
requiring the Ministry of Finance and the Public Service to present to Parliament, at the time of the annual budget, a medium-term fiscal policy paper with plans and policies for developing the country.
|
The FRF is the centerpiece of a number of other initiatives aimed at achieving fiscal consolidation. These other
initiatives include a medium-term expenditure framework, the establishment of a centralized treasury management system and the enhancement and consolidation of legislation governing debt management generally.
Comprehensive Debt Management
On
January 14, 2010, the Government of Jamaica launched its strategic and comprehensive domestic liability management program, marketed as the JDX for domestic securities only. The results of the JDX revealed a participation rate of approximately
99.2% with a 100% participation rate from financial institutions. This level of success represented an exchange of approximately J$695.6 billion in eligible bonds.
In addition to implementing the JDX, the Government has an on-going debt management strategy that includes the following:
| |
• |
|
promoting the development of the domestic securities market; |
| |
• |
|
improving the maturity profile of the debt; |
| |
• |
|
increasing the fixed-rate proportion of the domestic debt stock; |
| |
• |
|
mitigating foreign currency and interest rate risks; |
| |
• |
|
continuing to engage multilateral institutions and bilateral creditors; and |
| |
• |
|
continuing to execute market friendly liability management operations including buy backs and debt swaps. |
In November 2012, the House of Parliament approved the Public Debt Management Act, 2012, to make provision for the better management of the
public debt. See “Public Sector Indebtedness—General.”
In February 2013, the Government of Jamaica executed a second
liability management program marketed as the National Debt Exchange (“NDX”). The NDX had a participation rate of approximately 99%, which translated to a nominal amount of J$845.5 billion tendered for exchange. See “Public Sector
Indebtedness—Comprehensive Debt Management.”
Legal Reforms to Financial System
As part of the MOU with the ERP and EFF, the Government passed the Banking Services Act (omnibus banking law), which includes provisions for
the qualification of auditors. Additionally, the Bank of Jamaica Act was amended, giving the Bank of Jamaica responsibility for overall financial stability. The Government has implemented a variety of reforms impacting the financial system. These
include the following:
| |
• |
|
reforming the securities dealers rules to strengthen their ability to withstand shocks going forward; and |
| |
• |
|
continuing to strengthen the regulatory and supervisory framework of securities dealers to enhance capitalization and margin requirements. |
For further details on certain laws and regulations governing the financial sector, see “—Monetary System— Legislation and Regulation.”
D-17
Energy Policy
Jamaica is actively pursuing an alternative energy policy to reduce energy costs, develop additional generating capacity and invest in
renewable and alternative resources as a strategy to diversify its source of energy and decrease its reliance on crude oil. Renewable sources of energy and natural gas are more financially viable and sustainable. Additionally, alternative sources,
such as natural gas, burn cleaner than crude oil. While the exact scale of investment in infrastructure is still being calculated, the Government has made the energy policy an essential component of its conscious growth agenda.
Gross Domestic Product
The Jamaican
economy expanded by 0.8% in 2015 compared to 2014, 0.5% in 2014 when compared to 2013, and expanded by 0.2% in 2013 when compared to 2012. The increase in 2015 was mainly the result of improvement in all industries with the exception of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fishing and Producers of Government Services. Industries reflecting growth in 2015 over 2014 included Mining & Quarrying (0.6%), Construction (0.9%), Manufacture (3.1%), Hotels & Restaurants (2.0%), Transport,
Storage & Communication (1.1%), Finance & Insurance Services (0.3%), Real Estate, Renting & Business Activities (0.5%) and Other Services (0.8%).
Sectoral Origin of Gross Domestic Product(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015(5) |
|
| |
|
Amount |
|
|
% of
Total |
|
|
Amount |
|
|
% of
Total |
|
|
Amount |
|
|
% of
Total |
|
|
Amount |
|
|
% of
Total |
|
|
Amount |
|
|
% of
Total |
|
| |
|
(in millions of J$ at constant 2007 prices, except percentages) |
|
| Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing: |
|
|
48,261 |
|
|
|
6.6 |
|
|
|
49,384 |
|
|
|
6.8 |
|
|
|
49,042 |
|
|
|
6.7 |
|
|
|
48,827 |
|
|
|
6.6 |
|
|
|
48,790 |
|
|
|
6.6 |
|
| Traditional Export Agriculture |
|
|
7,159 |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
7,302 |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
6,129 |
|
|
|
0.8 |
|
|
|
7,978 |
|
|
|
1.1 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
n.a |
|
| Other Agricultural Crops and Post-Harvest Crop Activities |
|
|
31,494 |
|
|
|
4.3 |
|
|
|
33,032 |
|
|
|
4.5 |
|
|
|
33,855 |
|
|
|
4.6 |
|
|
|
31,378 |
|
|
|
4.3 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
n.a |
|
| Animal Farming, Forestry and Fishing |
|
|
9,609 |
|
|
|
1.3 |
|
|
|
9,051 |
|
|
|
1.2 |
|
|
|
9,059 |
|
|
|
1.2 |
|
|
|
9,471 |
|
|
|
1.3 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
n.a |
|
| Construction |
|
|
53,609 |
|
|
|
7.3 |
|
|
|
51,253 |
|
|
|
7.0 |
|
|
|
52,208 |
|
|
|
7.1 |
|
|
|
53,084 |
|
|
|
7.2 |
|
|
|
53,559 |
|
|
|
7.2 |
|
| Manufacture |
|
|
62,717 |
|
|
|
8.5 |
|
|
|
62,522 |
|
|
|
8.6 |
|
|
|
62,236 |
|
|
|
8.5 |
|
|
|
61,714 |
|
|
|
8.4 |
|
|
|
63,602 |
|
|
|
8.6 |
|
| Mining and Quarrying: |
|
|
17,823 |
|
|
|
2.4 |
|
|
|
16,273 |
|
|
|
2.2 |
|
|
|
16,716 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
|
|
16,866 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
|
|
16,967 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
| Bauxite and Alumina |
|
|
16,686 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
|
|
15,087 |
|
|
|
2.1 |
|
|
|
15,698 |
|
|
|
2.1 |
|
|
|
15,772 |
|
|
|
2.1 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
n.a |
|
| Quarrying incl. Gypsum |
|
|
1,137 |
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
|
|
1,186 |
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
|
|
1,018 |
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
1,094 |
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
n.a |
|
| Total Goods |
|
|
182,411 |
|
|
|
24.8 |
|
|
|
179,431 |
|
|
|
24.6 |
|
|
|
180,202 |
|
|
|
24.6 |
|
|
|
180,491 |
|
|
|
24.5 |
|
|
|
182,918 |
|
|
|
24.7 |
|
| Wholesale & Retail Trade; Repairs; Installation of Machinery and Equipment |
|
|
131,442 |
|
|
|
17.9 |
|
|
|
129,559 |
|
|
|
17.7 |
|
|
|
129,400 |
|
|
|
17.7 |
|
|
|
129,838 |
|
|
|
17.6 |
|
|
|
130,386 |
|
|
|
17.6 |
|
| Electricity and Water Supply |
|
|
24,227 |
|
|
|
3.3 |
|
|
|
23,705 |
|
|
|
3.2 |
|
|
|
23,242 |
|
|
|
3.2 |
|
|
|
22,973 |
|
|
|
3.1 |
|
|
|
23,288 |
|
|
|
3.1 |
|
| Finance & Insurance Services |
|
|
81,177 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
81,160 |
|
|
|
11.1 |
|
|
|
81,221 |
|
|
|
11.1 |
|
|
|
81,650 |
|
|
|
11.1 |
|
|
|
81,935 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
| Producers of Government Services |
|
|
97,094 |
|
|
|
13.2 |
|
|
|
96,891 |
|
|
|
13.3 |
|
|
|
96,739 |
|
|
|
13.2 |
|
|
|
96,595 |
|
|
|
13.1 |
|
|
|
96,472 |
|
|
|
13.0 |
|
| Hotels & Restaurants |
|
|
39,619 |
|
|
|
5.4 |
|
|
|
40,323 |
|
|
|
5.5 |
|
|
|
40,788 |
|
|
|
5.6 |
|
|
|
42,005 |
|
|
|
5.7 |
|
|
|
42,838 |
|
|
|
5.8 |
|
| Real Estate, Renting & Business Activities |
|
|
78,895 |
|
|
|
10.7 |
|
|
|
78,642 |
|
|
|
10.8 |
|
|
|
78,901 |
|
|
|
10.8 |
|
|
|
79,242 |
|
|
|
10.8 |
|
|
|
79,609 |
|
|
|
10.7 |
|
| Transport, Storage & Communication |
|
|
80,449 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
80,393 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
80,743 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
81,379 |
|
|
|
11.1 |
|
|
|
82,264 |
|
|
|
11.1 |
|
| Other Services |
|
|
49,937 |
|
|
|
6.8 |
|
|
|
50,538 |
|
|
|
6.9 |
|
|
|
50,664 |
|
|
|
6.9 |
|
|
|
51,373 |
|
|
|
7.0 |
|
|
|
51,781 |
|
|
|
7.0 |
|
| Total Services |
|
|
582,839 |
|
|
|
79.3 |
|
|
|
581,209 |
|
|
|
79.5 |
|
|
|
581,699 |
|
|
|
79.4 |
|
|
|
585,055 |
|
|
|
79.5 |
|
|
|
588,572 |
|
|
|
79.3 |
|
| Less: Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (FISIM) |
|
|
30,609 |
|
|
|
4.2 |
|
|
|
29,812 |
|
|
|
4.1 |
|
|
|
29,647 |
|
|
|
4.0 |
|
|
|
29,413 |
|
|
|
4.0 |
|
|
|
29,442 |
|
|
|
4.0 |
|
| Real GDP at Basic Prices |
|
|
734,642 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
730,829 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
732,255 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
736,133 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
742,049 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
| (1) |
The Jamaican System of National Accounts has undergone a comprehensive revision. The revision included: (1) the compilation of the national accounts in line with the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993
(1993 SNA); (2) incorporation of new and revised data into the estimates; (3) revision of the national accounts classification of industries; and (4) rebasing of the constant price estimates from 2003 to 2007; (5) Data for 2015
are preliminary. |
Source: Statistical Institute of Jamaica.
D-18
The following table shows the rate of growth of real GDP by economic sectors at constant 2007
prices for the five years ended December 31, 2015:
Rate of Growth of Real GDP by Sector(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
| |
|
(%) |
|
| Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing: |
|
|
10.3 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
|
|
(0.7 |
) |
|
|
(0.4 |
) |
|
|
(0.1 |
) |
| Traditional Export Agriculture |
|
|
(6.3 |
) |
|
|
2.0 |
|
|
|
(16.1 |
) |
|
|
30.2 |
|
|
|
n.a |
|
| Other Agricultural Crops and Post-Harvest Crop Activities |
|
|
17.4 |
|
|
|
4.9 |
|
|
|
2.5 |
|
|
|
(7.3 |
) |
|
|
n.a |
|
| Animal Farming, Forestry and Fishing |
|
|
3.6 |
|
|
|
(5.8 |
) |
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
4.6 |
|
|
|
n.a |
|
| Construction |
|
|
0.8 |
|
|
|
(4.4 |
) |
|
|
1.9 |
|
|
|
1.7 |
|
|
|
0.9 |
|
| Manufacture |
|
|
1.8 |
|
|
|
(0.3 |
) |
|
|
(0.5 |
) |
|
|
(0.8 |
) |
|
|
3.1 |
|
| Mining and Quarrying: |
|
|
19.1 |
|
|
|
(8.7 |
) |
|
|
2.7 |
|
|
|
0.9 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
|
| Bauxite and Alumina |
|
|
22.2 |
|
|
|
(9.6 |
) |
|
|
4.0 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
n.a |
|
| Quarrying incl. Gypsum |
|
|
(13.5 |
) |
|
|
4.3 |
|
|
|
(14.2 |
) |
|
|
7.5 |
|
|
|
n.a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Goods |
|
|
5.1 |
|
|
|
(1.6 |
) |
|
|
0.4 |
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
|
|
1.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Wholesale & Retail Trade; Repairs and Installation of Machinery |
|
|
0.3 |
|
|
|
(1.4 |
) |
|
|
(0.1 |
) |
|
|
0.3 |
|
|
|
0.4 |
|
| Electricity and Water Supply |
|
|
0.3 |
|
|
|
(2.2 |
) |
|
|
(2.0 |
) |
|
|
(1.2 |
) |
|
|
1.4 |
|
| Finance & Insurance Services |
|
|
(0.1 |
) |
|
|
(0.0 |
) |
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
0.3 |
|
| Producers of Government Services |
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
(0.2 |
) |
|
|
(0.2 |
) |
|
|
(0.1 |
) |
|
|
(0.1 |
) |
| Hotels & Restaurants |
|
|
2.0 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
|
|
|
1.2 |
|
|
|
3.0 |
|
|
|
2.0 |
|
| Real Estate, Renting & Business Activities |
|
|
(0.4 |
) |
|
|
(0.3 |
) |
|
|
0.3 |
|
|
|
0.4 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
| Transport, Storage & Communication |
|
|
(1.9 |
) |
|
|
(0.1 |
) |
|
|
0.4 |
|
|
|
0.8 |
|
|
|
1.1 |
|
| Other Services |
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
1.2 |
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
|
|
1.4 |
|
|
|
0.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Services |
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
(0.3 |
) |
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Less: Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (FISIM) |
|
|
(4.1 |
) |
|
|
(2.6 |
) |
|
|
(0.6 |
) |
|
|
(0.8 |
) |
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Real GDP at Basic Prices |
|
|
1.4 |
|
|
|
(0.5 |
) |
|
|
0.2 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
0.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (1) |
The Jamaican System of National Accounts has undergone a comprehensive revision. The revision included: (1) the compilation of the national accounts in line with the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993
(1993 SNA); (2) incorporation of new and revised data into the estimates; (3) revision of the national accounts classification of industries; and (4) rebasing of the constant price estimates from 2003 to 2007; (5) Data for 2014
are preliminary. |
Source: Statistical Institute of Jamaica.
The Petrocaribe Agreement
On
August 23, 2005, Jamaica entered into the Petrocaribe Energy Cooperation Agreement (the “Petrocaribe Agreement”), with the government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, effective as at June 29, 2005. Under the agreement,
Venezuela agreed to make available to Jamaica a portion of the value of Jamaica’s purchases of oil as a concessionary loan facility. The terms of the Petrocaribe Agreement limit the concessionary flows to the purchase of a maximum of 23,500
barrels per day (23,500 Bbl/day) of crude oil, refined products and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or its energy equivalents, supplied directly to Jamaica for its internal consumption. Prices for products are based on prevailing rates in the
international oil market and deliveries to Jamaica are subject to the commercial policies and practices of Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. (“PDVSA”). Jamaica has the option of providing alternative forms of payments through goods and services.
The Petrocaribe Agreement may be modified or terminated by Venezuela upon 30 days’ written notice to Jamaica.
D-19
In 2006, the Jamaican Parliament authorized the establishment of the Petrocaribe Development Fund
to undertake the following activities in relation to the Petrocaribe Agreement:
| |
• |
|
manage loan proceeds that flow to Jamaica; |
| |
• |
|
provide financing for approved projects, social developments and receive loan repayments from borrowers; and |
| |
• |
|
meet debt service obligations to Venezuela arising from the Petrocaribe Agreement. |
As of
December 31, 2015, the loan proceeds to the Petrocaribe Development Fund totaled US$3,259 million and on March 31, 2016, the loan proceeds totaled US$3,262 million.
On July 28, 2015, Jamaica, through the Central Government, purchased US$3.25 billion of Jamaica’s Petrocaribe Energy Cooperation
debt from the Government of Venezuela, acting through PDVSA Petroleo, S.A. The outstanding debt as at December 31, 2015 was purchased for US$1.5 billion.
Revitalization of Downtown Kingston
The Urban Development Corporation of Jamaica (“UDC”) has prepared the Downtown Kingston and Port Royal Redevelopment Plan 2012
(“Redevelopment Plan”). Recommendations emanating from the Redevelopment Plan have been incorporated in the National Environment and Planning Agency’s (“NEPA”) Development Order for Kingston and St. Andrew. The Development
Order is the primary instrument used by the KSAC to control development.
The UDC is spearheading a multi-agency approach towards the
development and rejuvenation of areas in Downtown Kingston and Port Royal by arresting physical and social blight within the development area, with the purpose of improving economic and social conditions within the plan area and beyond.
Some projects outlined in the redevelopment plan have been implemented, or will be implemented within this financial year. These include the
Festival Market Place; Jubilee Market; Pechon Street and Caledonia/Cross Roads parking lots, Red Rose Fish Market and the Old Naval Hospital.
Festival Market Place:
The construction of a food bazaar is the first phase of the Festival Market Place project. This bazaar combines the elements of entertainment,
cuisine and other commercial activities along the waterfront. Five structures have been constructed along the waterfront with soft and hard landscaping, making available ten commercial spaces for rental. Complementing this is the waterfront
Landscaping Project, which has improved the landscape along Ocean Boulevard. These improvements have further aided the reshaping of the image of the Waterfront and will enhance the experience for new and existing patrons to the area.
Jubilee Market:
Jubilee Market (Solas Market) was gutted by fire in 2009. The UDC with funds from the Petrocaribe Development Fund embarked on the
reconstruction of this historic market. Two of the three phases of reconstruction have been completed, which includes (i) the demolition of the ‘gutted’ structure and (ii) the construction of the brick perimeter wall. The third
phase will have the full reconstruction of a metal framed structure under which market activities will resume with supporting public sanitary conveniences and administrative space. This project is to be completed within FY 2016/17.
D-20
Parking (Pechon Street and Caledonia Avenue):
Both sites were redeveloped to formalize public paid parking and funded by the UDC. Perimeter fencing and guard houses were constructed at both
locations to ensure secured and controlled parking.
Red Rose Fish Market:
A new facility for fish vendors is to be constructed. This will consist of a metal framed open structure with supporting public sanitary
conveniences and cold storage space.
Old Naval Hospital:
The UDC through partnership with its stakeholders (the Jamaica National Heritage Trust and the Tourism Enhancement Fund), restored the roof of
the Old Naval Hospital which is the focal point of the Port Royal Museum and Historic Walkway project. Other phases to commence include refurbishing of rooms on the upper floor of the Old Naval Hospital building, as well as general renovation to the
Old Naval Hospital Yard and annexed buildings. This project is geared at developing an experiential museum, documenting Port Royal’s extraordinary history.
While the UDC leads development within its plan area as stated above, it also facilitates public and private sector developments through
divestment of land or property and/or the provision of professional services. As such the following developments, which are enabled by certain tax incentives to encourage investment, will soon be implemented:
| |
• |
|
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade: Construction of its Head Offices Downtown on lands divested to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade by the UDC. The Ministry is awaiting building approval from
the KSAC. |
| |
• |
|
Grace Kennedy Limited: Construction of a new office complex and multi-storey car park on lands divested to the entity by the UDC. This development will be next to the new offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
Foreign Trade. |
| |
• |
|
Oceana Hotel: This hotel is being renovated and will provide commercial, hotel and residential services when completed. |
| |
• |
|
Victoria Pier: This will be restored as a restaurant. |
| |
• |
|
Multi-storey Office Building, Apartments and Parking Garage: This development will cover three sites owned by UDC along Harbour, West and Port Royal Streets. This project is in the proposal stage. |
Principal Sectors of the Economy
Tourism
The tourism industry is the leading gross earner of foreign exchange for Jamaica and makes a significant contribution to employment. Tourism
accounted for 66.2% of gross foreign exchange earnings from the productive sector in 2015, excluding remittance inflows. In 2015, the accommodation sub-sector alone employed approximately 36,256 persons. Visitor arrivals in Jamaica have increased by
41.1% in the last decade, from 2,615,913 visitors in 2005 to 3,691,744 visitors in 2015. Total visitor accommodation has also grown during the last decade from 24,890 rooms in 2005 to 28,032 rooms in 2015.
During 2015, total visitor arrivals were 3,691,744, an increase of 5.4% from 3,503,978 in 2014. Stopover arrivals totaled 2,123,042 in 2015,
an increase of 2.1% from 2,080,181 in 2014, mainly due to new and expanded airlifts out of the United States, UK, and Scandinavia, as well as visa relaxation for nationals in Latin America, and China. Cruise passengers totaled 1,568,702 in 2015, an
increase of 10.2% from 1,423,797 in 2014, mainly due to an increase in calls to the ports of Montego Bay, Ocho Rios and Falmouth.
D-21
For the first two months of 2016, total visitor arrivals were 749,042, an increase of 11.3%
compared to the same period of 2015; stopover arrivals totaled 364,831, a 2.9% increase over the same period in 2015; and cruise passengers totaled 384,211, an increase of 20.7% compared to the same period in 2015.
In addition, Jamaica continued to secure adequate airlift out of major airport hubs allowing more visitors easy access to their destinations
in Jamaica. Currently 33 airlines fly into Jamaica either through the airports in Kingston at Norman Manley International Airport or Sangster International Airport in Montego Bay.
The United States, Jamaica’s largest tourist market, accounted for 63.3% of total stopover visitors in 2015 and 62.3% in 2014. The
percentage share of Jamaica’s stopover visitors from Europe increased to 9.4% in 2015 from 8.5% in 2014. Canada accounted for 18.4% of total stopover visitors in 2015, compared to 20.2% in 2014. Average hotel room occupancy was estimated at the
same level as in 2014 of 68.0% and 67.9% in 2013. Approximately 76.3% of hotel rooms in Jamaica were in the all-inclusive hotel category in 2015. In 2015, the average room occupancy rate of all-inclusive hotels was estimated at 75.0%.
During 2014 and 2015, a total of seven hotels came on-stream totaling approximately 2,275 new rooms and representing US$407.3 million in
capital investments. These investments included newly constructed hotels and hotels that underwent major restructuring, rebranding and expansion. Hotels that opened in this period included:
| |
• |
|
Hyatt Ziva/Zilara (formerly Ritz Carlton Hotel) with capital investment of US$100.0 million; |
| |
• |
|
Azul Sensatori (formerly Pocianna Beach Resort) was reconstructed and rebranded at a cost of US$103.8 million; |
| |
• |
|
Royalton White Sand (formerly Star Fish) was reconstructed and rebranded at a cost of US$28.5 million; |
| |
• |
|
Riu Palace Jamaica was reconstructed and expanded at a cost of US$45.0 million; |
| |
• |
|
Beaches Negril underwent expansion at a cost of US$10.0 million; and |
| |
• |
|
Moon Palace Jamaica Grande (formerly Jamaica Grande) opened with a capital investment of US$100.0 million. |
The period of 2016-2017 will receive a total of nine hotels coming on-stream amounting to approximately US$$448.1 million in projected capital
investment and represents a total of 2,205 new rooms. These investments include newly constructed hotels and hotels that are undergoing major restructuring, rebranding and expansion. Hotels for this period include:
| |
• |
|
Wyndham Kingston Hotel with approximate investment of US$62.6 million and scheduled to open in April 2017; |
| |
• |
|
Royal Decameron Montego Bay scheduled to open in 2017; |
| |
• |
|
Royalton Negril (formerly Grand Lido Negril) with projected capital investment of US$150.0 million and scheduled to open in late 2016; |
| |
• |
|
Melia Braco Jamaica with projected capital investment of US$23.0 million and opened in January 2016; |
| |
• |
|
RIU Reggae (RIU 6) with projected capital investment of US$60.0 million and scheduled to open in November 2016; |
| |
• |
|
Azul Sensatori phase II (Negril) being constructed at a cost of US$45.0 million and scheduled to open in 2016; |
D-22
| |
• |
|
Breathless Montego Bay Resort with projected capital investment of US$45.0 million and scheduled to open in late 2016; |
| |
• |
|
Royalton Blue Waters Resort (Royalton White Sands phase II) with projected capital investment of US$50.0 million and expected to open in November 2016; |
| |
• |
|
RIU Palace Jamaica with expansion of 50 rooms and scheduled to be completed in 2016; and |
| |
• |
|
Grand Bahia Principe projected capital investment of US$120.0 million expansion completed in April 2016. |
Over the next five years approximately nine hotels are projected to come on-stream, representing approximately 12,000 new rooms. Hotels
include Spanish Court Montego Bay (new/reconstruction/rebranding), Grand Lady palladium Hotel Phase II (expansion), Secrets (new), Ocean by H10 (new), Azul Sensatori (new), Melia Braco Jamaica (expansion), China Harbour (new), Forum Hotel (new-
renovation of old Forum Hotel), Celebration Jamaica Resort (new), Oceania Hotel (new-renovation of Ocean Hotel) and Harmony Cove Hotels (new). Two of these hotels, Celebration and Azul/Sensatori, are slated for integrated resort type developments,
which will include mixed-type rooms, casinos, waterparks, entertainment complex, among others.
In September 2006, the Government and the
Tavistock Group entered into a joint venture agreement for the development of the Harmony Cove Resort in Trelawny. Construction on the first phase has not begun with a total Phase 1 budget of approximately US$898.0 million. Phase 1 is expected to
start during the second quarter of 2017 and take approximately three years to complete. Full build-out of all phases of the project is expected to be completed within the next 10 years, based upon demand. At completion of all planned phases, the
resort is expected to include several upscale hotels and residences totaling 5,000 units and a full range of amenities.
D-23
The following table shows the new or refurbished hotels that are scheduled to open by 2017.
Hotels Scheduled to Open By 2017
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hotel |
|
Type |
|
New
Rooms |
|
Projected Capital
Investment(1) |
|
Status |
| Wyndham Kingston Hotel |
|
Reconstruction, rebranding and expansion |
|
n.a. |
|
US$62.6 million |
|
Scheduled to open in April 2017 |
| Royal Decameron Montego Bay |
|
New construction |
|
n.a. |
|
n.a. |
|
Scheduled to open in 2017 |
| Melia Braco Jamaica |
|
Reconstruction, rebranding and expansion |
|
232 |
|
US$23 million |
|
Opened in January 2016 |
| RIU Reggae |
|
New construction |
|
450 |
|
US$60 million |
|
Construction began January 2016 and the hotel is expected to open in November 2016 |
| Azul Sensatori phase II (Negril) |
|
New construction |
|
n.a. |
|
US$45 million |
|
Scheduled to open in 2016 |
| Breathless Resort |
|
New construction |
|
150 |
|
US$45 million |
|
Construction began on October 2015 and hotel is expected to open in November 2016 |
| Royalton Blue Waters Resort |
|
Expansion |
|
n.a. |
|
US$50 million |
|
Expected to open in November 2016 |
| RIU Palace Jamaica |
|
Expansion |
|
50 |
|
n.a. |
|
Scheduled to be completed in 2016 |
| Grand Bahia Principe |
|
Expansion |
|
n.a. |
|
US$120 million |
|
Completed in 2016 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| TOTAL |
|
|
|
1,114 |
|
US$405.6 million |
|
|
| (1) |
Projections are based on the entire lifespan of the project, as opposed to year-to-date calculations. |
D-24
The following table shows the number of visitor arrivals for the first two month period ended
February, 2015 and 2016:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2015 |
|
|
2016 |
|
|
% Change
2016 vs. 2015 |
|
| Total Stopover Visitors |
|
|
354,426 |
|
|
|
364,831 |
|
|
|
2.9 |
|
| Cruise Passengers |
|
|
318,394 |
|
|
|
384,211 |
|
|
|
20.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Visitors |
|
|
672,820 |
|
|
|
749,042 |
|
|
|
11.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Average Length of Stay (nights) |
|
|
8.6 |
|
|
|
8.6 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
Source:
Jamaica Tourist Board.
The following table shows the number of visitor arrivals for the five years ended December 31, 2015:
Visitor Arrivals
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
|
% Change
2015 vs. 2014 |
|
| Foreign Nationals |
|
|
1,800,280 |
|
|
|
1,832,329 |
|
|
|
1,860,935 |
|
|
|
1,929,454 |
|
|
|
1,973,217 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
| Non-resident Jamaicans |
|
|
151,472 |
|
|
|
153,756 |
|
|
|
147,474 |
|
|
|
150,727 |
|
|
|
149,823 |
|
|
|
(0.6 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Stopover Visitors |
|
|
1,951,752 |
|
|
|
1,986,085 |
|
|
|
2,008,409 |
|
|
|
2,080,181 |
|
|
|
2,123,042 |
|
|
|
2.1 |
|
| Cruise Passengers |
|
|
1,125,481 |
|
|
|
1,320,083 |
|
|
|
1,265,264 |
|
|
|
1,423,797 |
|
|
|
1,568,702 |
|
|
|
10.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Visitors |
|
|
3,077,233 |
|
|
|
3,306,168 |
|
|
|
3,273,677 |
|
|
|
3,503,978 |
|
|
|
3,691,744 |
|
|
|
5.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Average Length of Stay (nights) |
|
|
8.9 |
|
|
|
8.8 |
|
|
|
8.7 |
|
|
|
8.7 |
|
|
|
8.8 |
|
|
|
1.1 |
|
Source:
Jamaica Tourist Board.
The following table shows the number of stopover visitors by country of origin for the five years ended
December 31, 2015:
Stopover Visitors by Country of Origin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
|
% Change
2015 vs. 2014 |
|
| United States |
|
|
1,225,565 |
|
|
|
1,257,669 |
|
|
|
1,271,262 |
|
|
|
1,296,457 |
|
|
|
1,344,149 |
|
|
|
3.7 |
|
| United Kingdom and Ireland |
|
|
175,966 |
|
|
|
147,302 |
|
|
|
153,228 |
|
|
|
17,433 |
|
|
|
201,364 |
|
|
|
12.2 |
|
| Other European |
|
|
77,439 |
|
|
|
75,126 |
|
|
|
82,583 |
|
|
|
81,648 |
|
|
|
77,968 |
|
|
|
(4.5 |
) |
| Canada |
|
|
378,938 |
|
|
|
403,200 |
|
|
|
399,331 |
|
|
|
419,898 |
|
|
|
391,409 |
|
|
|
(6.8 |
) |
| Caribbean |
|
|
66,216 |
|
|
|
64,984 |
|
|
|
58,249 |
|
|
|
59,057 |
|
|
|
62,612 |
|
|
|
6.0 |
|
| Latin America |
|
|
16,589 |
|
|
|
25,037 |
|
|
|
30,538 |
|
|
|
29,263 |
|
|
|
29,387 |
|
|
|
0.4 |
|
| Japan |
|
|
2,027 |
|
|
|
2,092 |
|
|
|
2,177 |
|
|
|
2,022 |
|
|
|
2,163 |
|
|
|
7.0 |
|
| Other |
|
|
9,372 |
|
|
|
10,675 |
|
|
|
11,041 |
|
|
|
12,403 |
|
|
|
13,990 |
|
|
|
12.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
1,951,752 |
|
|
|
1,986,085 |
|
|
|
2,008,409 |
|
|
|
2,080,181 |
|
|
|
2,123,042 |
|
|
|
2.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source:
Jamaica Tourist Board.
D-25
The following table shows the percentage hotel room occupancy for the five years ended
December 31, 2014:
Hotel Room Occupancy
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2010 |
|
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
| |
|
(%) |
|
| Kingston and St. Andrew |
|
|
41.8 |
|
|
|
45.2 |
|
|
|
49.8 |
|
|
|
57.5 |
|
|
|
57.1 |
|
| Montego Bay |
|
|
61.2 |
|
|
|
63.2 |
|
|
|
63.7 |
|
|
|
70.9 |
|
|
|
72.3 |
|
| Ocho Rios |
|
|
66.0 |
|
|
|
63.9 |
|
|
|
66.2 |
|
|
|
70.9 |
|
|
|
71.5 |
|
| Port Antonio |
|
|
10.0 |
|
|
|
14.1 |
|
|
|
10.1 |
|
|
|
9.7 |
|
|
|
16.3 |
|
| Mandeville |
|
|
49.8 |
|
|
|
58.7 |
|
|
|
55.2 |
|
|
|
65.3 |
|
|
|
60.0 |
|
| Negril |
|
|
61.7 |
|
|
|
58.5 |
|
|
|
61.3 |
|
|
|
64.5 |
|
|
|
63.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
60.5 |
|
|
|
60.5 |
|
|
|
62.3 |
|
|
|
67.9 |
|
|
|
68.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: Jamaica Tourist Board.
The
following table shows estimated visitor expenditure for the five years ended December 31, 2015:
Estimated Visitor Expenditure
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Stopover
US$ per
person
per day |
|
|
Cruise
US$ per
passenger
per day |
|
|
Total Visitor
Expenditure
US$ Million |
|
|
Visitor
Expenditure
% Change From
Prior Year |
|
| 2011 |
|
|
115.7 |
|
|
|
87.4 |
|
|
|
2,008.3 |
|
|
|
0.4 |
|
| 2012 |
|
|
117.2 |
|
|
|
75.7 |
|
|
|
2,069.6 |
|
|
|
3.0 |
|
| 2013 |
|
|
120.1 |
|
|
|
79.3 |
|
|
|
2,112.7 |
|
|
|
2.1 |
|
| 2014 |
|
|
121.3 |
|
|
|
82.1 |
|
|
|
2,244.4 |
|
|
|
5.8 |
|
| 2015 |
|
|
125.5 |
|
|
|
84.0 |
|
|
|
2,380.8 |
|
|
|
6.1 |
|
Source: Jamaica Tourist Board.
In 2015,
the total visitor expenditure (provisional estimate) increased by 6.1% to US$2,380.8 million from US$2,244.4 million in 2014. This increase was primarily attributable to the continued improvement in the average daily rate charged by hotels and the
increased expenditures by cruise ship passengers on attractions. The average expenditure per person per night increased to US$125.5 in 2015 from US$121.3 in 2014.
Other Tourism Initiatives
Potential
future negative economic and other conditions in the United States and other countries may have an adverse effect on Jamaican tourism. Other factors that may affect the tourist industry include the availability of direct flights to and from the
country, potential visitors’ perceptions of Jamaica’s crime rate, travel advisories issued by foreign authorities and developments in other competing touristic destinations, including Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Florida, Cuba and other
Caribbean destinations.
On December 2004, the Tourism Enhancement Act, 2004 was passed. This act, as amended on August 2011, provides for
a Tourism Enhancement Fee (“TEF”) of US$20.00 and US$2.00 to be paid by incoming airlines and cruise ship passengers, respectively. Funds from the TEF are to be placed in a dedicated fund to be used solely for implementing the
recommendations emanating from the master plan.
The tourism industry’s commitment to sound environmental practices was evidenced in
1998 by the selection of Jamaica as the pilot destination for the launch of the Green Globe Hotel Certification Program. The project was executed by the Environmental Audits for Sustainable Tourism initiative funded through the United States Agency
for International Development, in collaboration with the Jamaica Hotels and Tourist Association. Through this program, environmental audits were conducted for twenty hotels and one tourism attraction. Four Jamaican hotels became the first four in
the world to attain Green Globe Certification.
D-26
Several tourism entities have implemented environment management systems (EMS) and approximately
six entities have been certified as Green Global in Jamaica. Many of such Green Globe certified companies are part of the Sandals Resorts and SuperClubs chains. An effective environmental management system improves operational efficiency and cuts
waste. It not only improves the organization’s environmental performance, but also saves money. Participating entities often reduce operating costs, which has led to increased profitability. Programs such as the Green Globe certification are a
useful way for companies to effectively demonstrate their corporate social responsibilities.
Infrastructure
Highway 2000
Since 2002,
Jamaica has made significant progress on the Highway 2000 project, a joint public-private partnership project. This multi-lane motorway has connected the capital of Kingston in the southeast of Jamaica with the tourism centers of Montego Bay in the
northwest and Ocho Rios in the center of northern Jamaica and covers approximately 144 miles (230 kilometers). The developers, through National Road Operating and Constructing Company Limited (“NROCC”), are authorized by the Minister of
Transport and Mining via concession agreements of 35 and 50 years to levy, collect and retain tolls in connection with the project.
The
project will be completed in two phases. Phase 1 and Phase 2A have been completed and Phase 2B, which is designed to extend the highway from Williamsfield to Montego Bay, has not yet been awarded to any developer.
Other Infrastructure
Jamaica and the
Export-Import Bank of China signed a Preferential Buyer Credit Loan Agreement for the sum of US$58.1 million on February 3, 2010. The loan’s purpose was to repair and secure the degraded shoreline of the Palisadoes Peninsula in Kingston
and to protect the Kingston Harbor from potential storm surges.
The project commenced in September 2010 and was completed in December
2012. During the execution of the project, the implementation of an additional 4 kilometers of pipeline was requested and the Government decided to implement the extra amount during the defects liability period; the pipeline installation was
completed in November, 2013. Two major activities that were not part of the major works contract but are stipulated by the NEPA’s regulation are; the replanting of the mangroves and sand dune restoration and the construction of the boardwalk on
the harbor side.
The project received cabinet approval and the contract was reviewed by the Ministry of Transport Works. The construction
of the boardwalk on the harbor side was completed during FY 2013/14 and the remaining works were expected to commence during May 2014 and to have been completed in a period of approximately three months. As at March 31, 2015, the replanting of
the mangroves and sand dune restoration did not commence. Delays in the project have been chiefly related to unconcluded procurement activities regarding the supply of materials and the dredging works.
Mangrove Rehabilitation
A contract was signed with the University of West Indies (“UWI”), in June 2014, to commence the replanting of mangroves; however,
issues arose with respect to mobilization. The Ministry of Transport Works requested that UWI provide a mobilization bond.
In January
2015, an addendum to the contract with UWI providing for (1) a mobilization bond and (2) commencement of replanting prior to the end of FY 2014/15, and requiring that NEPA be notified of any activity outside the previously approved plan,
was executed.
D-27
As at March 31, 2015, the addendum to the contract for the replanting of the mangroves was
agreed upon between the UWI/ Ministry of Transport Works. The contract was subsequently mobilized and physical works commenced during April 2015 which included; cleaning up of the site locations and the replenishment of sand to these sites for the
planting of the mangroves.
Nourishment sites were being developed to aid in the growing of an increased volume of mangroves needed for
the replanting exercise.
The planting of mangroves commenced and was completed within three months during the first half of the 2015/16
fiscal year. Approximately six thousand mangrove seedlings were planted at two major sites along the harbor side of the peninsula, which have been secured and are under constant monitoring, which has a four year contract to ensure the sustainability
of these mangroves and their sites.
Sand Dunes Restoration
The sand dunes restoration and planting of vegetation were slated to commence during May 2014. As of the date hereof, the sand dune restoration
had not commenced due to implementation delays, as this activity is linked to the planned dredging of the harbor programmed by the Port Authority of Jamaica (“PAJ”), which is the proposed source of the sand to undertake the dune
restoration works. The PAJ’s proposed timeframe to carry out this activity was August 2015. The progress of the project is at a standstill due to unconcluded negotiations with the PAJ. The PAJ has divested the Kingston Container Terminal
(“KCT”) and alternative arrangements are being considered. Proposed discussions are to commence with the new owner’s (Terminal Link/CMA CGM Group) shortlisted contractor, who is to undertake the dredging, with a proposal to acquire
sands for free/reduced costs and or pay for transportation only. Additionally, there are discussions with the Ministry of Economic Growth and Job Creation about the possibility of implementing this activity on a phased basis. However, as of the date
hereof, no confirmation has yet been made on the way forward.
Transportation Infrastructure
Jamaica divested the Sangster International Airport in 2003 and upgrading work was completed in April 2009. On March 2012, Phase 1A of the
Norman Manley International Airport improvement was completed, which included a new departure terminal; a new two-level pier fitted with jet-loading bridges; upgrades to the arrivals terminal, car park and roadway upgrades; IT systems, operations,
safety and security equipment upgrades; and electrical distribution systems upgrades. Funding for these projects came from the European Investment Bank and the Caribbean Development Bank, government funding from the Petrocaribe Development Fund, the
Airport Improvement Fund and equity and subordinated debt via the Airports Authority of Jamaica (“AAJ”). Work under Phase 1B of the project was far advanced at end-December 2015, with the following works completed: chilled water system;
expansion of cargo logistics center; and runway/taxiway edge repairs and drainage system.
Works on the North-South Link of Highway 2000
Project have been completed. Section 2 (the Linstead to Moneague leg) was opened in August 2014 and Sections 1 (the Caymanas to Linstead leg) and 3 (the Moneague to Ocho Rios leg) were completed in March 2016.
In 2011, the construction of the Falmouth Cruise Ship Terminal (“FCST”) was completed. The FCST was constructed through a
collaborative arrangement between the PAJ and Royal Caribbean Cruises Limited (“RCCL”). The commercial area was developed by RCCL on lands leased on a long term basis from the PAJ and is operated by Falmouth Jamaica Land Company Limited
(“FJLCL”), a subsidiary of RCCL. FJLCL, on the other hand, manages a number of shops and other commercial buildings on the leased area, integrating part of the FCST.
The FCST welcomed its first cruise vessel with over 3,000 passengers and more than 1,000 crew members in February 2011 and by the end of 2011
had accommodated the highest number of cruise ship visitors of any of the four cruise ship piers in Jamaica. The FCST welcomed 752,205 passengers and 190 calls in 2015. Financing for the project was secured through a government guaranteed loan of
US$121.65 million, made available by HSBC plc, London and supported by the Eksport Kredit Fonden. See “Public Sector Indebtedness—External Debt.”
D-28
OPDEM National Disaster Work Program
Given the changing demands of disaster management locally and globally, the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management
(“ODPEM”) is integrating a comprehensive disaster risk-management system in the tourism, agriculture and education sectors and has created a response/recovery system for a greater awareness of the impact of disasters and possible areas for
reducing vulnerability and risk. ODPEM has also spearheaded and collaborated with NGOs and other agencies of government to enhance community response mechanisms through its Building Disaster Resilient Communities Programme.
The priority program for the year 2015/16 was institutional strengthening; which supported the National Thematic Strategy to improve
resilience to all forms of hazards. The deliverable at the output level was to increase Disaster Risk Management (“DRM”) capacity at the national and parish levels. Strategically, the Government focused on mainstreaming DRM across the
tourism, agriculture and education sectors. The specific activities for the tourism sector was done at the Ministry level and focused on emergency operations centre management and damage assessment. The focus for the education sector was training
for the sector leads and the development of an Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan for selected schools.
Under the Strategic
Business Plan 2012-2015, the ODPEM supported the development of a mass rescue operations plan which focused on air crafts and ships. This was led by Maritime Authority of Jamaica for the tourism sector and the Ministry of Tourism was also directly
involved in the finalization of the plan.
Mining and Quarrying
The mining and quarrying sector of the Jamaican economy, dominated by the bauxite and alumina industries, is the country’s largest
merchandise export sector.
Total bauxite production decreased marginally by 0.5% in 2015 to roughly 9.63 million tonnes when
compared to 2014, when 9.68 million tonnes were produced. Meanwhile, there was a 5.3% decrease in crude bauxite exports from just over 4.8 million tonnes in 2014 to approximately 4.56 million tonnes in 2015. Bauxite prices are
negotiated based on demand. In addition, they are referenced to price levels in other bauxite exporting countries.
In 2015, the world
aluminum industry continued to experience a downturn in demand and prices. Nonetheless, alumina production in 2015 increased by 0.7% to 1.86 million tonnes, and exports increased by 6.2% to 1.94 million tonnes when compared to 2014.
Total gross earnings in the sector declined by 3.3% to US$650.4 million in 2015 from US$672.3 million in 2014. Earnings from crude bauxite
exports decreased by 1.1% to US$123.2 million compared to US$124.5 million in 2014, primarily due to the marginally weaker bauxite prices. Earnings from alumina exports decreased by 3.8% to US$527.2 million in comparison to US$547.8 million in 2014.
In the first three months of 2016, alumina production in Jamaica was approximately 476,790 tonnes, which was almost unchanged from
approximately 476,840 tonnes produced in the first three months of 2015. Crude bauxite production totaled 1.1 million tonnes in the first three months of 2016, representing a decrease of 12.1% compared to the 1.25 million tonnes produced
in the same period of 2015. In the first three months of 2016, alumina exports declined by 5% to approximately 463,250 tonnes relative to the 487,367 tonnes exported in the first three months of 2015. Meanwhile, in the first three months of 2016,
crude bauxite exports totaled approximately 985,420 tonnes, which translated to a decrease of 20.5% relative to the 1.24 million tonnes exported over the same period of 2015. Crude bauxite operations, particularly exports, have been challenged
by the principal bauxite customer, Sherwin Alumina, filing for bankruptcy in January of 2016.
The global price of aluminum decreased
during the three-month period ended March 31, 2016, to an average of US$1,514.84 per tonne, which was 15.9% lower than the comparable period of 2015, when the price averaged US$1,800.26 per tonne. The decrease in prices largely reflected poor
market conditions arising from a general slowdown in the global economy, but principally due to weak market prices from China.
D-29
In the first three months of 2016, the Atlantic Basic Price for alumina averaged US$213.87 per
tonne, denoting a 35% decrease from the US$329.07 per tonne registered over the same quarter of 2015. A generally oversupplied market underpinned the downward trajectory of alumina prices.
Jamaica believes that it has mineable bauxite reserves sufficient to last approximately fifty years under current mining practices and market
demand expectations. This estimate of reserves is based on a range of technological and economic factors, and is subject to revision from time to time. The cost of exploiting mineable reserves can vary significantly depending on such factors as the
location and mineralogical character of the reserves and technological progress in the industry.
The mining and quarrying sector will
require a significant amount of capital investment in the near future as it carries out plans to transform its energy base away from oil and into natural gas and coal in an effort to reduce overall costs and strengthen global
competitiveness. Under Jamalco’s energy solution a preferred bidder was selected to develop and implement a coal fired solution at an estimated cost of US$500.0 million by the fourth quarter of 2018. Under the recent development in the
United States, which permits the sale of natural gas to non NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) countries, an opportunity arose to consider a natural gas solution. In this context, Jamalco and New Fortress have developed a proposal for a
natural gas solution encompassing:
| |
• |
|
financing, development, construction, ownership and operation of a natural gas-fired steam and electric generating facility utilizing turbines and heat recovery steam generators to be located adjacent to the Jamalco
refinery facility in Clarendon, Jamaica, on a site provided by Jamalco. The objective is to supply to the Jamaica Public Service Grid approximately 94MW of power and to the power plant owned and operated by Jamalco, consisting of four heavy fuel oil
fired boilers and three steam turbine generators (the “Jamalco Power Station”) approximately 300Kpph of Steam (900 psig/900 Deg F); and |
| |
• |
|
jointly with Jamalco, installing in the Jamalco Power Station new dual fuel fired boilers with a capacity of approximately 400Kpph and re-engineer existing boilers and Jamalco’s calciners to become dual
fuel. The targeted completion period is the fourth quarter of 2018. |
The Government of Jamaica, since December 1,
2014, wholly owns Clarendon Alumina Production (“CAP”), which holds a 45% undivided interest as a co-tenant in common in the assets of Jamalco, a joint venture with Noble Resources Ltd. (the “Noble Group”). Alcoa Inc. previously
owned 55% of the Noble Group. Under a transitional agreement Alcoa Inc. will, until December 2016, manage the operation. The business of the joint venture consists of an integrated alumina production and export network comprised of bauxite mining
operations, an alumina refinery, a power plant, a rail transport system and a port with docking and loading facilities.
On June 17,
2013, CAP and the Noble Group entered into an alumina sales agreement (“Alumina Sales Agreement”), pursuant to which CAP agreed to supply, sell and deliver not less than 3.38 and up to 6.08 million tonnes, of alumina to the Noble
Group over a twelve-year period. In consideration for the alumina delivered pursuant to the Alumina Sales Agreement, the Noble Group and CAP entered into a prepayment facility agreement on June 17, 2013, pursuant to which the Noble Group made
available a US$120,000,000 secured prepayment facility (“Prepayment Facility”) to CAP. A condition subsequent to this facility was the successful completion of a consent solicitation and an exchange offer of notes issued by CAP and
guaranteed by Jamaica for notes issued by Jamaica. This exchange offer was completed successfully in September 2013. See “Public Sector Indebtedness—External Debt.” Additionally, the Noble Group has a security interest over CAP’s
45% interest in the Jamalco joint venture. All funds disbursed under the facility must be repaid in full by June 30, 2025. Until all funds disbursed under the Prepayment Facility are repaid, CAP grants the Noble Group an option to purchase at
market value all or part of CAP’s interest in Jamalco, as well as the right to appoint a Noble Group representative to the executive committee of Jamalco. In October 2014, the Noble Group acquired a 55% undivided interest of Alcoa Inc. in
Jamalco.
The Government has resolved not to provide further financial support to CAP.
D-30
In September 2011, UC Rusal acquired the remaining 35% stake in Alumina Partners of Jamaica
(“Alpart”) from Norsk Hydro ASA for US$46 million and the refinery is now wholly owned by UC Rusal. This has extended the company’s reserve base as it seeks to be self-sufficient in raw materials. As such, UC Rusal has resumed bauxite
production as at March 2015 at the complex, which had been closed since 2009, but has not resumed shipping.
Currently, the Government has
significant ownership interest in Jamalco and Noranda Jamaica Bauxite Partners, alumina and bauxite producers respectively. See “—The Jamaican Economy— Legal Proceedings and Process.” The other significant alumina producers
(Windalco-Ewarton, Windalco-Kirkvine and Alpart) are privately owned.
The following table shows the production, exports, prices and
earnings of the bauxite and alumina sector for the five years ended December 31, 2015:
Bauxite and Alumina Sector
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012(1) |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
| Bauxite |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Production (tonnes) |
|
|
10,188,913 |
|
|
|
9,289,040 |
|
|
|
9,435,214 |
|
|
|
9,676,697 |
|
|
|
9,626,603 |
|
| Exports (tonnes) |
|
|
5,143,463 |
|
|
|
4,759,647 |
|
|
|
4,707,375 |
|
|
|
4,812,541 |
|
|
|
4,558,048 |
|
| Prices (US$ per tonne)(2) |
|
|
28.65 |
|
|
|
27.62 |
|
|
|
27.2 |
|
|
|
28.88 |
|
|
|
27.03 |
|
| Gross Earnings (US$ million) |
|
|
147,343 |
|
|
|
131,440 |
|
|
|
128,037 |
|
|
|
124,548 |
|
|
|
123,213 |
|
| Alumina |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Production (tonnes) |
|
|
1,959,928 |
|
|
|
1,720,453 |
|
|
|
1,854,910 |
|
|
|
1,850,960 |
|
|
|
1,864,543 |
|
| Exports (tonnes) (1) |
|
|
1,959,238 |
|
|
|
1,753,505 |
|
|
|
1,901,753 |
|
|
|
1,823,485 |
|
|
|
1,936,228 |
|
| Prices (US$ per tonne)(2) |
|
|
298.78 |
|
|
|
292.88 |
|
|
|
278.3 |
|
|
|
300.39 |
|
|
|
272.28 |
|
| Gross Earnings (US$ million)(3) |
|
|
585,377 |
|
|
|
513,565 |
|
|
|
529,254 |
|
|
|
547,756 |
|
|
|
527,206 |
|
| Total Gross Earnings (US$ million) |
|
|
732,721 |
|
|
|
645,005 |
|
|
|
657,291 |
|
|
|
672,305 |
|
|
|
650,419 |
|
Source:
Economics Division, JBI
| (1) |
The term exports is equivalent to sales (Included in sales is hydrate). |
| (2) |
Average price received. |
| (3) |
For the calculation of the Earnings line item in the table above, the unit price is multiplied by the volume of exports, be it bauxite or alumina. The resulting gross bauxite earnings and gross alumina earnings figures
are then summed to give total gross earnings. |
Manufacturing
Real value added for the Manufacture sector grew by 3.1% in 2015 compared to 2014 and accounted for 8.6% GDP. This improvement resulted from
increased production in the Food, Beverages & Tobacco and Other Manufacturing sub-industries. The performance of the sector was impacted positively by the resumption of normal production activities at the Petrojam Refinery and improved
demand for some commodities. The higher output of the industry was facilitated by the reduced cost of electricity as a result of lower crude oil prices on the international market. Additionally, growth in the industry was impacted positively by an
increase in the country’s employed labour force and greater financing. However, the value of manufactured exports declined, reflecting lower earnings for both Traditional and Non-Traditional Exports.
The Ministry of Industry, Investment & Commerce, under the framework of the Vision 2030 Jamaica – National Development Plan and
the Medium Term Socio-Economic Policy Framework (“MTF”) (2012–2015) & (2015–2018), implemented policies and programs for the Manufacture sector. These policies and programs were geared towards enhancing the business
environment; providing institutional support and capacity building; and increasing competitiveness to facilitate higher production and exports. Through the affiliated agencies of the Ministry of Industry, Investment, & Commerce, work
focused on training and development, particularly with respect to international standards; attracting investments; and the continued implementation of initiatives to expand and create new linkages between the Manufacture and the Tourism sectors.
D-31
Real GDP for the manufacturing sector grew by 3.1% in 2015, following a decline of 0.8% in 2014.
The growth in real GDP in 2015 was primarily due to higher output levels in the Food, Beverages & Tobacco and Other Manufacturing sub-industries of 1.5% and 5.1%, respectively. The increase in the Food, Beverages & Tobacco
sub-industry was due largely to growth in meat and meat products, processing of fruits and vegetables, dairy products, bakery products and beverages. Contributing to the growth in Other Manufacturing were petroleum refining and chemicals and
chemical products. The sector’s performance accounted for 9.3% of Jamaica’s GDP in 2015.
Vision 2030 Jamaica, the
country’s first long-term national development plan, covering the period 2009-2030 includes a policy framework for the manufacturing sector geared towards improving its performance and competitiveness. This framework focuses on transitioning to
higher levels of productivity and value-added production using efficient and clean technologies and environmentally sustainable processes, with motivated productive employees. As part of an enabling business and regulatory environment, this
framework will advance a manufacturing sector that embodies high levels of productivity and competes successfully in domestic and export markets.
The manufacturing sector has benefitted from various initiatives accomplished through the implementation of a series of MTFs, including Vision
2030 Jamaica. Some key achievements include:
| |
• |
|
The passage of legislation to provide a more competitive regime for all sectors that allowed for duty free treatment of raw materials, intermediate, consumables and capital goods; allowances for capital investment; and
introduction of employment tax credits; and |
| |
• |
|
Delivery of training and development courses to the sector including: Good Manufacturing Practices; Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points in general awareness and audit; Elements of Food Safety; and
International Standards in several areas. |
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
Real GDP for the agriculture, forestry and fishing sector declined by 0.1% and this sector accounted for 6.6% of GDP in 2015. The overall
decline in the industry in 2015 was primarily due to drought conditions experienced across the country. The sector declined by 0.2% in the first half of the year which offset a 0.1% growth recorded in the second half of the year. During 2015, the
Government employed a number of strategies to foster growth in the industry. These included Government programs that offered farmers support in the areas of marketing, irrigation and extension services, aimed at improving efficiency in the industry.
This involved the expansion of the Agro Parks concept, which seeks to combine public and private partnership to develop productive and marketing infrastructure to improve productivity, quality and competitiveness.
The Agricultural Development Strategy, which began in 2006 and was aimed at transforming the agricultural sector by the year 2020 with the
main focus being an increase in productivity, was subsumed under the Agriculture Sector Plan under Vision 2030 Jamaica. The Agriculture Sector Plan for Jamaica is one of the strategic priority areas of the Vision 2030 Jamaica—National
Development Plan.
Since 1997, Jamaica has undertaken several initiatives to improve productivity and product quality while lowering
production costs in the sugar and banana industries. In November 1997, Jamaica commenced a program to provide support to the local sugar industry following decades of financial losses in the industry. The critical points of the strategy are:
| |
• |
|
promotion of a sustainable private-sector led sugar cane industry; |
| |
• |
|
promotion of a diversified industry having as its major outputs raw sugar, molasses, ethanol and bagasse, a by-product used in the production of electricity; |
| |
• |
|
strengthening of the economy and social infrastructure of sugar-dependent areas; and |
| |
• |
|
divestment of the publicly owned sugar estates, which annually generate over 70% of sugar production. |
D-32
With respect to the banana industry, Jamaica participates in two externally supported projects
that began in 1996: the United Kingdom/Northern Ireland/Jamaica Government project, aimed at reducing rejection due to peel scarring, and an European Union project, aimed at improving the competitiveness of the banana industry. Effective
January 1, 2006, the European Union adopted a new “tariff-only” regime for bananas from countries that enjoy most favored nation status. The new regime also retains a duty-free annual quota for bananas originating in the ACP so there
has been no effect yet on Jamaica’s exports of bananas to the European Union. See “Jamaica—International Relationships—Cotonou Partnership Agreement.” Companies in the banana industry in Jamaica are also making efforts to
increase competitiveness by diversifying and improving productivity. New products developed include banana-based drinks, banana flour and cereal products. Efforts to improve productivity include eliminating redundant labor and reducing real labor
costs through lower wage settlements. See “—The Jamaican Economy—Employment and Labor.”
The effects of Hurricane Dean
which occurred in August 2007 are still affecting banana exports, since it destroyed approximately 85.0% of the then-existing crop, leading to a cessation of banana exports. Banana exports resumed in August 2008 but were again halted by Tropical
Storm Gustav, which destroyed approximately 80.0% of the then-existing crop. Banana exports were further affected by damage caused by Hurricane Sandy in 2012. These weather-related shocks led Jamaica’s largest exporter (“Jamaica
Producers”), which accounted for 80% of banana exports, to make the decision to cease exports from Jamaica. However, the demand for Jamaican banana in the UK and Diaspora remains strong. A production expansion program was therefore developed by
the Ministry of Agriculture to satisfy the demand for both local and export markets.
The quantity of bananas produced in Jamaica was
estimated at 54,810 tonnes in 2015 compared to 51,581 tonnes in 2014. In 2015, a total of approximately 267.6 tonnes of the fruit valued at US$241,752 was exported compared with approximately 199.2 tonnes valued at US$179,217 in 2014. The
significant increase in exports may be attributed to the Ministry of Agriculture Banana Export Expansion Programme developed in 2014. This program seeks to facilitate greater production to meet the demands of the export markets. The program also
seeks to create proper market linkages by engaging all stakeholders.
The Government divested the remaining three publicly owned sugar
factories in 2010 and has continued the implementation of the Jamaica Country Strategy for the “Adaptation of the Sugar Industry: 2006-2020 (the Jamaica Country Strategy for the Adaptation of the Sugar Industry was adopted in 2006 and revised
in 2009 (“Sugar Adaptation Strategy”). The key objective of this policy is the development of a sustainable private-sector led sugar cane industry and to strengthen economic diversification, social resilience and environmental
sustainability within the sugar-dependent areas. In support of the implementation of the Sugar Adaptation Strategy, the European Union agreed to provide financial assistance in the amount of €146.6 million to the Government over the 2006
to 2013 period, under the Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol Countries. In 2009, the European Union disbursed €6.1 million to the Government and the amounts disbursed in 2010 and 2011 were €2.7 million and
€6.9 million respectively. While there was no disbursement in 2012, disbursements in 2013 to 2015 totaled €58.3 million.
The Government is committed to partnering with the private sector for the establishment of nine Agro Parks to stabilize the agricultural
supply chain, deepen inter-industry links, increase competitive import substitution and activate unutilized rural land and labor. The primary objective of this project, which began in 2012, is to facilitate the expansion of the productive capacity
of the agricultural sector. This is to be achieved through the building of infrastructure to support investments in the production of selected crops directed towards import substitution and replacement as well as the provision of raw materials for
agro-processing and non-traditional exports. The parks, funded in the amount of J$285 million, are to be complemented by improved inputs, including irrigation, transport infrastructure and technical services. A total of nine Agro Parks had been
established at the end of 2014, with agricultural production of a wide range of domestic crops, including vegetables, condiments, fruits and tubers. They are located at Plantain Garden River, St. Thomas; Yallahs, St. Thomas; Amity Hall, St.
Catherine; Hill Run, St. Catherine; Ebony Park, Clarendon, New Forest/Duff House; St. Elizabeth/Manchester; Meylersfield, Westmoreland; and Sweet River Multispecies Abattoir, Westmoreland.
D-33
The following table shows the production of selected agricultural products for the five years
ended December 31, 2015:
Production of Selected Agriculture Products
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
| |
|
(in tonnes) |
|
| Sugar cane |
|
|
1,518,339 |
|
|
|
1,475,225 |
|
|
|
1,402,564 |
|
|
|
1,779,258 |
|
|
|
1,572,400 |
|
| Yams |
|
|
134,619 |
|
|
|
145,059 |
|
|
|
138,834 |
|
|
|
135,303 |
|
|
|
136,732 |
|
| Bananas |
|
|
46,660 |
|
|
|
47,473 |
|
|
|
37,211 |
|
|
|
51,581 |
|
|
|
54,810 |
|
| Potatoes |
|
|
57,424 |
|
|
|
57,561 |
|
|
|
61,645 |
|
|
|
58,988 |
|
|
|
58,749 |
|
| Citrus |
|
|
106,992 |
|
|
|
97,072 |
|
|
|
83,758 |
|
|
|
71,194 |
|
|
|
74,336 |
|
| Coffee |
|
|
8,099 |
|
|
|
6,687 |
|
|
|
6,984 |
|
|
|
5,298 |
|
|
|
5,847 |
|
| Cocoa |
|
|
498 |
|
|
|
1,393 |
|
|
|
997 |
|
|
|
1,154 |
|
|
|
637 |
|
Source: Planning Institute of Jamaica.
Construction
Real GDP for the construction industry increased by 0.9% in 2015 as compared to 2014 and contributed 8.0% to GDP. This performance
resulted from increased activities in the building construction and civil engineering sub-industries. The performance in building construction was influenced by the construction and renovation of hotels. Civil engineering benefited from continued
expansion of road work infrastructure and work associated with the North-South leg of Highway 2000.
Transportation, storage and communication
Real GDP for the Transport, Storage & Communication industry increased by 1.1% in 2015, primarily due to improved
performances in all sub-industries. The post and telecommunications sub-industry was positively impacted by increased competition and the introduction of new products in the telecommunications market. The transport and supporting &
auxiliary transport activities sub-industries benefitted from an increase in the number of passengers who travelled through both international airports, moving from 5,061,140 in 2014 to 5,298,400 in 2015. Producers of Government Services fell by
0.1%, primarily as a result of measures undertaken by government to reduce expenditure and in particular, public sector wages as a percentage of GDP.
Privatization
Jamaica’s
privatization program commenced in the early 1980s with the divestment of public services. Larger sales have included interests in the hotel sector, the National Commercial Bank, Telecommunications of Jamaica Limited, Air Jamaica Limited,
Petrojam-Belize and the Caribbean Cement Company Limited. Jamaica has continued its program of privatization by divesting 80% of its interest in the power and energy company, Jamaica Public Service Company Limited, in 2001.
The Government entered into a contract for the management of the transshipment terminal of the Kingston seaport to APM Terminals and
Amalgamated Stevedoring Co. Ltd., a consortium of foreign and local entities, in October 2001. The consortium assumed management of the terminal in February 2002. The contract expired in February 2009 and the terminal is now being managed by the
PAJ. Given the plans to further expand the facility, the PAJ in April 2015, executed a concession agreement with Kingston Freeport Terminal Limited (“KFTL”), a special purpose vehicle formed to manage the Kingston Container Terminal
(“KCT”). The KFTL is jointly owned by members of the consortium, Terminal Link and CMA CGM Group with equity interests of 40% and 60%, respectively. The Agreement will give KFTL a 30-year concession term with the right to finance, expand,
operate, maintain and transfer the facility at the end of the agreement. Financial close for the transaction has been extended to June 30, 2016 and transfer is expected to take place contemporaneously.
In connection with the privatization of Air Jamaica Limited in 1994, the Government retained ownership for its own account of 25.0% of the
airline’s ordinary shares and ownership of an additional 5.0% of its ordinary shares,
D-34
which the Government was contractually obligated to contribute to an employee share ownership plan. During the period of privatization, the Government provided US$169 million in loans and
assistance to the airline. In December 2004, Jamaica purchased the remaining 75% of the ordinary shares for US$1.00 and converted approximately US$395 million, the total liabilities of Air Jamaica owed to the Government, into ordinary shares.
In FY 2007/08, the decision was made to re-privatize the national carrier Air Jamaica Limited. To this end, the Government sought a divestment
that achieved certain strategic objectives. On May 1, 2010, the Government entered into an agreement with Caribbean Airlines pursuant to which Caribbean Airlines obtained the routes of Air Jamaica and agreed to provide sustainable airlift to
Jamaica. In return the Government acquired a 16% equity interest in Caribbean Airlines valued at US$28.5 million. The Government remains the owner of the remaining assets and liabilities of Air Jamaica Limited. Under an agreement, Caribbean Airlines
has leased some of these assets from Air Jamaica Limited. The Government continues to service the long term loans.
Jamaica re-privatized
the government-owned assets of the sugar cane industry in August 2011. A “Sugar Cane Negotiating Team” was appointed to oversee the divestment process by the Ministry of Agriculture and Cabinet. In July 2009, the team concluded the
divestment of three of the six sugar estates—St. Thomas/Duckenfield, Long Pond and Hampden—for an aggregate sale price (for the factories) of US$2.0 million. The associated sugar cane lands were divested through 50-year leases. In July
2010, the Government signed an agreement with Complant International Sugar Industry Co. Limited, a Chinese firm, for the sale of the Monymusk, Frome and Bernard Lodge sugar factories for US$9.0 million and the lease of associated farmlands of
the Sugar Company of Jamaica Holdings. The lease rate for Complant International Sugar Industry Co. Limited is US$35/hectare/annum. Under the agreement, the firm is committed to invest approximately US$127.0 million, from 2011 to 2013, on
modernizing the factories.
During FY 2010/11, Jamaica privatized lands at Montpelier, St. James, and land and buildings at Ariguanabo. In
January 2010, the sale of 525 acres of the Montpelier Citrus Company Limited lands was approved by the Cabinet. The land was sold for J$52.0 million to Ramble Enterprises Limited, a local company engaged in dairy farming. In February and December
2010, a total of 24.2 acres of the Cotton Polyester Factory Complex were sold to the Urban Development Corporation for J$150.0 million.
In March 2010, the Cabinet approved the sale of 14 acres of land (with buildings) of the Ariguanabo property to the existing lessee, New Era
Homes Limited for an aggregate sale price of J$163.9 million.
In December 2010, the Government finalized the sale of the National Hotel
and Properties interest in the Jamaica Pegasus Hotel Limited. The shares were sold for US$11.0 million.
In October 2011, the Government
finalized the sale of the assets of the Mavis Bank Coffee Factory to Jamaica Producers Group Limited and Pan Jamaican Investment Trust Limited for US$4.0 million.
The UDC completed the sale of its 50% stake in Bloody Bay Hotel Development Limited (“BBHDL”) to Village Resorts Limited
(“VRL”) in 2013. The Cabinet approved the sale of the shares to VRL in January 2013, and UDC and VRL signed the agreement finalizing the sale on March 27, 2013. Aggregate proceeds from the sale were US$11.2 million, which included
US$9.5 million for the real estate and related fixed assets and US$1.7 million representing UDC’s share of cash and other liquid assets of BBHDL at the time of the sale.
Following the decision to divest the Wallenford Coffee Company (“WCC”), the Cabinet decided on March 18, 2013, to approve the
WCC Memorandum of Understanding (“WCC MOU”). The WCC MOU was executed by all parties as at August 29, 2013. The sale price was US$16.0 million and the purchaser assumed possession of WCC on September 11, 2013.
In May 2014, the Government, through the Jamaica Bauxite Mining Limited (“JBM”), executed a Debt Settlement & Asset
Purchase Agreement with UC Rusal Alumina Jamaica Limited, owner of 93% interest in the West Indies Alumina Company (“Windalco”), for the sale of JBM’s 7% interest in Windalco for US$11.0 million.
In 2014, Oceana Hotel and Forum Hotel were sold for J$385.0 million and J$350.0 million, respectively.
D-35
In January 2015, the Government executed an agreement for the sale of the former Farm Machinery
Centre property to RYCO Jamaica Ltd. for J$40.0 million.
In April 2016, the Government, through the Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica,
executed an agreement for the sale of the Petroleum Company of Jamaica for US$19.0 million. Closing of the transaction is expected to occur within 90 days of execution of the sale agreement.
The following table shows a summary of certain major entities privatized and the proceeds received by Jamaica since 2000 in relinquishing its
majority or residual interest:
Summary of Certain Major Jamaican Entities Privatized (By Sale) (1)(2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Entity |
|
Year(s) of
Privatization |
|
|
Type of Sale or
Transaction |
|
Payment
Received in
J$ Million |
|
|
Payment
Received in
US$ Million |
|
|
Sector |
| Ashtrom Jamaica Limited |
|
|
2000 |
|
|
Shares |
|
|
22.00 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
Housing |
| Jamaica Public Service Co. Ltd |
|
|
2001 |
|
|
Shares |
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
201.0 |
|
|
Energy |
| Aqualapia Limited |
|
|
2002 |
|
|
Shares |
|
|
32.35 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
Agri-Business |
| Sangster International Airport (2) |
|
|
2003 |
|
|
Lease |
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
109.68 |
|
|
Transportation |
| Land – Ariguanabo (13.76 hectares) |
|
|
2003 |
|
|
Sale |
|
|
23.48 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
Housing |
| Building (Lot 5A) – 60,000 square feet |
|
|
2003 |
|
|
Lease |
|
|
7.68 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
Warehousing |
| Building (Lot 5B) – 60,000 square feet |
|
|
2003 |
|
|
Lease |
|
|
7.68 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
Manufacturing |
| Cotton Polyester Textile Company Ltd. |
|
|
2004 |
|
|
Lease |
|
|
7.55 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
Manufacturing |
| Land – Salt River (51 hectares) |
|
|
2005 |
|
|
Sale |
|
|
6.93 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
Tourism |
| Farm Machinery Center |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
Lease |
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
0.18 |
|
|
Manufacturing |
| Hampden & Long Pond Estate |
|
|
2009 |
|
|
Sale/Lease |
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
2.58 |
|
|
Agriculture |
| Duckenfield Estate |
|
|
2009 |
|
|
Sale/Lease |
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
1.17 |
|
|
Agriculture |
| Land – Montpelier Citrus Company Limited – 525 acres |
|
|
2010 |
|
|
Sale |
|
|
52.00 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
Agriculture |
| Cotton Polyester Factory Complex |
|
|
2010 |
|
|
Sale |
|
|
150.00 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
Manufacturing |
| Land and Buildings - Ariguanabo |
|
|
2010 |
|
|
Lease/Sale |
|
|
163.90 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
Manufacturing |
| Jamaica Pegasus Hotel of Jamaica
Limited(3) |
|
|
2010 |
|
|
Sale |
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
Tourism |
| Bernard Lodge, Frome & Monymusk |
|
|
2010 |
|
|
Sale/Lease |
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
13.42 |
|
|
Agriculture |
| Mavisbank Coffee Factory |
|
|
2011 |
|
|
Sale of Assets |
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
4.0 |
|
|
Agro-Processing |
| Bloody Bay Hotel Development Limited (BBHDL) |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
Sale |
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
11.2 |
|
|
Tourism |
| Wallenford Coffee Company Limited(4) |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
Sale of Assets |
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
4.0 |
|
|
Agriculture |
| West Indies Alumina Company (Windalco) |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
Shares |
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
Mining |
| Oceana Hotel |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
Sale of Asset |
|
|
385.0 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
Tourism |
| Forum Hotel |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
Sale of Asset |
|
|
350.0 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
Residential |
| Farm Machinery Centre Property |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
Sale |
|
|
20 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
Agri-business |
| (1) |
Where payment is received in both JA dollars and US dollars for certain sales, the amounts listed are not equivalencies, but represent the portion of the payment received in each currency. This table does not include
entities divested by FINSAC. In addition, the table does not reflect the privatization of Air Jamaica. For information about such privatization please refer to Section “—Privatization”. |
| (2) |
Amounts shown in the table exclude initial payment (US$16.0 million; reimbursement for expenditure on capital works and US$1.0 million fixed assets transferred) and only captures concession fees. Effective April 2016,
the fees became 1 Weight Load Unit = US$2.745. The concessionaire also makes payments on supernormal surpluses. |
| (3) |
The sale of the Government’s 59.81% holding in the hotel was completed in December 2010. |
| (4) |
Sale price for Wallenford Coffee Company is US$16.0 million, however remaining sale price of US$5.0 million provided via vendor’s mortgage and US$7.0 million via earn out arrangement. |
| (5) |
The remaining J$20.0 million of the J$40.0 million sale price was granted as a vendor’s mortgage for seven years. |
| (6) |
Payments for KCT to be received on financial close. |
Sources: Development Bank of Jamaica Limited, Urban
Development Corporation, Sugar Company Jamaica Holding Limited and Airports Authority of Jamaica.
D-36
Significant Government-Owned Companies
The Government of Jamaica owns and controls certain companies and enterprises, some of the most significant of which include the National
Housing Trust (“NHT”), the Trust, the AAJ, the PAJ, and the National Insurance Fund (“NIF”).
The Government of
Jamaica established the NHT to lend money at low interest rates to contributors who intend to purchase, build, repair, or improve their homes. Furthermore, the NHT develops housing solutions for the sale of homes to contributors. The NHT also offers
low-cost financing to private developers.
The Trust is an organization mandated to strengthen the workforce in Jamaica via the
development, support, and maintenance of technical and vocational, education and training institutions within the country. The Trust is active in the development of vocational and technical skills training programs, career guidance, job placement,
assessment and certifications, policy analysis, and technical assistance to institutions, among other functions and activities.
The
Government of Jamaica established the AAJ in 1974 through the Airports Authority Act. The AAJ is an independent statutory body with the principal responsibility, through ownership and management, of Jamaica’s two international airports, the
Norman Manley International Airport and the Sangster International Airport. As of 1990, the AAJ assumed additional responsibility for Jamaica’s four domestic aerodromes. The AAJ is involved in the long-term planning and development of the
airport system within Jamaica.
The PAJ is a statutory corporation within Jamaica that the Government of Jamaica established through the
Port Authority Act of 1972. The PAJ constitutes the principal maritime agency that has broad responsibility for both the development and the regulation of Jamaica’s port and shipping industries. Furthermore, the PAJ has the general mandate of,
and responsibility for, ensuring the safety of all vessels that navigate through Jamaica’s ports of entry. The Port Authority also exercises general responsibility for regulating tariffs on goods that enter into and exit from Jamaica’s
public ports.
The NIF was established under Section 39 of the National Insurance Act. It is responsible for managing the
investment portfolio created from contributions to the National Insurance Scheme (“NIS”). NIF seeks to optimise returns and provide for the disbursement of pensions and other benefits pursuant to the NIS.
The following table provides the respective assets, revenue, and expenses for the significant government-owned companies listed below as at
March 31, 2016:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Assets(1) |
|
|
Revenue(1) |
|
|
Expenses(1) |
|
| |
|
(in millions of J$) |
|
| National Housing Trust |
|
|
236,966.00 |
|
|
|
27,008.00 |
|
|
|
6,807,00 |
|
| Heart Trust |
|
|
10,026.37 |
|
|
|
10,105.11 |
|
|
|
8,932.53 |
|
| Airports Authority of Jamaica |
|
|
22,485.02 |
|
|
|
7,091.57 |
|
|
|
4,375.00 |
|
| Port Authority of Jamaica |
|
|
53,524.55 |
|
|
|
18,307.79 |
|
|
|
16,184.70 |
|
| National Insurance Fund |
|
|
82,896.13 |
|
|
|
27,033.01 |
|
|
|
19,374.69 |
|
Inflation
The macroeconomic stabilization program introduced in 1991, which has focused on lowering inflation through tight fiscal and monetary policies
and stability in the foreign exchange market, has contributed to a consistent reduction in the rate of inflation. Macroeconomic stability continues to be a primary focus of Jamaica under the Economic Reform Programme (“ERP”), as Jamaica
regards consistent low levels of inflation as the cornerstone of sustained long-term economic growth.
D-37
The Consumer Price Index (“CPI”) number series, which measures the rate of inflation,
has 12 divisions that are based on the United Nations Statistical Division—Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose. The “basket” of consumer goods and services has approximately 482 commodities.
In 2015, the All Jamaica ‘All Divisions’ CPI recorded an inflation rate of 3.7%, a 2.7% decrease from 6.4% in 2014 and 5.8% decrease
from 9.5% in 2013. The decrease in inflation in 2015 as compared to 2014 was primarily due to the 8.3% downward movement in the index for the division ‘Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas and Other Fuels’ and the 4.0% decline in the index for
the ‘Transport’ division. These declines were partially offset by increases in the index for the highest weighted division ‘Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages’ of 8.7%.
The lower inflation rate resulted primarily from the fall in oil prices in the international market which led to a decrease in petrol and
energy costs. The major inflationary factors resulted from increases in the price of domestic agriculture commodities in the context of drought conditions, which prevailed during the second and third quarters of 2015.
The All Jamaica ‘All Divisions’ CPI for March 2016 was 229.3, indicating deflation of 0.1% compared to the February 2016 index of
229.6. The movement in the March 2016 index resulted in the calendar year-to-date deflation rate of 1.3% and the FY 2015/16 inflation of 3.0%, the lowest level since 1967.
The following table shows the changes in the CPI for the five years ended December 31, 2015, and for the interim period of 2016:
|
|
|
|
|
| Year/Period |
|
CPI Increase
Over Previous Year |
|
| |
|
(%) |
|
| 2011 |
|
|
6.0 |
|
| 2012 |
|
|
8.0 |
|
| 2013 |
|
|
9.5 |
|
| 2014 |
|
|
6.4 |
|
| 2015 |
|
|
3.7 |
|
| Jan – Mar 2016 |
|
|
(1.3 |
) |
Source:
Statistical Institute of Jamaica.
Employment and Labor
In 2015, the total labor force in Jamaica was 1,316,600 persons a 0.7% increase compared to 1,307,500 persons in 2014. The service sector
employed 75.3% of the employed labor force in 2015, while the goods-producing sector accounted for 24.7% of the employed labor force in the same period. The agriculture and manufacturing sub-sectors accounted for 17.7% and 6.4% of the employed labor
force, respectively.
Average employment in 2015 was 1,138,700 compared to 1,127,800 in 2014. The average unemployment rate was 13.5% in
2015, a decrease from 13.7% in 2014.
The calendar year ending 2015 recorded 518 industrial disputes and two work stoppages compared to
333 industrial disputes and five work stoppages in 2014. This was as a result of difficulties experienced in the negotiation of new wage and fringe benefit packages in all sectors. There were 1,620 man hours lost for 2015 while 1,991 man hours were
lost for 2014. This showed a significant decrease of 18.6 % when compared to the 2014 period. This resulted in one man-day lost per worker in 2015.
D-38
The following table shows certain labor force and employment data for the five years ended
December 31, 2015:
Labor Force and Employment(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
| |
|
(in thousands of persons, except percentages) |
|
| Total Population |
|
|
2,707.4 |
|
|
|
2,706.9 |
|
|
|
2,713.9 |
|
|
|
2,720.0 |
|
|
|
2,725.2 |
|
| Labor Force |
|
|
1,251.3 |
|
|
|
1,281.9 |
|
|
|
1,308.5 |
|
|
|
1,307.5 |
|
|
|
1,316.6 |
|
| Employed Labor Force |
|
|
1,093.0 |
|
|
|
1,103.4 |
|
|
|
1,108.9 |
|
|
|
1,127.8 |
|
|
|
1,138.7 |
|
| Unemployed Labor Force |
|
|
158.3 |
|
|
|
178.6 |
|
|
|
199.6 |
|
|
|
179.7 |
|
|
|
177.9 |
|
| Unemployment Rate (%) |
|
|
12.6 |
|
|
|
13.9 |
|
|
|
15.2 |
|
|
|
13.7 |
|
|
|
13.5 |
|
| Job-Seeking Rate (%) |
|
|
8.0 |
|
|
|
8.9 |
|
|
|
9.8 |
|
|
|
9.0 |
|
|
|
9.1 |
|
| Labor Force Participation Rate (%) |
|
|
62.3 |
|
|
|
61.9 |
|
|
|
63.0 |
|
|
|
62.8 |
|
|
|
63.1 |
|
| Male (%) |
|
|
70.1 |
|
|
|
69.2 |
|
|
|
70.0 |
|
|
|
70.0 |
|
|
|
70.3 |
|
| Female (%) |
|
|
54.7 |
|
|
|
54.7 |
|
|
|
56.3 |
|
|
|
55.9 |
|
|
|
56.3 |
|
| Age Breakdown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 14 – 19 Years |
|
|
11.1 |
|
|
|
10.7 |
|
|
|
11.4 |
|
|
|
10.4 |
|
|
|
10.6 |
|
| 20 – 24 Years |
|
|
64.7 |
|
|
|
63.8 |
|
|
|
65.2 |
|
|
|
63.4 |
|
|
|
64.7 |
|
| 25 – 34 Years |
|
|
80.6 |
|
|
|
81.4 |
|
|
|
82.6 |
|
|
|
83.2 |
|
|
|
82.2 |
|
| 35 – 44 Years |
|
|
84.1 |
|
|
|
85.4 |
|
|
|
87.1 |
|
|
|
86.8 |
|
|
|
86.7 |
|
| 45 – 54 Years |
|
|
83.0 |
|
|
|
84.1 |
|
|
|
84.4 |
|
|
|
84.0 |
|
|
|
84.5 |
|
| 55 – 64 Years |
|
|
67.3 |
|
|
|
68.2 |
|
|
|
68.9 |
|
|
|
70.1 |
|
|
|
71.9 |
|
| 65 Years and Over |
|
|
25.8 |
|
|
|
26.3 |
|
|
|
27.5 |
|
|
|
28.5 |
|
|
|
29.3 |
|
| (1) |
The data above represent the derived annual average, updated to reflect 2011 based population estimates. |
Source: Statistical Institute of Jamaica, Labour Force Survey.
Legal Proceedings and Processes
Legal Proceedings
On March 16, 2015, the Noranda Bauxite Limited (formerly known as St. Ann Bauxite Limited, “NBL”) commenced an
arbitration proceeding to resolve certain disputes with the Government of Jamaica (the “Levy Arbitration”). On December 18, 2015, the arbitration panel issued its decision. The decision determined that NBL’s arguments
fail and that the Government is entitled to calculate sums owing to it on the basis of the full levy rate. On June 3, 2016, the arbitration panel released its decision on the quantum owed to the Government, including costs, which
information will be confidential until the parties agree on the timing of release of such information. On February 8, 2016, NBL and certain of its affiliates filed a voluntary petition for relief under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in
the Eastern District of Missouri, Southeastern Division, which stayed the pending Levy Arbitration. The Government of Jamaica is actively protecting its rights under the Levy Arbitration in NBL’s bankruptcy case.
Aside from the Levy Arbitration, there are no governmental, legal or arbitration proceedings (including any such proceedings which are pending
or threatened of which the Government is aware) during the 12 months preceding the date of this document which may have or has had in the recent past significant effects on the financial position or profitability of the Government.
Legal Processes
In 2016, the
Government is continuing its program to modernize the country’s law enforcement infrastructure, transforming the culture of the Jamaican Constabulary Forces (“JCF”) into a modern policing service and restore public confidence by:
| |
• |
|
Actively targeting corruption within the JCF; |
| |
• |
|
Improving the professionalism of police officers through intense leadership and management training and development; |
D-39
| |
• |
|
Implementing a performance management system with targets and verifiable indicators for the executive leadership of the JCF. Recommendations of a 2015 JCF review are currently being implemented; |
| |
• |
|
Revising the JCF Use of Force policy with emphasis on ethical policing and protecting the rights of citizens; |
| |
• |
|
Enhancing the use of technology for management and intelligence gathering; |
| |
• |
|
Enacting a major program of legislative reform including restructuring the accountability framework of the JCF; and |
| |
• |
|
Implementing community policing in all policing divisions. |
The Government has also
established the Major Organized Crime & Anti-Corruption Agency in 2014. This entity is currently being transformed into an independent entity of the JCF and it was conceived to be similar to the National Crime Agency, which is the UK’s
version of the FBI in the United States. Cabinet has approved its transformation to an independent entity and the mandate is to investigate and facilitate the prosecution of matters relating to major organized crime, financial crime (in particular
‘lottery scamming’) and public sector corruption, including police corruption.
The current policing strategies are working in
tandem with the Ministry of National Security’s emphasis on risk reduction through targeted social intervention, violence interruption and prevention programming; increased partnerships and coordination of crime prevention programming in target
communities; engagement of citizenry in the co-production of safety and security at the community levels as well as other crime and violence prevention strategies such as the use of Closed Circuit Television reflected within the recently revised
(2013) National Crime Prevention and Community Safety Strategy (“NCPCSS”). In addition to creating community-based structures and partnerships to enhance management of programmes at the local levels; improved diversion and
reintegration of ex-offenders and deported persons in order to reduce re-offending; and the establishment of risk assessment and case management processes that focus on young people most at risk of involvement in crime and violence, the NCPCSS has
highlighted the following strategic objectives:
| |
• |
|
Sustained reductions in fear of crime, crime and violence and related risk factors; |
| |
• |
|
Increased crime and violence prevention, reduction and control capacity of the State and its institutions; |
| |
• |
|
Enhanced collective efficacy (ability to work together towards a shared objective) of residents of priority communities, and their increased participation in the co-production of community safety; and |
| |
• |
|
Re-orientation of residents away from anti-social behavior and attitudes. |
The Ministry’s
crime prevention efforts are duly supported by the following international partners:
| |
• |
|
The United States Agency of International Development – Community Empowerment and Transformation Project II strengthening local governance structures; |
| |
• |
|
The European Union’s Poverty Reduction Program III/IV—supports community development through provision of basic physical infrastructure and social services in vulnerable and volatile communities;
|
| |
• |
|
The Justice Security Accountability and Transparency Project supporting capacity building of the law enforcement agencies and justice sector; |
| |
• |
|
The United Kingdom Department for International Development (“DFID”) Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Local Offenders and Deported Persons Programme; and |
D-40
| |
• |
|
The third phase of the Citizen Security and Justice Program funded by the Inter-American Development Bank (“IDB”), DFID and Global Affairs Canada, which is set to continue until 2019 in 50 vulnerable
communities. |
Measures taken by the Government in 1993 to enhance security, particularly in the major resort areas of the
north coast where special tourist security personnel were assigned, have been successful in reducing crimes against tourists. The economy and foreign direct investment can be negatively affected by a material increase in violent crimes and drug
trafficking. If the recent decreases in crime were not to continue and there were a material increase in violent crimes and drug trafficking, this could have a material negative impact on the Jamaican economy by reducing tourism and the sectors of
the economy that benefit from tourism as well as foreign direct investment.
In addition, the Government has strengthened the legislative
tools available to the criminal justice system. The law enforcement apparatus has been enhanced with the promulgation of critical pieces of legislation that will assist the police and prosecutors in their crime-fighting efforts. These are:
| |
• |
|
The Law Reform (Fraudulent Transactions) (Special Provisions) Act enacted in 2013 to address the scourge of ‘lottery scamming’; |
| |
• |
|
The Criminal Justice (Suppression of Criminal Organizations) Act enacted in 2014 to go after criminal gang leaders, members and facilitators. To date, 340 persons have been charged under this Act; and |
| |
• |
|
The DNA (Evidence) Act enacted March 2016. |
Crime Statistics
Crime prevention measures, particularly those implemented under the Citizen Security and Justice Programme (“CSJP”), have been
successful in tackling individual risk factors for crime and violence. Importantly, the 2012–2013 National Crime Victimization Survey for Jamaica found that, consistent with program objectives, respondents who reside in CSJP communities are
more likely to report that crime in their local community has declined over the last five years (44.1%) than respondents who reside in non-CSJP communities (27.5%).
As reported by the JCF Statistics Unit, crime statistics for 2015 increased as compared to the previous year. Serious violent crimes, which
include murders and shootings, showed a 7.83% increase during the period from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015, with 2,273 cases in 2015 as compared to 2,108 cases in the same period in 2014. When compared to the corresponding period
of 2014, crime statistics for the period from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015 revealed that the total number of murders increased by 20.1%, from 1,005 cases for the same period in 2014 to 1,207 in 2015. Conversely, the number of
reported cases of murder during the period January 1, 2016 to April 23, 2016 decreased by 2% with 339 cases when compared the corresponding period in 2015 with 346 cases.
D-41
THE EXTERNAL ECONOMY
Balance of Payments
Jamaica’s
balance of payments is dependent on international economic developments as well as domestic economic policies and programs. For 2015, the current account deficit improved significantly by US$802.0 million to US$326.2 million or 2.3% of GDP as
compared to a deficit of US$1,128.2 million, or 8.1% of GDP in 2014. This continues the trend improvement in the current account since 2011. The improvement in the current account balance for 2015 resulted from improvements in all sub-accounts, with
the exception of the income sub-account. In particular, the improvement in the current account reflected lower imports and related transportation outflows, largely due to the significant decline in international fuel prices, along with improvements
in travel and remittances flows. The current account measures the trade balance plus the balance on services, income and current transfers.
For the purpose of this section, exports include free-zone exports and goods procured in ports, while imports include free-zone imports and
goods procured in ports. Further, imports are recorded at their market value at the customs frontier of the economy from which they are exported.
In 2015, the merchandise trade deficit improved by 16.1% or US$605.7 million to US$3,153.3 million as compared to US$3,759.0 million in 2014,
primarily due to a contraction in the value of imports, which was partly offset by a reduction in earnings from exports. The value of imports declined by 15.2% or US$793.2 million to US$4.41 billion primarily due to decreases in mineral fuel and
food imports of US$824.9 million and US$78.4 million, respectively. A partially offsetting impact to the overall reduction in imports was an increase of US$66.6 million in the importation of machinery and transport equipment. The value of
merchandise exports declined by 12.9%, or US$187.5 million, to US$1,261.1 million, mainly due to decreases in earnings on exports of mineral fuel and food of US$34.2 million and US$19.9 million, respectively. The decrease in non-traditional food
exports was largely due to widespread drought conditions impacting agricultural production. Please note that these values are presented in the balance of payments, under “Free on Board” (“f.o.b.”) standards.
For 2015, the surplus on the services sub-account increased by 28.8% to US$806.1 million from US$626.1 million in 2014. The increase in the
surplus on services was primarily the result of an improvement in the balance on transportation as well as an increase in the surplus for travel, partly offset by a worsening in the deficit for other services. The deterioration of the other services
balance was mainly influenced by larger outflows from construction services, financial services and insurance & pension services.
The deficit on the net income sub-account was US$312.3 million, which reflected the impact of higher outflows of 9.0%, relative to the deficit
of US$286.5 million for 2014. The outturn for 2015 was mainly a result of an increase in interest income outflows and profit repatriation by foreign direct investment (“FDI”) related companies.
In 2015, net current transfers increased by 1.8% to US$2,333.3 million from US$2,291.2 million in 2014, primarily due to increases in personal
(private) transfers, which was partially offset by lower transfers from official sources.
The balance of payments results for 2015 were
influenced by net capital inflows from official and private sources, which were sufficient to finance the current account deficit. Most notably, there was an unprecedented improvement in the capital account balance reflecting a balance of US$1.4
billion in 2015, primarily due to the discount on the Petrocaribe debt repurchase. Portfolio Investments inflows were also strong due to the issuance of two bonds in July 2015, a portion of the proceeds of which financed the Petrocaribe debt
repurchase. Additionally, FDI inflows continued to be an important source of long term financing for the current account for Jamaica. See “—Foreign Direct Investment.” As a result, the net international reserves increased by US$435.9
million to US$2,437.0 million as at December 31, 2015.
D-42
The following table shows Jamaica’s balance of payments for the five years ended
December 31, 2015:
Balance of Payments (f.o.b.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$) |
|
| Current Account |
|
|
(1,913.8 |
) |
|
|
(1,378.6 |
) |
|
|
(1,312.7 |
) |
|
|
(1,128.2 |
) |
|
|
(326.2 |
) |
| Goods Balance |
|
|
(4,111.7 |
) |
|
|
(3,903.9 |
) |
|
|
(3,881.5 |
) |
|
|
(3,759.0 |
) |
|
|
(3,153.3 |
) |
| Exports(2) |
|
|
1,623.7 |
|
|
|
1,728.5 |
|
|
|
1,580.5 |
|
|
|
1,448.6 |
|
|
|
1,261.1 |
|
| Imports(3) |
|
|
5,735.3 |
|
|
|
5,632.4 |
|
|
|
5,462.0 |
|
|
|
5,207.6 |
|
|
|
4,414.4 |
|
| Services Balance |
|
|
667.5 |
|
|
|
536.1 |
|
|
|
625.1 |
|
|
|
626.1 |
|
|
|
806.1 |
|
| Transportation |
|
|
(559.7 |
) |
|
|
(726.2 |
) |
|
|
(689.5 |
) |
|
|
(696.0 |
) |
|
|
(570.9 |
) |
| Travel |
|
|
1,830.8 |
|
|
|
1,889.6 |
|
|
|
1,902.7 |
|
|
|
2,057.3 |
|
|
|
2,144.5 |
|
| Other Services |
|
|
(603.7 |
) |
|
|
(627.4 |
) |
|
|
(588.1 |
) |
|
|
(735.2 |
) |
|
|
(767.5 |
) |
| Goods and Services Balance |
|
|
(3,444.2 |
) |
|
|
(3,367.8 |
) |
|
|
(3,256.4 |
) |
|
|
(3,132.9 |
) |
|
|
(2,347.1 |
) |
| Income |
|
|
(459.4 |
) |
|
|
(122.1 |
) |
|
|
(276.9 |
) |
|
|
(286.5 |
) |
|
|
(312.3 |
) |
| Compensation of Employees |
|
|
46.3 |
|
|
|
49.7 |
|
|
|
29.9 |
|
|
|
63.9 |
|
|
|
80.6 |
|
| Investment Income |
|
|
(505.7 |
) |
|
|
(171.7 |
) |
|
|
(306.8 |
) |
|
|
(350.4 |
) |
|
|
(392.9 |
) |
| Current Transfers |
|
|
1,989.8 |
|
|
|
2,111.3 |
|
|
|
2,220.5 |
|
|
|
2,291.2 |
|
|
|
2,333.3 |
|
| General Government |
|
|
141.3 |
|
|
|
192.7 |
|
|
|
259.3 |
|
|
|
221.0 |
|
|
|
195.2 |
|
| Other Sectors |
|
|
1,848.4 |
|
|
|
1,918.5 |
|
|
|
1,961.2 |
|
|
|
2,070.2 |
|
|
|
2,138.1 |
|
| Capital and Financial Account |
|
|
1,913.8 |
|
|
|
1,378.6 |
|
|
|
1,312.7 |
|
|
|
1,128.2 |
|
|
|
326.2 |
|
| Capital Account |
|
|
(9.1 |
) |
|
|
(26.2 |
) |
|
|
(12.8 |
) |
|
|
(27.6 |
) |
|
|
1,430.0 |
|
| Official |
|
|
29.0 |
|
|
|
5.9 |
|
|
|
18.9 |
|
|
|
4.1 |
|
|
|
1,461.7 |
|
| Private |
|
|
(38.2 |
) |
|
|
(32.1 |
) |
|
|
(31.7 |
) |
|
|
(31.7 |
) |
|
|
(31.7 |
) |
| Financial Account |
|
|
1,923.0 |
|
|
|
1,404.9 |
|
|
|
1,325.6 |
|
|
|
1,155.8 |
|
|
|
(1,103.8 |
) |
| Other Official Investment |
|
|
488.7 |
|
|
|
356.4 |
|
|
|
496.6 |
|
|
|
821.8 |
|
|
|
(1,202.2 |
) |
| Other Private Investments (including errors and omissions) |
|
|
1,229.0 |
|
|
|
208.0 |
|
|
|
751.2 |
|
|
|
1,287.3 |
|
|
|
534.2 |
|
| (Increase)/Decrease in reserves(4) |
|
|
205.2 |
|
|
|
840.5 |
|
|
|
77.8 |
|
|
|
(953.3 |
) |
|
|
(435.9 |
) |
| (2) |
Based on recommendations contained in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual, exported goods include free-zone exports and goods procured in ports. |
| (3) |
Based on recommendations contained in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual, imported goods are recorded at their market value at the customs frontier of the economy from which they are exported and include
free-zone imports and goods procured in ports. |
| (4) |
Official International Reserves held by the Bank of Jamaica. |
Source: Bank of Jamaica.
Foreign Trade
Total merchandise trade
(exports plus imports) between Jamaica and its foreign trade partners in 2015, decreased by 14.2% to US$6,258.5 million as compared to US$7,295.8 million in 2014. The merchandise trade deficit decreased by 15.1% in 2015, to US$3,733.3 million,
compared to US$4,398.8 million in 2014. The decrease in the trade deficit in 2015 was primarily a result of lower imports of minerals, fuels and food. The value of exports decreased by 12.8% to US$1,262.6 million due primarily to lower earnings from
mineral fuels, manufactured goods, beverages and tobacco, chemicals and food. Notably, the contraction in imports of fuels of U$829.9 million or 41.8% occurred in the context of a decline of 47.5% in the annual average price of crude oil during this
period. Please note that these import values are values presented under “c.i.f.” standards, which include cost, insurance and freight costs and exports are presented at “f.o.b.” standards.
D-43
The following table shows the performance of merchandise trade for the five years ended
December 31, 2015:
Merchandise Trade (c.i.f)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Imports(1) |
|
|
% Change |
|
|
Exports(2) |
|
|
% Change |
|
|
Balance |
|
|
% Change |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$, except percentages) |
|
| 2011 |
|
|
6,364.8 |
|
|
|
19.5 |
|
|
|
1,732.5 |
|
|
|
29.7 |
|
|
|
(4,632.3 |
) |
|
|
16.1 |
|
| 2012 |
|
|
6,298.3 |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
1,742.8 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
|
|
|
(4,555.5 |
) |
|
|
(1.7 |
) |
| 2013 |
|
|
6,129.9 |
|
|
|
(2.7 |
) |
|
|
1,580.4 |
|
|
|
(9.3 |
) |
|
|
(4,549.5 |
) |
|
|
(0.1 |
) |
| 2014 |
|
|
5,847.3 |
|
|
|
(4.6 |
) |
|
|
1,448.5 |
|
|
|
(8.3 |
) |
|
|
(4,398.8 |
) |
|
|
(3.3 |
) |
| 2015 |
|
|
4,995.9 |
|
|
|
(14.6 |
) |
|
|
1,262.6 |
|
|
|
(12.8 |
) |
|
|
(3,733.3 |
) |
|
|
(15.1 |
) |
| (1) |
Merchandise imports are cost, insurance and freight values, which differ in presentation from the import values presented in the balance of payments. |
| (2) |
Exports as listed in this table include free-zone exports and exclude goods procured in ports. |
Source:
Statistical Institute of Jamaica.
Exports
Total exports, including the Jamaica Free Zone, in 2015, decreased by 12.8% to US$1,262.6 million, compared to US$1,448.5 million earned in
2014, primarily due to decreases in domestic exports of mineral fuels, food, beverages, tobacco and manufactured goods.
Traditional
exports, including the Jamaica Free Zone, increased by 1.1% in 2015 to US$792.9 million from US$784.1 million in 2014, primarily due to increased earnings from alumina and coffee. Alumina exports totaled US$542.3 million in 2015 compared to US$529.4
million in 2014, an increase of 2.4%. Bauxite exports, which are primarily exported to the United States, fell to US$129.9 million in 2015, compared to US$131.2 million in 2014. Manufacturing decreased by 11.9% to US$92.3 million compared to
US$104.7 million in 2014, primarily due to significantly lower earnings from sugar and rum. The value of sugar exported in 2015 decreased by 3.5% to US$53.8 million from US$55.8 million in 2014, which was mainly due to lower export volumes, as a
result of decreased production and reduced prices in the international market. Rum exports decreased by 22.0% to US$35.0 million from US$44.9 million in 2014, primarily due to increased competition other countries where rum production is subsidized.
Agriculture, however, increased by 51.9 % to US$28.5 million, from US$18.7 million in 2014, due mainly to higher receipts from Coffee, which was valued at US$25.2 million, an 86.9% increase when compared to 2014. Exports of banana accounted for
US$0.2 million in 2015.
Non-traditional exports, including the Jamaica Free Zone, decreased by 29.7% to US$419.2 million in 2015 from
US$596.0 million in 2014, primarily due to decreased earnings from mineral fuels, crude materials, food and Beverages and Tobacco (excluding rum). Receipts from mineral fuels and related products decreased to US$194.3 million in 2015, as compared to
US$301.4 million in 2014, primarily due to lower prices in the international market. Exports of non-traditional food decreased by 13.7% to US$126.4 million, as compared to US$146.5 million in 2014.
D-44
The following table shows Jamaica’s exports by sector for the five years ended
December 31, 2015:
Exports
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014(1) |
|
|
2015 |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$) |
|
| Traditional Exports |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Agriculture |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Banana |
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
| Citrus |
|
|
2.2 |
|
|
|
1.9 |
|
|
|
3.3 |
|
|
|
1.7 |
|
|
|
1.3 |
|
| Coffee |
|
|
18.3 |
|
|
|
13.8 |
|
|
|
16.3 |
|
|
|
13.5 |
|
|
|
25.2 |
|
| Cocoa |
|
|
1.1 |
|
|
|
1.9 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
0.4 |
|
| Pimento |
|
|
1.8 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
|
|
1.9 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
|
|
1.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
23.5 |
|
|
|
20.0 |
|
|
|
22.1 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
|
|
28.5 |
|
| Mining and Quarrying |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bauxite |
|
|
141.9 |
|
|
|
130.1 |
|
|
|
128.0 |
|
|
|
131.2 |
|
|
|
129.9 |
|
| Alumina |
|
|
580.7 |
|
|
|
508.3 |
|
|
|
523.7 |
|
|
|
529.4 |
|
|
|
542.3 |
|
| Gypsum |
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
0.4 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
722.7 |
|
|
|
638.8 |
|
|
|
651.7 |
|
|
|
660.7 |
|
|
|
672.2 |
|
| Manufacturing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sugar |
|
|
62.2 |
|
|
|
94.1 |
|
|
|
53.2 |
|
|
|
55.8 |
|
|
|
53.8 |
|
| Rum |
|
|
42.9 |
|
|
|
55.7 |
|
|
|
48.2 |
|
|
|
44.9 |
|
|
|
35.0 |
|
| Citrus Products |
|
|
0.3 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
|
|
|
0.4 |
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
| Coffee Products |
|
|
2.3 |
|
|
|
4.1 |
|
|
|
3.2 |
|
|
|
2.8 |
|
|
|
2.7 |
|
| Cocoa Products |
|
|
0.8 |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
0.9 |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
108.1 |
|
|
|
155.5 |
|
|
|
105.7 |
|
|
|
104.7 |
|
|
|
92.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Traditional Exports |
|
|
854.3 |
|
|
|
814.3 |
|
|
|
779.5 |
|
|
|
784.1 |
|
|
|
792.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-Traditional Exports |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Food and Beverage |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pumpkins |
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
0.7 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
0.4 |
|
| Dasheens |
|
|
1.7 |
|
|
|
1.7 |
|
|
|
1.6 |
|
|
|
1.4 |
|
|
|
1.4 |
|
| Sweet Potatoes |
|
|
2.6 |
|
|
|
2.8 |
|
|
|
3.6 |
|
|
|
2.6 |
|
|
|
2.6 |
|
| Yams |
|
|
19.6 |
|
|
|
19.6 |
|
|
|
22.2 |
|
|
|
22.1 |
|
|
|
19.4 |
|
| Papayas |
|
|
2.5 |
|
|
|
4.5 |
|
|
|
3.4 |
|
|
|
3.8 |
|
|
|
3.8 |
|
| Ackee |
|
|
12.4 |
|
|
|
13.9 |
|
|
|
15.5 |
|
|
|
11.9 |
|
|
|
14.0 |
|
| Other Fruits & Fruit Preparations |
|
|
5.1 |
|
|
|
7.0 |
|
|
|
5.7 |
|
|
|
5.6 |
|
|
|
4.1 |
|
| Meat & Meat Preparations |
|
|
3.6 |
|
|
|
3.9 |
|
|
|
5.0 |
|
|
|
4.7 |
|
|
|
4.8 |
|
| Dairy Products & Birds’ Eggs |
|
|
7.4 |
|
|
|
6.9 |
|
|
|
6.2 |
|
|
|
5.9 |
|
|
|
5.8 |
|
| Fish, Crustaceans & Mollusks |
|
|
8.0 |
|
|
|
8.9 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
12.4 |
|
|
|
10.0 |
|
| Other Food Exports |
|
|
72.4 |
|
|
|
74.4 |
|
|
|
77.9 |
|
|
|
75.6 |
|
|
|
59.5 |
|
| Beverages and Tobacco (excluding rum) |
|
|
69.3 |
|
|
|
48.2 |
|
|
|
35.0 |
|
|
|
35.3 |
|
|
|
25.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
205.8 |
|
|
|
192.2 |
|
|
|
187.7 |
|
|
|
181.8 |
|
|
|
151.8 |
|
| Inedible Materials |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Limestone |
|
|
2.1 |
|
|
|
1.5 |
|
|
|
2.5 |
|
|
|
2.9 |
|
|
|
3.2 |
|
| Waste & Scrap |
|
|
39.7 |
|
|
|
22.0 |
|
|
|
26.7 |
|
|
|
33.8 |
|
|
|
11.5 |
|
| Other |
|
|
2.9 |
|
|
|
3.0 |
|
|
|
4.5 |
|
|
|
2.7 |
|
|
|
4.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
44.9 |
|
|
|
26.5 |
|
|
|
33.7 |
|
|
|
39.4 |
|
|
|
19.0 |
|
| Mineral Fuels and related products |
|
|
371.8 |
|
|
|
387.7 |
|
|
|
351.2 |
|
|
|
301.4 |
|
|
|
194.2 |
|
| Ethanol |
|
|
117.1 |
|
|
|
194.8 |
|
|
|
88.8 |
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
| Apparel |
|
|
1.5 |
|
|
|
1.4 |
|
|
|
1.4 |
|
|
|
1.4 |
|
|
|
0.9 |
|
| Furniture |
|
|
1.1 |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
0.7 |
|
| Other Exports |
|
|
49.2 |
|
|
|
56.9 |
|
|
|
36.2 |
|
|
|
71.4 |
|
|
|
52.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
540.6 |
|
|
|
641.9 |
|
|
|
498.2 |
|
|
|
374.8 |
|
|
|
248.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Non-Traditional Exports |
|
|
790.6 |
|
|
|
860.5 |
|
|
|
719.6 |
|
|
|
596.0 |
|
|
|
419.2 |
|
| Re-Exports |
|
|
87.2 |
|
|
|
67.8 |
|
|
|
81.2 |
|
|
|
68.4 |
|
|
|
50.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Exports |
|
|
1,732.5 |
|
|
|
1,742.8 |
|
|
|
1,580.4 |
|
|
|
1,448.5 |
|
|
|
1,262.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: Statistical Institute of Jamaica.
D-45
In the past, the Jamaican sugar and banana industries and, less significantly, traditional rum
and rice suppliers, enjoyed preferential trade arrangements with respect to exports to the European Union pursuant to the CPA. The EPA, which replaces the trade provisions of the CPA, was signed in October 2008. This free trade agreement provides
for duty-free, quota-free access to the European Union market for most goods, as at January 1, 2009. The EPA is currently being applied provisionally, and Jamaica is in the process of implementing this agreement. This agreement has a strong
development component. Under the 10th European Development Fund’s Caribbean Regional Indicative Programme, approximately €72.0 million were allocated to CARIFORUM States for the EPA
Implementation. At the national level, Jamaica is in the process of implementing two projects in respect of the EPA (“EPA I and II”).
The EPA Capacity Building Project (“EPA I”), which was signed on May 4, 2012 in the amount of €2.25 million,
is designed to enhance Jamaica’s competitiveness goals as outlined in the National Export Strategy and Vision 2030 Jamaica – National Development Plan. The accreditation of official testing laboratories, which is one aspect of the
project, will mostly address ISO 17025 standards since this is the internationally recognized standard under the provisions of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. Capacity building interventions are being undertaken in
food-related laboratories which provide support to the export industry. The project aims to promote export competitiveness and food security.
The EPA Capacity Building Project (“EPA II”) was formulated through sector wide needs assessment/consultation with business support
organizations and public sector food laboratories from November 2012 to February 2013. It is designed to enhance the supply-side micro and medium to small-sized enterprises and to continue capacity building within public sector laboratories and
support accreditation agencies, aligning them with the strategic priorities of the Government of Jamaica. The expectation is that through these interventions, Jamaica’s agricultural health and food quality systems will attain a level of
compliance which enhances food security and international competitiveness. Approximately €5.0 million was allocated for the EPA II to build on the initiatives undertaken under the EPA I. EPA II will expand its main focus to include
addressing upstream problems from the supply side, broadening the European Union action in creating a sustainable and enabling environment for increased market presence of Jamaican exports.
The EPA is reciprocal and asymmetrical in nature, and covers trade in traditional export products, such as sugar, bananas, rum and rice, which
will ultimately enter the European Union duty-free and quota-free. The European Union’s preferential system for bananas ended on January 1, 2006, and the sugar regime that existed under the CPA ended on September 30, 2009. As at
October 1, 2009, ACP sugar exporters have duty-free, quota-free access to the European Union market under a managed system lasting until 2015. Thereafter, sugar will enter the European Union market duty-free and quota-free under the EPA. See
“Jamaica—International Relationships—The CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership Agreement.”
The Jamaican banana industry
contributed minimally to the export earnings for the years 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. This was due to the exit of the major exporter from the market, as a result of devastating hurricanes in recent years. Jamaica has already commenced
initiatives designed to improve the competitiveness of Jamaican bananas. See “The Jamaican Economy—Principal Sectors of the Economy—Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing.”
Imports
Merchandise imports
decreased by 14.6% in 2015 to US$4,995.9 million from US$5,847.3 million in 2014. This decrease in the value of imports was primarily due in part to lower spending in most of the commodity groups. Mineral fuels and related products imports decreased
by 41.8% to US$1,147.0 million compared to US$1,971.9 million in 2014 due to significantly lower prices in the international market. In 2015, expenditure on food fell by 8.5% to US$840.9 million primarily due to lower prices for grains, while
chemicals fell by 3.2% to US$582.4 million. For the purposes of this discussion, imports include cost, insurance and freight values and include free-zone imports and exclude goods procured in ports.
D-46
The following table shows Jamaica’s imports for the five years ended December 31, 2015:
Imports (c.i.f.)(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014(2) |
|
|
2015 |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$) |
|
| Mineral Fuels and related products |
|
|
2,287.3 |
|
|
|
2,178.3 |
|
|
|
2,176.7 |
|
|
|
1,971.9 |
|
|
|
1,147.0 |
|
| Machinery |
|
|
906.1 |
|
|
|
901.4 |
|
|
|
905.7 |
|
|
|
964.2 |
|
|
|
1,030.8 |
|
| Food |
|
|
936.3 |
|
|
|
952.4 |
|
|
|
963.6 |
|
|
|
919.3 |
|
|
|
840.9 |
|
| Beverages & Tobacco |
|
|
77.3 |
|
|
|
79.8 |
|
|
|
77.1 |
|
|
|
73.4 |
|
|
|
71.7 |
|
| Crude Materials (excl. Fuels) |
|
|
62.3 |
|
|
|
46.7 |
|
|
|
56.0 |
|
|
|
63.9 |
|
|
|
56.5 |
|
| Animal & Vegetable Oils & Fats |
|
|
58.4 |
|
|
|
51.4 |
|
|
|
42.8 |
|
|
|
35.4 |
|
|
|
32.4 |
|
| Chemicals |
|
|
868.6 |
|
|
|
896.4 |
|
|
|
749.1 |
|
|
|
601.7 |
|
|
|
582.4 |
|
| Manufactured Goods |
|
|
641.0 |
|
|
|
617.9 |
|
|
|
600.6 |
|
|
|
611.5 |
|
|
|
646.9 |
|
| Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles |
|
|
458.8 |
|
|
|
455.5 |
|
|
|
444.0 |
|
|
|
490.7 |
|
|
|
478.4 |
|
| Other |
|
|
68.4 |
|
|
|
118.1 |
|
|
|
114.3 |
|
|
|
115.2 |
|
|
|
108.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Imports |
|
|
6,364.8 |
|
|
|
6,298.3 |
|
|
|
6,129.9 |
|
|
|
5,847.3 |
|
|
|
4,995.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (1) |
Merchandise imports are c.i.f. values which differ in presentation from import values presented in the balance of payments. |
Source: Statistical Institute of Jamaica.
Trading Partners
The United
States of America, Canada, the Netherlands, Iceland and the Russian Federation were Jamaica’s main trading partners for exports in 2015. The main trading partners for imports in 2015 were the United States of America, Trinidad and Tobago,
China, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Japan.
The following tables show the direction of trade for the five years ended
December 31, 2015:
Exports (f.o.b.) by Destination
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014(1) |
|
|
2015 |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$) |
|
| NAFTA |
|
|
1,202.3 |
|
|
|
963.0 |
|
|
|
991.9 |
|
|
|
791.0 |
|
|
|
649.3 |
|
| of which USA |
|
|
934.5 |
|
|
|
837.5 |
|
|
|
767.1 |
|
|
|
568.7 |
|
|
|
464.7 |
|
| of which Canada |
|
|
263.4 |
|
|
|
122.6 |
|
|
|
221.8 |
|
|
|
221.6 |
|
|
|
182.5 |
|
| European Union |
|
|
267.7 |
|
|
|
347.4 |
|
|
|
290.7 |
|
|
|
274.8 |
|
|
|
209.1 |
|
| of which UK |
|
|
111.4 |
|
|
|
45.0 |
|
|
|
81.8 |
|
|
|
74.2 |
|
|
|
77.2 |
|
| CARICOM |
|
|
67.8 |
|
|
|
83.2 |
|
|
|
79.7 |
|
|
|
90.1 |
|
|
|
57.0 |
|
| Japan |
|
|
13.7 |
|
|
|
10.7 |
|
|
|
12.4 |
|
|
|
9.2 |
|
|
|
17.2 |
|
| Other countries |
|
|
181.0 |
|
|
|
338.3 |
|
|
|
205.7 |
|
|
|
283.4 |
|
|
|
330.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
1,732.5 |
|
|
|
1,742.8 |
|
|
|
1,580.4 |
|
|
|
1,448.5 |
|
|
|
1,262.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: Statistical Institute of Jamaica.
Imports (c.i.f.) by Origin(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014(2) |
|
|
2015 |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$) |
|
| NAFTA |
|
|
2,458.8 |
|
|
|
2,522.6 |
|
|
|
2,426.5 |
|
|
|
2,548.7 |
|
|
|
2,067.4 |
|
| of which USA |
|
|
2,099.2 |
|
|
|
2,153.6 |
|
|
|
2,051.1 |
|
|
|
2,245.0 |
|
|
|
1,842.0 |
|
| of which Canada |
|
|
117.0 |
|
|
|
100.7 |
|
|
|
101.0 |
|
|
|
106.1 |
|
|
|
95.2 |
|
| European Union |
|
|
399.1 |
|
|
|
377.5 |
|
|
|
366.9 |
|
|
|
427.3 |
|
|
|
433.8 |
|
| of which UK |
|
|
85.0 |
|
|
|
85.0 |
|
|
|
68.9 |
|
|
|
62.7 |
|
|
|
68.5 |
|
| CARICOM |
|
|
973.3 |
|
|
|
893.7 |
|
|
|
926.9 |
|
|
|
762.9 |
|
|
|
599.1 |
|
| Japan |
|
|
148.5 |
|
|
|
205.8 |
|
|
|
184.0 |
|
|
|
156.4 |
|
|
|
177.3 |
|
| Other countries |
|
|
2,385.1 |
|
|
|
2,298.7 |
|
|
|
2,225.6 |
|
|
|
1,952.0 |
|
|
|
1,718.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
6,364.8 |
|
|
|
6,298.3 |
|
|
|
6,129.9 |
|
|
|
5,847.3 |
|
|
|
4,995.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (1) |
Merchandise imports are c.i.f. values which differ in presentation from import values presented in the balance of payments. |
Source: Statistical Institute of Jamaica.
D-47
Foreign Direct Investment
FDI reached a twelve-year low of US$218.2 million in 2011 and rebounded in 2012 with an increase of US$195.1 million or 89.4% to US$413.3
million. Since 2013, FDI has returned with an average growth rate of 25.9% reaching US$794.5 million in 2015 driven largely by road infrastructure and tourism projects.
Annual FDI Flows to Jamaica by Sector: 2008 - 2015
In 2015, the following countries each provided FDI to Jamaica in the following percentages: Mexico (24.6%),
China (23.4%), Barbados (11.1%) and Spain (9.3%). Latin America and the Caribbean took over from Asia as the largest geographical region providing direct investment to Jamaica, comprised largely of Mexican and Barbadian investments in the
tourism sector.
D-48
Quarterly FDI Flows to Jamaica by Region: FY 2013/14, FY 2014/15 & FY-DEC 2015/16
Source: Bank of Jamaica
For 2015, there was net incurrence of portfolio investment liabilities (inflows) of US$1,291.4 million relative to US$465.9 million for 2014.
The results for 2015 largely resulted from portfolio liabilities (inflows) of US$1,800.1 million (of which US$1,704.9 million was due to the issuance of two Government bonds in July 2015, a portion of the proceeds which were used to finance the
Petrocaribe debt repurchase). This was partially offset by an increase in portfolio assets (outflows) of US$508.7 million for the year. The increased portfolio assets (outflows) for 2015 were mainly attributable to residents’ acquisition of
bonds issued by non-Jamaican companies.
Similarly, the results for 2014 reflected an incurrence of portfolio liabilities (inflows) of
US$782.2 million (of which US$641.4 million were debt securities and US$140.8 million were equity). In 2014, there was net incurrence of portfolio assets of US$316.3 million, primarily due to an increase in residents’ holdings of bonds issued
by non-Jamaican companies to US$323.6 million which were partially offset by a net liquidation of holdings in non-resident companies by Jamaican residents of US$7.3 million.
Portfolio Investments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2013(1) |
|
|
2014(1) |
|
|
2015(2) |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$) |
|
| A. Net Acquisition of Portfolio Assets (outflows)/inflows |
|
|
122.6 |
|
|
|
316.3 |
|
|
|
508.7 |
|
| Equity |
|
|
(13.5 |
) |
|
|
(7.3 |
) |
|
|
29.8 |
|
| Bonds |
|
|
136.0 |
|
|
|
323.6 |
|
|
|
478.9 |
|
| B. Net Incurrence of Portfolio Liabilities inflows/(outflows) |
|
|
99.0 |
|
|
|
782.2 |
|
|
|
1,800.1 |
|
| Equity |
|
|
(13.9 |
) |
|
|
140.8 |
|
|
|
95.2 |
|
| Bonds |
|
|
112.9 |
|
|
|
641.4 |
|
|
|
1,704.9 |
|
| C. Net Portfolio Investments Balance [A minus B]
(inflows)/outflows |
|
|
23.6 |
|
|
|
(465.9 |
) |
|
|
(1,291.4 |
) |
International Reserves
Net international reserves of the Bank of Jamaica increased to US$2,437.0 million as at December 31, 2015, from US$2,001.09 million as at
December 31, 2014. Gross international reserves as at December 31, 2015 were US$2,913.8 million, or approximately 23.5 weeks of goods and services imports.
D-49
As of March 31, 2016, net international reserves of the Bank of Jamaica were US$2,415.5
million, with gross international reserves at US$2,894.3 million or approximately 23.3 weeks of goods and services imports.
The following
table shows the Bank of Jamaica’s international reserves for the period December 31, 2011 to December 31, 2015 and as to March 31, 2016.
International Reserves
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
|
March 31,
2016 |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$) |
|
| Supplementary Fund |
|
|
155.3 |
|
|
|
157.5 |
|
|
|
137.7 |
|
|
|
463.2 |
|
|
|
479.4 |
|
|
|
473.3 |
|
| Special Drawing Rights |
|
|
330.4 |
|
|
|
290.9 |
|
|
|
295.3 |
|
|
|
269.2 |
|
|
|
250.4 |
|
|
|
252.8 |
|
| Other Reserves |
|
|
2,334.7 |
|
|
|
1,532.4 |
|
|
|
1,384.6 |
|
|
|
1,740.6 |
|
|
|
2,184.0 |
|
|
|
2,168.2 |
|
| Gross International Reserves |
|
|
2,820.4 |
|
|
|
1,980.8 |
|
|
|
1,817.6 |
|
|
|
2,473.0 |
|
|
|
2,913.8 |
|
|
|
2,894.3 |
|
| Total Foreign Liabilities |
|
|
854.3 |
|
|
|
855.2 |
|
|
|
769.7 |
|
|
|
471.9 |
|
|
|
476.8 |
|
|
|
478.8 |
|
| Net International Reserves |
|
|
1,966.1 |
|
|
|
1,125.6 |
|
|
|
1,047.8 |
|
|
|
2,001.1 |
|
|
|
2,437.0 |
|
|
|
2,415.5 |
|
| Gross Reserves in Weeks of Merchandise Imports |
|
|
25.5 |
|
|
|
17.8 |
|
|
|
17.3 |
|
|
|
26.3 |
|
|
|
34.6 |
|
|
|
34.4 |
|
| Gross Reserves in Weeks of Goods & Services Imports |
|
|
19.2 |
|
|
|
13.3 |
|
|
|
12.8 |
|
|
|
18.4 |
|
|
|
23.5 |
|
|
|
23.3 |
|
Source:
Bank of Jamaica.
Exchange Rates
As part of its economic liberalization program, Jamaica began gradually dismantling exchange controls in 1990 and formally abolished all
remaining exchange controls with the repeal in 1992 of the Exchange Control Act. The movement of foreign exchange into and out of Jamaica is unrestricted. All Jamaican residents are permitted to hold, invest and borrow in foreign currency.
Non-residents are also permitted to invest and borrow both local and foreign currency in Jamaica. However, only an authorized dealer may carry on the business of trading in foreign currency or foreign currency instruments. In addition, an authorized
dealer must be party to any transaction involving the buying or selling of foreign currency or foreign currency instruments in return for Jamaica dollars and the lending or borrowing of foreign currency. Cambios and bureaux de change are authorized
specifically to buy and sell foreign currency.
Since the repeal of the Exchange Control Act in 1992, the exchange rate has been
determined by market conditions and Jamaica has not set any trading band or target.
During 2015, the Jamaica dollar gradually depreciated
against the US dollar, with the JA/US dollar exchange rate rising from J$114.66 per US$1.00 at December 31, 2014 to J$120.42 per US$1.00 at December 31, 2015, a depreciation of 5.0%. Total purchases and sales reported by authorized foreign
currency traders increased to US$10,002.3 million and US$10,250.2 million, respectively in 2015 from US$9,256.9 million and US$9,015.2 million, respectively, in 2014. During 2015, the Bank of Jamaica’s intervention in the market resulted in net
foreign currency–sale of US$609.8 million via the trading room in contrast to net foreign currency purchase of US$37.6 million via the trading room in 2014.
The official exchange rate as at March 31, 2016 was J$122.04 per US$1.00, representing an annual depreciation of 6.08% for the first
three months of 2016 relative to the annual depreciation of 5.0% as at end-2015. The faster pace of depreciation against the US dollar for the March 2016 quarter occurred in the context of a net outflow from the foreign exchange market,
notwithstanding a decline in the net demand to satisfy balance of payments current account transactions. The net outflow for the quarter was underpinned by private capital outflows, possibly related to increased investor uncertainty associated with
the general elections and the anticipated impact of liquidity, which
D-50
would emanate from the pay-out of the NDX bonds of J$60.3 billion in February 2016. However, demand pressures in the foreign exchange market were assuaged by Bank of Jamaica sales of US$298.2
million during the first quarter of 2016. The decline in net demand for current account transactions reflected lower payments and higher receipts. Lower payments were underpinned by declines in all categories of imports while higher receipts
reflected the impact of improved inflows from tourism and remittances.
The Federal Reserve Bank of New York does not report a noon buying
rate for the JA dollar. The official exchange rate published by the Bank of Jamaica for US dollars on March 31, 2016 was J$122.04 per US$1.00. See “Exchange Rates.”
D-51
PUBLIC FINANCE
The Central Government Budget
The
Government of Jamaica includes all ministries, departments and agencies whose activities form part of the budgetary operation of the central administration. The operations of Central Government and state-owned enterprises are now referred to as the
overall public sector.
Jamaica’s fiscal year runs from April 1 of each year to March 31 of the following year.
Pursuant to the Constitution and the FRF, the Minister of Finance and the Public Service with responsibility for preparing estimates of revenue and expenditure and submitting those estimates to Parliament for approval before the beginning of the
fiscal year to which they relate. In addition, the Minister of Finance must present a Fiscal Policy Paper, detailing multi-year budgets and targets and the fiscal strategy being pursued to achieve these targets. The Ministry of Finance, in
conjunction with other ministries, departments, and agencies, prepares multi-year draft budgets, which must be approved by the Cabinet prior to its submission to Parliament. Under the aegis of the enhanced fiscal rules which were legislated in March
2014, Parliament is required to approve the budget prior to the start of the fiscal year to which the budget relates, that is, no later than March 31, beginning with the FY 2015/16 Budget. For FY 2016/17, there was a delay in the tabling of the
budget, due to the General Elections on February 25, 2016.
The budget distinguishes between recurrent and capital expenditure.
Recurrent expenditure refers to operating expenditure of the Central Government, while capital expenditure refers to the Central Government’s planned investment for the fiscal year. The major criteria used in determining allocation levels for
recurrent expenditure are expenditure ceilings based on Jamaica’s economic policy, Jamaica’s priorities for the fiscal year, and commitments arising from the continuation of programs, projects and policies previously authorized by the
Cabinet. Such commitments include interest on public debt, a statutory obligation that is paid first, as well as salaries, rent and public utilities. The major criteria used in deciding allocation levels for capital expenditure are current year
projections for public investment, multilateral/bilateral programs and the implementation status of projects.
Jamaica’s significant
indebtedness has impacted the ability of the Government to increase its spending in education, healthcare, and infrastructure and the Government has supplemented that spending and utilized bilateral (project) funding flows to meet the demands of
these sectors. Fiscal space has been limited as debt payments must be made before funds are available to Jamaica for other policies and programs. To alleviate the possible adverse impact of fiscal adjustment on the most vulnerable, the EFF includes
a floor on social spending for the most vulnerable in the population. The allocations from revenues to education, healthcare, and national security have been mainly to cover the operating costs of these ministries/sectors. The capital budgets of
these ministries, however, have been supplemented by bilateral and multilateral (project) funding. These funds are used to build and maintain schools, maintain hospital equipment and buildings in the health sector, and make infrastructural
improvements. For example, the Major Infrastructure Development Program, is being implemented to improve the road network throughout the island.
D-52
The following table shows Jamaica’s fiscal results for FY 2012/13 through FY 2016/17:
Government Revenue and Expenditure
In millions of J$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2012/13 |
|
|
2013/14 |
|
|
2014/15 |
|
|
2015/16 |
|
|
2016/17(7) |
|
| Revenue and Grants |
|
|
344,677.7 |
|
|
|
396,979.5 |
|
|
|
411,716.1 |
|
|
|
455,835.8 |
|
|
|
484,763.0 |
|
| Tax Revenue |
|
|
319,764.9 |
|
|
|
343,836.0 |
|
|
|
370,877.7 |
|
|
|
411,854.0 |
|
|
|
445,488.9 |
|
| Income and Profits |
|
|
115,877.1 |
|
|
|
112,647.9 |
|
|
|
120,854.2 |
|
|
|
130,759.7 |
|
|
|
138,065.0 |
|
| Production and Consumption |
|
|
96,459.9 |
|
|
|
115,212.1 |
|
|
|
120,421.4 |
|
|
|
133,792.2 |
|
|
|
139,638.7 |
|
| Of which GCT (local) |
|
|
50,897.1 |
|
|
|
61,264.9 |
|
|
|
63,994.6 |
|
|
|
72,745.0 |
|
|
|
77,058.2 |
|
| International Trade |
|
|
105,305.7 |
|
|
|
113,891.8 |
|
|
|
127,237.7 |
|
|
|
147,302.1 |
|
|
|
167,785.3 |
|
| Non-Tax Revenue(1) |
|
|
18,765.1 |
|
|
|
41,047.1 |
|
|
|
34,311.5 |
|
|
|
35,748.6 |
|
|
|
30,537.2 |
|
| Bauxite Levy |
|
|
1,163.7 |
|
|
|
1,009.5 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
2,116.9 |
|
|
|
2,818.2 |
|
| Capital Revenue(2) |
|
|
1,015.8 |
|
|
|
658.3 |
|
|
|
1,509.1 |
|
|
|
652.7 |
|
|
|
669.8 |
|
| Grants |
|
|
3,968.3 |
|
|
|
10,428.6 |
|
|
|
5,017.8 |
|
|
|
5,463.6 |
|
|
|
5,248.9 |
|
| Expenditure |
|
|
399,278.9 |
|
|
|
395,241.7 |
|
|
|
418,986.4 |
|
|
|
460,719.5 |
|
|
|
502,373.8 |
|
| Recurrent Expenditure(3) |
|
|
361,521.0 |
|
|
|
358,252.8 |
|
|
|
395,967.3 |
|
|
|
427,972.2 |
|
|
|
459,373.0 |
|
| Programs |
|
|
87,201.5 |
|
|
|
91,971.7 |
|
|
|
112,696.6 |
|
|
|
133,505.2 |
|
|
|
139,772.4 |
|
| Compensation(4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
181,141.9 |
|
| Of which Wages and Salaries |
|
|
147,381.8 |
|
|
|
156,361.6 |
|
|
|
158,758.5 |
|
|
|
168,787.4 |
|
|
|
170,193.5 |
|
| of which Back pay(5) |
|
|
9,602.9 |
|
|
|
12,516.2 |
|
|
|
7,434.4 |
|
|
|
5,272.3 |
|
|
|
3,460.1 |
|
| Of which Employer’s Contribution |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10,948.4 |
|
| Interest |
|
|
126,937.7 |
|
|
|
109,919.5 |
|
|
|
124,512.1 |
|
|
|
125,679.6 |
|
|
|
138,458.7 |
|
| Domestic |
|
|
87,729.1 |
|
|
|
68,728.9 |
|
|
|
76,052.1 |
|
|
|
71,391.3 |
|
|
|
64,779.7 |
|
| Foreign |
|
|
39,208.6 |
|
|
|
41,190.6 |
|
|
|
48,460.5 |
|
|
|
54,288.3 |
|
|
|
73,679.0 |
|
| Capital Expenditure(6) |
|
|
37,757.9 |
|
|
|
36,988.9 |
|
|
|
23,019.1 |
|
|
|
32,747.3 |
|
|
|
43,000.8 |
|
| Fiscal Surplus (Deficit) |
|
|
(54,601.1 |
) |
|
|
1,737.7 |
|
|
|
(7,270.8 |
) |
|
|
(4,883.7 |
) |
|
|
(17,610.8 |
) |
| Loan Receipts |
|
|
144,347.1 |
|
|
|
93,527.4 |
|
|
|
168,705.9 |
|
|
|
298,600.5 |
|
|
|
89,384.4 |
|
| External |
|
|
10,276.9 |
|
|
|
53,407.7 |
|
|
|
129,458.0 |
|
|
|
269,596.2 |
|
|
|
47,462.7 |
|
| Domestic |
|
|
134,070.2 |
|
|
|
40,119.8 |
|
|
|
39,247.9 |
|
|
|
29,004.3 |
|
|
|
41,921.7 |
|
| Amortization |
|
|
88,329.8 |
|
|
|
106,640.2 |
|
|
|
87,635.5 |
|
|
|
342,726.0 |
|
|
|
77,560.1 |
|
| External |
|
|
51,235.0 |
|
|
|
30,036.0 |
|
|
|
57,883.9 |
|
|
|
265,007.1 |
|
|
|
50,748.5 |
|
| Domestic |
|
|
37,094.8 |
|
|
|
76,604.2 |
|
|
|
29,751.6 |
|
|
|
77,718.9 |
|
|
|
26,811.6 |
|
| Primary Surplus (Deficit) |
|
|
72,336.5 |
|
|
|
111,657.2 |
|
|
|
117,241.8 |
|
|
|
120,795.9 |
|
|
|
120,847.9 |
|
| Overall Surplus (Deficit) |
|
|
1,416.2 |
|
|
|
(11,375.0 |
) |
|
|
73,799.6 |
|
|
|
(42,938.0 |
) |
|
|
8,752.7 |
|
| GDP(7) |
|
|
1,340,300.0 |
|
|
|
1,459,500.0 |
|
|
|
1,570,115.0 |
|
|
|
1,631,400.0 |
|
|
|
1,726,400.0 |
|
| (1) |
Non-tax revenue includes user fees, dividends from government owned entities and interest revenue. |
| (2) |
Capital revenue includes royalties and loan repayments. |
| (3) |
Recurrent expenditure refers to the Government’s day-to-day operational expenses. |
| (4) |
Based on adoption of a Revised Chart of Accounts beginning with the FY 2016/17 Budget, consistent with the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics, the fiscal accounts now show a category called Compensation broken out
into (a) wages and salaries paid to employees and (b) contributions made by the Government toward statutory deductions and health insurance. |
| (5) |
Back pay represents payments, in any given year, of wages/salaries and allowances due for previous fiscal years. |
| (6) |
Capital expenditure refers to Jamaica’s investment for the fiscal year. |
| (7) |
GDP is calculated on a calendar year basis. Therefore, the number presented represents an estimate of GDP for the fiscal year. The gross domestic product series was revised in 2003 and subsequently revised again in
2008. This revision was made in order to capture the changing structure of industries in the manufacturing, financial and insurance services, business services and the miscellaneous services sectors. In addition the base year has been changed from
1986 to 1996. |
| (8) |
The figures provided in this column represent the 2016/17 Budget. |
Source: Ministry of Finance and Planning
and the Planning Institute of Jamaica.
Revenue and Expenditure for FY 2015/16
Jamaica posted a fiscal deficit in FY 2015/16 of J$4.9 billion or 0.3% of GDP. This followed a fiscal deficit in FY 2014/15 of J$7.3 billion or
0.5% of GDP, a fiscal surplus in FY 2013/14 of J$1.7 billion or 0.1% of GDP, and deficits in FY 2012/13 of J$54.6 billion or 4.1% of GDP. Deficits in previous years were due mainly to higher capital spending, as well as wages and salaries and
interest costs. The improved fiscal position since FY 2013/14 is
D-53
influenced largely by reductions in expenditure, including lower interest payments arising from the NDX, the wage restraint agreements signed with the unions representing public sector workers
and lower spending on capital programs. Recent revenue enhancement measures also contributed to the reduction in the fiscal deficit. The 0.3% of GDP deficit recorded in FY 2015/16 was as originally targeted. This fiscal balance outturn in FY 2015/16
was mainly due to the shortfall in budgeted revenues and grants being compensated for by an equivalent less than programmed expenditure. Jamaica has maintained relatively high primary surpluses over the last five years. The fiscal operations
recorded primary surpluses of 7.4% of GDP in FY 2015/16, 7.5% of GDP in FY 2014/15, 7.6% of GDP in FY 2013/14, and 5.3% of GDP in FY 2012/13.
The primary surplus for FY 2015/16 amounted to J$120.8 billion, compared to the target of J$120.7 billion. This performance relative to the
target was largely influenced by the reduction in expenditures in response to revenue shortfalls. Overall, revenue and grants were J$455.8 billion, or 0.5% above target for FY 2015/16. This compares to J$411.7 billion, or 3.8% below target for FY
2014/15. Compared to FY 2014/15, revenue and grants increased by J$44.1 billion or 10.7% in FY 2015/16.
The operations of the overall
public sector recorded a surplus of 1.4% of GDP in FY 2015/16, 0.5% of GDP in FY 2014/15, 0.1% of GDP in FY 2013/14 following a deficit of 4.2% of GDP in FY 2012/13. The budgeted overall public sector deficit for FY 2016/17 is 0.8% of GDP.
Revenue and Grants
Total revenue
and grants for the Central Government for FY 2015/16 were J$455.8 billion, or 27.9% of GDP. This represented an increase of 10.7% over total revenue and grants collected in FY 2014/15. Collections in FY 2015/16, however, were 0.5% below budgeted
levels. This below-target performance of revenue and grants was impacted mainly by shortfalls in the Bauxite levy and grants as tax revenue was broadly in line with budget and non-tax revenues exceeded budget by 15.5% in FY 2015/16. Tax revenue for
FY 2015/16 increased by 11.0% while non-tax revenue decreased by 4.2% when compared to FY 2014/15. The grants received in FY 2015/16 totaled J$5,463.6 billion, 42.7% below budget, due mainly to delays in the receipt of programmed budget support
inflows from the European Union and slower rate of implementation of capital projects.
Expenditure
Total expenditure (excluding amortization) for FY 2015/16 was J$460.7 billion, or 28.2% of GDP. This represented a 10.0% increase over FY
2014/15 and was a reduction of J$2.3 billion, or 0.5% below budget. Recurrent expenditure totaled J$427.9 billion in FY 2015/16, representing 93.0% of total expenditure, with capital expenditure representing 7.0% of total expenditure. Recurrent
expenditure was J$4.6 billion, or 1.1%, lower than budgeted, mainly as a result of lower interest payments, particularly on the domestic debt stock.
The largest component of recurrent expenditure was wages and salaries, which represented 36.6% of total expenditure (less amortization) in FY
2015/16 compared to 37.9% of total expenditure in FY 2014/15. Interest costs represented 27.3% of total expenditure in FY 2015/16, 29.7% of total expenditure in FY 2014/15, and 27.8% of total expenditure in FY2013/14. Interest expenditure consumed
27.6% of total revenue and grants in FY 2015/16, compared to 30.2% in FY 2014/15 and 27.7% in FY 2013/14.
Expenditure on wages and
salaries in FY 2015/16 increased to J$168.8 billion, or 6.3%, compared to J$158.8 billion in FY 2014/15, due primarily to: payments under the health sector reclassification exercise; the payment of new salary rates to public sector workers who
reached a settlement on their 2015/17 negotiations; and the payment of arrears for previous outstanding settlements to certain government employed workers.
Interest costs of J$125.7 billion were J$5.9 billion below budget, and included domestic interest costs of J$71.4 billion and foreign interest
costs of J$54.3 billion, which were J$3.8 billion and J$2.1 billion, or 5.1% and 3.7%, below budget, respectively.
There has been a
declining trend in interest costs, which has contributed to a reduction in the fiscal deficit and containment in the rate of growth of the public debt stock. In FY 2015/16, interest payments consumed 27.7% of
D-54
total revenues and represented 7.7% of GDP, which represents a decrease relative to FY 2014/15, when interest payments accounted for 30.2% of total revenues and 8.0% of GDP. Interest cost as a
percentage of total revenues has averaged 28.5% over the last three years.
FY 2016/17 Budget
The Government’s target for FY 2016/17 is a primary surplus of 7.0% of GDP, equivalent to J$120.8 billion, and a fiscal deficit of 1.0% of
GDP, equivalent to J$17.6 billion. Revenue and grant inflows are projected at J$484.8 billion with expenditure at J$502.4 billion.
The FY
2016/17 budget remains consistent with Jamaica’s overall economic program, which seeks to promote sustainable economic growth and fiscal and debt sustainability while protecting the most vulnerable social groups.
Revenue and Grants
The revenue
and grants projection for FY 2016/17 represents 28.1% of the projected GDP, an increase of 0.2 percentage points above the 27.9% in FY 2015/16. Tax revenue of J$445.5 billion is estimated to account for 91.8% of total revenue and grants, about the
same as in FY 2015/16.
Tax revenue is budgeted to increase by 8.2% or J$33.7 billion, over collections in FY 2015/16, due mainly to: the
programmed increase in nominal income and increased efforts to improve tax payment compliance.
Grant receipts are budgeted to decrease by
J$0.21 billion or 3.9% over collections in FY 2015/16, due largely to expectations of lower budget support flows from the European Union.
Expenditure
Expenditure (less
amortization) is budgeted to increase by 9.1% over FY 2015/16 due to higher recurrent and capital expenditure. The FY 2016/17 expenditure budget is projected to be J$502.4 billion, comprised of J$459.4 billion for recurrent expenditure and J$43.0
billion for spending on capital projects. Of the recurrent budget, J$139.8 billion is allocated to recurrent programs, J$181.1 billion is allocated to compensation (inclusive of J$170.2 billion and J$10.9 billion for wages and salaries and employers
contribution, respectively) and J$138.5 billion is allocated to interest payments.
In the medium-term, the Government is targeting a
primary surplus of 7.0% of GDP. The contribution of expenditure towards the achievement of these targets is embodied in the FY 2016/17 expenditure profile, with total expenditure, net of appropriations-in-aid, of J$580.0 billion. This is comprised
of expenditure of J$502.4 billion and debt amortization payments of J$77.6 billion. Consistent with previous years, debt-servicing is projected to be J$216.1 billion and accounts for the largest portion of the overall budget at 37.3%, followed by
education services at J$91.0 billion or 15.7 %, national security services at J$59.2 billion or 10.2%, and health services at J$54.4 billion or 9.4%. Total debt servicing for FY 2016/17 is projected at J$216.1 billion, or 37.3% of the net
budget. This compares to FY 2015/16 outturn of J$468.4 billion, or 58.3% of the net budget.
As tabled in Parliament on April 14,
2016, projected debt service for FY 2016/17 shows a decrease of J$252.3 billion, or 43.5% of the net budget, when compared to the FY 2015/16 outturn which is mainly due to lower provisions for liability management operations and no maturing global
bonds. See “Public Sector Indebtedness—Comprehensive Debt Management—The Jamaica Debt Exchange.”
The
Government’s borrowing requirement for FY 2016/17 amounts to J$89.3 billion. This amount is required to finance the deficit of J$17.6 billion and cover amortization payments of J$77.6 billion, leaving an overall surplus of J$8.7 billion. The
overall surplus represents pre-financing for the next fiscal year.
The expenditure on wages and salaries is budgeted to increase by 0.8%
in FY 2016/17. This increase is due primarily to the: 3% salary adjustment to public sector workers that was negotiated with labor unions; 2.5% performance increment; and arrears to other groups.
D-55
Wage Developments
In March 2013, the Government concluded and signed agreements with unions representing 82% of public sector workers. The parties to the
agreement committed to, among other things, no increase in wage rates for the period 2012–2015. However, the agreements include a one-off payment of J$25,000.00 per worker, to be paid in August 2013, 2014 and 2015, to all employees in the
central and local government and public bodies. The Government has successfully negotiated new wage agreements to cover the period 2015-2017 with unions representing approximately 97% of the public sector and is currently finalizing negotiations
with the remaining groups. The wage restraint policy and associated agreements reached and being negotiated with unions have contributed to a wage/GDP ratio of 10.3% on March 2016. The Government recognizes that the programmed 9% of GDP wage target
by the revised date of March 2017 is unattainable and accordingly has commenced the legislative process to adjust the timeline for this target. The bill for this adjustment will be brought to Parliament during FY 2016/17.
Taxes and Tax Reform
History
Since independence, the Jamaican tax system has been dependent on a multiplicity of indirect taxes including on international trade and an
income tax system with different marginal tax rates and several deductible allowances. Jamaica has engaged in major tax reform in the mid 1980’s as well as the 1990’s. In 2004, a comprehensive study of Jamaica’s tax system by a
university found that the system, while it had a sound basic structure, had major problems. Since 2004, the Government has sought to address some of the issues identified in the study, including improving receipts from indirect taxes through
increasing the general consumption tax (“GCT”) and enhancing the effectiveness of tax administration.
During 2009, 2010 and
2011, the Government introduced additional tax measures aimed at increasing revenue as a percentage of GDP. Following a Green Paper on Tax Reform issued by the Ministry of Finance in May 2011, a White Paper on Tax Reform 2012 was issued on
November 15, 2012. The Green Paper and White Paper on Tax Reform focused on several areas to be reformed over a three-year period. These reforms included, among others, the following: removing basic food from the tax system; reducing the
statutory corporate income tax rate to be competitive with regional and international competitors; imposing withholding tax on dividends; overhauling capital allowances regime; preventing tax delinquents from benefiting from tax incentives and tax
credits for research and development; limiting capital gains tax in lieu of a reduced transfer tax; and enhancing tax administration to increase compliance.
As part of the ERP, the Government committed itself to tax reforms that strengthen tax administration and significantly cut back the granting
of tax incentives, exemptions and zero rates. The tax reform is meant to be targeted to significantly broaden the tax base, simplify the tax system, reduce economic distortions in the system and pave the way for a phased reduction in tax rates to a
competitive level.
A number of tax measures consistent with the reform process were implemented between FY 2012/13 and FY 2013/14,
including;
| |
• |
|
Reducing the standard rate of GCT from 17.5% to 16.5%; |
| |
• |
|
Partially widening the GCT base; and |
| |
• |
|
Amending the GCT regime as it relates to electricity. |
D-56
The reduction in the GCT standard rate was consistent with the Government’s commitment to
tax reform and reducing the rate applicable to taxable goods and services. The GCT base was partially widened in an effort to broaden the tax base and reduce administrative issues. This was accomplished by reducing the list of items for exempt and
0% GCT. A small number of basic foods and other critical items were retained because of their social sensitivity or significance to consumption by the most vulnerable. For electricity, GCT payable by residential customers was removed and the
standard rate of 16.5% was levied on commercial entities and businesses.
Additionally, the Government reduced the statutory Corporate
Income Tax (“CIT”) rate to be consistent with the standard Personal Income Tax (“PIT”) rate, so as to match international benchmarks. The CIT was modified as follows:
| |
• |
|
The 33.33% rate was retained for the regulated companies, including those regulated by the Financial Services Commission (“FSC”), Office of Utilities Regulation (“OUR”), Bank of Jamaica and the
Ministry of Finance and Planning; and |
| |
• |
|
The rate was reduced to 25% from 33.33% for unregulated companies. |
There was no adjustment to
rates applicable to building societies or life assurance companies. The reduction of the statutory CIT rate occurred in the context of the partial widening of the GCT base and an anticipation of enhanced compliance in the payment of CIT and other
business taxes.
The asset tax for financial institutions and security dealers regulated by the FSC and Bank of Jamaica was modified to
tax 0.14% of total assets of these financial institutions. The tax regime for non-financial institutions was also modified. An annual asset tax was implemented based on the asset value of these companies.
In keeping with equity and to ensure compliance with Jamaica’s trading partners, an adjustment was made to the termination fee structure
that relates to mobile-to-mobile and mobile-to-land termination. OUR implemented the following fee structure:
| |
• |
|
J$0.05 per minute on all calls originating and terminating on a fixed network in Jamaica; |
| |
• |
|
J$0.40 per minute on all other calls (domestic and international) originating in Jamaica; and |
| |
• |
|
US$0.075 per minute on all international calls for termination to the mobile network. |
Calls to emergency and
special services are among a number of limited exceptions.
The tax free expenses of transportation and commissions were removed from the
computation of output tax, which prevents operators in the tourism industry from claiming transportation and commission as a tax free expense when computing the output tax. The 10% GCT rate for the sector was retained. A Hotel Occupancy Room Rate
Tax was also implemented, which ranges from US$2.00 to US$12.00 per night based on the number of rooms and size of the hotel.
On
November 15, 2013, the Government adopted the Fiscal Incentives (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2013 and the Income Tax Relief (Large Scale Projects and Pioneer Industries Act) Act 2013:
| |
• |
|
The Fiscal Incentives (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill (“FIB”), and the tax law amendments arising out of it, eliminate existing sector-based incentive programs, provide generalized incentives for employment
and capital investments, introduce a rule-based and non-discretionary tax system and encourage tax compliance. This included the repeal of a number of incentive legislations. The FIB also includes the simplification of the capital allowance regime
under the Income Tax Act and the introduction of an employment tax credit for unregulated companies based on the statutory contributions paid onetime of up to 30% of the income tax payable from trading income. Furthermore, net loss carry forwards
have been restricted to 50% of chargeable income for any year of assessment, except for the first 5 years of new businesses and entities with gross income of J$3.0 million or less. |
D-57
| |
• |
|
The Income Tax Relief (Large-Scale Projects & Pioneer Industries) Bill provides a mechanism through which additional income tax incentives can be offered if the Minister of Finance designates a project as a
large-scale project or an economic activity in a pioneer industry. |
On December 6, 2013, the Government enacted the
Customs Tariff (Revision) (Amendment) Resolution and the Stamp Duty (Amendment of Schedule) Order, amending the Customs and Stamp Duty Act, respectively. The new regime reduces customs duty for many higher rate categories, such as jewelry and auto
parts and provides a non-discretionary “productive inputs reliefs” for customs duty on items that are part of local production. There is a similar arrangement for some relief from additional stamp duty. These reforms are aimed at reducing
the cost of doing business in Jamaica.
FY 2015/16
Revenue measures implemented for FY 2015/16 included, among others, the following:
| |
• |
|
A withholding tax of 15% on insurance premiums paid by Jamaican residents to non-residents; |
| |
• |
|
The Asset Tax rate applicable to regulated companies, excluding life insurance companies, was increased from 0.14% to 0.25% of the value of the assets; |
| |
• |
|
The age for which the imposition of GCT would be applicable on the second sale of motor vehicles, was increased from 8 to 10 years; |
| |
• |
|
The modified Asset Tax rate for life insurance companies was increased from 0.14% to 1.0% for a period not exceeding one year. The rate may be reduced to the original rate during the financial year 2016/17;
|
| |
• |
|
Standardization of Special Consumption Tax (“SCT”) rate on alcohol of J$1,120 per liter of pure alcohol for all categories, including the tourism sector; |
| |
• |
|
Introduction of a Minimum Business Tax of J$60,000.0 annually, payable in equal amounts in June and September of each year; |
| |
• |
|
Elimination of zero-rating under the GCT for government purchases, with the exception of public schools and the Jamaica Defense Force; |
| |
• |
|
Replacement of the 1% petroleum levy with a specific SCT of J$2 per liter; |
| |
• |
|
Re-introduction of GCT on electricity for residential customers (with an increased threshold of 350 kw/h) at the standard rate; |
| |
• |
|
Rationalization of the Environmental Levy with the introduction of the 0.5% on domestic sales (excluding the services sector), as well as on imports from CARICOM; |
| |
• |
|
Increase in the SCT on cigarettes; |
| |
• |
|
Increase in the PIT threshold as at January 1, 2016; |
| |
• |
|
Rationalization of outdated fees for trade and business licenses; |
| |
• |
|
Introduction of withholding tax on specified services at a rate of 3%, designed to improved compliance; and |
| |
• |
|
Introduction of transfer pricing rules. |
D-58
FY 2016/17
Revenue measures consistent with the reform process to provide for revenue adequacy, base broadening and increased compliance efforts in order
to ensure equitable distribution of the tax burden, which are being implemented in FY 2016/17 include the following:
| |
• |
|
Increase the PIT threshold as at July 1, 2016 and increase indirect taxes; |
| |
• |
|
Increase the specific SCT rates on petrol by J$7 per liter; |
| |
• |
|
Additional increase in the SCT on cigarettes; and |
| |
• |
|
Other measures to boost compliance such as the introduction of thin capitalization rules. |
D-59
PUBLIC SECTOR INDEBTEDNESS
General
Under Section 116 of the
Constitution, all loans charged on Jamaica’s Consolidated Fund, including all external debt payments such as those under the debt securities, represent a statutory charge on the revenue and assets of Jamaica. See “Public Finance—The
Central Government Budget.” These statutory charges are paid without any requirement of Parliamentary approval, directly from revenue and assets, before funds are available to Jamaica for other policies and programs.
The Constitution and the Financial Administration and Audit Act give the Ministry of Finance and the Public Service overall responsibility for
the management of Jamaica’s public debt. In 2009, the Jamaican Parliament passed legislation increasing the amount of funds that Jamaica may borrow. In November 2012, the House of Parliament approved the Public Debt Management Act, 2012, to
make provision for the better management of the public debt. The legislation repealed the Loan Act of 1964 and several enactments related to the incurrence of debt by the Government and other connected matters. The Public Debt Management Act
provides for the circumstances under which the Minister of Finance may borrow money, including to finance fiscal deficits, refinance any maturing or outstanding public debt and finance prepayments. The borrowing limits under the Public Debt
Management Act are subject to the Financial Administration and Audit Act, as amended, which provides that the Minister of Finance may take any measure to, among others, reduce the fiscal balance to nil and reduce the total debt of Jamaica to 60% of
GDP by the end of the financial year ended March 31, 2026. The above-mentioned targets may be exceeded under limited circumstances including parliamentary approval allowing suspension of the fiscal rules for a specified period during the
occurrence of major adverse shocks such as natural disasters or a severe economic contraction.
Jamaica has never defaulted on any of its
external or domestic debt obligations.
Domestic Debt
At March 31, 2016, Jamaica’s domestic debt was approximately J$815.9 billion, which excludes government-guaranteed securities. At
December 31, 2015, Jamaica’s domestic debt, which excludes government-guaranteed securities, was J$860.3 billion, a decrease of 5.2% when compared to the domestic debt level at December 31, 2014. Jamaica has incurred domestic debt
primarily to provide budgetary financing.
In addition to this level of domestic debt, Jamaica has guaranteed certain financial
obligations of public sector entities, which carry out major infrastructure projects from time to time. At March 31, 2016, the extent of these internal guarantees was approximately J$37.7 billion.
Currently, Jamaica’s domestic debt consists mainly of Benchmark Investment Notes, following the JDX and NDX Initiatives (see below),
which saw an exchange of some of the previously issued debt instruments (Local Registered Stocks and Debentures). At December 31, 2015, 8.3% of the outstanding domestic debt was scheduled to mature within one year, 39.9% between one and five
years and the remaining 51.8% after five years. The interest rate composition of the domestic debt at December 31, 2015, was 60.8% contracted on a fixed rate basis, while 39.2% was contracted on a floating interest rate basis and 0.06% was
non-interest bearing.
At March 31, 2016, 1.3% of Jamaica’s domestic debt was scheduled to mature in one year, 43.0% in five
years and the remaining 55.7% after five years. At March 31, 2016, approximately 41.3% of the domestic debt was on a floating rate basis and 58.6% on a fixed rate basis. Of the total debt at March 31, 2016, 8.6% was denominated in foreign
currency (US$) and 91.4% was J$-denominated.
At December 31, 2015, Jamaica had J$853.4 billion of domestic bonds and securities
outstanding, representing 99.2% of total domestic debt. This represented a J$17.0 billion, or 2.0%, decrease over the level outstanding at December 31, 2014. The remaining J$6.9 billion, or 0.8%, is comprised of loans and Treasury bills.
The outstanding stock of Treasury bills at December 31, 2015, was J$4.0 billion, representing 0.5% of total domestic debt. Treasury bills
are auctioned on a multiple-price basis. Jamaica issues both local and foreign
D-60
currency-denominated bonds in the domestic market. Foreign currency denominated bonds that are issued in Jamaica are classified as domestic debt. Of the total domestic debt at December 31,
2015, 8.1% or J$69.9 billion was denominated in foreign currency (US$) and the remaining J$790.3 billion, or 91.9%, was J$-denominated.
The following table shows domestic debt by instrument type for the last five years as at December 31, 2015, and as at March 31,
2016:
Domestic Debt by Instrument Type
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
December 31, |
|
|
March 31
2016 |
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
|
| |
|
(in millions of J$) |
|
| Securities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Treasury Bills |
|
|
4,000.0 |
|
|
|
4,000.0 |
|
|
|
4,000.0 |
|
|
|
4,000.0 |
|
|
|
4,000.0 |
|
|
|
4,000.0 |
|
| Local Registered Stocks |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
| J$ Benchmark Notes(1) |
|
|
741,015.6 |
|
|
|
773,786.3 |
|
|
|
761,731.2 |
|
|
|
753,374.8 |
|
|
|
739,416.6 |
|
|
|
694,896.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
745,015.6 |
|
|
|
777,786.3 |
|
|
|
765,731.2 |
|
|
|
757,374.8 |
|
|
|
743,416.6 |
|
|
|
698,896.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bonds |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Land |
|
|
200.1 |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
| US$ Denominated |
|
|
108,116.4 |
|
|
|
186,469.3 |
|
|
|
244,943.4 |
|
|
|
243,361.7 |
|
|
|
69,945.9 |
|
|
|
70,420.7 |
|
| US$ Indexed |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
|
|
| CPI Indexed Bonds (1) |
|
|
24,921.7 |
|
|
|
26,734.7 |
|
|
|
39,884. 6 |
|
|
|
42,954.9 |
|
|
|
44,028.7 |
|
|
|
43,902.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
133,238.2 |
|
|
|
213,203.9 |
|
|
|
284,827.9 |
|
|
|
286,316.5 |
|
|
|
113,974.6 |
|
|
|
114,322.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Loans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Commercial Banks |
|
|
3,870.6 |
|
|
|
3,304.0 |
|
|
|
2,793.0 |
|
|
|
2,450.0 |
|
|
|
2,275.0 |
|
|
|
2,187.5 |
|
| Other (including Public Sector) |
|
|
1,048.2 |
|
|
|
936.6 |
|
|
|
821.9 |
|
|
|
709.0 |
|
|
|
596.4 |
|
|
|
541.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
5,134.8 |
|
|
|
4,240.6 |
|
|
|
3,614.9 |
|
|
|
3,159.0 |
|
|
|
2,871.4 |
|
|
|
2,729.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
883,388.6 |
|
|
|
995,230.9 |
|
|
|
1,054,174.0 |
|
|
|
1,046,850.3 |
|
|
|
860,262.6 |
|
|
|
815,948.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (1) |
These instruments were issued as part of JDX. See “—The Jamaica Debt Exchange.” |
Source:
Ministry of Finance and Planning.
The following table shows the amortization schedule for domestic debt outstanding as at
March 31, 2016:
Domestic Debt Amortization Schedule
as at March 31, 2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2016 |
|
|
2017 |
|
|
2018 |
|
|
2019 |
|
|
2020 |
|
| |
|
(in millions of J$) |
|
| Bonds(1) |
|
|
68,216.6 |
|
|
|
74,857.3 |
|
|
|
61,929.2 |
|
|
|
49,062.2 |
|
|
|
153,554.7 |
|
| Loans |
|
|
9,255.4 |
|
|
|
14,091.6 |
|
|
|
15,839.4 |
|
|
|
12,610.9 |
|
|
|
100,416.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
77,472.0 |
|
|
|
88,948.9 |
|
|
|
77,768.5 |
|
|
|
61,673.1 |
|
|
|
253,971.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: Ministry of Finance and Planning.
D-61
The following table shows the interest schedule for domestic debt outstanding as at
March 31, 2016:
Central Government Domestic Debt Interest Schedule
as at March 31, 2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2016 |
|
|
2017 |
|
|
2018 |
|
|
2019 |
|
|
2020 |
|
| |
|
(in millions of J$) |
|
| Bonds(1) |
|
|
66,937.3 |
|
|
|
59,349.7 |
|
|
|
58,913.0 |
|
|
|
53,319.9 |
|
|
|
44,890.3 |
|
| Loans |
|
|
4,477.9 |
|
|
|
7,102.7 |
|
|
|
4,400.5 |
|
|
|
4,397.8 |
|
|
|
498,467.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
71,415.2 |
|
|
|
66,452.4 |
|
|
|
63,313.5 |
|
|
|
57,717.7 |
|
|
|
543,357.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: Ministry of Finance and Planning.
The following table shows the maturity structure of domestic debt outstanding as at March 31, 2016:
Domestic Debt Maturity Structure
as at March 31, 2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Less than
1 year |
|
|
1–5 years(1) |
|
|
5–10 years(1) |
|
|
10 years
& over (2) |
|
|
Total |
|
| |
|
(in millions of J$) |
|
| J$ Benchmark Notes |
|
|
3.4 |
|
|
|
284,094.8 |
|
|
|
187,663.4 |
|
|
|
267,037.0 |
|
|
|
738,798.6 |
|
| US$-Denominated Notes & Loans |
|
|
6,181.5 |
|
|
|
64,239.2 |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
70,420.7 |
|
| Treasury Bills |
|
|
4,000.0 |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
4,000.0 |
|
| Commercial Bank & Public Sector Entity Loans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,729.1 |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
2,729.1 |
|
| Other |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
10,184.8 |
|
|
|
351,063.1 |
|
|
|
187,663.4 |
|
|
|
267,037.1 |
|
|
|
815,948.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: Ministry of Finance and Planning.
The following table shows the interest rate composition of domestic debt outstanding as at March 31, 2016:
Domestic Debt Interest Rate Composition
as at March 31, 2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Principal Amount
Outstanding |
|
|
Share of Outstanding
Debt |
|
| |
|
(in millions of J$) |
|
|
(%) |
|
| Variable Rate Debt |
|
|
337,054.0 |
|
|
|
41.3 |
|
| Fixed Rate Debt |
|
|
478,392.4 |
|
|
|
58.6 |
|
| Non-Interest-Bearing Debt |
|
|
502.1 |
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Debt |
|
|
815,948.5 |
|
|
|
100.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source:
Ministry of Finance and Planning.
Comprehensive Debt Management
The Jamaica Debt Exchange
On January 14, 2010, the Government of Jamaica launched its strategic and comprehensive domestic liability management program, marketed as
the JDX. The main characteristics were a par-for-par exchange offer with “no haircuts,” voluntary exchange of approximately J$701.5 billion in market-issued domestic debt, voluntary exchange of short-dated, high-yielding interest bearing
securities for longer-dated securities with significantly lower yields, the introduction of new benchmark securities, an extension of the maturity profile of the domestic debt portfolio in order to lower refinancing risks, achievement of substantial
cost savings, the issue of an appropriate mix of fixed, variable and US$ securities and the introduction of new CPI-Indexed Investment Bonds.
D-62
The results of the JDX revealed an overall participation rate of approximately 99.2% with a 100%
participation rate from financial institutions. This level of success represented an exchange of approximately J$695.6 billion in eligible bonds.
The immediate benefits of the JDX were the realignment of the domestic debt portfolio, which saw a significant reduction in maturities over
the next three years; substantial cost savings through the reduction in the projected interest cost for FY 2010/11 of J$17.1 billion (i.e., US$190.7 million or 15.2% of interest cost); extension of amortization equal to J$148.6 billion (or US$1.7
billion) in FY 2010/11; the creation of 25 new benchmark bonds in exchange for over 350 smaller and illiquid bonds; the removal of US Dollar Indexed Bonds and the introduction of new CPI-Indexed Bonds into the domestic portfolio; and an increase in
the fixed rate component of the domestic debt portfolio. Occurring simultaneously with the JDX was the passing into law of the Government Securities Dematerialization Act, which allows domestic securities to be issued in a dematerialized format in
the Central Securities Depository operated by the Bank of Jamaica.
The National Debt Exchange
Three years after the historic JDX in February 2010, the Government of Jamaica executed a second domestic debt exchange to further realign the
portfolio through the extension of maturities and reduction of interest rates. The debt exchange became necessary to address the growing refinancing risk in the one- to three-year period that had again become inherent in the domestic portfolio. It
was also one of the actions needed in order for Jamaica to secure an EFF with the IMF.
The Exchange, which was marketed as the NDX, was
launched on February 12, 2013, and settled on February 22, 2013. The main features were a voluntary par-for-par exchange for all bonds except the new fixed rate accreting note (“FRAN”) offer, which had an exchange ratio of 0.8:1.
The new FRAN offer is one where investors are issued principal value of J$80.00 in new notes for every J$100.00 of principal value of Old Notes exchanged. The principal accretes from J$80.00, beginning August 15, 2015, to J$100.00 by the
maturity date on August 15, 2028. The introduction of the FRAN was specifically targeted at public bodies and long term investors, such as pension funds.
In addition, the NDX replaced 25 eligible JA and US dollar-denominated benchmark bonds with a nominal value of J$852.5 billion with 22 new
benchmark bonds with extended maturities and significantly reduced yields. The NDX had a participation rate of just under 99.0%, translating to a nominal amount of J$841.5 billion tendered for exchange.
The main benefits of the NDX were (1) a reduction in weighted average costs through reduced margins on CPI and variable rate bonds on
average by 0.975%, a reduced coupon on locally-issued US$-denominated notes by, on average, 1.792%; reduced coupon on J$-denominated notes by, on average, 3.206%; (2) a reduction in risk associated with variable rate reset rates (tied to
treasury rates plus a margin) for variable rate debt reduced by over J$113.0 billion; (3) substantial cost savings averaging J$17 billion per annum through an annualized reduction by an average rate of 2.0%; and (4) a reduction in
refinancing risk through an extension of the maturity profile of the domestic debt portfolio by an average of 5 years, and a reduction in redemptions by approximately J$375.0 billion for the period up to 2016.
To increase the aggregate savings of the NDX ahead of the board meeting of the IMF, on March 22, 2013, Jamaica performed, on a private
basis, an additional exchange offer with eight leading local holders of various bonds involving approximately J$20 billion and US$51 million, which created four further new local instruments in addition to those created in the NDX
transaction.
D-63
External Debt
At March 31, 2016, total external debt was US$10,265.4 million, of which 95.7% was denominated in US dollars, 2.1% was denominated in
Euro, 0.4% was denominated in Yen, and 1.4% was denominated in Chinese Yuan.
At December 31, 2015, public sector external debt was
US 10,314.0 million, an increase of 20.1% from December 31, 2014, of which 95.7% was denominated in US dollars, 2.0% was denominated in Euro, 0.4% denominated in Yen and 1.5% was denominated in Chinese Yuan. Official creditors, comprising
bilateral and multilateral obligations, accounted for US$4,312.4 million, or 41.8%, of total public sector external debt, representing the second largest creditor category of Jamaica’s public sector external debt. Bond issuances of US$5,699.8
million represented 55.3% of total public sector external debt at December 31, 2015. Multilateral indebtedness was US$3,529.5 million, an increase of 5.5% over December 31, 2014.
Bilateral and multilateral obligations accounted for 41.7% of total public sector external debt at March 31, 2016 and represented the
second largest creditor category of Jamaica’s public sector external debt. Bond issues of US$5,687.8 million accounted for 55.4% of total public sector external debt at March 31, 2016. Multilateral indebtedness was US$3,530.8 million, an
increase of 0.04% over December 31, 2015.
The IDB, for the period 2006–2009, approved a new country strategy for Jamaica in
which the bank links its loans to budget support rather than investment loans. Traditional investment loans may also be used if joint agreement is reached between the bank and the Government. The IDB now provides funding for budgetary support, which
is accessed through its policy-based loan facility.
In September 2008, the IDB provided a US$300.0 million credit facility to help
eligible Jamaican financial institutions maintain credit flows. All commercial banks operating in Jamaica were eligible to participate in the facility. As at June 2010, US$96.3 million of the IDB credit facility had been disbursed. The remaining
amount under the credit facility was cancelled.
In December 2001, Jamaica issued US$250.0 million 11.625% fixed rate notes due 2022. In
June 2002, Jamaica registered a US$700.0 million shelf registration statement with the US Securities and Exchange Commission and subsequently in June 2002, issued US$300.0 million 10.625% notes due 2017 off that shelf. In April 2004, US$125.0
million was raised through the re-opening of the existing US$300.0 million 10.625% bonds due 2017. In October 2005, Jamaica made further issuances of 9.25% US$250.0 million notes due 2025 and in February 2006, 8.50% US$250.0 million notes due 2036.
In March 2007, Jamaica issued US$350.0 million 8.0% fixed rate amortizing notes due 2039. In October 2007, Jamaica reopened its 8.0% fixed rate amortizing notes due 2039 for an additional US$150.0 million. In June 2008, Jamaica issued US$350.0
million 8.0% fixed rate amortizing notes due 2019. In February 2011, Jamaica reopened the US$350.0 million 8.0% fixed rate bond due 2019, raising an additional US$400.0 million 8.0% due 2019. In July 2014, Jamaica issued an additional US$800.0
million 7.625% fixed rate notes due 2025. In July 2015, Jamaica issued US$1.35 billion 6.75% notes due April 2028 and US$650.0 million 7.875% notes due July 28, 2045.
In July 2005, Jamaica issued US$325.0 million in guarantees with respect to bonds to facilitate the financial restructuring of Air Jamaica
Limited, the national airline. In December 2006, Jamaica issued US$200.0 million in guarantees with respect to bonds to facilitate the restructuring of certain indebtedness of CAP. These bonds were exchanged for bonds of the Government in September
2013. In June 2007, Jamaica issued US$125.0 million in guarantees with respect to bonds issued by Air Jamaica. In 2009, Jamaica issued a US$60.0 million guarantee with respect to the expansion of the Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston.
In September 2009, Jamaica issued a guarantee for US$121.65 million to HSBC Bank plc for the financing of the Falmouth Cruise Ship Terminal. Additionally, in December 2009 the Government of Jamaica issued a guarantee to NWC for three loans in
respect of The Jamaica Water Supply Improvement Project. The loans were in the amounts of J$1,513.6 million, US$19.3 million and €43.3 million. In October 2010, the Government guaranteed a bond issued by the NWC in the amount of US$275.0
million.
In February 2010 the Government guaranteed a loan of US$340.0 million to the Road Maintenance Fund from China through the
Export-Import Bank of China under its global Preferential Buyer’s Credit (“PBC”). The purposes
D-64
of the loan are to finance (a) the rehabilitation of roads damaged by hurricanes and (b) an upgrade in infrastructure to certain roads and drainage. A loan of US$20.0 million between
the Caribbean Development Bank and the Student Loan Bureau was also guaranteed in November 2010. This loan is to facilitate the provision of affordable and adequate financing to students from poor and vulnerable households to complete tertiary level
programs in approved institutions in Jamaica and the Caribbean. In November 2011, the Government guaranteed a bond issued by the NROCC in the amount of US$294.2 million. The bond carries a coupon of 9.375% and is due to mature in 2024. On
December 9, 2011, the Government guaranteed a loan, issued by IDB, to the National Water Commission, the purpose of which was to improve the water supply in the Kingston metropolitan area.
In September 2011, the World Bank provided the Government with a US$100.0 million Programmatic Fiscal Sustainability Development Policy Loan.
The objective of the loan is to enhance fiscal and debt sustainability, increase the efficiency of financial management and budget processes, and reduce distortions and enhance efficiency in the tax system. On the same day, the IDB also issued a
US$65.0 million loan intended to support a sustainable fiscal position by strengthening the Ministry of Finance and Planning’s institutional capacity. On December 13, 2012, the IDB issued a U$30.0 million loan that intended to support the
Government’s efforts to improve human capital and labor market outcomes of the poor by enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of key social protection programs. In October 2013, the IDB provided the Government with a US$60.0 million Public
Financial and Performance Management Loan. In December 2013, the World Bank issued a US$130.0 million Economic and Stabilization and Foundation for Growth Development Policy Loan. In February 2014, the IDB provided a US$80.0 million Fiscal
Structural Programme for Economic Growth Loan and a US$60.0 million Competitive Enhancement Programme Loan.
In September 2013, the
Government completed an exchange offer, in which Jamaica exchanged all of the 8.50% amortizing notes due 2021 issued by CAP (and guaranteed by the Government) for 8.50% amortizing notes due 2021 issued by the Government. There was no increase in the
Government’s debt as a result of the exchange offer.
The Government, as a part of its debt management strategy, executed a liability
management exercise through the buyback of high cost near term maturities. On September 2, 2014, the Government repurchased US$37.88 million nominal amount of the US$300.0 million 9% notes due to mature in 2015. Similarly, on December 2014 the
Government repurchased US$14.0 million nominal amount of the US$425.0 million 10.625% notes due 2017 and US$9.0 million nominal amount of US$161.9 million 8.5% amortizing note due 2021. In January 2016, the Government also repurchased US$14.0
million of the US$350.0 million 7.875% notes due 2045.
Upon the IMF approval of the EFF, certain funds from multilateral and development
agencies, such as the World Bank, IDB and the European Union, were made available to the Government. See “The Jamaican Economy—IMF Arrangements—Standby Arrangement and Extended Fund Facility.”
D-65
The following table shows medium and long-term public and publicly guaranteed external debt by
creditor category for the five years ended December 31, 2015 and other periods as indicated:
External Debt by Creditor
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
|
March 31,
2016 |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$) |
|
| Bilateral |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| OECD |
|
|
299.4 |
|
|
|
235.2 |
|
|
|
163.6 |
|
|
|
130.8 |
|
|
|
131.9 |
|
| Non-OECD |
|
|
501.8 |
|
|
|
620.3 |
|
|
|
663.0 |
|
|
|
652.1 |
|
|
|
619.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
801.2 |
|
|
|
855.5 |
|
|
|
826.6 |
|
|
|
782.9 |
|
|
|
751.0 |
|
| Multilateral |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| IDB(1) |
|
|
1,249.4 |
|
|
|
1,281.1 |
|
|
|
1,413.9 |
|
|
|
1,563.6 |
|
|
|
1,571.3 |
|
| IMF(2) |
|
|
850.0 |
|
|
|
836.7 |
|
|
|
665.2 |
|
|
|
655.6 |
|
|
|
661.9 |
|
| IBRD(3) |
|
|
661.6 |
|
|
|
779.1 |
|
|
|
753.8 |
|
|
|
825.5 |
|
|
|
817.7 |
|
| Other(4) |
|
|
503.7 |
|
|
|
513.1 |
|
|
|
511.9 |
|
|
|
484.8 |
|
|
|
479.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
3,264.7 |
|
|
|
3,410.0 |
|
|
|
3,344.8 |
|
|
|
3,529.5 |
|
|
|
3,530.8 |
|
| Commercial Banks |
|
|
436.6 |
|
|
|
386.8 |
|
|
|
351.1 |
|
|
|
290.3 |
|
|
|
285.4 |
|
| Other Commercial(5) |
|
|
28.9 |
|
|
|
21.0 |
|
|
|
14.3 |
|
|
|
11.5 |
|
|
|
10.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
465.5 |
|
|
|
407.8 |
|
|
|
365.4 |
|
|
|
301.8 |
|
|
|
295.8 |
|
| Bonds |
|
|
3,724.1 |
|
|
|
3,636.8 |
|
|
|
4,121.8 |
|
|
|
5,699.8 |
|
|
|
5,687.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
8,255.5 |
|
|
|
8,310.0 |
|
|
|
8,658.6 |
|
|
|
10,314.0 |
|
|
|
10,265.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (1) |
Inter-American Development Bank. |
| (2) |
International Monetary Fund. |
| (3) |
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. |
| (4) |
Caribbean Development Bank, OPEC Fund for International Development, European Development Bank, European Economic Commission Community and Nordic Development Fund. |
| (5) |
Loans from suppliers. |
Source: Ministry of Finance and Planning.
The following table shows Jamaica’s external debt by debtor for the five years ended December 31, 2015 and other periods as
indicated:
External Debt by Debtor
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
|
March 31,
2016 |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$) |
|
| Government Direct |
|
|
5,985.8 |
|
|
|
6,291.7 |
|
|
|
6,952.8 |
|
|
|
8,778.3 |
|
|
|
8,742.9 |
|
| Government-Guaranteed |
|
|
1,419.7 |
|
|
|
1,269.5 |
|
|
|
1,257.3 |
|
|
|
1,087.5 |
|
|
|
1,071.8 |
|
| Bank of Jamaica |
|
|
850.0 |
|
|
|
478.8 |
|
|
|
448.5 |
|
|
|
448.1 |
|
|
|
450.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
8,255.5 |
|
|
|
8,310.0 |
|
|
|
8,658.6 |
|
|
|
10,313.9 |
|
|
|
10,265.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source:
Ministry of Finance and Planning.
D-66
The following table shows the amortization schedule for external debt outstanding as at
March 31, 2016:
External Debt Principal Amortization Schedule
as at March 31, 2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2016 |
|
|
2017 |
|
|
2018 |
|
|
2019 |
|
|
2020 |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$) |
|
| Multilateral |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| IDB |
|
|
70.2 |
|
|
|
103.4 |
|
|
|
100.9 |
|
|
|
108.0 |
|
|
|
114.0 |
|
| IBRD |
|
|
29.3 |
|
|
|
46.5 |
|
|
|
40.2 |
|
|
|
24.4 |
|
|
|
33.9 |
|
| Other |
|
|
29.8 |
|
|
|
56.0 |
|
|
|
93.0 |
|
|
|
127.8 |
|
|
|
142.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
129.3 |
|
|
|
205.6 |
|
|
|
233.9 |
|
|
|
259.9 |
|
|
|
290.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Commercial Banks |
|
|
|
|
|
|
71.2 |
|
|
|
52.3 |
|
|
|
42.1 |
|
|
|
28.2 |
|
| Other Commercial |
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
| Bonds |
|
|
15.8 |
|
|
|
688.7 |
|
|
|
277.7 |
|
|
|
277.7 |
|
|
|
27.7 |
|
| Bilateral |
|
|
75.1 |
|
|
|
78.1 |
|
|
|
104.3 |
|
|
|
96.4 |
|
|
|
93.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
265.0 |
|
|
|
1,045.3 |
|
|
|
669.7 |
|
|
|
677.3 |
|
|
|
440.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source:
Ministry of Finance and Planning.
The following table shows the interest schedule for external debt outstanding as at March 31,
2016:
External Debt Interest Schedule
as of March 31, 2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2016 |
|
|
2017 |
|
|
2018 |
|
|
2019 |
|
|
2020 |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$) |
|
| Multilateral |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| IDB |
|
|
21.2 |
|
|
|
28.1 |
|
|
|
26.4 |
|
|
|
24.5 |
|
|
|
22.5 |
|
| IBRD |
|
|
8.1 |
|
|
|
11.3 |
|
|
|
10.7 |
|
|
|
10.2 |
|
|
|
10.0 |
|
| Other |
|
|
16.7 |
|
|
|
21.6 |
|
|
|
20.4 |
|
|
|
14.3 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
46.0 |
|
|
|
60.0 |
|
|
|
56.4 |
|
|
|
48.0 |
|
|
|
42.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Commercial Banks |
|
|
7.9 |
|
|
|
9.2 |
|
|
|
6.6 |
|
|
|
4.6 |
|
|
|
2.9 |
|
| Other Commercial |
|
|
0.4 |
|
|
|
0.7 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
| Bonds |
|
|
306.9 |
|
|
|
431.7 |
|
|
|
387.2 |
|
|
|
364.9 |
|
|
|
352.6 |
|
| Bilateral |
|
|
25.1 |
|
|
|
21.6 |
|
|
|
21.9 |
|
|
|
19.9 |
|
|
|
17.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
469.5 |
|
|
|
523.2 |
|
|
|
472.6 |
|
|
|
437.8 |
|
|
|
415.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source:
Ministry of Finance and Planning.
D-67
The following table shows the maturity structure for external debt outstanding as at
March 31, 2016:
Total External Debt Maturity Structure
as of March 31, 2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Less than
1 year |
|
|
1-5
years |
|
|
5-10
years |
|
|
10 years
& over |
|
|
Total |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$) |
|
| Bilateral |
|
|
24.8 |
|
|
|
139.1 |
|
|
|
416.2 |
|
|
|
170.9 |
|
|
|
751.0 |
|
| Multilateral |
|
|
5.3 |
|
|
|
400.0 |
|
|
|
638.8 |
|
|
|
2,486.7 |
|
|
|
3,530.8 |
|
| IDB |
|
|
2.9 |
|
|
|
93.8 |
|
|
|
96.7 |
|
|
|
1,377.9 |
|
|
|
1,571.3 |
|
| IBRD |
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
64.2 |
|
|
|
24.6 |
|
|
|
728.9 |
|
|
|
817.7 |
|
| IMF |
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
211.2 |
|
|
|
450.7 |
|
|
|
0.00 |
|
|
|
661.9 |
|
| Other |
|
|
2.4 |
|
|
|
30.8 |
|
|
|
66.8 |
|
|
|
379.9 |
|
|
|
479.9 |
|
| Commercial Bank |
|
|
2.2 |
|
|
|
227.4 |
|
|
|
55.9 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
285.4 |
|
| Other Commercial |
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
10.4 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
10.4 |
|
| Bonds |
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
503.7 |
|
|
|
2,344.2 |
|
|
|
2,839.9 |
|
|
|
5,687.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
32.2 |
|
|
|
1,270.2 |
|
|
|
3,465.5 |
|
|
|
5,497.5 |
|
|
|
10,265.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Percentage |
|
|
0.3 |
|
|
|
12.4 |
|
|
|
33.8 |
|
|
|
53.5 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source:
Ministry of Finance and Planning.
The following table shows interest rate composition for external debt as at March 31, 2016:
External Debt Interest Rate Composition as at March 31, 2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Principal Amount
Outstanding |
|
|
Share of
Outstanding Debt |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$) |
|
|
(%) |
|
| Variable Rate Debt |
|
|
3,100.37 |
|
|
|
30.2 |
|
| Fixed Rate Debt |
|
|
7,165.03 |
|
|
|
69.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Debt |
|
|
10,265.40 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source:
Ministry of Finance and Planning.
D-68
The following table shows external public and publicly guaranteed debt (including Bank of Jamaica
debt) as at December 31, 2015 and at March 31, 2016.
External Public and Publicly Guaranteed Debt (including Bank of Jamaica
debt) (1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Interest |
|
|
Issue Date |
|
Final Maturity |
|
Currencies |
|
Principal
Amount
Outstanding at
December 31, 2015 |
|
|
Principal Amount
Outstanding at
March 31, 2016 |
|
| |
|
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in US$) |
|
|
(in US$) |
|
| Multilateral Organizations World Bank |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD, JPK, GBP,
CAD, EUR |
|
|
825,534,660.0 |
|
|
|
817,727,790.0 |
|
| Inter-American Dev. Bank |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD, JPK, GBP,
CAD, EUR |
|
|
1,563,636,780.0 |
|
|
|
1,571,284,393.0 |
|
| Others |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD, JPK, GBP,
CAD, EUR, SDR |
|
|
484,767,510.0 |
|
|
|
479,914,012.0 |
|
| IMF(2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
655,555,410.0 |
|
|
|
661,851,872.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Multilateral Organizations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3,529,494,360.0 |
|
|
|
3,530,778,067.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Foreign Governments (including Original Loans and Paris Club) |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD, JPK, GBP,
CAD, EUR |
|
|
782,899,442.0 |
|
|
|
751,006,109.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bonds (Global) USD |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| USD250 mn 2022 |
|
|
11.625 |
% |
|
Dec. 19,
2001 |
|
Jan. 15, 2022 |
|
USD |
|
|
250,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
250,000,000.0 |
|
| USD300 mn 2017 |
|
|
10.625 |
% |
|
June 20,
2002 |
|
June 20, 2017 |
|
USD |
|
|
286,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
286,000,000.0 |
|
| USD125 mn 2017 |
|
|
10.625 |
% |
|
April 27,
2004 |
|
June 20, 2017 |
|
USD |
|
|
125,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
125,000,000.0 |
|
| USD250 mn 2025 |
|
|
9.25 |
% |
|
October 18,
2005 |
|
October 18, 2025 |
|
USD |
|
|
250,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
250,000,000.0 |
|
| USD250 mn 2036 |
|
|
8.50 |
% |
|
February 28,
2006 |
|
February 28, 2036 |
|
USD |
|
|
250,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
250,000,000.0 |
|
| USD200 mn 2021 |
|
|
8.5 |
% |
|
Nov. 16,
2006 |
|
Nov. 16, 2021 |
|
USD |
|
|
90,702,079.0 |
|
|
|
92,702,079.0 |
|
| USD125 mn 2027 |
|
|
8.125 |
% |
|
June 2007 |
|
July 2027 |
|
USD |
|
|
103,887,000.0 |
|
|
|
103,887,000.0 |
|
| USD150 mn 2039 |
|
|
8.0 |
% |
|
October 11,
2007 |
|
March 15, 2039 |
|
USD |
|
|
150,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
150,000,000.0 |
|
| USD350 mn 2039 |
|
|
8.0 |
% |
|
March 15,
2007 |
|
March 15, 2039 |
|
USD |
|
|
350,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
350,000,000.0 |
|
| USD350 mn 2019 |
|
|
8.0 |
% |
|
June 24,
2008 |
|
June 24, 2019 |
|
USD |
|
|
350,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
350,000,000.0 |
|
| USD400 mn 2019 |
|
|
8.0 |
% |
|
February 14,
2011 |
|
June 24, 2019 |
|
USD |
|
|
400,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
400,000,000.0 |
|
| USD294.18mn 2024 |
|
|
9.375 |
% |
|
Nov 3, 2011 |
|
Nov 10, 2024 |
|
USD |
|
|
294,180,000.0 |
|
|
|
294,180,000.0 |
|
| USD$800mn 2025 |
|
|
7.625 |
% |
|
July 9, 2014 |
|
July 9, 2023 |
|
USD |
|
|
800,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
800,000,000.0 |
|
| USD$1,350mn 2025 |
|
|
6.75 |
% |
|
July 28,
2015 |
|
April 28, 2028 |
|
USD |
|
|
1,350,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
1,350,000,000.0 |
|
| USD$650mn 2045 |
|
|
7.875 |
% |
|
July 28,
2015 |
|
July 28, 2045 |
|
USD |
|
|
650,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
636,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total (Global) USD |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5,699,769,079.0 |
|
|
|
5,687,769,079.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Commercial Banks |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD |
|
|
290,320,130.0 |
|
|
|
285,396,505.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Other Commercial (Export Credit) |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD, JPK, GBP,
CAD, EUR |
|
|
11,492,778.0 |
|
|
|
10,447,981.0 |
|
| Total |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10,313,975,789.0 |
|
|
|
10,265,397,741.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (1) |
LEGEND: USD = United States Dollar; CAD = Canadian Dollar; JPK = Japanese Yen; EUR = Euro; SDR = Special Drawing Rights. |
| (2) |
These are amounts disbursed under the SBA. |
D-69
The following table shows external public direct debt as at December 31, 2015 and at
March 31, 2016.
External Public Direct Debt (1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Interest |
|
|
Issue Date |
|
Final Maturity |
|
Currencies |
|
Principal
Amount
Outstanding at
December 31, 2015 |
|
|
Principal
Amount
Outstanding at
March 31, 2016 |
|
| |
|
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in US$) |
|
|
(in US$) |
|
| Multilateral Organizations World Bank |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD, JPK,
GBP, CAD,
EUR |
|
|
825,534,660.0 |
|
|
|
817,727,790.0 |
|
| Inter-American Dev. Bank |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD, JPK,
GBP, CAD,
EUR, UOA |
|
|
1,482,974,699.0 |
|
|
|
1,476,622,312.0 |
|
| Others |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD, JPK,
GBP, CAD,
EUR, SDR |
|
|
566,923,154.0 |
|
|
|
567,668,534.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Multilateral Organizations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,875,432,513.0 |
|
|
|
2,862,018,636.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Foreign Governments (including Original Loans and Paris Club) |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD, JPK,
GBP, CAD,
EUR |
|
|
436,173,475.0 |
|
|
|
421,370,459.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bonds (Global) USD |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| USD300 mn 2017 |
|
|
10.625 |
% |
|
June 20, 2002 |
|
June 20, 2017 |
|
USD |
|
|
286,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
286,000,000.0 |
|
| US$125 mn 2017 |
|
|
10.625 |
% |
|
April 30,
2004 |
|
June 20, 2017 |
|
USD |
|
|
125,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
125,000,000.0 |
|
| USD250 mn 2022 |
|
|
11.625 |
% |
|
Dec. 19, 2001 |
|
Jan. 15, 2022 |
|
USD |
|
|
250,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
250,000,000.0 |
|
| USD250 mn 2025 |
|
|
9.25 |
% |
|
October 18,
2005 |
|
October 17,
2025 |
|
USD |
|
|
250,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
250,000,000.0 |
|
| USD250 mn 2036 |
|
|
8.50 |
% |
|
February 28,
2006 |
|
February 28,
2036 |
|
USD |
|
|
250,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
250,000,000.0 |
|
| USD150 mn 2039 |
|
|
8.0 |
% |
|
October 11,
2007 |
|
March 15,
2039 |
|
USD |
|
|
150,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
150,000,000.0 |
|
| USD350 mn 2039 |
|
|
8.0 |
% |
|
March 15,
2007 |
|
March 15,
2039 |
|
USD |
|
|
350,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
350,000,000.0 |
|
| USD350 mn 2019 |
|
|
8.0 |
% |
|
June 24, 2008 |
|
June 24, 2019 |
|
USD |
|
|
350,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
350,000,000.0 |
|
| USD400 mn 2019 |
|
|
8.0 |
% |
|
February 14,
2011 |
|
June 24, 2019 |
|
USD |
|
|
400,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
400,000,000.0 |
|
| USD200 mn 2021 |
|
|
8.50 |
% |
|
September 5,
2013 |
|
November 16,
2021 |
|
USD |
|
|
90,702,079.0 |
|
|
|
92,702,079.0 |
|
| USD 800 mn 2025 |
|
|
7.625 |
% |
|
July 9, 2014 |
|
July 9, 2025 |
|
USD |
|
|
800,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
800,000,000.0 |
|
| USD 1,350 mn 2028 |
|
|
6.75 |
% |
|
July 28, 2015 |
|
April 28,
2028 |
|
USD |
|
|
1,350,000,000.0 |
|
|
|
1,350,000,000.0 |
|
| USD 650 mn 2045 |
|
|
7.875 |
% |
|
July 28, 2015 |
|
July 28, 2045 |
|
USD |
|
|
650,000,000.00 |
|
|
|
636,000,000.00 |
|
| Total (Global) USD |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5,301,702,079.0 |
|
|
|
5,289,702,079.0 |
|
| Commercial Banks |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD |
|
|
165,020,801.0 |
|
|
|
169,845,641.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Other Commercial (Export Credit) |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD |
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8,778,328,868.0 |
|
|
|
8,742,936,815.0 |
|
| (1) |
LEGEND: USD = United States Dollar; CAD = Canadian Dollar; JPK = Japanese Yen; EUR = Euro; SDR = Special Drawing Rights, which are units of measure derived from a group of currencies which
constitute the International Monetary Fund loan portfolio; UOA = Units of Accounts, which are units of measure derived from a group of currencies which constitute the Inter-American Development Bank loan portfolio; GBP = British Pound Sterling.
|
D-70
The following table shows external guaranteed debt as at December 31, 2015 and at
March 31, 2016.
External Guaranteed Debt(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Interest |
|
|
Issue Date |
|
Final Maturity |
|
Currencies |
|
Principal
Amount
Outstanding at
December 31, 2015 |
|
|
Principal
Amount
Outstanding at
March 31, 2016 |
|
| |
|
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in US$) |
|
| Multilateral Organizations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Inter-American Dev. Bank |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD |
|
|
80,662,081.0 |
|
|
|
94,662,081.0 |
|
| Others |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD,
EUR |
|
|
125,260,942.0 |
|
|
|
123,431,709.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Multilateral Organizations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
205,923,023.0 |
|
|
|
218,093,790.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Foreign Governments (including Original Loans) |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD |
|
|
346,725,967.0 |
|
|
|
329,635,650.0 |
|
| Commercial Banks |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD |
|
|
125,299,329.0 |
|
|
|
115,550,864.0 |
|
| Other Commercial (Export Credit) |
|
|
Various |
|
|
Various |
|
Various |
|
USD,
CAD |
|
|
11,492,778.0 |
|
|
|
10,447,981.0 |
|
| US$125 million due 2027 |
|
|
8.125 |
% |
|
June 2007 |
|
June 2027 |
|
USD |
|
|
103,887,000.0 |
|
|
|
103,887,000.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| US$294.18 million due 2024 |
|
|
9.375 |
% |
|
November
2011 |
|
November
2024 |
|
USD |
|
|
294,180,000.0 |
|
|
|
294,180,000.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Bonds |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
398,067,000.0 |
|
|
|
398,067,000.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (1) |
LEGEND: USD = United States Dollar; CAD = Canadian Dollar; EUR = Euro. |
The
following table shows Bank of Jamaica debt as at December 31, 2015 and at March 31, 2016.
Bank of Jamaica Debt(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Interest |
|
|
Issue Date |
|
|
Final Maturity |
|
|
Currencies |
|
|
Principal
Amount
Outstanding at
December 31, 2015 |
|
|
Principal
Amount
Outstanding at
March 31, 2016 |
|
| |
|
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in US$) |
|
| IMF |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
448,138,824.0 |
|
|
|
450,665,641.0 |
|
| Total |
|
|
Various |
|
|
|
Various |
|
|
|
Various |
|
|
|
Various |
|
|
|
448,138,824.0 |
|
|
|
450,665,641.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (1) |
LEGEND: USD = United States Dollar; SDR = Special Drawing Rights. |
D-71
Debt Service Indicators
Public sector external debt as a percentage of nominal GDP increased to 75.6% as at December 31, 2015 from 64.9% on December 31,
2014. External debt as a percentage of exports of goods and services increased to 157.8% on December 31, 2015 from 131.8% on December 31, 2014. External debt service payments as a percentage of exports of goods and services decreased to
18.4% during 2015 from 19.4% during 2014.
The following table shows public sector external debt indicators as at and for the five years
ended December 31, 2015.
Debt Indicators
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
| |
|
(in millions of US$, except percentages) |
|
| External Debt Service Principal |
|
|
677.9 |
|
|
|
565.5 |
|
|
|
584.9 |
|
|
|
927.8 |
|
|
|
822.8 |
|
| Interest |
|
|
484.4 |
|
|
|
446.4 |
|
|
|
406.5 |
|
|
|
349.5 |
|
|
|
377.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
|
|
1,162.3 |
|
|
|
1,011.9 |
|
|
|
991.3 |
|
|
|
1,277.3 |
|
|
|
1,200.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Exports of Goods and Services(1) |
|
|
6,826.9 |
|
|
|
6,491.6 |
|
|
|
6,418.0 |
|
|
|
6,570.5 |
|
|
|
6,537.6 |
|
| External Debt Service Ratio (%) |
|
|
17.0 |
|
|
|
15.6 |
|
|
|
15.1 |
|
|
|
19.4 |
|
|
|
18.4 |
|
| Interest on External Debt/Exports of Goods and Services (%)(1) |
|
|
7.1 |
|
|
|
6.9 |
|
|
|
6.4 |
|
|
|
5.3 |
|
|
|
5.8 |
|
| External Debt Outstanding/Exports of Goods and Services (%)(1) |
|
|
126.4 |
|
|
|
113.7 |
|
|
|
129.5 |
|
|
|
131.8 |
|
|
|
157.8 |
|
| External Debt/Nominal
GDP (%)(2) |
|
|
58.9 |
|
|
|
56.0 |
|
|
|
59.0 |
|
|
|
64.9 |
|
|
|
75.6 |
|
| Domestic Debt/Nominal
GDP (%)(3) |
|
|
71.3 |
|
|
|
75.8 |
|
|
|
74.2 |
|
|
|
68.5 |
|
|
|
52.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Debt/Nominal
GDP (%)(2) |
|
|
131.5 |
|
|
|
134.3 |
|
|
|
136.4 |
|
|
|
133.4 |
|
|
|
128.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (1) |
Exports of goods, services and current transfers. |
| (2) |
Calculated by converting external debt to JA dollars using the average annual nominal exchange rate. |
| (3) |
Calculated using Jamaica Dollars. |
Source: Ministry of Finance and Planning and Bank of Jamaica.
For purposes of Jamaica’s EFF arrangement with the IMF, total debt is defined as debt of the Bank of Jamaica, debt of the Central
Government, debt of Petrocaribe Development Fund (net of any amounts owed by the Central Government to PDF), domestic guaranteed debt and external guaranteed debt (“EFF Debt”). Jamaica’s EFF Debt to nominal GDP was 124.5% at the end
of the 2015/16 fiscal year, 137.3% at the end of the 2014/15 fiscal year, and 140.4% at the end of the 2013/14 fiscal year.
Debt Records
Jamaica has never defaulted on any of its external or domestic debt obligations, which under the Jamaican Constitution are paid without any
requirement of Parliamentary approval, directly from revenue and assets of Jamaica, before funds are available to Jamaica for other policies and programs. Since 1993, Jamaica has been involved in only two debt restructurings, which occurred in
January 2010 and February 2013. See “—Public Finance —The Jamaica Debt Exchange —The National Debt Exchange.”
D-72
On January 25, 1993, Jamaica entered into a multi-year debt service rescheduling arrangement
with the Paris Club comprised of Organisation for Economic Co-Operation Development (“OECD”) creditor governments and their agencies. This accord spanned the 36-month consolidation period from October 1, 1992 through
September 30, 1995. Pursuant to the Paris Club Accord, the parties finalized the single outstanding bilateral implementing agreement in January 1996.
In March 1996, Jamaica formally completed a three-year extended fund facility with the International Monetary Fund. For a description of our
current standby arrangement and extended fund facility see “The Jamaican Economy—Standby Arrangement and Extended Fund Facility.”
D-73
THE MONETARY SYSTEM
Bank of Jamaica
The Bank of
Jamaica was established in 1960 pursuant to the Bank of Jamaica Act 1960 and commenced operations in 1961. The Bank of Jamaica Act, together with the Banking Act 1992, the Financial Institutions Act, the Building Societies Act and the Bank of
Jamaica (Building Societies) Regulations provides the Bank of Jamaica with the statutory authority for regulating the activities of the banking system.
Amendments to the Banking Act and the Bank of Jamaica Act designed to strengthen the Bank of Jamaica’s oversight in banking activities
became law in October 1997 and March 2002, respectively. Amendments to the Financial Institutions Act, which regulates merchant banks, and the Building Societies Act, which regulates building societies, also became law in October 1997 and March
2002, respectively. See “—the Financial System” and “—Legislation and Regulation.” Amendments to the Bank of Jamaica Act, subjecting money transmitters and remittance agencies to licensing regimes and regulations
comparable to those applicable to other institutions that deal with approved foreign currency became law in February 2004. These amendments will bring Jamaica in line with the Financial Action Task Force’s (“FATF”) 40 revised
recommendations.
In addition to its operations relating to the issue and redemption of currency and as banker to the Government of
Jamaica, the Bank of Jamaica’s primary role remains the development and implementation of monetary policies aimed at achieving Jamaica’s inflation objectives and maintaining long-term stability in the foreign exchange market. As the
banking supervisory authority, the Bank of Jamaica is also required to ensure the soundness and development of the financial system pursuant to the Banking Act, the Financial Institutions Act, the Building Societies Act and Bank of Jamaica (Building
Societies) Regulations.
Money Supply and Interest Rates
The monetary base expanded by 12.2% in 2015, following increases of 5.1% and 6.1% for 2014 and 2013, respectively. The monetary base comprises
currency issue in the hands of the public, plus vault cash held in the banking system, statutory cash reserves and demand deposits of commercial banks held at the Bank of Jamaica. The acceleration in the rate of growth in 2015 was reflected in a
sharp increase in currency issue to 12.5% from 7.4% for 2014 and expansion in the growth of commercial banks’ local currency cash reserves to 11.6% from 0.3%. A build-up in the Net International Reserves was the main source of expansion in the
monetary base. Growth in broad money supply (M2) that includes foreign currency accelerated to 16.0% for 2015 from 6.7% for 2014. The growth in M2 in 2015 largely reflected expansion of 21.0% in demand deposits. In 2015, currency with the non-bank
public, time and saving deposits increased by 15.3%, 10.7% and 15.0%, respectively.
For the first three months of 2016, the monetary base
declined by 1.8% relative to a contraction of 7.2% for the comparable period of 2015. The contraction in the monetary base during the first three months of 2016 largely reflected net currency redemption of 5.1%. For the first three months of 2016,
the stock of M2 grew by 4.9% as compared to an expansion of 1.2% for the corresponding period of 2015.
The Bank of Jamaica reduced the
interest rate payable on its 30-day Certificate of Deposit (“CD”) by 50 basis points to 5.25% for 2015. This adjustment was in the context of a generally favorable outlook for inflation, which was projected to end FY 2015/16 below the
target band. In addition, the risks to the inflation forecast were skewed to the downside in the context of overall improvements in the domestic macroeconomic environment and a trend decline in inflation expectations. Furthermore, the policy
adjustments were assessed to pose no risks to the continued attainment of the monetary targets under the EFF-supported program, which were comfortably met in 2015. The Bank of Jamaica continued to hold the interest rate on its overnight instrument
at 0.25% while the local currency cash reserve and liquid assets requirement were maintained at 12.0% and 26.0%, respectively. During the year, the Bank of Jamaica continued to manage Jamaica Dollar liquidity through issues of regular and special
open market operations instruments as well as a suite of derivative instruments. In addition, during the year the Bank of Jamaica complemented the adjustments in the policy rate by reducing the spread relative to the policy rate for its lending
facilities and offered 3- and 4-month occasional term repurchase agreements in the final quarter of 2015 in order to smooth the liquidity impact of upcoming maturities of the NDX bonds in February 2016.
D-74
On May 31, 2016, the Bank of Jamaica reduced the rate offered on its 30-day CD by 25 basis
points to 5.00%. This adjustment was in the context of a generally favorable outlook for inflation for FY 2016/17.
The weighted average
domestic currency loan rate of commercial banks decreased to 16.7% as at March 31, 2016 from 17.0% as at December 31, 2015, which in turn decreased from 17.2% as at December 31, 2014.
The following tables show determinants of money supply and interest rates for the five years ended March 31, 2016:
Money Supply
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012(3) |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
|
2016(4) |
|
| |
|
(in millions of J$) |
|
| Narrow Money (M1) |
|
|
120,569.9 |
|
|
|
133,264.5 |
|
|
|
148,734.0 |
|
|
|
165,010.4 |
|
|
|
164,412.9 |
|
|
|
192,575.9 |
|
| Currency |
|
|
52,853.8 |
|
|
|
54,734.7 |
|
|
|
58,641.4 |
|
|
|
63,583.5 |
|
|
|
66,356.3 |
|
|
|
79,988.9 |
|
| Quasi-Money(1) |
|
|
230,848.7 |
|
|
|
241,202.8 |
|
|
|
267,219.8 |
|
|
|
281,530.1 |
|
|
|
287,643.7 |
|
|
|
349,679.5 |
|
| Monetary Base(2) |
|
|
91,710.1 |
|
|
|
97,648.5 |
|
|
|
103,633.4 |
|
|
|
108,882.5 |
|
|
|
101,081.3 |
|
|
|
120,011.9 |
|
| Broad Money (M2) |
|
|
351,418.5 |
|
|
|
374,467.3 |
|
|
|
415,953.8 |
|
|
|
446,540.5 |
|
|
|
452,056.6 |
|
|
|
542,255.4 |
|
| (1) |
Quasi-money comprises time deposits and savings deposits. |
| (2) |
The monetary base comprises currency issue in the hands of the public, plus vault cash held in the banking system, statutory cash reserves and demand deposits of commercial banks held at the Bank of Jamaica.
|
| (4) |
As at March 2016 (provisional). |
Source: Bank of Jamaica.
Interest Rates
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
|
2016(3) |
|
| |
|
(%) |
|
| Domestic Currency Loan Rate |
|
|
19.4 |
|
|
|
18.4 |
|
|
|
17.5 |
|
|
|
17.2 |
|
|
|
17.1 |
|
|
|
16.7 |
|
| Domestic Currency Time Deposit Rate |
|
|
4.2 |
|
|
|
3.9 |
|
|
|
4.3 |
|
|
|
4.0 |
|
|
|
3.8 |
|
|
|
3.5 |
|
| Treasury Bill Yield(1) |
|
|
6.2 |
|
|
|
7.7 |
|
|
|
7.5 |
|
|
|
7.0 |
|
|
|
6.7 |
|
|
|
5.8 |
|
| Treasury Bill Yield(2) |
|
|
6.5 |
|
|
|
7.2 |
|
|
|
8.3 |
|
|
|
7.1 |
|
|
|
7.0 |
|
|
|
5.8 |
|
| (1) |
Tenors of Treasury bills are approximately 90 days. |
| (2) |
Tenors of Treasury bills are approximately 182 days. |
Source: Bank of Jamaica.
At the end of 2009, the weighted average yields on Government of Jamaica Treasury Bills (“WATBY”) on 6-month Treasury bills was
16.80%. In the last five years, the WATBY for 6-month and 3-month Treasury bills has generally trended downwards. The initial downward movement in 2011 was a result of the success of the JDX program, the associated improvement in fiscal accounts and
the reductions in inflation. The moderate upward trends in 2012 and 2013 were addressed by the NDX program and the achievement of the targets under the IMF Standby Arrangement, resulting in downward trends in 2014, 2015 and to March 31, 2016.
As at March 31, 2016, the yield on the 3-month Treasury bills was 5.75%.
Cash reserves
In the summer of 1998, the Bank of Jamaica announced its medium-term goal to reduce the cash reserve requirement for commercial banks. As a
first step towards meeting this goal, the Bank of Jamaica reduced in increments the cash reserve requirement for commercial banks to 17% in May 1999 from 25% prior to August 1998, thereby equalizing the cash reserve requirement for commercial banks
and other deposit-taking institutions. Having equalized the cash reserve requirement, further reductions were gradually effected, resulting in an overall reduction to 9.0% at March 2002. In response to challenges which emerged from the global
financial crisis in 2008, the Bank
D-75
of Jamaica instituted a number of initiatives, including an increase in the cash reserve requirement. The cash reserve requirement was increased to 11.0% as at December 2008 from 9.0% as at
December 2007. Between January and February 2009 the cash reserve requirement was increased by a further 3.0 percentage points to 14.0%. However, effective July 1, 2010, consistent with the general loosening of monetary policy since the first
quarter of 2009, the requirement was reduced by 2.0 percentage points to 12.0%. Since 2010, the cash reserve requirement has been maintained at 12.0%.
The Bank of Jamaica monitors the level of liquid assets outstanding to ensure that at all times supervised financial institutions meet their
statutory liquidity obligations. The liquid assets requirement for deposit-taking institutions was 26.0% at December 31, 2014, with commercial banks holding excess liquid assets of J$27.2 billion above the statutory minimum requirements. At
December 31, 2015, the liquid assets requirement for deposit-taking institutions remained at 26.0% with commercial banks holdings of liquid asset decreasing to J$14.4 billion above the statutory minimum requirements.
The Financial System
Regulatory and Supervisory Structure
Regulation and supervision of the financial system is primarily undertaken by two institutions, the Bank of Jamaica and the Financial Services
Commission. The Bank of Jamaica regulates and supervises the commercial banks and other licensed deposit-taking financial institutions under powers contained in the recently implemented Banking Services Act, which served to repeal and replace three
pre-existing deposit taking statutes. The Financial Services Commission, which became operational on August 2, 2001, is the sole regulatory and supervisory agency for certain non-deposit taking financial institutions, including securities
dealers, unit trusts, mutual funds, insurance companies, and pension funds. It similarly derives its supervisory authority from various statutes. Recent amendments to the Bank of Jamaica Act enable the establishment of a Financial Regulatory
Committee (“FRC”) with the objective of facilitating information sharing, coordination and cooperation among regulatory authorities. The FRC consists of the Governor of the Bank of Jamaica (Chair); the Financial Secretary; the Executive
Director of the Financial Services Commission and the CEO of the Jamaica Deposit Insurance Corporation. This committee replaces the Financial Regulatory Council which was established in 2000 with the mandate to develop policies and strategies to
facilitate coordination and information sharing between the various supervisory and related agencies operating in the Jamaican financial sector. The conduct of the Financial Regulatory Council, which comprised the members now mandated under the law,
was guided by a Memorandum of Understanding. As with the Financial Regulatory Council, the FRC will utilize a proactive and coordinated approach to sharing regulatory information and developing policy for the financial sector, thus helping in the
early detection of cross-sector problems and enhancing the implementation of consolidated supervision rules and principles.
The
deposit-taking system has remained adequately capitalized due mainly to the reforms of earlier years that ensured that institutions remain subject to strict regulatory requirements and oversight. A 100% risk weighting for Government foreign currency
denominated instruments was implemented. Capital ratios have remained above the minimum risk weighted capital ratio of 10.0% and the capital to total assets (leverage ratio) requirement of 6.0%. At December 31, 2015, the risk weighted capital
adequacy ratio for the deposit-taking financial institutions was 14.9% and the capital to total assets ratio was 10.8%. This compares with the Basel minimum requirement for risk weighted capital adequacy ratio of 10.0%. While the Basel Committee
does not currently impose a leverage ratio, in December 2009, it proposed the introduction of a similar leverage ratio—to be initially tested under a parallel run at 3%. The Federal Reserve Bank sets its minimum leverage ratio at 3% to 4%.
An indirect impact on Jamaica arising from the global financial crisis was the loss in credit facilities, including cuts in and withdrawal of
margin funding arrangements. In response, the Bank of Jamaica made a special loan facility available to domestic financial institutions to facilitate repayment of margin arrangements held with overseas brokers. These margin arrangements had been
collateralized with Government of Jamaica global bonds. By September 30, 2010, loans extended under this special loan facility had been repaid. There is also evidence that there was a deterioration in the asset quality of deposit-taking
institutions over the period between December 2009 and December 2011, when non-performing loans moved to 8.9% at the end of 2011, from 4.7% at the end of 2009. The deterioration was attributable to the decline in real growth consequent on the
decline in the demand for Jamaica’s exports given the economic recession in Jamaica’s major export markets. The deteriorating trend has since reversed and at December 31, 2015, non-performing loans as a percentage of total loan
portfolio fell to 4.1%. Preliminary data as at March 31, 2016 show non-performing loans have declined further to 4.0% of total loans.
D-76
Jamaica’s financial system is integrated with regional and international financial markets.
Since the beginning of the liberalization process in 1991 until 1994, the banking and insurance services sector expanded significantly. Since 1995, however, the financial system has undergone consolidation as a result of a combination of closures
and mergers. As at March 31, 2016, the number of deposit taking institutions in operation consisted of six commercial banks, two merchant banks and finance houses and three building societies.
On December 31, 2015, assets net of International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) provision for losses, including
contingent accounts (i.e. customer accounts for acceptances, guarantees and letters of credit), and liabilities of commercial banks, amounted to J$916.9 billion and J$786.7 billion, respectively, representing increases of 10.5% and 10.4%,
respectively, over December 31, 2014. On the asset side, total loans and advances (gross) amounted to J$414.2 billion at December 31, 2015, representing an increase of 8.7% relative to 2014. On the liabilities side, total deposits were
J$587.8 billion in 2015, representing an increase of 12.2% when compared to 2014.
The latest data at March 31, 2016 reflected total
assets and liabilities of commercial banks amounting to J$945.5 billion and J$809.8 billion, respectively, and comprised primarily of loans and advances (gross) of J$423.6 billion. The main liability item deposits totaled J$613.6 billion.
The total assets and liabilities of deposit-taking financial intermediaries other than commercial banks (i.e., building societies and merchant
banks) was J$277.1 billion at December 31, 2015, representing an expansion of 6.1% over 2014. Outstanding loans and advances (gross) in these entities at December 31, 2015 was J$129.9 billion, representing an increase of 11.6% over 2014,
while deposits were J$184.1 billion, representing an increase of 10.8% from 2014.
At March 31, 2016, total assets and liabilities of
deposit-taking financial intermediaries (other than commercial banks) was J$283.2 billion and J$235.3 billion respectively. Loans and advances (gross) amounted to J$133.0 billion while total deposits totaled J$190.8 billion.
Legislation and Regulation
Laws
and regulations governing the financial sector include:
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The Bank of Jamaica Act 1960; |
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The Unit Trust Act 1971; |
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The Securities Act 1993; |
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The Industrial and Provident Societies Act and the related Bank of Jamaica (Industrial and Provident Societies) Regulations 1995; |
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The Deposit Insurance Act 1998; |
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The Insurance Act 2001; |
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The Financial Services Commission Act 2001; |
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The Pensions (Superannuation Funds and Retirement Schemes) Act 2004; |
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The Terrorism Prevention Act 2005; |
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The Terrorism Prevention (Reporting Entities) Regulations, 2010; |
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The Proceeds of Crime Act 2007; |
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The Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering Prevention) Regulations, 2007; |
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The Credit Reporting Act; and |
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The Banking Services Act 2015. |
Jamaica implemented upgraded deposit-taking financial
legislation in the form of the Financial Institutions Act and the Banking Act in 1992 to provide for, among other things, a standardized legal framework for the operations of commercial banks and other licensed deposit-taking intermediaries,
including enhanced minimum capital adequacy standards. In addition, these acts provided the Bank of Jamaica, in certain instances, and the Minister of Finance and Planning in others, with the means to take actions such as issuing “cease and
desist” orders and assuming temporary management of such institutions when there is evidence of unsound banking practices or where the institution’s financial viability is in jeopardy.
In order to strengthen the existing regulatory framework, in light of the difficulties in the financial sector, Parliament passed amendments
to the Banking Act, the Financial Institutions Act, the Building Societies Act and the Industrial and Provident Societies Act in October 1997. Some features of these amendments included:
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empowering the Minister of Finance and Planning to take control of the shares of any licensee that is no longer viable, to effect a sale of the licensee’s shares or assets or to restructure the entity in the
interest of its depositors; |
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empowering the Supervisor of Banks to issue “cease and desist” orders in respect of financial institutions experiencing problems and to require special audits of these institutions; |
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enhancing the existing “fit and proper” criteria that relate to directors, significant shareholders and the senior management of licensees; |
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tightening credit limits for unsecured lending, and prohibiting the issuance of unsecured credit to any affiliated parties; |
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imposing a lower ceiling on total lending to or investment in all affiliated parties; |
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tightening investment limits; |
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reducing the non-accrual period for interest on non-performing loans from six months to three months; |
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imposing minimum solvency standards and risk-based criteria; |
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specifying the obligations of bank auditors in the presentation of findings and imposing obligations on auditors to report irregularities to the Bank of Jamaica; |
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allowing for the examination of the accounts of holding companies of supervised financial institutions; and |
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prohibiting industrial and provident societies from taking deposits without written authorization from the Minister of Finance and Planning. |
These revisions provided the Bank of Jamaica, in certain instances, and the Minister, in others, with a wider range of sanctions and greater
powers of intervention to use with respect to troubled financial institutions. See also “Public Finance—Improvements in the Legislative and Regulatory Framework.”
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In March 2002, further amendments were made to Jamaican banking laws to grant the Bank of Jamaica
expanded powers to supervise financial institutions with deposit-taking capability. These amendments included:
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the transfer to the Bank of Jamaica of powers of the Minister to assume temporary management of deposit-taking institutions in the event that the Bank of Jamaica believes that such an intermediary is, or appears,
unlikely to meet its obligations; |
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the granting to the Bank of Jamaica of powers to assess fines for specific offences under the Banking Act and Financial Institutions Act; |
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the granting to the Bank of Jamaica of power to require a deposit-taking institution to legally separate its banking operations from its securities-trading activities and investment activities undertaken on behalf of
investor clients; |
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the granting to the Bank of Jamaica of power to effectively carry out consolidated supervision of banks and other companies that are members of a group of which the bank is a member; and |
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the broadening of the types of cases in which a bank may disclose information concerning specific customer accounts. |
These revisions have significantly increased the scope of the Bank of Jamaica’s regulatory authority, including its powers of
intervention, by expanding the Bank of Jamaica’s ability to temporarily manage troubled financial institutions. See also “Public Finance—Improvements in the Legislative and Regulatory Framework.”
Additionally, in February 2004, amendments were passed to the Bank of Jamaica Act, which effectively brought all operators of remittance
companies or agencies under the supervisory ambit of the Bank of Jamaica. The regulatory regime for remittance entities came into effect in July 2005 and involves a licensing requirement that entails fit and proper due diligence checks and
assessments of their systems and procedures prior to licensing, as well as both on- and off-site reviews and assessments.
Supervisory
powers were further expanded in March 2005 by amendments to the Bank of Jamaica Act to clarify the Bank of Jamaica’s ability to share information with its overseas regulatory counterparts. Supervisory powers of sanction were also expanded to
expressly deal with breaches by financial institutions of their obligations under non-financial statutes under which specific obligations were imposed (e.g., the Money Laundering Act which was replaced by the Proceeds of Crime Act and the Terrorism
Prevention Act. See “—Proceeds of Crime Act” below). This was achieved by amendments to the Banking Act and Financial Institutions Act, which were passed into law in December 2004. In regards to the Bank of Jamaica (Building
Societies) Regulations, the amendments were passed in Parliament in November 2004.
As part of the SBA in 2010, reforms have also been
proposed and begun to strengthen the financial system. See “The Jamaican Economy—Recent Economic Crisis—IMF Standby Arrangement.”
There are also a number of regulations and best practice standards that govern the operations of financial institutions in Jamaica.
Bank of Jamaica Act
In December 2010, the Cabinet approved the recommendation for the responsibility for the stability of the overall financial system in Jamaica
to be statutorily assigned to the Bank of Jamaica. In October 2015, these amendments to the Bank of Jamaica Act were passed. These amendments address the following:
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Outlining the Bank of Jamaica’s role of maintaining financial system stability; |
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Mandating the establishment of a Financial System Stability Committee to coordinate the activities pursuant to the objective of financial system stability; incorporating the development of holding company legislation to
allow for more effective consolidated supervision of financial groups that include one or more deposit taking institutions; |
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Establishing the financial stability oversight powers of the Bank of Jamaica in relation to financial institutions supervised by the Bank of Jamaica and those regulated by the Financial Services Commission as well as
other persons who engage in the offer of financial services whose operations are deemed to be of systemic importance; |
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Granting the necessary powers to the Bank of Jamaica to obtain information from these persons referenced above that will allow for the assessment of risks to the financial system (including the powers of inspection and
powers to demand information); |
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Giving the necessary powers to the Bank of Jamaica to direct and impose measures to mitigate and control the risks from these systemically important financial institutions and services to the financial system. Powers
include the ability to extend liquidity where this is deemed necessary in the circumstances and powers to issue prescriptive rules, standards and codes pertinent to the oversight of the stability of the financial system; |
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Mandating the establishment of a Central Financial System database; and |
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Mandating the publication of a financial stability report within three months after the end of each financial year. |
Omnibus Legislation (Banking Services Act)
The Banking Services Act was passed in June 2014 and was brought into effect in September 30, 2015 by Appointed Day Notice. It repealed
the Banking Act, the Financial Institutions Act, the deposit-taking and related provisions in the Building Societies Act and the Bank of Jamaica (Building Societies Regulations). The Building Societies Act and the Bank of Jamaica Act were also
consequently amended. At the core of the Banking Services Act is a framework that allows for increased compliance with international supervisory principles. Significant enhanced provisions incorporated in the Banking Services Act include:
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Supervisory Autonomy—Under the Banking Services Act, certain critical supervisory functions have been transferred from the Minister of Finance to the Supervisor and the Supervisory Committee. The Supervisory
Committee, as prescribed by the Banking Services Act, consists of five persons: three ex-officio members and two independent persons appointed by the Governor-General, on the advice of the Minister of Finance. The ex-officio members of the
Supervisory Committee are the Supervisor (Chairman), a member of the senior executive staff of the Bank with responsibility over the financial stability oversight (currently the Senior Deputy Governor) and the Deputy Supervisor. The Supervisory
Committee became operational during 2015; |
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Consolidated Supervision Framework—The Banking Services Act requires a Financial Holding Company (“FHC”) to be established for each financial group to which a Deposit-taking Institution (“DTI”)
belongs, the FHC, which is required to be licensed and supervised by the Bank of Jamaica, will be responsible for, among other things, ensuring that the financial group is adequately capitalized on a consolidated basis and subject to effective
governance and risk management. In addition, the FHC’s responsibilities involve ensuring that the DTI group members comply with regulatory requirements applicable under the Banking Services Act or any other legislation governing their
operations; |
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Enforceable Code of Conduct—The Banking Services Act provides for the issuance of an enforceable Code of Conduct on deposit-taking licensees’ dealings with their customers. This Code is expected to complement
consumer protection for users of banking services, available under substantive consumer protection mechanisms and agencies outside of the Bank of Jamaica; |
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Counterparty Exposure Limits—The Banking Services Act provides a framework for the containment of risks within the context of licensee’s capital resources through enhanced requirements at the FHC and DTI
level, on incurring counterparty exposures; and |
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Agent Banking—The Banking Services Act provides for the extension of permissible banking services through agents who meet the requirements for authorization and are approved by the Supervisory Committee. This
provision will allow customers of deposit-taking licensees to conduct certain banking services through a non-deposit-taking third party. Permissible activities in which agents may be used, include deposits and withdrawals, loan repayments, bill
payments, account balance inquiries and collection of know-your-customer and customer due diligence information. |
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Amendments to the Bank of Jamaica Act coinciding with the Banking Services Act also provide for the establishment of a Financial Regulatory Committee with the objective of facilitating information sharing, coordination
and cooperation among regulatory authorities. |
Micro Credit Legislation
The Government is proposing to enhance the legislative framework for privately owned money lending institutions. The new regulatory framework
being proposed aims to address the deficiencies inherent in the operations of the industry, provide for improvement in the monitoring of the industry, transparency, protection of consumers and reduction in risks of the industry being used as a
vehicle to facilitate money laundering.
Deposit Insurance
In March 1998, Parliament passed the Deposit Insurance Act, designed to protect depositors through the establishment of an explicit Deposit
Insurance Scheme (the “Scheme”). The Deposit Insurance Act established the Jamaica Deposit Insurance Corporation, which administers the Scheme and ultimately the Deposit Insurance Fund (“Fund”). The financial institutions covered
under the Scheme (policyholders) are all commercial banks, merchant banks and building societies. All deposits (excluding government deposits and deposits from policyholders) held at these institutions are insurable under the Scheme. The insured
institutions must contribute to the Fund (by paying an initial and annual premium), which will be used to pay depositors in circumstances where an insured institution is unable to meet its deposit liabilities. Additionally, the Jamaica Deposit
Insurance Corporation is authorized to make loans or advances available with security interests, and to guarantee, indemnify or become liable for the payment of monies or the performance of any obligation thereto, with respect to a covered
institution facing financial distress.
When the Scheme was established, the coverage limit was set at J$200,000 per depositor, per
institution. In order to maintain or enhance the level of protection to depositors, the limit is constantly under review, and has been adjusted twice since establishment, up to J$300,000 on July 11, 2001, then up to J$600,000 effective
July 1, 2007. As at December 2015, 96.3% of the insurable deposit accounts were fully covered at the coverage limit of J$600,000.00 (insurable deposits shall be understood as deposits received or held by a policyholder from or on behalf of a
depositor other than a deposit from another policyholder; or a deposit from a statutory body or authority or government company). The dollar value of fully covered accounts was recorded at J$284.0 billion and represented 27.0% of the dollar
value of total insurable deposits. Total estimated insured deposits accounted for 40.0% of insurable deposits (insured deposits shall be understood as the portion of insurable deposits that is within the coverage limit prescribed under the
Deposit Insurance Act, 1998).
In addition, the Deposit Insurance Act also provides for the sharing of information between the Bank of
Jamaica and the Jamaica Deposit Insurance Corporation, to enable the Jamaica Deposit Insurance Corporation to be fully apprised of the financial condition of the institutions it insures.
Agent Banking Framework
Pursuant to provisions in the Banking Services Act providing for certain banking services to be offered through agents, the Bank of Jamaica
issued a consultation paper to the industry during 2015 identifying related regulations expected to be issued during 2016. The provision of banking services through this delivery channel is expected to widen access to financial services and promote
financial inclusion.
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Code of Conduct on Customer Related Matters
Pursuant to provisions in the Banking Services Act providing for the Supervisor to issue a Code of Conduct on customer related matters, the
Bank of Jamaica issued a consultation paper to the industry during 2015. The Code is expected to be issued during 2016 and will address such matters as DTI’s obligations to provide notice of fees and charges, express interest rates as an
effective annual rate, ensure language in contracts is simple and clear and key terms identified to customers, and maintaining effective customer complaints mechanisms and procedures, among other matters.
Credit and Provisioning Regulations
The Bank of Jamaica is undertaking a comprehensive re-drafting of the captioned regulations to provide specific legal guidelines for loan
accounting, credit classification and provisioning requirements for bad and doubtful debts. The regulations are being reviewed in order to take account of developments in international standards such as the IFRS issued by the International
Accounting Standards Board and banking supervision principles issued by the Basel Committee of Banking Supervisors, such as Basel Core Principles and the Basel Standard for Sound Credit Risk and Valuation of Loans. These standards are themselves
subject to comprehensive review by these international standard setting bodies. The Bank of Jamaica is therefore currently awaiting the outcome of these exercises to ascertain the implications for local regulations.
Capital Adequacy Regulations
In 2004, regulations were promulgated establishing minimum risk-based capital standards for commercial banks and licensed financial
institutions. These regulations introduced the concept of Tier I and Tier II capital utilized by regulators internationally, which define eligible components and provide the framework for assigning risk weights to on and off balance sheet items.
Under the regulations, the overall minimum capital required to be maintained in relation to risk weighted assets is 10%. The original regulations were repealed and reissued under the new Banking Services Act during 2015. Capital Adequacy Regulations
addressing Financial Holding Companies are also being drafted to be issued under the Banking Services Act.
Qualifications of
Auditors Regulations
The Bank of Jamaica has drafted regulations that specify the standards for auditors in undertaking an
external audit of supervised financial institutions. Among other things, the criteria specified in these regulations relate to the independence, experience and qualification of the external auditors. These proposed regulations would also require
prior notification to the Bank of Jamaica of proposed appointments. The Bank of Jamaica would also be empowered to object to the appointment of an auditor if there is evidence that such auditor is not in compliance with the provisions of the
regulations. The intention is for these proposed regulations to be promulgated under the new Banking Services Act.
Bank of Jamaica
(Credit Unions) Regulations
The Bank of Jamaica has drafted regulations to establish the supervisory regime applicable to credit
unions. These regulations will, among other things, prescribe prudential criteria and minimum solvency standards covering, inter alia, essential areas such as licensing, capital adequacy, liquid assets, credit limits and provisioning,
submission of financial statements and remedial action that can be taken by supervisory authorities with respect to problem credit unions. The draft proposed regulations have benefited from extensive dialogue with the credit union sector and are
pending presentation to Parliament by the Minister of Finance and Public Service once drafting is complete. Pending finalization and promulgation of the Regulations by the Parliament, oversight responsibility for the sector remains vested in the
Department of Co-operatives and Friendly Societies as the statutory agency, while the Jamaica Co-operatives Credit Union League continues to undertake a self-regulatory role.
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The Payment, Settlement and Clearing Act
The Payment, Settlement and Clearing Act was passed in Parliament in November 2010. The legislation formally establishes the legal framework
for the oversight of the payment and settlement system and addresses matters such as: finality of payments, effect of insolvency on payments already in the system, and upgrading of the settlement infrastructure by, inter alia, allowing for
real-time gross settlement. In this regard, Jamaica implemented a real-time gross settlement system in February 2009 and introduced a Central Securities Depository (“CSD”) in May 2009. The CSD is intended to house Government of Jamaica and
Bank of Jamaica (domestic) securities.
Passage of this legislation is the first step in ensuring that Jamaica’s payment and
settlement system operates in accordance with the Bank for International Settlements Core Principles for Systemically Important Payment Systems.
The Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Bill
The Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Bill, which has been drafted, will seek to restrict the deposit-taking activities of cooperative
societies to those cooperative societies that operate as credit unions. Secondly, it will seek to bring credit unions under the regulatory ambit of the Minister of Finance and Planning and the Bank of Jamaica.
Proceeds of Crime Act
The Proceeds of Crime Act (“POCA”) was passed by Parliament in early 2007 and came into effect on May 30, 2007. This statute is
supported by the Proceeds of Crimes (Money Laundering Prevention) Regulations and the Proceeds of Crimes (Confiscation) Regulations which were also promulgated in 2007. With the passage of the POCA, the former Money Laundering Act, related
Regulations and the Drug Offences (Forfeiture of Proceeds) Act were repealed and replaced. The wide-ranging POCA legislation provides for the investigation, identification and recovery of the proceeds of crime. Responsibilities previously delegated
to the Bank of Jamaica, as the “competent authority” for deposit-taking institutions under the Money Laundering Act, are now subsumed by the POCA. Among other matters, the Act now provides for revised Threshold Reporting Transaction Limits
for banking entities of US$15,000.00 (US$50,000.00 previously) and gives the Minister of National Security (as the responsible minister under POCA) the power to designate professions and businesses as financial institutions for the purposes of
reporting and complying with Anti-Money Laundering requirements. POCA also seeks to address all the loopholes that hampered investigative and prosecutorial efforts to combat money laundering that existed under the previous Drug Offences Forfeiture
of Proceeds Act and the Money Laundering Act.
Since its passage in 2007, the POCA has been amended to extend the list of predicate
offences and offences in respect of which an assumption of criminal lifestyle can be made, to include offences under the Child Pornography (Prevention) Act, specified offenses under the Sexual Offences Act, and related inchoate offenses such as
aiding and abetting and incitement, as well as offenses under the Law Reform (Fraudulent Transactions) Special Provisions) Act, which targets offenses such as lotto scam activities.
In October 2013, further amendments to the POCA were passed to:
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clarify the suspicious transactions reporting requirements; |
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outline the powers that competent authorities designated under the POCA will have in relation to their role of monitoring compliance with the Anti-Money Laundering requirements; |
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ensure that obligations placed on financial institutions are similarly placed on the entities that are responsible for the implementation of Anti-Money Laundering prevention, policies and procedures in the financial
institution’s group of companies; and |
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effect other amendments to the Money Laundering Prevention Regulations under the POCA to strengthen the requirements for Customer Due Diligence (“CDD”), the application of CDD measures for politically exposed
persons (PEP), and the use of risk-based processes to identify and address Anti-Money Laundering/Counter Financing of Terrorism (“CFT”) risks. |
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The United Nations Security Council Resolution (Implementation) Act, 2013
The Act reflects Jamaica’s compliance with FATF Recommendation 7 (Targeted financial sanctions related to proliferation) of the revised
FATF Forty (40) Recommendations issued in 2012.
Bank of Jamaica AML/CFT Guidance Notes
The Bank of Jamaica Anti-Money Laundering Guidance Notes, which were originally issued during the 1990s, provide specific guidance to all
institutions supervised by the Bank of Jamaica on the detection and prevention of money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Revisions to the Guidance Notes were issued in 2004, 2005 and 2007 to incorporate, among other things, provisions
consistent with the revised FATF 40 Recommendations of 2003 and the Eight Special Recommendations for Terrorist Financing; the Ninth Special Recommendation of the FATF on cash couriers and enhanced guidance on customer due diligence verification.
During 2009, the Bank of Jamaica undertook another round of revisions with a view to incorporating relevant provisions of the POCA and the POCA (Money Laundering Prevention) Regulations. The revisions took into account comments from the industry and
the completed Guidance Notes were approved by the Minister on April 22, 2010. Further, revisions to the Guidance Notes have been undertaken in keeping with 2013 amendments to the POCA and Terrorism Prevention (Reporting Entities) Regulations,
as well as developments in international best practices in the areas of Anti-Money Laundering and CFT techniques, promulgated by the FATF and the Basel Committee of Banking Supervisors. In this regard, a consultation paper was issued for comment in
April 2016.
Insurance Act
A new Insurance Act was enacted in December 2001 to repeal and replace the Insurance Act of 1972, to provide measures to strengthen corporate
governance and the rulemaking process, and to establish prompt corrective action. The Insurance Act is currently being amended to harmonize certain provisions with other financial sector legislation and strengthen the legislative framework for the
insurance industry.
Pensions (Superannuation Funds & Retirement Schemes) Act
Reform of the pensions system started with the enactment of the Pensions (Superannuation Funds and Retirement Schemes) Act in 2004, which
became effective in March 2005. This Act included new requirements for pension funds such as registration, licensing, investment limits, minimum solvency standards and information disclosure. In 2007, the second phase of the Pension Reform
initiative was advanced with the submission of additional drafting instructions for the preparation of amendments to the Act and associated regulations. This was preceded by extensive consultations with major stakeholders in the industry. The
legislation will address issues such as mandatory vesting, portability of pension rights, funding and solvency of approved superannuation funds and retirement schemes.
Terrorism Prevention Act
The Terrorism Prevention Act gives effect to the UN Convention on the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism as well as to various other UN
Security Council resolutions. This Act imposes counter-terrorist financing and reporting obligations on financial institutions, which will assist the authorities in identifying, tracing and ultimately forfeiting assets owned or controlled by
terrorists, and provides law enforcement with the widest range of investigative tools to achieve these objectives. The Terrorism Prevention Act was passed by the Parliament in March 2005 and came into effect in June 2005. In March 2010 an amendment
to the Terrorism Prevention Act was passed to allow for the level penalties reflected in the proposed Terrorism Prevention (Reporting Entities) Regulations, 2010 to be imposed. (Under Jamaica’s laws penalties set out within Regulations are
restricted to the maximum permitted under the Interpretation Act unless the Principal Act to the Regulations expressly provides otherwise).
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The Terrorism Prevention Act was amended to address the omission of an express suspicious
transaction reporting obligation and to allow for the implementation of the listed entity provisions in the act. Jamaica has since issued its first list of designated terrorists in accordance with the UN Resolution 1267, following the publication of
the requisite court order in June 2012. A subsequent court order was published in July 2013.
Further amendments to the Terrorism
Prevention Act were passed in October 2013 to, among other things, ensure that property of corresponding value can be confiscated, and to allow for Jamaica’s full implementation of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of
Nuclear Terrorism of September 4, 2005, the 2005 amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, the October 14, 2005 amendment to the Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the
Safety of Maritime Navigation, and the October 14, 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms.
Terrorism Prevention (Reporting Entities) Regulations
In March 2010, the Terrorism Prevention (Reporting Entities) Regulations, were promulgated under the Terrorism Prevention Act. These
Regulations largely mirror the Know Your Customer (KYC) obligations contained in the Regulations under POCA. Accordingly, the Regulations outline the operational controls that must be maintained by financial institutions particularly when
contemplating the commencement of a business relationship or a one-off transaction. The Regulations also require financial institutions to establish and maintain appropriate procedures in relation to identification, record-keeping, internal
controls, communication and training of employees. These Regulations also prescribe the requisite Declaration Forms for transactions that the reporting entity knows or suspects are transactions that constitute a terrorism offense, and for the
quarterly reports as to whether or not the reporting entity is holding property in respect of a person who is on the United Nations list of designated terrorists or in respect of a person who has links with terrorists or terrorist groups or
organizations.
In October 2013, the Terrorism Prevention (Reporting Entities) Regulations were amended to consolidate and intensify the
requirements for CDD, the application of CDD measures for PEP, and the use of risk-based processes to identify and address Anti-Money Laundering/CFT risks.
The Financial Investigations Division Act
The Financial Investigations Division Act (FIDA) was passed in March 2010 and brought into effect by Appointed Day Notice in April 2010. The
Act gives the existing Financial Investigations Division (“FID”) of the Ministry of Finance and Planning the necessary statutory powers and protections to carry out that Division’s mandate of investigating and prosecuting financial
crime, including money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The FID operates as Jamaica’s Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) and the passage of the statute will assist the FID in attaining membership with the Egmont Group of FIU. The FIDA
was amended in 2013 to, among other things, clarify the FID’s role where Jamaica contemplates entering into information sharing agreements with international counterparts. The FID applied for membership with Egmont, which is the global group of
financial intelligence units, and was admitted in 2014.
The Credit Reporting Act
The Credit Reporting Act (“CRA”) was passed in August 2010 and became effective October 1, 2010. This statute establishes a
credit reporting system in Jamaica and is designed to improve credit assessment processes and to facilitate enhanced risk management and loan pricing strategies throughout the financial sector. A licensing system is imposed on persons who intend to
offer credit reporting services and prescribed reporting processes are outlined to ensure objective and standardized reporting of credit information. Persons offering credit reporting services are subject to regulation by the Bank of Jamaica. Credit
Reporting Regulations were issued under the CRA on January 14, 2011. These Regulations, among other things, outline the licensing process including the form of application, licensing fees and information and documentation to be provided in
support of an application for a license. Two credit bureaus were licensed between March and April 2012 and were given a twelve-month period to start operations. Both entities commenced operations during 2013. In August 2014, the Minister of Finance
and Planning, based on recommendations from the Bank of Jamaica, issued an additional license bringing to three the number of credit reporting agencies under the CRA. There was an increased level of credit reporting activity
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reported by the two licensed credit bureaus that had commenced the issue of credit reports during 2013. Specifically, in 2015 there were 129,698 credit reports issued and 69 signed credit
information providers, reflecting an increase from the 69,939 reports and 53 credit providers in 2014.
Standards of Best Practices
To date, the Bank of Jamaica has issued 13 Standards of Best Practices and Guidance for the management of deposit-taking entities.
These are:
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Standards of Best Practices for Capital Management; |
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Standards of Best Practices for Credit Risk Management; |
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Standards of Best Practices for Securities Portfolio Risk Management; |
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Standards of Best Practices for Liquidity Risk Management; |
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Standards of Best Practices for Interest Rate Risk Management; |
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Standards of Best Practices for Foreign Exchange Risk Management; |
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Standards of Best Practices for Internal Controls; |
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Standards of Best Practices for Real Estate Appraisal Management; |
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Standards of Best Practices for the Management or Investment of Customers’ Funds; |
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Guidance Notes for the Detection and Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Activities; |
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Guidelines for Fit and Proper Assessments; |
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Standards of Best Practices for Country and Transfer Risk; and |
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Standards of Best Practices for Effective Corporate Governance. |
Since the 2005 FSAP exercise,
the Bank of Jamaica has engaged in a continuous process of systematically revising these standards in order to further promote the establishment of comprehensive risk management processes in deposit-taking institutions in accordance with the revised
Basel Core Principles and as a necessary precursor to full implementation of the Basel Capital Adequacy framework (Basel II). In this regard, the standards relating to credit risk and market risk management have been updated considerably for issue
and discussion with the industry.
Basel II/III
Bank of Jamaica is adopting a four phased approach towards the adoption of Basel II, with emphasis on the full implementation of consolidated
supervision, full compliance with the Basel Core Principles and the promotion of enhanced risk management frameworks in deposit-taking entities, which are all considered to be necessary prerequisites to effective Basel II/III implementation. The
second phase will focus on implementation of Pillar II, which deals with supervisory review principles. The third phase will focus on implementation of Pillar III, which addresses market discipline requirements, and in the final phase the Bank of
Jamaica will fully adopt Pillar I, which focuses on quantitative assessment. With regard to Basel III, based on preliminary assessments, the Bank of Jamaica does not foresee significant challenges in complying with the more conservative capital
definitions proposed under Basel III given that existing Jamaican regulatory requirements are more stringent than those of Basel II capital definitions, including, for example, definitions of regulatory capital and the capital to total assets
leverage ratio which has been a legal requirement for banks since 2004.
D-86
Consolidated and Conglomerate Supervision of Financial Groups
Legislation governing the activities of deposit-taking entities was amended in 2002 to extend the regulatory and supervisory reach of the Bank
of Jamaica beyond the licensee itself, to include the wider financial group of which the licensee is a part. Pursuant to these amendments, the Bank of Jamaica has been working towards the full implementation of a comprehensive
consolidated/conglomerate supervision regime. This has included the promotion of the reconfiguring of financial groups containing deposit-taking entities, into supervisable financial structures and the extension of “fit and proper”
assessments to principals of financial holding companies and other entities within relevant financial groups. Further enhancements to the legislative framework were incorporated in the new Banking Services Act, which now requires that FHCs be
licensed and, therefore, be subject to supervisory oversight.
Unregulated Financial Organizations
In 2007, the authorities were faced with the challenge of dealing with over 20 Unregulated Financial Organizations (“UFOs”). The FSC,
with the support of other regulatory agencies, embarked on an extensive public education campaign to increase awareness of factors that should be taken into consideration before investing. This was accompanied by investigations into the business
operations of these UFOs. Following investigations by the FSC, the entities were deemed to be in contravention of the relevant laws governing the sector. The investigations also revealed that the smaller UFOs acted as feeders for the three largest
UFOs.
Consequently, the entities were served with Cease and Desist Orders. A Cease and Desist Order is an instruction to an entity
requiring it to discontinue any business transaction or any actions that are in contravention of any of the Acts that have provisions for the regulation of the financial sector. To prevent the execution of these Orders, some of these entities have
brought legal action against the FSC. However, in all court rulings to date, the FSC has been successful in its bid to issue and enforce the Cease and Desist Orders. A court-appointed liquidator is in the process of winding up one of the major UFOs,
while others are involved in litigation. Under the SBA, there will also be additional legislation regarding the regulation of UFOs.
A
bill is being drafted to amend the Securities Act of 1993 with the purpose to fight UFOs and strengthen the investigative and supervisory powers of the FSC as well as to enhance its authority to share information with other entities.
Securities Industry Legal Reform
As part of the ongoing review of the securities industry legal and regulatory framework a number of legislative achievements have been made in
2015:
| |
• |
|
The Securities (Retail Repurchase Agreements)(Amendment) Regulations, 2015; |
| |
• |
|
The Securities (Collective Investment Schemes)(Amendment) Regulations, 2015; |
| |
• |
|
Guidelines: For Jamaica Depositary Receipts; |
| |
• |
|
Consultative Paper: Proposed Amendments of the Securities (Takeovers and Mergers) Regulations, 1999; |
| |
• |
|
Securities (Disclosure of Interest) Regulations, 1999; and |
| |
• |
|
New Retail Repurchase Agreement Regulatory and Operational Framework. |
Securities
Dealers Rules and Regulatory and Supervisory Framework
In keeping with the requirements of the Memorandum of Economic and
Financial Policies pursuant to the EFF with the IMF, the FSC was required to introduce and gradually tighten the prudential standards for the securities sector. Accordingly, on March 31, 2016, the FSC implemented a Strategy for Prudential
Tightening
D-87
which satisfies this requirement. The primary objective of the strategy is to ensure that in the near- to medium-term, the retail repo portfolios of individual firms and the securities industry
as a whole will reach a level that is deemed by the Bank of Jamaica and the FSC to be systemically safe and prudentially manageable. Strategy implementation will be achieved by the following broad steps:
| |
• |
|
Developing Prudential Guidelines for the securities industry which complement the Securities (Prudential) Regulations, 2014; |
| |
• |
|
Implementing the Prudential Guidelines in tranches; |
| |
• |
|
Utilizing a new ratio, the Retail Repo Leverage Ratio as a supervisory tool by monitoring the trend in values of this ratio for securities dealers without establishing a prudential benchmark at the outset of the
strategy implementation; and |
| |
• |
|
On a continuous basis, assessing the market impact of the prudential strategy and determining whether or not the systemic risk posed by the retail repo market warrants further prudential strengthening.
|
Financial Sector Assessment Program
During 2005, Jamaica participated in an IMF/World Bank Financial Sector Assessment Program (“FSAP”), which is a joint initiative of
the IMF and World Bank to provide member countries with a comprehensive evaluation of their financial systems. FSAPs are designed to assess the stability of the financial system as a whole and not that of individual institutions. They have been
developed to help countries identify and remedy weaknesses in their financial structure, thereby enhancing their resilience to macroeconomic shocks and cross-border contagion. In May 2005, the IMF/World Bank issued a report on the financial
assessment that was undertaken in 2005 that indicated that, while Jamaica’s financial systems appeared well-capitalized and supervision had been strengthened in recent years, there was a need to further strengthen the prudential framework for
security dealers, enhance the oversight of conglomerates, and develop and test crisis management systems. The report also recommended that priority be given to overhauling the payments system and introducing a central depository for fixed income
securities. In this regard, in May 2009, Jamaica introduced a Central Securities Depository for fixed income securities and in November 2010, the Payment, Settlement and Clearing Act was passed. Many of the recommendations in the 2005 FSAP were
implemented as part of the EFF.
More recently, a FSAP Development Module for Jamaica was undertaken in April 28 to May 9, 2014.
The focus of the mission was to identify constraints to enhancing financial inclusion and covered areas including financing of medium and small and micro enterprises, housing finance, rural/agriculture finance, payment systems and remittances, and
consumer protection and financial literacy.
The report noted that the authorities recently passed the Banking Services Act which
contained provisions for enhanced supervision of conglomerates; drafted Credit Unions’ regulations; are working to reform the securities dealers sectors, making less risky business models (collective investments schemes) available to securities
dealers, as well as have undertaken significant financial infrastructure reforms to improve the credit reporting system, secured transactions, and insolvency framework. The report noted however, that failure of Jamaica to complete its reform effort,
could have adverse regional repercussions including through financial linkages throughout the Caribbean. It also noted that Jamaica authorities should review the implementation of its oversight function ensuring the best balance between competition
and cooperation in the credit reporting market. It addition the report recommended that a comprehensive review of its regulatory framework for the remittances sector be conducted to enable the sector to provide innovative retail remittance products
to the beneficiaries at competitive prices over the medium term.
D-88
The Stock Market
Jamaica Stock Exchange (JSE)
The Jamaica Stock Exchange (“JSE”) is the oldest and largest stock exchange in the English-speaking Caribbean. It was established as
a private limited company in August 1968, and floor trading commenced in February 1969 and is now a public company. The JSE is a self-regulatory organization, although the Financial Services Commission has regulatory oversight. The JSE has in place
a comprehensive code of rules governing members’ conduct and market operations, and has not experienced any market scandal during its 47-year history. The Financial Services Commission also regulates the Jamaican securities industry.
Transactions done on the floor of the JSE are settled using a T+3 cycle.
The JSE has undertaken several modernization initiatives in
recent years. In 1997, the JSE established a formal relationship with the CUSIP Service Bureau for the assignment of international securities identification numbers (“ISIN”) for Jamaican securities. In 2012, the JSE was granted approval
for Partnership with the Association of National Numbering Agencies and the JSE now assigns ISINs for Jamaican securities.
In 1998, the
Jamaica Central Securities Depository Limited, designed in conformity with G30 standards, was incorporated as a legal entity and began operations on June 1, 1998. In February 2000, the JSE introduced automated trading, and as at May 2000, all
securities listed on the JSE are traded remotely from brokers’ offices.
In May 2000, the JSE All Jamaican Composite index was
introduced. This index tracks the performance of local companies. In June of the same year, the JSE Select Index was introduced to track the performance of the 15 most liquid stocks on the JSE.
In 2007, the JSE started the process of demutualization and on June 30, 2008, the JSE became a listed company after listing its
Preference Shares. The Preference Shares have been redeemed and consequently delisted on May 31, 2013. In July 2013, the Jamaica Stock Exchange offered 20% of its ordinary shares to the public by way of an IPO and the offer was oversubscribed
by 41%. More than 150 applications were received for the offer. The JSE listed the ordinary shares on July 23, 2013.
The JSE
launched the Junior Stock Market on April 2, 2009. This market provides an opportunity for local and Caricom small- and medium-size enterprises to raise capital. The JSE Junior Market has been endorsed by the Jamaican government through a
ten-year tax break. As such, a company that lists on the JSE Junior Market is not liable to pay taxes on profits for ten years.
The JSE
Combined Index started on April 1, 2011, at 86,897.43 points. This index tracks the performance of all the companies that issue ordinary shares listed on both the Main Market and Junior Market of the Jamaica Stock Exchange.
In July 2011, the JSE launched the US$ Equities Market which facilitates the trading and settlement of US$ denominated shares. The JSE US$
Equities Market Index, which tracks the performance of companies whose shares trade in US dollars, started at 100 Points and has grown to 132.20 points as at March 31, 2016.
In June 2013, the JSE launched the Bond Market which facilitates the trading and settlement of fixed income securities, whether they are
corporate bonds, Government of Jamaica securities, the securities of any other sovereign CARICOM country.
D-89
Trading Activity: Regular Market
In 2015, market volume including block trades totaled 4.12 billion shares, an increase of 94.34% from the 2.12 billion shares traded in 2014.
The value of shares traded in 2015 amounted to J$64.65 billion, an increase of 404.76% from 2014.
On the other hand, for the period from
January to March 2016, market value, including block trades, amounted to over J$28.08 billion, down 41.37% relative to the same period in 2015. Market volume, including blocks, has decreased by 22.31% for the stated period to 1.95 million
units, compared to the 2.51 million units recorded in the same period in 2015. An increase was experienced by the number of transactions (including blocks) of 113.01% to 8,759 transactions for the period. For the stated period there were 61
trading days.
At December 31, 2015, market capitalization totaled J$615.56 billion, up 107.37% from 2014. The top ten (based on
market capitalization) listed companies account for approximately 76.54% of market capitalization, with the top five listed companies accounting for 56.13% of market capitalization at December 31, 2015. At March 31, 2016, there were 35
domestic companies and one foreign company listed on the JSE, and market capitalization totaled J$629.34 billion.
Market volume
(excluding blocks) for the period January to March 2016 amounted to 403.07 million units compared to 274.35 million units for the same period in 2015. This represents an increase of 128.72 million units, or 46.92%. Likewise, market
value for the stated period increased to J$5.80 billion from J$3.70 billion for the same period in 2015. This reflects an increase of 56.76% or J$2.10 billion.
Between January and March 2016, the number of transactions increased by 113.00% to 8,752 when compared to the non-block transactions for the
same period in 2015. Seven block trades have been processed for the stated period compared to the three block trades in the same period in 2015. Market volume in the block market for the stated period amounted to 1.55 billion units compared to 2.23
billion units in the comparative period in 2015. The total value of block trades as at March 31, 2016 stands at J$22.28 billion relative to J$44.20 billion in 2015.
For the year ended December 31, 2015, the month that recorded the largest number of transactions was November with 3,317 transactions.
Meanwhile, the month that experienced the least transactions was February with 1,093 transactions. In the month of January, the smallest monthly volume traded and value traded were recorded which amounted to 59,611,325 units and J$670.20 million,
respectively. The month of September registered the highest market volume and value of 571,766,057 units and J$3.86 billion, respectively.
For the year ended December 31, 2015, the main advancers were the Jamaica Stock Exchange Limited, up 1,084.71% to close at J$18.60, and
Pulse Investments Limited, up 757.14% to close at J$3.00. On the other hand, the main decliners were Montego Bay Ice Company Limited, down 16.99% to close at J$14.90, and Trinidad Cement Limited, down 14.82% to close at J$15.00. Trading occurred in
thirty-three ordinary shares, of which twenty-eight shares advanced and five shares declined.
D-90
The following table shows yearly trading data for the Jamaica Stock Exchange for the period
beginning January 2001 to March 31, 2016:
Jamaica Stock Exchange Trading Data – Main Market
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Period |
|
Period-End
Market
Capitalization |
|
|
Value
Traded |
|
|
Period-End
Market
Index |
|
|
No. of
Listed
Companies |
|
|
No. of
Brokers |
|
| |
|
(in millions of J$) |
|
| 2001 |
|
|
197,717.5 |
|
|
|
5,948.4 |
|
|
|
35,723.6 |
|
|
|
43 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
| 2002 |
|
|
292,297.9 |
|
|
|
7,636.9 |
|
|
|
45,396.2 |
|
|
|
41 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
| 2003 |
|
|
512,884.4 |
|
|
|
24,237.3 |
|
|
|
67,586.7 |
|
|
|
42 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
| 2004 |
|
|
879,297.2 |
|
|
|
35,994.8 |
|
|
|
112,655.5 |
|
|
|
41 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
| 2005 |
|
|
839,852.8 |
|
|
|
40,746.7 |
|
|
|
104,510.4 |
|
|
|
41 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
| 2006 |
|
|
822,862.4 |
|
|
|
37,041.0 |
|
|
|
100,678.0 |
|
|
|
44 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
| 2007 |
|
|
876,690.6 |
|
|
|
29,047.4 |
|
|
|
107,968.0 |
|
|
|
44 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
| 2008 |
|
|
597,277.0 |
|
|
|
67,026.9 |
|
|
|
80,152.0 |
|
|
|
45 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
| 2009 |
|
|
544,882.5 |
|
|
|
12,190.1 |
|
|
|
83,321.9 |
|
|
|
43 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
| 2010 |
|
|
564,720.7 |
|
|
|
20,828.6 |
|
|
|
85,220.8 |
|
|
|
43 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
| 2011 |
|
|
619,444.8 |
|
|
|
20,994.0 |
|
|
|
95,297.2 |
|
|
|
40 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
| 2012 |
|
|
590,637.4 |
|
|
|
61,109.5 |
|
|
|
92,101.2 |
|
|
|
36 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
| 2013 |
|
|
492,179.9 |
|
|
|
15,978.2 |
|
|
|
80,633.5 |
|
|
|
36 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
| 2014 |
|
|
296,836.9 |
|
|
|
12,807.5 |
|
|
|
76,353.4 |
|
|
|
36 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
| 2015 |
|
|
615,559.6 |
|
|
|
64,647.8 |
|
|
|
150,692.1 |
|
|
|
36 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
| January to March 2016 |
|
|
629,340.6 |
|
|
|
28,083.6 |
|
|
|
153,911.3 |
|
|
|
36 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
Source:
Jamaica Stock Exchange.
Main Market Index
As at the end of March, 2016, relative to the same period last year, all of the indices, with the exception of one index, in the main market
recorded increases. The Main JSE Index increased by 83.65% and the All Jamaican Composite index increased 84.99%. At the same time the JSE Select, which tracks the fifteen most liquid stocks, recorded an increase of 112.22%, while the cross listed
index declined by 14.82% over the period. The JSE combined index, which tracks the main market and the junior market companies, advanced by 90.29% at the end of the period.
The following table shows the market indices as at March 31, 2016:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Index |
|
Value 2016 points |
|
|
Point
change(1) |
|
|
Percent
change(1) |
|
| Main JSE Index |
|
|
153,911.33 |
|
|
|
3,219.20 |
|
|
|
2.14 |
% |
| All Jamaican Composite Index |
|
|
170,960.85 |
|
|
|
3,597.60 |
|
|
|
2.15 |
% |
| JSE Select Index |
|
|
5,321.07 |
|
|
|
341.33 |
|
|
|
6.85 |
% |
| JSE Cross Listed Index |
|
|
499.06 |
|
|
|
0.00 |
|
|
|
0.00 |
% |
| JSE Combine Index |
|
|
162,517.92 |
|
|
|
4,248.78 |
|
|
|
2.68 |
% |
| JSE Jnr Market Index |
|
|
1,925.22 |
|
|
|
134.17 |
|
|
|
7.49 |
% |
| (1) |
Measured against December 2015. |
Source: Jamaica Stock Exchange.
For the year ended December 31, 2015, on average the stock prices appreciated by 162.04% and the advance decline ratio was 28:5.
Trading Activity Junior Market
On April 2, 2009, the JSE launched its Junior Market. The total volume traded amounted to 1.29 billion units valued at J$7.43 billion in
2015. For the period January 1, 2016 to March 31, 2016, volume amounted to 233.20 million units with a value of J$2.07 billion.
D-91
For the year ended December 31, 2015, the JSE Junior Market Index increased by 160.34% to
close at 1,791.05 points. For the period January 1, 2016 to March 31, 2016, the JSE Junior Market Index increased by 7.49% to close at 1,925.22 points.
As at March 31, 2016, the market capitalization of the Junior Market amounted to J$76.31 billion and there were 29 domestic companies
listed on the Junior Market.
Market volume for the period January 1, 2016 to March 31, 2016 increased to 233.20 million
units, compared to 175.48 million units in the comparative period of 2015. Likewise market value increased to J$2.07 billion from J$1.16 billion for the same period in 2015. Similarly, the number of transactions increased to 5,273 from 902 for
the same period in 2015.
There were 61 days of trading for the period from January 1, 2016 to March 31, 2016.
The following table shows yearly trading data for the Jamaica Stock Exchange Junior Market for the period from January 2011 to March 31,
2016:
Jamaica Stock Exchange Junior Market Trading Data – Junior Market
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Period |
|
Period-End
Market
Capitalization |
|
|
Value Traded |
|
|
Period-End
Market Index |
|
|
No. of
Listed
Companies |
|
| |
|
(in millions of J$) |
|
|
(in millions of J$) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2011 |
|
|
23,595.0 |
|
|
|
1,247.9 |
|
|
|
748.9 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
| 2012 |
|
|
22,101.6 |
|
|
|
5,185.3 |
|
|
|
647.8 |
|
|
|
16 |
|
| 2013 |
|
|
27,391.1 |
|
|
|
1,386.0 |
|
|
|
757.9 |
|
|
|
21 |
|
| 2014 |
|
|
26,097.1 |
|
|
|
2,002.9 |
|
|
|
687.9 |
|
|
|
23 |
|
| 2015 |
|
|
67,946.7 |
|
|
|
7,429.7 |
|
|
|
1,791.0 |
|
|
|
23 |
|
| January to March 2016 |
|
|
76,310.0 |
|
|
|
2,075.9 |
|
|
|
1,925.2 |
|
|
|
29 |
|
Source:
Jamaica Stock Exchange.
JSE Junior Market Index
The JSE Junior Market Index started the year 2015 at 687.96 points and at December 31, 2015 the Index closed at 1,791.05 points. This
represented an increase of 160.34%. The index closed at 1,925.22 points as at March 31, 2016. During 2015, there was one preference share listing bringing the total preference shares listed on the JSE Junior Market to three and the total listed
companies remained at 23 as at December 31, 2015. During the period from January 1, 2016 to March 31, 2016, six companies were listed on the JSE Junior Market increasing the number of companies listed to 29. The newly listed companies
are set forth in the table below.
|
|
|
| Company |
|
Date Listed |
| Derrimon Trading Company Limited Preference Shares |
|
March 27, 2015 |
| CAC 2000 Limited |
|
January 7, 2016 |
| tTech Limited |
|
January 7, 2016 |
| IronRock Insurance Company Limited |
|
March 15, 2016 |
| Jetcon Corporation Limited |
|
March 24, 2016 |
| ISP Finance Services Limited |
|
March 30, 2016 |
| Key Insurance Company Limited |
|
March 31, 2016 |
Market Developments
As at March 31, 2016, the total number of companies listed on the Main Market stood at 36 while the total number of companies listed on
the Junior Market stood at 29. There were 34 ordinary share and 12 preference share listings as at March 31, 2016 on the Main Market. As at March 31, 2016, the number of companies listed on the USD market stood at four companies: three
ordinary share and two preference share listings. As at March 31, 2016, there are two securities listed on the JSE Bond Market.
D-92
The JSE implemented and launched its Online Trading Platform in May 2015. The JSE is also in the
process of developing a Depository Receipt Market and a Corporate Governance Index which will be launched in 2016.
D-93
