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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2016
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS  
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets are measured and classified in accordance with a fair value hierarchy consisting of three “levels” based on the observability of valuation inputs:

  • Level 1: Fair value measurements based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that we have the ability to access for identical assets or liabilities. Market price data generally is obtained from exchange or dealer markets. We do not adjust the quoted price for such instruments.
  • Level 2: Fair value measurements based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
  • Level 3: Fair value measurements based on valuation techniques that use significant inputs that are unobservable. Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair values of positions classified in Level 3. The circumstances for using these measurements include those in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. Therefore, we must make certain assumptions about the inputs a hypothetical market participant would use to value that asset or liability.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents information about assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the level of the fair value measurement based on the observability of the inputs used:

June 30, 2016 CounterpartyCash
(in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Netting(b)CollateralTotal
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities$19$2,248$-$-$-$2,267
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions-26,4642,313--28,777
Non-U.S. governments65419,41028--20,092
Corporate debt-141,325836--142,161
RMBS-20,66516,779--37,444
CMBS-12,6792,295--14,974
CDO/ABS-9,2997,075--16,374
Total bonds available for sale673232,09029,326--262,089
Other bond securities:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities1363,459---3,595
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions------
Non-U.S. governments-55---55
Corporate debt-1,94918--1,967
RMBS-4391,486--1,925
CMBS-498168--666
CDO/ABS-8156,312--7,127
Total other bond securities1367,2157,984--15,335
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock1,117----1,117
Preferred stock23----23
Mutual funds5011---502
Total equity securities available for sale1,6411---1,642
Other equity securities647-14--661
Mortgage and other loans receivable--11--11
Other invested assets(a)-2241--243

Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts-5,01415--5,029
Foreign exchange contracts-1,4951--1,496
Equity contracts10412352--279
Credit contracts--3--3
Other contracts--23--23
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(2,192)(3,233)(5,425)
Total derivative assets1046,63294(2,192)(3,233)1,405
Short-term investments2,4531,496---3,949
Separate account assets74,7555,817---80,572
Total$80,409$253,253$37,670$(2,192)$(3,233)$365,907
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$26$3,990$-$-$4,016
Other policyholder funds5----5
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts-2,96561--3,026
Foreign exchange contracts-1,44110--1,451
Equity contracts-5---5
Credit contracts--376--376
Other contracts--125--125
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(2,192)(738)(2,930)
Total derivative liabilities-4,411572(2,192)(738)2,053
Long-term debt-3,68067--3,747
Other liabilities114127---241
Total$119$8,244$4,629$(2,192)$(738)$10,062

December 31, 2015 CounterpartyCash
(in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Netting(b)CollateralTotal
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities$-$1,844$-$-$-$1,844
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions-25,1992,124--27,323
Non-U.S. governments68317,48032--18,195
Corporate debt-134,6181,370--135,988
RMBS-19,69016,537--36,227
CMBS-10,9862,585--13,571
CDO/ABS-8,9286,169--15,097
Total bonds available for sale683218,74528,817--248,245
Other bond securities:
U.S. government and government sponsored entities-3,369---3,369
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions-75---75
Non-U.S. governments-50---50
Corporate debt-2,01817--2,035
RMBS-6491,581--2,230
CMBS-557193--750
CDO/ABS-1,2187,055--8,273
Total other bond securities-7,9368,846--16,782

Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock2,401----2,401
Preferred stock22----22
Mutual funds4911---492
Total equity securities available for sale2,9141---2,915
Other equity securities906114--921
Mortgage and other loans receivable--11--11
Other invested assets(a)21332--335
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts-3,15012--3,162
Foreign exchange contracts-766---766
Equity contracts913254--177
Credit contracts--3--3
Other contracts-221--23
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(1,268)(1,554)(2,822)
Total derivative assets913,95090(1,268)(1,554)1,309
Short-term investments1,4161,175---2,591
Separate account assets73,6995,875---79,574
Total$79,711$237,684$38,110$(1,268)$(1,554)$352,683
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$36$2,289$-$-$2,325
Other policyholder funds6----6
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts-2,13762--2,199
Foreign exchange contracts-1,1977--1,204
Equity contracts-68---68
Credit contracts--508--508
Other contracts--69--69
Counterparty netting and cash collateral---(1,268)(760)(2,028)
Total derivative liabilities-3,402646(1,268)(760)2,020
Long-term debt-3,487183--3,670
Other liabilities-62---62
Total$6$6,987$3,118$(1,268)$(760)$8,083

(a) Excludes investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent), which totaled $7.0 billion and $8.6 billion as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

(b) Represents netting of derivative exposures covered by qualifying master netting agreements.

Transfers of Level 1 and Level 2 Assets and Liabilities

Our policy is to record transfers of assets and liabilities between Level 1 and Level 2 at their fair values as of the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. Assets are transferred out of Level 1 when they are no longer transacted with sufficient frequency and volume in an active market. Conversely, assets are transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 when transaction volume and frequency are indicative of an active market.

During the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016, we transferred $229 million and $312 million, respectively, of securities issued by Non-U.S. government entities from Level 1 to Level 2, as they are no longer considered actively traded. For similar reasons, during the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016 we transferred $16 million of securities issued by the U.S. government and government sponsored entities from Level 1 to Level 2. We had no material transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 during the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016.

During the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2015, we transferred $190 million and $262 million, respectively, of securities issued by Non-U.S. government entities from Level 1 to Level 2, as they are no longer considered actively traded. For similar reasons, during the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2015, we transferred $65 million and $180 million, respectively, of securities issued by the U.S. government and government sponsored entities from Level 1 to Level 2. We had no material transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 during the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2015.

Changes in Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present changes during the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and the realized and unrealized gains (losses) related to the Level 3 assets and liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2016 and 2015:

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair ValueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutof Periodat End of Period
Three Months Ended June 30, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions$2,196$2$136$(21)$-$-$2,313$-
Non-U.S. governments30--2-(4)28-
Corporate debt1,02427(65)193(325)836-
RMBS16,1622346161261-16,779-
CMBS2,3681610(87)-(12)2,295-
CDO/ABS6,592893382--7,075-
Total bonds available for sale28,372262307272454(341)29,326-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt181-(1)--181
RMBS1,51314-(41)--1,486(19)
CMBS170--(2)--1689
CDO/ABS6,576109-(308)-(65)6,312(60)
Total other bond securities8,277124-(352)-(65)7,984(69)
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock--------
Total equity securities available for sale--------
Other equity securities15(1)----14-
Mortgage and other loans receivable11-----11-
Other invested assets263(12)6(16)--241-
Total$36,938$373$313$(96)$454$(406)$37,576$(69)

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair Value(Gains) LossesOtherSales,GrossGrossFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutof Periodat End of Period
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$3,251$598$-$141$-$-$3,990$16
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts483-(5)--46-
Foreign exchange contracts91-(1)--9(1)
Equity contracts(51)(4)-3--(52)3
Commodity contracts--------
Credit contracts490(28)-(89)--37318
Other contracts121(24)-5--10223
Total derivative liabilities, net(a)617(52)-(87)--47843
Long-term debt(b)184(2)-(2)-(113)67-
Total$4,052$544$-$52$-$(113)$4,535$59
Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair ValueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Period(a)in IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutof Periodat End of Period
Six Months Ended June 30, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions$2,124$2$194$(7)$-$-$2,313$-
Non-U.S. governments32-(2)2-(4)28-
Corporate debt1,3703(17)(36)314(798)836-
RMBS16,537479(359)(172)294-16,779-
CMBS2,58558(78)(168)-(102)2,295-
CDO/ABS6,169204382023-7,075-
Total bonds available for sale28,817562(219)439631(904)29,326-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt172-(1)--183
RMBS1,581(23)-(54)-(18)1,486(61)
CMBS193(2)-(23)--1687
CDO/ABS7,055(24)-(719)65(65)6,312(364)
Total other bond securities8,846(47)-(797)65(83)7,984(415)
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock--------
Total equity securities available for sale--------
Other equity securities14-----141
Mortgage and other loans receivable11-----11-
Other invested assets332(1)1(37)-(54)241-
Total$38,020$514$(218)$(395)$696$(1,041)$37,576$(414)

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair Value(Gains) LossesOtherSales,GrossGrossFair Valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Period(a)in IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutof Periodat End of Period
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$2,289$1,443$-$258$-$-$3,990$37
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts507-(11)--46(5)
Foreign exchange contracts72----9(1)
Equity contracts(54)--2--(52)-
Commodity contracts--------
Credit contracts505(34)-(98)--37328
Other contracts4830-24--102(31)
Total derivative liabilities, net(a)5565-(83)--478(9)
Long-term debt(b)183--(3)-(113)673
Total$3,028$1,448$-$172$-$(113)$4,535$31

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair valueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossFair valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutof Periodat End of Period
Three Months Ended June 30, 2015
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions$2,256$-$(124)$93$-$(45)$2,180$-
Non-U.S. governments34-(1)---33-
Corporate debt1,82714(50)(85)412-2,118-
RMBS17,345281(99)(430)--17,097-
CMBS2,69422(40)17-(16)2,677-
CDO/ABS6,45397(196)(283)--6,071-
Total bonds available for sale30,609414(510)(688)412(61)30,176-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt16-----16-
RMBS1,28845-1615(27)1,33731
CMBS2698-(54)--2231
CDO/ABS7,850265-(688)-(1)7,42693
Total other bond securities9,423318-(726)15(28)9,002125
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock12-(3)----
Total equity securities available for sale12-(3)----
Other equity securities22-----22-
Mortgage and other loans receivable6-----6-
Other invested assets422624(51)--437-
Total$40,483$796$(506)$(1,468)$427$(89)$39,643$125

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair value(Gains) LossesOtherSales,GrossGrossFair valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutof Periodat End of Period
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$1,835$(736)$-$133$-$-$1,232$110
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts69(4)-(3)--623
Foreign exchange contracts8(2)-1--71
Equity contracts(66)2-1--(63)(3)
Credit contracts791(13)-(227)--55122
Other contracts59(59)214--1633
Total derivatives liabilities, net(a)861(76)2(214)--57356
Long-term debt(b)18613-(6)--193(6)
Total$2,882$(799)$2$(87)$-$-$1,998$160
Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair valueGains (Losses)OtherSales,GrossGrossFair valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutof Periodat End of Period
Six Months Ended June 30, 2015
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities
and political subdivisions(c)$2,159$1$(79)$158$-$(59)$2,180$-
Non-U.S. governments30-(1)4--33-
Corporate debt1,88314(33)(146)456(56)2,118-
RMBS16,805539(171)(76)--17,097-
CMBS2,69646(30)47-(82)2,677-
CDO/ABS6,110130(167)119-(121)6,071-
Total bonds available for sale29,683730(481)106456(318)30,176-
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt----16-16(1)
RMBS1,10526-22044(58)1,3371
CMBS3698-(154)--2238
CDO/ABS7,449397-(926)581(75)7,42651
Total other bond securities8,923431-(860)641(133)9,00259
Equity securities available for sale:
Common stock12-(3)----
Total equity securities available for sale12-(3)----
Other equity securities----22-22-
Mortgage and other loans receivable6-----6-
Other invested assets1,042472(488)(589)--437-
Total$39,655$1,635$(969)$(1,346)$1,119$(451)$39,643$59

Net Changes in
Realized and Unrealized Gains
UnrealizedPurchases, (Losses) Included
Fair value(Gains) LossesOtherSales,GrossGrossFair valuein Income on
BeginningIncludedComprehensiveIssues andTransfersTransfersEndInstruments Held
(in millions)of Periodin IncomeIncome (Loss)Settlements, NetInOutof Periodat End of Period
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$1,509$(461)$-$184$-$-$1,232$40
Derivative liabilities, net:
Interest rate contracts74--(12)--62(1)
Foreign exchange contracts8(3)-2--73
Equity contracts(47)(6)-(10)--(63)2
Credit contracts978(160)-(267)--55150
Other contracts59(73)-30--1648
Total derivatives liabilities, net(a)1,072(242)-(257)--573102
Long-term debt(b)213(2)-(18)--19313
Total$2,794$(705)$-$(91)$-$-$1,998$155

(a) Total Level 3 derivative exposures have been netted in these tables for presentation purposes only.

(b) Includes guaranteed investment agreements (GIAs), notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Net realized and unrealized gains and losses included in income related to Level 3 assets and liabilities shown above are reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:

NetNet Realized
InvestmentCapital Other
(in millions)IncomeGains (Losses)IncomeTotal
Three Months Ended June 30, 2016
Bonds available for sale$291$(30)$1$262
Other bond securities263266124
Other equity securities(1)--(1)
Other invested assets(1)(19)8(12)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2016
Bonds available for sale$589$(29)$2$562
Other bond securities(8)32(71)(47)
Other equity securities----
Other invested assets(3)32(30)(1)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2015
Bonds available for sale$311$10$93$414
Other bond securities23(3)298318
Equity securities available for sale-2-2
Other invested assets525562
Six Months Ended June 30, 2015
Bonds available for sale$622$1$107$730
Other bond securities413387431
Equity securities available for sale-2-2
Other invested assets(2)41955472

NetNet Realized
InvestmentCapital Other
(in millions)IncomeGains (Losses)IncomeTotal
Three Months Ended June 30, 2016
Policyholder contract deposits$-$598$-$598
Derivative liabilities, net--(52)(52)
Long-term debt--(2)(2)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2016
Policyholder contract deposits$-$1,443$-$1,443
Derivative liabilities, net-415
Long-term debt----
Three Months Ended June 30, 2015
Policyholder contract deposits$-$(736)$-$(736)
Derivative liabilities, net191(96)(76)
Long-term debt--1313
Six Months Ended June 30, 2015
Policyholder contract deposits$-$(461)$-$(461)
Derivative liabilities, net-(5)(237)(242)
Long-term debt--(2)(2)

The following table presents the gross components of purchases, sales, issues and settlements, net, shown above, for the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 related to Level 3 assets and liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

Purchases,
Sales, Issues and
(in millions)PurchasesSalesSettlementsSettlements, Net(a)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$17$(7)$(31)$(21)
Non-U.S. governments2--2
Corporate debt-(25)(40)(65)
RMBS1,040-(979)61
CMBS4(27)(64)(87)
CDO/ABS612(11)(219)382
Total bonds available for sale1,675(70)(1,333)272
Other bond securities:
Corporate debt--(1)(1)
RMBS26-(67)(41)
CMBS--(2)(2)
CDO/ABS61(19)(350)(308)
Total other bond securities87(19)(420)(352)

Equity securities available for sale----
Other equity securities----
Other invested assets9(2)(23)(16)
Total assets$1,771$(91)$(1,776)$(96)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$140$1$141
Derivative liabilities, net(1)-(86)(87)
Long-term debt(b)--(2)(2)
Total liabilities$(1)$140$(87)$52
Three Months Ended June 30, 2015
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$116$-$(23)$93
Non-U.S. governments2-(2)-
Corporate debt182(10)(257)(85)
RMBS446(143)(733)(430)
CMBS70-(53)17
CDO/ABS282(178)(387)(283)
Total bonds available for sale1,098(331)(1,455)(688)
Other bond securities:
RMBS64(4)(44)16
CMBS-(43)(11)(54)
CDO/ABS12(331)(369)(688)
Total other bond securities76(378)(424)(726)
Equity securities available for sale-(2)(1)(3)
Other invested assets(42)(2)(7)(51)
Total assets$1,132$(713)$(1,887)$(1,468)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$112$21$133
Derivative liabilities, net(2)-(212)(214)
Long-term debt(b)--(6)(6)
Total liabilities$(2)$112$(197)$(87)
Purchases,
Sales, Issues and
(in millions)PurchasesSalesSettlementsSettlements, Net(a)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2016
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions$46$(7)$(46)$(7)
Non-U.S. governments3-(1)2
Corporate debt29(25)(40)(36)
RMBS1,543(58)(1,657)(172)
CMBS106(58)(216)(168)
CDO/ABS1,151(11)(320)820
Total bonds available for sale2,878(159)(2,280)439

Other bond securities:
Corporate debt--(1)(1)
RMBS89(26)(117)(54)
CMBS53(71)(5)(23)
CDO/ABS69(36)(752)(719)
Total other bond securities211(133)(875)(797)
Equity securities available for sale----
Other equity securities14-(14)-
Other invested assets18(2)(53)(37)
Total assets$3,121$(294)$(3,222)$(395)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$270$(12)$258
Derivative liabilities, net(3)-(80)(83)
Long-term debt(b)--(3)(3)
Total liabilities$(3)$270$(95)$172
Six Months Ended June 30, 2015
Assets:
Bonds available for sale:
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions(c)$223$(22)$(43)$158
Non-U.S. governments8-(4)4
Corporate debt188(60)(274)(146)
RMBS1,407(165)(1,318)(76)
CMBS142(27)(68)47
CDO/ABS861(201)(541)119
Total bonds available for sale2,829(475)(2,248)106
Other bond securities:
RMBS309(10)(79)220
CMBS-(79)(75)(154)
CDO/ABS226(371)(781)(926)
Total other bond securities535(460)(935)(860)
Equity securities available for sale-(2)(1)(3)
Other invested assets27(587)(29)(589)
Total assets$3,391$(1,524)$(3,213)$(1,346)
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits$-$185$(1)$184
Derivative liabilities, net(17)-(240)(257)
Long-term debt(b)--(18)(18)
Total liabilities$(17)$185$(259)$(91)

(a) There were no issuances during the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

(b) Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair values of positions classified in Level 3 in the tables above. As a result, the unrealized gains (losses) on instruments held at June 30, 2016 and 2015 may include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable inputs (e.g., changes in unobservable long-dated volatilities).

Transfers of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

We record transfers of assets and liabilities into or out of Level 3 classification at their fair values as of the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. The Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in income (loss) or Other comprehensive income (loss) as shown in the table above excluded $3 million of net gains and $10 million of net losses, related to assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 during the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016, respectively, and included $8 million and $53 million, of net losses related to assets and liabilities transferred out of Level 3 during the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016, respectively.

The Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in income or Other comprehensive income (loss) as shown in the table above contained no material net gains (losses) related to assets and liabilities transferred into or out of Level 3 during the three-month period ended June 30, 2015. The Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in income or Other comprehensive income (loss) as shown in the table above excluded $18 million of net gains related to assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3, and included $3 million of net gains related to assets and liabilities transferred out of Level 3 during the six-month period ended June 30, 2015.

Transfers of Level 3 Assets

During the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, transfers into Level 3 assets primarily included certain investments in private placement corporate debt, RMBS and CDO/ABS. Transfers of private placement corporate debt and certain ABS into Level 3 assets were primarily the result of limited market pricing information that required us to determine fair value for these securities based on inputs that are adjusted to better reflect our own assumptions regarding the characteristics of a specific security or associated market liquidity. The transfers of investments in RMBS and CDO and certain ABS into Level 3 assets were due to decreases in market transparency and liquidity for individual security types.

During the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, transfers out of Level 3 assets primarily included private placement and other corporate debt, CMBS, CDO/ABS, RMBS and certain investments in municipal securities. Transfers of certain investments municipal securities, corporate debt, RMBS, CMBS and CDO/ABS out of Level 3 assets were based on consideration of market liquidity as well as related transparency of pricing and associated observable inputs for these investments. Transfers of certain investments in private placement corporate debt and certain ABS out of Level 3 assets were primarily the result of using observable pricing information that reflects the fair value of those securities without the need for adjustment based on our own assumptions regarding the characteristics of a specific security or the current liquidity in the market.

Transfers of Level 3 Liabilities

There were no significant transfers of derivative or other liabilities into or out of Level 3 for the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015.

Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

The table below presents information about the significant unobservable inputs used for recurring fair value measurements for certain Level 3 instruments, and includes only those instruments for which information about the inputs is reasonably available to us, such as data from independent third-party valuation service providers and from internal valuation models. Because input information from third-parties with respect to certain Level 3 instruments (primarily CDO/ABS) may not be reasonably available to us, balances shown below may not equal total amounts reported for such Level 3 assets and liabilities:

Fair Value at
June 30,ValuationRange
(in millions)2016TechniqueUnobservable Input(b)(Weighted Average)
Assets:
Obligations of states,
municipalities and
political subdivisions$1,448Discounted cash flowYield3.44% - 4.29% (3.86%)
Corporate debt386Discounted cash flowYield3.80% - 4.77% (4.29%)
RMBS(a)17,238Discounted cash flowConstant prepayment rate1.26% - 8.84% (5.05%)
Loss severity46.90% - 80.26% (63.58%)
Constant default rate3.41% - 9.02% (6.22%)
Yield2.78% - 6.07% (4.43%)
CDO/ABS(a)3,017Discounted cash flowYield3.54% - 5.55% (4.54%)
CMBS73Discounted cash flowYield1.32% - 2.73% (2.03%)
Liabilities:
Embedded derivatives
within Policyholder
contract deposits:
GMWB and GMAB2,710Discounted cash flowEquity volatility15.00% - 50.00%
Base lapse rate1.00% - 17.00%
Dynamic lapse rate0.20% - 25.50%
Mortality multiplier(c)80.00% - 104.27%
Utilization rate0.00% - 70.00%
Equity / interest-rate correlation20.00% - 40.00%
Index Annuities963Discounted cash flowLapse rate0.75% - 66.00%
Mortality multiplier(c)50.00% - 75.00%
Indexed Life345Discounted cash flowEquity volatility12.62% to 21.70%
Base lapse rate2.00% to 19.00%
Mortality rate0.00% to 40.00%

Fair Value at
December 31,ValuationRange
(in millions)2015TechniqueUnobservable Input(b)(Weighted Average)
Assets:
Obligations of states,
municipalities and
political subdivisions$1,217Discounted cash flowYield4.32% - 5.10% (4.71%)
Corporate debt642Discounted cash flowYield5.63% - 12.45% (9.04%)
RMBS(a)17,280Discounted cash flowConstant prepayment rate0.99% - 8.95% (4.97%)
Loss severity47.21% - 79.50% (63.35%)
Constant default rate3.49% - 9.04% (6.26%)
Yield3.13% - 6.14% (4.63%)
CDO/ABS(a)3,338Discounted cash flowYield3.41% - 4.98% (4.19%)
CMBS2,388Discounted cash flowYield0.00% - 17.65% (6.62%)
Liabilities:
Embedded derivatives
within Policyholder
contract deposits:
GMWB and GMAB1,234Discounted cash flowEquity volatility15.00% - 50.00%
Base lapse rate1.00% - 17.00%
Dynamic lapse rate0.20% - 25.50%
Mortality multiplier(c)80.00% - 104.27%
Utilization rate0.00% - 70.00%
Equity / interest-rate correlation20.00% - 40.00%
Index Annuities715Discounted cash flowLapse rate0.75% - 66.00%
Mortality multiplier(c)50.00% - 75.00%
Indexed Life332Discounted cash flowEquity volatility13.25% to 22.00%
Base lapse rate2.00% to 19.00%
Mortality rate0.00% to 40.00%

(a) Information received from third-party valuation service providers. The ranges of the unobservable inputs for constant prepayment rate, loss severity and constant default rate relate to each of the individual underlying mortgage loans that comprise the entire portfolio of securities in the RMBS and CDO securitization vehicles and not necessarily to the securitization vehicle bonds (tranches) purchased by us. The ranges of these inputs do not directly correlate to changes in the fair values of the tranches purchased by us, because there are other factors relevant to the fair values of specific tranches owned by us including, but not limited to, purchase price, position in the waterfall, senior versus subordinated position and attachment points.

(b) Represents discount rates, estimates and assumptions that we believe would be used by market participants when valuing these assets and liabilities.

(c) Mortality inputs are shown as multipliers of the 2012 Individual Annuity Mortality Basic table for GMWB and GMAB, and the 1975-1980 Modified Basic Table for index annuities.

The ranges of reported inputs for Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions, Corporate debt, RMBS, CDO/ABS, and CMBS valued using a discounted cash flow technique consist of one standard deviation in either direction from the value-weighted average. The preceding table does not give effect to our risk management practices that might offset risks inherent in these Level 3 assets and liabilities.

Sensitivity to Changes in Unobservable Inputs

We consider unobservable inputs to be those for which market data is not available and that are developed using the best information available to us about the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Relevant inputs vary depending on the nature of the instrument being measured at fair value. The following paragraphs provide a general description of sensitivities of significant unobservable inputs along with interrelationships between and among the significant unobservable inputs and their impact on the fair value measurements. The effect of a change in a particular assumption in the sensitivity analysis below is considered independently of changes in any other assumptions. In practice, simultaneous changes in assumptions may not always have a linear effect on the inputs discussed below. Interrelationships may also exist between observable and unobservable inputs. Such relationships have not been included in the discussion below. For each of the individual relationships described below, the inverse relationship would also generally apply.

Obligations of States, Municipalities and Political Subdivisions

The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of certain investments in obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions is yield.  In general, increases in the yield would decrease the fair value of investments in obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions.

Corporate Debt

Corporate debt securities included in Level 3 are primarily private placement issuances that are not traded in active markets or that are subject to transfer restrictions. Fair value measurements consider illiquidity and non-transferability. When observable price quotations are not available, fair value is determined based on discounted cash flow models using discount rates based on credit spreads, yields or price levels of publicly-traded debt of the issuer or other comparable securities, considering illiquidity and structure. The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of corporate debt is the yield. The yield is affected by the market movements in credit spreads and U.S. Treasury yields. In addition, the migration in credit quality of a given security generally has a corresponding effect on the fair value measurement of the security. For example, a downward migration of credit quality would increase spreads. Holding U.S. Treasury rates constant, an increase in corporate credit spreads would decrease the fair value of corporate debt.

RMBS and CDO/ABS

The significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurements of RMBS and certain CDO/ABS valued by third-party valuation service providers are constant prepayment rates (CPR), loss severity, constant default rates (CDR), and yield. A change in the assumptions used for the probability of default will generally be accompanied by a corresponding change in the assumption used for the loss severity and an inverse change in the assumption used for prepayment rates. In general, increases in CPR, loss severity, CDR, and yield, in isolation, would result in a decrease in the fair value measurement. Changes in fair value based on variations in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship between the directional change of each input is not usually linear.

CMBS

The significant unobservable input used in fair value measurements for CMBS is the yield. Prepayment assumptions for each mortgage pool are factored into the yield. CMBS generally feature a lower degree of prepayment risk than RMBS because commercial mortgages generally contain a penalty for prepayment. In general, increases in the yield would decrease the fair value of CMBS.

Embedded derivatives within Policyholder contract deposits

Embedded derivatives reported within Policyholder contract deposits include guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (GMWB) and guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (GMAB) within variable annuity products, and interest crediting rates based on market indices within index annuities, indexed life and guaranteed investment contracts (GICs). For any given contract, assumptions for unobservable inputs vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative. The following unobservable inputs are used for valuing embedded derivatives measured at fair value:

  • Long-term equity volatilities represent equity volatility beyond the period for which observable equity volatilities are available. Increases in assumed volatility will generally increase the fair value of both the projected cash flows from rider fees as well as the projected cash flows related to benefit payments. Therefore, the net change in the fair value of the liability may be either a decrease or an increase, depending on the relative changes in projected rider fees and projected benefit payments.
  • Equity / interest rate correlation estimates the relationship between changes in equity returns and interest rates in the economic scenario generator used to value our GMWB and GMAB embedded derivatives. In general, a higher positive correlation assumes that equity markets and interest rates move in a more correlated fashion, which generally increases the fair value of the liability.
  • Base lapse rate assumptions are determined by company experience and are adjusted at the contract level using a dynamic lapse function, which reduces the base lapse rate when the contract is in-the-money (when the contract holder’s guaranteed value, as estimated by the company, is worth more than their underlying account value). Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. Increases in assumed lapse rates will generally decrease the fair value of the liability, as fewer policyholders would persist to collect guaranteed withdrawal amounts, but in certain scenarios, increases in assumed lapse rates may increase the fair value of the liability.
  • Mortality rate assumptions, which vary by age and gender, are based on company experience and include a mortality improvement assumption. Increases in assumed mortality rates will decrease the fair value of the liability, while lower mortality rate assumptions will generally increase the fair value of the liability, because guaranteed payments will be made for a longer period of time.
  • Utilization rate assumptions estimate the timing when policyholders with a GMWB will elect to utilize their benefit and begin taking withdrawals. The assumptions may vary by the type of guarantee, tax-qualified status, the contract’s withdrawal history and the age of the policyholder. Utilization rate assumptions are based on company experience, which includes partial withdrawal behavior. Increases in assumed utilization rates will generally increase the fair value of the liability.

Investments in Certain Entities Carried at Fair Value Using Net Asset Value Per Share

The following table includes information related to our investments in certain other invested assets, including private equity funds, hedge funds and other alternative investments that calculate NAV per share (or its equivalent). For these investments, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, we use the NAV per share to measure fair value.

June 30, 2016December 31, 2015
Fair ValueFair Value
Using NAVUsing NAV
Per Share (orUnfundedPer Share (orUnfunded
(in millions)Investment Category Includesits equivalent)Commitmentsits equivalent)Commitments
Investment Category
Private equity funds:
Leveraged buyoutDebt and/or equity investments made as part of a transaction in which assets of mature companies are acquired from the current shareholders, typically with the use of financial leverage$1,560$547$1,774$436
Real Estate / InfrastructureInvestments in real estate properties and infrastructure positions, including power plants and other energy generating facilities266227306213
Venture capitalEarly-stage, high-potential, growth companies expected to generate a return through an eventual realization event, such as an initial public offering or sale of the company993410741
DistressedSecurities of companies that are in default, under bankruptcy protection, or troubled 1344214641
OtherIncludes multi-strategy, mezzanine and other strategies282248298239
Total private equity funds2,3411,0982,631970
Hedge funds:
Event-drivenSecurities of companies undergoing material structural changes, including mergers, acquisitions and other reorganizations700-1,194-
Long-shortSecurities that the manager believes are undervalued, with corresponding short positions to hedge market risk2,240282,97825
MacroInvestments that take long and short positions in financial instruments based on a top-down view of certain economic and capital market conditions573-555-
DistressedSecurities of companies that are in default, under bankruptcy protection or troubled 64076998
Emerging marketsInvestments in the financial markets of developing countries300-353-
OtherIncludes multi-strategy, relative value and other strategies140-167-
Total hedge funds4,593355,94633
Total$6,934$1,133$8,577$1,003

Private equity fund investments included above are not redeemable, because distributions from the funds will be received when underlying investments of the funds are liquidated. Private equity funds are generally expected to have 10-year lives at their inception, but these lives may be extended at the fund manager’s discretion, typically in one- or two-year increments. At June 30, 2016, assuming average original expected lives of 10 years for the funds, 78 percent of the total fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) presented above would have expected remaining lives of three years or less, 10 percent between four and six years and 12 percent between seven and 10 years.

The hedge fund investments included above, which are carried at fair value, are generally redeemable monthly (14 percent), quarterly (41 percent), semi-annually (12 percent) and annually (33 percent), with redemption notices ranging from one day to 180 days. At June 30, 2016, investments representing approximately 81 percent of the total fair value of these hedge fund investments had partial contractual redemption restrictions. These partial redemption restrictions are generally related to one or more investments held in the hedge funds that the fund manager deemed to be illiquid. The majority of these contractual restrictions, which may have been put in place at the fund’s inception or thereafter, have pre-defined end dates. The majority of these restrictions are generally expected to be lifted by the end of 2017.

Fair Value Option

The following table presents the gains or losses recorded related to the eligible instruments for which we elected the fair value option:

Gain (Loss) Three Months Ended June 30,Gain (Loss) Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions)2016201520162015
Assets:
Bond and equity securities$248$460$298$601
Alternative Investments(a)33118(214)263
Other, including Short-term investments---2
Liabilities:
Long-term debt(b)(71)131(247)55
Other liabilities---(3)
Total gain (loss)$210$709$(163)$918

(a) Includes certain hedge funds, private equity funds and other investment partnerships.

(b) Includes GIAs, notes, bonds and mortgages payable.

We recognized gains of $3 million and $8 million during the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016, respectively, and gains of $5 million and $11 million during the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2015, respectively, attributable to the observable effect of changes in credit spreads on our own liabilities for which the fair value option was elected. We calculate the effect of these credit spread changes using discounted cash flow techniques that incorporate current market interest rates, our observable credit spreads on these liabilities and other factors that mitigate the risk of nonperformance such as cash collateral posted.

The following table presents the difference between fair values and the aggregate contractual principal amounts of mortgage and other loans receivable and long-term debt for which the fair value option was elected:

June 30, 2016December 31, 2015
OutstandingOutstanding
(in millions)Fair ValuePrincipal AmountDifferenceFair ValuePrincipal AmountDifference
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$11$8$3$11$9$2
Liabilities:
Long-term debt*$3,747$2,594$1,153$3,670$2,675$995

* Includes GIAs, notes, bonds, loans and mortgages payable.

Fair Value Measurements on a Non-Recurring Basis

The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at the time of impairment and the related impairment charges recorded during the periods presented:

Assets at Fair ValueImpairment Charges
Non-Recurring BasisThree Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 2016201520162015
June 30, 2016
Other investments$-$-$176$176$29$27$31$52
Investments in life settlements--5345349272249142
Other assets--119498
Total$-$-$711$711$130$103$289$202
December 31, 2015
Other investments$-$-$1,117$1,117
Investments in life settlements--828828
Other assets--129129
Total$-$-$2,074$2,074

Fair Value Information About Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value

The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments not measured at fair value and indicates the level in the fair value hierarchy of the estimated fair value measurement based on the observability of the inputs used:

Estimated Fair ValueCarrying
(in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalValue
June 30, 2016
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$-$174$32,795$32,969$31,250
Other invested assets-6202,8973,5174,191
Short-term investments-8,385-8,3858,385
Cash1,784--1,7841,784
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits associated
with investment-type contracts-366126,279126,645111,459
Other liabilities-3,697-3,6973,697
Long-term debt-25,9184,69330,61129,582
December 31, 2015
Assets:
Mortgage and other loans receivable$-$198$30,147$30,345$29,554
Other invested assets-5632,8803,4434,169
Short-term investments-7,541-7,5417,541
Cash1,629--1,6291,629
Liabilities:
Policyholder contract deposits associated
with investment-type contracts-309117,537117,846108,788
Other liabilities-2,852-2,8522,852
Long-term debt-21,6864,52826,21425,579