GOODWILL

The following table presents changes in the goodwill balances as allocated to each business segment for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:



In millions	Industrial Packaging				Global Cellulose Fibers			Printing Papers			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2016
Goodwill	$	3,375			$	19		$	2,143		$	5,537
Accumulated impairment losses	(296		)		—			(1,877		)	(2,173		)
	3,079				19			266			3,364
Currency translation and other (a)	3				—			8			11
Additions/reductions	4			(b)	33		(c)	(1		)	36
Balance as of December 31, 2017
Goodwill	3,382				52			2,150			5,584
Accumulated impairment losses	(296		)		—			(1,877		)	(2,173		)
	3,086				52			273			3,411
Currency translation and other (a)	(1		)		—			(34		)	(35		)
Additions/reductions	(2		)	(d)	—			—			(2		)
Balance as of December 31, 2018
Goodwill	3,379				52			2,116			5,547
Accumulated impairment losses	(296		)		—			(1,877		)	(2,173		)
Total	$	3,083			$	52		$	239		$	3,374


(a)	Represents the effects of foreign currency translations and reclassifications.


(b)	Reflects the acquisition of the Moroccan box plant.


(c)	Reflects the acquisition and purchase price adjustments of the Weyerhaeuser pulp business.


(d)	Reflects a reduction from tax benefits generated by the deduction of goodwill amortization for tax purposes in the U.S.

The Company performed its annual evaluation of its reporting units for possible goodwill impairments by applying the qualitative Step 0 analysis to its reporting units as of October 1, 2018. For the current year evaluation, the Company assessed various assumptions, events and circumstances that would have affected the estimated fair value of the reporting units. The results of this assessment indicated that it is not more likely than not that the fair values of the Company's reporting units were less than the carrying values of the reporting units.

In addition, the Company considered whether there were any events or circumstances subsequent to the annual evaluation that would reduce the fair value of its reporting units below their carrying amounts and necessitate another goodwill impairment evaluation. In consideration of all relevant factors, there were no indicators that would require goodwill impairment subsequent to October 1, 2018.

OTHER INTANGIBLES

Identifiable intangible assets comprised the following:



	2018						2017
In millions at December 31	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Intangible Assets		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Intangible Assets
Customer relationships and lists	$	542	$	247	$	295	$	610	$	247	$	363
Non-compete agreements	67		67		—		72		72		—
Tradenames, patents and trademarks, and developed technology	174		90		84		172		72		100
Land and water rights	8		2		6		8		2		6
Software	26		25		1		24		23		1
Other	30		23		7		38		26		12
Total	$	847	$	454	$	393	$	924	$	442	$	482

The Company recognized the following amounts as amortization expense related to intangible assets:



In millions	2018		2017		2016
Amortization expense related to intangible assets	$	59	$	77	$	54

Based on current intangibles subject to amortization, estimated amortization expense for each of the succeeding years is as follows: 2019 – $48 million, 2020 – $46 million, 2021 – $46 million, 2022 – $44 million, 2023 – $40 million, and cumulatively thereafter – $163 million.