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LENDING ACTIVITIES (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2016
LENDING ACTIVITIES  
Composition of Mortgages and other loans receivable
December 31,December 31,
(in millions)20162015
Commercial mortgages*$25,042$22,067
Residential mortgages3,8282,758
Life insurance policy loans2,3672,597
Commercial loans, other loans and notes receivable2,3002,451
Total mortgage and other loans receivable33,53729,873
Allowance for credit losses(297)(308)
Mortgage and other loans receivable, net$33,240$29,565

* Commercial mortgages primarily represent loans for offices, apartments and retail, with exposures in New York and California representing the largest geographic concentrations (aggregating approximately 24 percent and 12 percent, respectively, at December 31, 2016, and 22 percent and 12 percent, respectively, at December 31, 2015).

Nonperforming loans are generally those loans where payment of contractual principal or interest is more than 90 days past due. Nonperforming mortgages were not significant for all periods presented.

Schedule of debt service coverage ratio and loan-to-value ratio for the commercial mortgage loans

The following table presents debt service coverage ratios and loan-to-value ratios for commercial mortgages:

Debt Service Coverage Ratios(a)
(in millions)>1.20X1.00X - 1.20X<1.00XTotal
December 31, 2016
Loan-to-Value Ratios(b)
Less than 65%$13,998$1,694$232$15,924
65% to 75%5,946575626,583
76% to 80%1,246174471,467
Greater than 80%4713922051,068
Total commercial mortgages$21,661$2,835$546$25,042
December 31, 2015
Loan-to-Value Ratios(b)
Less than 65%$10,283$1,704$150$12,137
65% to 75%6,361611457,017
76% to 80%1,370169811,620
Greater than 80%6462264211,293
Total commercial mortgages$18,660$2,710$697$22,067

(a) The debt service coverage ratio compares a property’s net operating income to its debt service payments, including principal and interest.

(b) The loan-to-value ratio compares the current unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying property collateralizing the loan.

Schedule of credit quality indicators for the commercial mortgage loans
NumberPercent
December 31, 2016ofClassof
(dollars in millions)LoansApartmentsOfficesRetailIndustrialHotelOthersTotal(c)Total $
Credit Quality Performance
Indicator:
In good standing784$6,005$7,830$5,179$1,898$2,373$1,589$24,87499%
Restructured(a)4-13418-16-1681
90 days or less delinquent---------
>90 days delinquent or in
process of foreclosure---------
Total(b)788$6,005$7,964$5,197$1,898$2,389$1,589$25,042100%
Allowance for credit losses:
Specific-3161-11-%
General357241713151831
Total allowance for credit losses$35$75$42$13$14$15$1941%
December 31, 2015
(dollars in millions)
Credit Quality Performance
Indicator:
In good standing830$3,916$7,484$4,809$1,902$2,082$1,435$21,62898%
Restructured(a)9-1562561662091
90 days or less delinquent1--4---4-
>90 days delinquent or in
process of foreclosure93205-6-122261
Total(b)849$3,919$7,845$4,838$1,914$2,098$1,453$22,067100%
Allowance for credit losses:
Specific$-$16$1$6$1$-$24-%
General354729815131471
Total allowance for credit losses$35$63$30$14$16$13$1711%

(a) Loans that have been modified in troubled debt restructurings and are performing according to their restructured terms. See discussion of troubled debt restructurings below.

(b) Does not reflect allowance for credit losses.

(c) 100 percent of the commercial mortgages held at such respective dates were current as to payments of principal and interest. There were no significant amounts of nonperforming commercial mortgages (defined as those loans where payment of contractual principal or interest is more than 90 days past due) during any of the periods presented.

Schedule of changes in the allowance for losses on Mortgage and other loans receivable
201620152014
Years Ended December 31,CommercialOtherCommercialOtherCommercialOther
(in millions)MortgagesLoansTotalMortgagesLoansTotalMortgagesLoansTotal
Allowance, beginning of year$171$137$308$159$112$271$201$111$312
Loans charged off(13)(2)(15)(23)(6)(29)(29)(39)(68)
Recoveries of loans previously
charged off11-11415181634
Net charge-offs(2)(2)(4)(19)(5)(24)(11)(23)(34)
Provision for loan losses25(32)(7)312758(31)23(8)
Other----33-11
Allowance, end of year$ 194 *$103$297$ 171 *$137$308$ 159 *$112$271

* Of the total allowance at the end of the year, $11 million, $24 million and $55 million relates to individually assessed credit losses on $280 million, $507 million and $192 million of commercial mortgages as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.