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Segment Information (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Segment Information  
Revenue and Pre-tax Income by Segment
Management System Segment View
($ in millions)
Global Services Segments
GlobalGlobal
TechnologyBusinessSystemsGlobalTotal
For the year ended December 31:ServicesServicesSoftwareHardwareFinancing Segments
2015
External revenue$32,017$17,166$22,932$7,581$1,840$81,535
Internal revenue8234993,2674512,6377,676
Total revenue$32,840$17,664$26,199$8,032$4,477$89,211
Pre-tax income
from continuing operations$5,002$2,634$9,066$604$2,364$19,670
Revenue year-to-year change(9.7)%(11.9)%(9.4)%(24.5)%(1.0)%(11.3)%
Pre-tax income year-to-year change(15.7)%(22.7)%(15.3)%NM8.0%(11.6)%
Pre-tax income margin15.2%14.9%34.6%7.5%52.8%22.0%
2014*
External revenue$35,442$19,512$25,434$9,996$2,034$92,418
Internal revenue9345433,4966472,4888,108
Total revenue$36,376$20,055$28,931$10,643$4,522$100,527
Pre-tax income
from continuing operations$5,931$3,408$10,699$34$2,189$22,262
Revenue year-to-year change(1.2)%(8.5)%(0.7)%(21.6)%5.1%(4.9)%
Pre-tax income year-to-year change(10.8)%(3.9)%(3.7)%(84.1)%0.8%(6.0)%
Pre-tax income margin16.3%17.0%37.0%0.3%48.4%22.1%
2013*
External revenue$35,737$21,210$25,932$12,988$2,022$97,889
Internal revenue1,0637143,1915932,2827,843
Total revenue$36,800$21,924$29,123$13,581$4,304$105,732
Pre-tax income
from continuing operations$6,649$3,548$11,106$213$2,171$23,687
Revenue year-to-year change(4.7)%(0.8)%1.4%(18.7)%5.7%(4.0)%
Pre-tax income year-to-year change(0.3)%8.4%2.7%(88.6)%6.8%(3.9)%
Pre-tax income margin18.1%16.2%38.1%1.6%50.4%22.4%
* Reclassified to conform with 2015 presentation.
NM - Not meaningful
Revenue and pre-tax income reconciliations to IBM as Reported
Reconciliations of IBM as Reported
($ in millions)
For the year ended December 31:201520142013
Revenue
Total reportable segments$89,211$100,527$105,732
Other revenue 206374478
Elimination of internal transactions(7,676)(8,108)(7,843)
Total IBM consolidated revenue$81,741$92,793$98,367
($ in millions)
For the year ended December 31:201520142013
Pre-tax income from continuing operations:
Total reportable segments$19,670$22,262$23,687
Amortization of acquired intangible assets(677)(791)(758)
Acquisition-related charges(26)(12)(46)
Non-operating retirement- related (costs)/income(1,050)(353)(1,062)
Elimination of internal transactions(1,859)(1,914)(1,480)
Unallocated corporate amounts*(114)795(98)
Total pre-tax income from continuing operations$15,945$19,986$20,244

*      The 2014 and 2013 amounts include the gain related to the Retail Store Solutions divestiture. The 2014 amount also includes the net gain related to the System x business divestiture.

Assets and Other Items by segment
Management System Segment View
($ in millions)
Global Services Segments
GlobalGlobal
TechnologyBusinessSystemsGlobalTotal
For the year ended December 31:ServicesServicesSoftwareHardwareFinancingSegments
2015
Assets$16,960$8,327$26,585$3,969$36,157$91,999
Depreciation/amortization of intangibles*1,811811,0713043433,610
Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles2,514865832913563,830
Interest income————1,7201,720
Interest expense————469469
2014**
Assets$16,209$8,831$25,813$4,235$38,845$93,933
Depreciation/amortization of intangibles*1,833981,2107124554,308
Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles2,226795346004823,921
Interest income ————1,9511,951
Interest expense ————518518
2013**
Assets$16,658$9,701$27,101$4,901$40,138$98,499
Depreciation/amortization of intangibles*1,6251171,2114355743,963
Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles1,8891185403954673,410
Interest income ————1,9041,904
Interest expense ————405405

*              Segment pre-tax income from continuing operations does not include the amortization of intangible assets.

** Reclassified to conform with 2015 presentation.
Asset reconciliation to IBM as reported
Reconciliations of IBM as Reported
($ in millions)
At December 31:201520142013
Assets
Total reportable segments$91,999$93,933$98,499
Elimination of internal transactions(4,709)(5,193)(4,740)
Unallocated amounts
Cash and marketable securities6,6347,1829,697
Notes and accounts receivable2,3334,2532,907
Deferred tax assets4,6936,465*4,030*
Plant, other property and equipment2,6502,1694,827
Pension assets1,7342,1605,551
Other5,1616,303**4,869**
Total IBM consolidated assets$110,495$117,271* **$125,641* **
* Reclassified to reflect adoption of the FASB guidance on deferred taxes in consolidated financial statements. Refer to note B,
"Accounting Changes," for additional information.
** Reclassified to reflect adoption of the FASB guidance on debt issuance costs in consolidated financial statements. Refer to note B,
“Accounting Changes,” for additional information.
Geographic Information
Revenue*
($ in millions)
For the year ended December 31:201520142013
United States$30,514$32,021$33,427
Other countries51,22760,77264,941
Total IBM consolidated revenue$81,741$92,793$98,367

*              Revenues are attributed to countries based on the location of the client.

Plant and Other Property—Net
($ in millions)
At December 31:201520142013
United States$4,644$4,388$6,723
Other countries5,5325,6906,257
Total$10,176$10,078$12,979
Revenue by Classes of Similar Products or Services
($ in millions)
For the year ended December 31:20152014*2013*
Global Technology Services
Services$24,575$27,130$27,144
Maintenance6,1326,8537,111
Systems1,1771,2941,322
Software132164158
Global Business Services
Services$16,851$19,202$20,874
Software164186227
Systems151124109
Software
Software$20,080$22,722$23,420
Services2,7182,6572,500
Systems1345512
Systems Hardware
Servers$5,223$7,320$9,946
Storage2,3582,6763,041
Global Financing
Financing$1,386$1,543$1,493
Used equipment sales454491529
* Reclassified to conform with 2015 presentation.