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Segment Information (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Segment Information  
Revenue and Pre-tax Income by Segment
Management System Segment View
($ in millions)
Cognitive Solutions &
Industry Services
Technology
GlobalServices &
CognitiveBusinessCloudGlobalTotal
For the year ended December 31:SolutionsServicesPlatformsSystemsFinancing Segments
2015
External revenue$17,841$17,166$35,142$9,547$1,840$81,535
Internal revenue2,2154996987782,6376,826
Total revenue$20,055$17,664$35,840$10,325$4,477$88,361
Pre-tax income
from continuing operations$7,245$2,602$5,669$1,722$2,364$19,602
Revenue year-to-year change(8.4)%(11.9)%(9.8)%(22.4)%(1.0)%(11.2)%
Pre-tax income year-to-year change(11.8)%(22.3)%(20.0)%24.4%8.0%(11.8)%
Pre-tax income margin36.1%14.7%15.8%16.7%52.8%22.2%
2014
External revenue$19,689$19,512$38,889$12,294$2,034$92,418
Internal revenue2,2165438401,0062,4887,093
Total revenue$21,906$20,055$39,729$13,300$4,522$99,512
Pre-tax income
from continuing operations$8,215$3,347$7,084$1,384$2,189$22,219
Revenue year-to-year change(0.1)%(8.5)%(0.9)%(19.8)%5.1%(5.1)%
Pre-tax income year-to-year change(5.2)%(2.9)%(7.3)%(21.5)%0.8%(6.2)%
Pre-tax income margin37.5%16.7%17.8%10.4%48.4%22.3%
2013
External revenue$19,887$21,210$39,139$15,630$2,022$97,889
Internal revenue2,0327149659492,2826,941
Total revenue$21,919$21,924$40,104$16,579$4,304$104,830
Pre-tax income
from continuing operations$8,663$3,447$7,645$1,764$2,171$23,690
Pre-tax income margin39.5%15.7%19.1%10.6%50.4%22.6%
Revenue and pre-tax income reconciliations to IBM as Reported
Reconciliations of IBM as Reported
($ in millions)
For the year ended December 31:201520142013
Revenue
Total reportable segments$88,361$99,512$104,830
Other revenue 206374478
Elimination of internal transactions(6,826)(7,093)(6,941)
Total IBM consolidated revenue$81,741$92,793$98,367
($ in millions)
For the year ended December 31:201520142013
Pre-tax income from continuing operations:
Total reportable segments$19,602$22,219$23,690
Amortization of acquired intangible assets(677)(791)(758)
Acquisition-related charges(26)(12)(46)
Non-operating retirement- related (costs)/income(1,050)(353)(1,062)
Elimination of internal transactions(1,791)(1,872)(1,483)
Unallocated corporate amounts*(114)795(98)
Total pre-tax income from continuing operations$15,945$19,986$20,244

*      The 2014 and 2013 amounts include the gain related to the Retail Store Solutions divestiture. The 2014 amount also includes the net gain related to the System x business divestiture.

Assets and Other Items by segment
Management System Segment View
($ in millions)
Cognitive Solutions &
Industry Services
Technology
GlobalServices &
CognitiveBusinessCloudGlobalTotal
For the year ended December 31:SolutionsServicesPlatformsSystemsFinancingSegments
2015
Assets$20,017$8,327$23,530$3,967$36,157$91,999
Depreciation/amortization of intangibles*921811,9443213433,610
Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles448862,6193213563,830
Interest income————1,7201,720
Interest expense————469469
2014
Assets$19,525$8,831$22,512$4,219$38,845$93,933
Depreciation/amortization of intangibles*1,040981,9827344554,308
Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles413792,3216274823,921
Interest income ————1,9511,951
Interest expense ————518518
2013
Assets$20,705$9,701$22,981$4,974$40,138$98,499
Depreciation/amortization of intangibles*1,0371171,7744625743,963
Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles4101181,9904244673,410
Interest income ————1,9041,904
Interest expense ————405405

*              Segment pre-tax income from continuing operations does not include the amortization of intangible assets.
Asset reconciliation to IBM as reported
Reconciliations of IBM as Reported
($ in millions)
At December 31:201520142013
Assets
Total reportable segments$91,999$93,933$98,499
Elimination of internal transactions(4,709)(5,193)(4,740)
Unallocated amounts
Cash and marketable securities6,6347,1829,697
Notes and accounts receivable2,3334,2532,907
Deferred tax assets4,6936,465*4,030*
Plant, other property and equipment2,6502,1694,827
Pension assets1,7342,1605,551
Other5,1616,303**4,869**
Total IBM consolidated assets$110,495$117,271* **$125,641* **
* Reclassified to reflect adoption of the FASB guidance on deferred taxes in consolidated financial statements. Refer to note B,
"Accounting Changes," for additional information.
** Reclassified to reflect adoption of the FASB guidance on debt issuance costs in consolidated financial statements. Refer to note B,
“Accounting Changes,” for additional information.
Geographic Information
Revenue*
($ in millions)
For the year ended December 31:201520142013
United States$30,514$32,021$33,427
Other countries51,22760,77264,941
Total IBM consolidated revenue$81,741$92,793$98,367

*              Revenues are attributed to countries based on the location of the client.

Plant and Other Property—Net
($ in millions)
At December 31:201520142013
United States$4,644$4,388$6,723
Other countries5,5325,6906,257
Total$10,176$10,078$12,979
Revenue by Classes of Similar Products or Services
($ in millions)
For the year ended December 31:201520142013
Cognitive Solutions
Software$14,557$16,502$16,897
Services3,1753,1432,978
Systems1084412
Global Business Services
Services$16,851$19,202$20,874
Software164186227
Systems151124109
Technology Services & Cloud Platforms
Services$23,947$26,462$26,483
Maintenance6,0856,7907,038
Software3,9074,3324,296
Systems1,2031,3041,322
Systems
Servers$5,032$7,177$9,795
Storage2,3252,6413,006
Software1,7492,0532,386
Services442423443
Global Financing
Financing$1,386$1,543$1,493
Used equipment sales454491529