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Retirement-Related Benefits - Plan Assets (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2018
U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 3      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets   $ 518 $ 363
U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 3 | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets $ 542 518 359
U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 3 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets     4
Non-U.S. | Level 3      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets 300 330 341
Non-U.S. | Level 3 | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets 2 2 2
Non-U.S. | Level 3 | Real estate      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets 298 328 339
Pension Plans | U.S.      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 45,128 42,271  
Investments measured at net asset value using the NAV expedient 9,579 9,519  
Other (321) (6)  
Fair value of plan assets 54,386 51,784 48,213
Pension Plans | U.S. | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 2,714 1,943  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 105 85  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 21,375 21,134  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 18,759 17,185  
Value of IBM securities included in plan assets   $ 37  
Percentage of IBM securities included in plan assets   0.07%  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 612 $ 630  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Fixed income mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 470 386  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 1,077 903  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 15 6  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 1      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 3,363 2,469  
Fair value of plan assets 3,363 2,469  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 1 | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 2,714 1,943  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 1 | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 105 85  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 1 | Fixed income mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 470 386  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 1 | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 76 54  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 1 | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross (3) 0  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 2      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 41,222 39,284  
Fair value of plan assets 41,222 39,284  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 2 | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 0    
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 2 | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 21,375 21,134  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 2 | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 18,217 16,666  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 2 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 612 630  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 2 | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 1,001 848  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 2 | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 18 6  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 3      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 542 518  
Fair value of plan assets 542 518  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Level 3 | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 542 518  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Value of IBM securities included in plan assets $ 6 $ 2  
Percentage of IBM securities included in plan assets 0.01% 0.004%  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S.      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross $ 22,559 $ 18,693  
Investments measured at net asset value using the NAV expedient 21,313 21,653  
Other (39) (26)  
Fair value of plan assets 43,832 40,319 36,758
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 474 2,209  
Value of IBM securities included in plan assets $ 1 $ 10  
Percentage of IBM securities included in plan assets 0.003% 0.02%  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross $ 0    
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 9,762 $ 10,290  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 3,725 2,124  
Value of IBM securities included in plan assets $ 5 $ 8  
Percentage of IBM securities included in plan assets 0.012% 0.02%  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross $ 3 $ 19  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Insurance contracts      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 6,675 1,862  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 1,002 849  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Real estate      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 298 328  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 590 987  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Other mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 29 25  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 923 2,456  
Fair value of plan assets 923 2,456  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 474 2,209  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 0    
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 352 204  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 69 18  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Other mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 29 25  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 21,335 15,907  
Fair value of plan assets 21,335 15,907  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 0 0  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 9,760 10,288  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 3,725 2,124  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 3 19  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Insurance contracts      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 6,675 1,862  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 651 644  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 521 969  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Other mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross   0  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 3      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 300 330  
Fair value of plan assets 300 330  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 3 | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 2 2  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 3 | Real estate      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets, gross 298 328  
Nonpension Postretirement Benefit Plans | U.S.      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets 15 3 29
Nonpension Postretirement Benefit Plans | U.S. | Level 1      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets   3  
Nonpension Postretirement Benefit Plans | Non-U.S.      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets $ 53 $ 65 $ 65