Research, Development and Engineering	12 Months Ended
Research, Development and Engineering	Dec. 31, 2015
Research, Development and Engineering
Research, Development and Engineering	Note O. Research, Development and Engineering RD&E expense was $5,247 million in 2015, $5,437 million in 2014 and $5,743 million in 2013. In addition, RD&E expense included in discontinued operations was $197 million in 2015, $368 million in 2014 and $483 million in 2013. The company incurred total expense of $5,178 million, $5,595 million and $5,959 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, for scientific research and the application of scientific advances to the development of new and improved products and their uses, as well as services and their application. Within these amounts, software-related expense was $3,064 million, $3,064 million and $3,077 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Expense for product-related engineering was $267 million, $211 million and $267 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The entire disclosure for research, development, and computer software activities, including contracts and arrangements to be performed for others and with federal government. Includes costs incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or the entity's use, during the reporting period charged to research and development projects, including the costs of developing computer software up to the point in time of achieving technological feasibility and in-process research and development acquired in a business combination consummated during the period.