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Retirement-Related Benefits - Plan Assets (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Pension Plans | U.S.      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets $ 48,213 $ 52,694 $ 51,405
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP)      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 39,608 43,302  
Investments measured at net asset value using the NAV expedient 8,835 9,537  
Other (230) (145)  
Fair value of plan assets 48,213 52,694  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 1,538 2,215  
Value of IBM securities included in plan assets $ 2 $ 14  
Percentage of IBM securities included in plan assets 0.004% 0.03%  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal $ 65 $ 108  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 19,661 19,762  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 16,208 18,236  
Value of IBM securities included in plan assets 0 $ 1  
Percentage of IBM securities included in plan assets   0.002%  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 640 $ 623  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Fixed income mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 421 338  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 1,075 2,004  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 2 17  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 1      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 2,081 2,782  
Fair value of plan assets 2,081 2,782  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 1 | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 1,538 2,215  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 1 | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 65 108  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 1 | Fixed income mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 421 338  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 1 | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 55 100  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 1 | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 3 21  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 2      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 37,164 40,144  
Fair value of plan assets 37,164 40,144  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 2 | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal   0  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 2 | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 19,661 19,762  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 2 | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 15,849 17,864  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 2 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 635 619  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 2 | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 1,020 1,903  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 2 | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal (1) (4)  
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 3      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 363 376  
Fair value of plan assets 363 376 106
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 3 | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 359 372  
Fair value of plan assets 359 372 101
Pension Plans | U.S. | Qualified Plans | Personal Pension Plan (PPP) | Level 3 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 4 4  
Fair value of plan assets 4 4 5
Pension Plans | Non-U.S.      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 16,266 19,107  
Investments measured at net asset value using the NAV expedient 20,525 21,744  
Other (32) (52)  
Fair value of plan assets 36,758 40,798 36,020
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 2,333 3,508  
Value of IBM securities included in plan assets $ 10 $ 7  
Percentage of IBM securities included in plan assets 0.03% 0.02%  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal $ 23 $ 24  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 8,973 10,111  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 1,865 2,000  
Value of IBM securities included in plan assets $ 3 $ 1  
Percentage of IBM securities included in plan assets 0.007% 0.002%  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal $ 6 $ 5  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Fixed income mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 11 86  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Insurance contracts      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 1,308 1,366  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 753 827  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Real estate      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 339 356  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 630 764  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Other mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 24 60  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 2,753 3,918  
Fair value of plan assets 2,753 3,918  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 2,333 3,508  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 18 24  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 20    
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Fixed income mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 11 86  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 322 221  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 24 20  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 1 | Other mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 24 60  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 13,172 14,824  
Fair value of plan assets 13,172 14,824  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 0 0  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Equity mutual funds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 5    
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 8,951 10,103  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 1,865 2,000  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 6 5  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Insurance contracts      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 1,308 1,366  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Cash and short-term investments      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 431 606  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 2 | Derivatives      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 606 744  
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 3      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 341 365  
Fair value of plan assets 341 365 310
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 3 | Equity securities      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 0    
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 3 | Government and related      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 2 8  
Fair value of plan assets 2 8 16
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 3 | Corporate bonds      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 0    
Fair value of plan assets     1
Pension Plans | Non-U.S. | Level 3 | Real estate      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Subtotal 339 356  
Fair value of plan assets 339 356 294
Nonpension Postretirement Plans | U.S.      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets 29 18 26
Nonpension Postretirement Plans | Non-U.S.      
Retirement-Related Benefits      
Fair value of plan assets $ 65 $ 70 $ 71